The document discusses the shift from positivist to post-positivist approaches in mass communication theory. The positivist approach focused on identifying direct cause-and-effect relationships between media exposure and behavior. Post-positivist scholars challenged this, arguing it was too narrow and failed to account for complex contextual factors. Today, many scholars advocate for more critical approaches that consider the dynamic contexts of production and consumption.
A presentation that briefly entails the major theories of mass communication. Spiral of silence,Two step flow theory,Multi-step flow, cultivation theory,mean world syndrome and normative theories.
A presentation that briefly entails the major theories of mass communication. Spiral of silence,Two step flow theory,Multi-step flow, cultivation theory,mean world syndrome and normative theories.
The Two-Step Flow of Communication: An Up-to-Date Report on an HypothesisElihu Katz(1957)
- The People's Choice
- The Two-Step Flow Theory
- Opinion Leaders and Opinion Followers
- Minimal/ Limited Paradigm vs. Mass Society Paradigm
- Strengths and Limitations of The Two-Step Flow Theory
- Elmira Study, Rovere Study, Decatur Study and Drug Study
- Diffusion of Innovation
- Personal Influence vs. Mass Influence
- Impact of Personal Influence
- Flow of Personal Influence
Final Project – OutlineBelow is an outline template that y.docxtjane3
Final Project – Outline
Below is an outline template that you will use to organize your final paper. Anything listed in RED should be changed to reflect your specific topic and information. Keep in mind – outlines are to be brief bullet points as you will expand on these points for the paper. This is worth 7 points of your overall final project. The outline is due on Friday, November 16th, 2018 by 11:55 PM, submitted to Blackboard.
Outline Rubric:
Outline contains the topic name, relationship to sociology, topic sentence 1 point
Outline contains 2 points of background information regarding the topic 1 point
Outline contains 3 areas of exploration of the topic for the written paper 1 point
Outline contains 3 sociological theories to be related to the topic 1 points
Outline contains 2 points on why the topic is important 1 point
Outline contains reason why the topic should be studied 1 point
Outline contains 3 scholarly academic journal references 1 point
Total 7 points
Outline:
I. Introduction
a. What is the topic?
· Media influence on society.
· How can the media impacts society.
b. Topic’s relationship to sociology.
Since sociology is the study of social behavior and human group. Media influence society behavior and this topic can reveal how that can be done.
c. Your topic sentence
In this advanced technological age, media has become part of society’s daily routine. This routine can impact people’s thoughts and behaviors in many ways.
d. List of theories being applied.
· Media influences society.
· Media create stereotypes or certain images on certain group of people.
· Media is important in affecting society in creating good or bad habits.
II. Body of Analysis
a. Definition of topic.
“Media influence on Society” This topic explains what might the effects that can media influence towards society be.
b. Provide at least 2 brief points of background information regarding your topic
i. Background information point 1
· Media such as TV or Radio news are structured to keep people informed of local and worldwide important news and events.
ii. Background information point 2
· Other types of media like TV shows and movies have influence on society which will be explained in the final project.
c. Provide at least 3 components of the topic you will be discussing, below
i. Component 1 / The effects of media effects.
ii. Component 2 / Media creating stereotype for certain groups of people.
iii. Component 3 / How media can develop new habits.
d. Theoretical Background (at least 3 theories should be used)
i. Theory 1: Interactionist.
ii. Theory 2: Socialization.
iii. Theory 3: Conflict.
III. Conclusion
a. At least 2 brief points of why this topic is important
i. Point 1. To make the most positive outcome from this advanced age and the use of media, there should be actions taken and lessons taught.
ii. Point 2. society should be educated on what are the pros, cons and impacts from using today’s technology such as media.
b. At least one brief poi.
