This document provides an overview of manual testing. It discusses what software is, the types of software including system software and application software. It then covers topics like operating systems, software testing, why testing is important, types of errors, the goal of a tester, what makes a good tester, and software development life cycles (SDLC) including common SDLC models.

1. MANUAL TESTING

2. What is software?
- Collection of set of instructions/set of programs which we
given to the computer to do some specific function.
- Most important component of the computer.
- Without a software any computer is a dead machine.
- Installation of software done via CD/DVD,USB and Internet.
COMPUTER SOFTWARE ALIVE COMPUTER

3. Types of software
-Two types
- System software
- Application software

4. System software
- Set of programs that organize , utilize and control hardware of the
computer.
- Act as platform/ interface between the user and the inner working of
computer.
- Provide hardware resources to the application software.
EXAMPLES:
- Operating system
- Device drivers ----used to control a particular hardware device
like Printers,scanners,pendrives…which is attached to the system.

5. OPERATING SYSTEM
- An important component of a computer.
- A computer without an OS cant able to work. So ,OS is important
to each computer to work.
Example-----Microsoft windows , Mac os, Linux , Upentu
Task done by OS:
- Link hardware and software.
- Manage system resources.
- Monitor performance.
- Operate utilities.
- Operate applications.

6. OS AND DEVICE DRIVERS

7. APPLICATION SOFTWARE(APP)
-Performs a specific task to fulfill the customers need.
- Created for specific purpose.
-Without the help of the system software and programming software , we
cant able to built an application software.
EXAMPLES:
- MS word
- Spread sheet
- Google chrome
- Gmail…

8. SOFTWARE TESTING
- Any software product should be
released after it gone through a
sequential and a proper
development process ,testing and
bug fixing.
- The software testing is done to
check whether the actual results
that are obtained are matches the
expected result as well as it
conform to the standards.
-It is an important phase of the
software development process.

9. Why we need testing?
-To ensure the software is bug
free.
-To ensure whether it meets all the
customer’s requirements.
-To ensure that software’s quality.

10. WHAT TO TEST?
-Detect and identify bugs and errors.
-Identify correctness , completeness and the quality of the
functionality of the developed software.
OBJECTIVE:
-The main objective of software testing is to develop a bug free and a
high quality software that meets all the requirements of the customer.

11. PRODUCT VS PROJECT
PROJECT:
- A software is developed
for a particular specific
requirements.
Ex---Banking software are
designed for particular bank
only.
(STITCHED DRESS)
PRODUCT:
-A software is developed for
multiple customers.
Ex---Facebook ,whatsapp ,
gmail,Etc…
(READYMADE DRESS)

12. SOFTWARE QUALITY-Degree of excellence
-Justification of the customer’s requirement on the product.
-A good quality software saves good amount of time and money.
ON WHAT BASIS JUSTIFICATION DONE?
- Whether it is bug free or not.
- Whether the quality is good or not.
- Whether the product deliver on time or not.
- Whether the cost for development is effective or not.
- Whether the product meet all the customer’s requirement or not.

13. WHY BUGS ARE HAPPEN?
- Lack of skills on development.
- Lack of communication between team members.
- Error during coding the program.
- Due to software complexity.
- Customers changing requirements frequently.

14. WHY TESTING IS IMPORTANT?
- Bugs/error could be expensive and
dangerous.
- Bugs/error could cause monetary
and human loss as well.
Some examples are shown here:
1.Maiden flight of European Ariane
5 launcher crashed after about 40
seconds of its takeoff.
- This is due to software error.
- 0.5 billion dollar loss happened
due to this error.
2. Mars climate orbiter which was
launched in 1999 was disappeared
after it entered into the mars orbit.
- This happen due to the failure of
info transfer b/w Colorado and
California.
- One used English units and
another used metric units.
- 125 million loss.

15. ERRORS vs BUGS vs FAILURE
ERROR:
Incorrect human action will make problems in the
development and as well as in testing is called error.
DEFECTS/BUGS:
Deviation observed between the expected result and the actual
result before the release of the product is called bugs/defects.
FAILURE:
Deviation observed between the expected result and the actual
result after the release of the product is called failure.

16. GOAL OF A TESTER
- To find a bug
- To identify what kind of bug.
- To find them as earlier as possible
- Fix the bug
- And make sure whether it is fixed or not.
WORK OFA TESTER:
- He should create test plan ,test cases ,test procedures ,scripts and
generate data.
- A tester should execute test cases and analyze standards and
evaluate results of the testing.

17. WHAT MAKES A GOOD TESTER?
1.KNOW THE TECHNOLOGY
- A good tester should have a
knowledge of the technology in which
the app is going to be build.
- This helps the tester to developa
better design and also powerful test
cases.
- This also helps him to know what
the technology supports and also what