Cognitive Biases and Communication Strength in Social Networks.pdfssuser1867b7
Media stories often reach citizens via a two-step process, transmitted to them indirectly via their social
networks. Why are some media stories strongly transmitted and impact opinions powerfully in this twostep flow while others quickly perish? Integrating classical research on the two-step flow of political
communication and novel theories from cognitive psychology, this article outlines a model for
understanding the strength of political frames in the two-step flow. It argues that frames that resonate
with cognitive biases (that is, deep-seated psychological decision rules) will be transmitted more and have
a stronger influence on opinion when citizens recollect media frames in their social networks. Focusing on
the case of episodic and thematic frames, the study tests this model. It introduces a novel research design:
implementing the children’s game ‘Telephone’ in consecutive experimental online surveys fielded to
nationally representative samples. This design helps gauge the reliability of transmission and the degree of
persuasiveness in actual chains of transmission.
Process and effectsEffects and usesIt is really interest.docxbriancrawford30935
Process and effects
Effects and uses
It is really interesting that the earlier studies focused on studying the ‘effects’ of media and concluded that the media played a limited role in influencing public opinion!!
There are many theories study the effects such as magic bullet theory or hypodermic theory, payne fund studies, and agenda sitting.
- The "hypodermic theory" which was done by Lasswell, implied mass media had a direct, immediate and powerful effect on its audiences. The mass media in the early studies were perceived as a powerful influence on behavior change. This theory suggests that the mass media could influence a very large group of people directly by ‘injecting’ them with appropriate messages designed to have a desired response. The bullet theory suggests that the message is a bullet, fired from the "media gun" into the viewer's "head". They express the view that the media is a dangerous means of communicating an idea because the receiver or audience is powerless to resist the impact of the message. There is no escape from the effect of the message in these models. The "war of the worlds" broadcast is a good example of the magic bullet theory and this is exactly how this theory worked, by injecting the message directly into the public’s mind in order to make effects. The war of the worlds became known as the "Panic Broadcast" made by Orson Welles.
- “Payne Fund Studies” are the second important studies that also focused on the effects standpoint these studies were developed by the motion picture research council and these studies were concerning about the effects of motion pictures on children particularly. Payne fund studies of effects included the effects on children's information acquisition, attitude change, emotion stimulation, health, and behavior. Children acquired then save or keep the information they received in the movies. Movie viewing changed attitudes concerning ethnic and social issues. Emotions were stimulated especially those related to fear. Health effects were measured by looking at the sleep patterns of children after watching movies, and certain movies disturbed healthy sleep. Children who attended movies regularly were found to behave poorly in school compared to those who attended less frequently. Children imitated favorable behavior they saw in movies, but movies also appeared to play a direct role in delinquent careers. Overall researchers found that movies influenced both children's attitudes and behaviors.
- “Agenda sitting” Agenda setting describes a very powerful influence of the media – the ability to tell us what issues are important. “The world outside and the pictures in our heads” which was done by Lippmann. The article is about an island that was populated by Germans, French and British. The case is that of Madam Caillaux, who was facing a trial for shooting someone. The murder was because of the hate that the English and the French were concealing against the Germans. The people of the island.
Agenda Setting theory, a subsidy of Communication theory. This will enable you to get full understanding of the agenda concept.
For assistance, please refer to the document:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1CN9gew453uO9dYQR0EWsO8qwNOaJPJGr/view?usp=sharing
The Two-Step Flow of Communication: An Up-to-Date Report on an HypothesisElihu Katz(1957)
- The People's Choice
- The Two-Step Flow Theory
- Opinion Leaders and Opinion Followers
- Minimal/ Limited Paradigm vs. Mass Society Paradigm
- Strengths and Limitations of The Two-Step Flow Theory
- Elmira Study, Rovere Study, Decatur Study and Drug Study
- Diffusion of Innovation
- Personal Influence vs. Mass Influence
- Impact of Personal Influence
- Flow of Personal Influence
Final Project – OutlineBelow is an outline template that y.docxtjane3
Final Project – Outline
Below is an outline template that you will use to organize your final paper. Anything listed in RED should be changed to reflect your specific topic and information. Keep in mind – outlines are to be brief bullet points as you will expand on these points for the paper. This is worth 7 points of your overall final project. The outline is due on Friday, November 16th, 2018 by 11:55 PM, submitted to Blackboard.
Outline Rubric:
Outline contains the topic name, relationship to sociology, topic sentence 1 point
Outline contains 2 points of background information regarding the topic 1 point
Outline contains 3 areas of exploration of the topic for the written paper 1 point
Outline contains 3 sociological theories to be related to the topic 1 points
Outline contains 2 points on why the topic is important 1 point
Outline contains reason why the topic should be studied 1 point
Outline contains 3 scholarly academic journal references 1 point
Total 7 points
Outline:
I. Introduction
a. What is the topic?
· Media influence on society.
· How can the media impacts society.
b. Topic’s relationship to sociology.
Since sociology is the study of social behavior and human group. Media influence society behavior and this topic can reveal how that can be done.
c. Your topic sentence
In this advanced technological age, media has become part of society’s daily routine. This routine can impact people’s thoughts and behaviors in many ways.
d. List of theories being applied.
· Media influences society.
· Media create stereotypes or certain images on certain group of people.
· Media is important in affecting society in creating good or bad habits.
II. Body of Analysis
a. Definition of topic.
“Media influence on Society” This topic explains what might the effects that can media influence towards society be.
b. Provide at least 2 brief points of background information regarding your topic
i. Background information point 1
· Media such as TV or Radio news are structured to keep people informed of local and worldwide important news and events.
ii. Background information point 2
· Other types of media like TV shows and movies have influence on society which will be explained in the final project.
c. Provide at least 3 components of the topic you will be discussing, below
i. Component 1 / The effects of media effects.
ii. Component 2 / Media creating stereotype for certain groups of people.
iii. Component 3 / How media can develop new habits.
d. Theoretical Background (at least 3 theories should be used)
i. Theory 1: Interactionist.
ii. Theory 2: Socialization.
iii. Theory 3: Conflict.
III. Conclusion
a. At least 2 brief points of why this topic is important
i. Point 1. To make the most positive outcome from this advanced age and the use of media, there should be actions taken and lessons taught.
ii. Point 2. society should be educated on what are the pros, cons and impacts from using today’s technology such as media.
b. At least one brief poi.
Cognitive Biases and Communication Strength in Social Networks.pdfssuser1867b7
Media stories often reach citizens via a two-step process, transmitted to them indirectly via their social
networks. Why are some media stories strongly transmitted and impact opinions powerfully in this twostep flow while others quickly perish? Integrating classical research on the two-step flow of political
communication and novel theories from cognitive psychology, this article outlines a model for
understanding the strength of political frames in the two-step flow. It argues that frames that resonate
with cognitive biases (that is, deep-seated psychological decision rules) will be transmitted more and have
a stronger influence on opinion when citizens recollect media frames in their social networks. Focusing on
the case of episodic and thematic frames, the study tests this model. It introduces a novel research design:
implementing the children’s game ‘Telephone’ in consecutive experimental online surveys fielded to
nationally representative samples. This design helps gauge the reliability of transmission and the degree of
persuasiveness in actual chains of transmission.
Process and effectsEffects and usesIt is really interest.docxbriancrawford30935
Process and effects
Effects and uses
It is really interesting that the earlier studies focused on studying the ‘effects’ of media and concluded that the media played a limited role in influencing public opinion!!
There are many theories study the effects such as magic bullet theory or hypodermic theory, payne fund studies, and agenda sitting.
- The "hypodermic theory" which was done by Lasswell, implied mass media had a direct, immediate and powerful effect on its audiences. The mass media in the early studies were perceived as a powerful influence on behavior change. This theory suggests that the mass media could influence a very large group of people directly by ‘injecting’ them with appropriate messages designed to have a desired response. The bullet theory suggests that the message is a bullet, fired from the "media gun" into the viewer's "head". They express the view that the media is a dangerous means of communicating an idea because the receiver or audience is powerless to resist the impact of the message. There is no escape from the effect of the message in these models. The "war of the worlds" broadcast is a good example of the magic bullet theory and this is exactly how this theory worked, by injecting the message directly into the public’s mind in order to make effects. The war of the worlds became known as the "Panic Broadcast" made by Orson Welles.
- “Payne Fund Studies” are the second important studies that also focused on the effects standpoint these studies were developed by the motion picture research council and these studies were concerning about the effects of motion pictures on children particularly. Payne fund studies of effects included the effects on children's information acquisition, attitude change, emotion stimulation, health, and behavior. Children acquired then save or keep the information they received in the movies. Movie viewing changed attitudes concerning ethnic and social issues. Emotions were stimulated especially those related to fear. Health effects were measured by looking at the sleep patterns of children after watching movies, and certain movies disturbed healthy sleep. Children who attended movies regularly were found to behave poorly in school compared to those who attended less frequently. Children imitated favorable behavior they saw in movies, but movies also appeared to play a direct role in delinquent careers. Overall researchers found that movies influenced both children's attitudes and behaviors.
- “Agenda sitting” Agenda setting describes a very powerful influence of the media – the ability to tell us what issues are important. “The world outside and the pictures in our heads” which was done by Lippmann. The article is about an island that was populated by Germans, French and British. The case is that of Madam Caillaux, who was facing a trial for shooting someone. The murder was because of the hate that the English and the French were concealing against the Germans. The people of the island.
Agenda Setting theory, a subsidy of Communication theory. This will enable you to get full understanding of the agenda concept.
For assistance, please refer to the document:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1CN9gew453uO9dYQR0EWsO8qwNOaJPJGr/view?usp=sharing
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
3. The post-positivist effects trend has also had an impact on
the field of mass communication theory.
This paradigm shift began in the 1980s and 1990s, with
scholars questioning the traditional positivist approach to
studying mass media effects
The positivist approach focused on identifying cause-and-
effect relationships between media exposure and behavior,
with the aim of predicting and controlling audience
responses to media messages.
4. Post-positivist scholars challenged this approach, arguing that it was too
narrow and failed to account for the complexity of media effects.
They suggested that media effects were not simply the result of direct
cause-and-effect relationships, but were shaped by a range of factors,
including the social, cultural, and historical contexts in which media
messages were received.
One of the key figures in the development of post-positivist effects
theory in mass communication was Stuart Hall.
He emphasized the importance of understanding how media messages
were produced, circulated, and consumed within specific cultural and
historical contexts.
5. Today, the post-positivist effects trend continues to shape mass
communication theory, with many scholars advocating for more critical
and reflexive approaches to studying media effects that take into account
the complex and dynamic nature of media audiences and the social,
cultural, and historical contexts in which media messages are produced
and consumed.
6. The refinement and broad acceptance of empirical social research methods was an
essential factor in the emergence of the media-effects trend.
Empirical social researchers successfully branded people who advocated mass
society and propaganda notions as “unscientific.”
Social researchers exploited the commercial potential of the new research methods
and gained the support of private industry.
The development of empirical social research was strongly backed by various
private and government foundations, most notably the Rockefeller
Foundation and the National Science Foundation.
7. As empirical research demonstrated its usefulness, media companies
began to sponsor and eventually conduct their own empirical research on
media.
Empirical social researchers successfully established their approach within the
various social research disciplines political science, history, social psychology,
sociology, and economics.
8. Carl Hovland (1912-1961) was an American psychologist who made significant
contributions to the field of communication and persuasion. He is best known for his
research on attitude change, message effectiveness, and persuasion.
Hovland's research on persuasion has been influential in the development of
communication theory and has been applied in many fields.
Hovland conducted a series of experiments in the 1940s and 1950s that examined
the factors that influence attitude change. He found that the source of the
communication, the message itself, and the audience that receives the message all
play important roles in the persuasiveness of the message
The Experimental Section focused on documentary films and the war department’s
orientation movie series
9. The fact that the films produced little attitude change and that what change did occur
was influenced by people’s individual differences directly contradicted mass society
theory and its assumption that media could radically change even strongly held
beliefs and attitudes
One of the most important variables the researchers examined was the presentation
of one or two sides of a persuasive argument
10. Mass media can have a significant influence on the way people vote, particularly in modern
times where media outlets are easily accessible and widespread. Here are some ways in which
mass media can impact the way people vote.
Information dissemination: Mass media can provide voters with information about candidates,
their policies, and their positions on various issues. This information can influence voters'
opinions and decisions.
Agenda setting: Mass media can also set the agenda for political discussions and debates,
influencing what issues are considered important and how they are discussed. This can
influence voters' perceptions of what is important when choosing a candidate.
Framing: Mass media can also frame political issues and candidates in a certain way,
emphasizing certain aspects and downplaying others. This can influence voters' perceptions and
attitudes towards candidates and issues.
11. Persuasion: Mass media can also attempt to persuade voters to vote for or against a
particular candidate or issue. This can be done through advertising, editorials, or news
coverage.
Social influence: Mass media can also create a sense of social pressure to vote for a
particular candidate or issue, particularly through social media and online platforms where
opinions can be easily shared and amplified.
Overall, while mass media is not the only factor that influences how people vote, it can be a
significant one, particularly in shaping voters' perceptions and opinions of candidates and
issues.
12. Hovland proposed and conducted a systematic program of research.
He established the Communication Research Program at Yale University, which
was funded by the Rockefeller Foundation
The program aimed to study the role of communication in social change, with a
focus on mass media and its effects on individuals and society.
The CRP was one of the first large-scale research programs to use empirical
methods to study the effects of mass communication on attitudes and behavior.
13. One of the key contributions of the CRP was the development of the two-step flow model
of communication, which posits that media messages are first received by opinion leaders
who then pass on their interpretations and opinions to others. This model challenged the
traditional view that mass media had a direct and powerful effect on audiences.
The CRP's research had a significant impact on the field of communication studies and
influenced subsequent research on media effects and communication theory.
Hovland and his group studied the power of source credibility, which they divided into
trustworthiness and expertness.
14. Persuasion research represented an important shift away from concerns about
the role of propaganda in society and toward a focus on what happens when
people are exposed to abroad range of media content
Lazarsfeld’s group, empirical media research focused heavily on the study of
media effects, and so the media-effects trend had become the dominant force in
media research findings of effects research were enormously varied and even
contradictory, two interrelated sets of empirical generalizations emerged from
the early research:
(1) The influence of mass media is rarely direct, because it is almost always
mediated by individual differences
(2) the influence of mass 104 Section 2 Ferment: Methodological Disputes Divide
the Discipline Copyright 2013
15. Limited- or minimal effects theory
The theory that media have minimal or limited effects because those effects are
mitigated by a variety of mediating or intervening variables
Individual differences
Individuals’ different psychological make ups that cause media influence to vary
from person to person
Social categories
The idea that members of given groups or aggregates will respond to media
stimuli in more or less uniform ways
16. Cybernetics emerged as an important new field during World War II, partly
because of its use for designing sophisticated weapons (Wiener, 1954, 1961).
Itproved especially useful for communications engineering—the design of
powerful
Feedback loops. In these systems, ongoing mutual adjustment is possible,
ultimately leading to the achievement of a long-term objective or function.
Feedback loops enable sources to monitor the influence of their messages on
receivers.
Provided sophisticated means of detecting subtle changes so that a weapons
system could achieve its objective. We refer to these as communication systems if
their function is primarily to facilitate communication.
17. The term system is used in communication engineering and cybernetics to
refer to any set of interrelated parts that can influence and control one another
through communication and feedback loops.
Any representation of a system, whether in words or diagrams, is a model.
Systems can be relatively simple or quite complex. They can display a high or low
level of internal organization. They can operate in a static fashion, or they can
evolve and undergo profound change over time. They can operate in isolation or
be interconnected with a series of other machines to form an even larger system.
System are goal oriented.
System that serves a specific overall or long-term purpose
18. Simple systems models can be used to represent some forms of human
communication.
1st Example
2nd Example
19. This transmission model assumes that a message source dominates the
communication process and that its primary outcome is some sort of effect on
receivers—usually one intended by the source.
Communication theorists proposed new models of communication processes
with feedback loops in which receivers could influence sources and mutual
influence was possible.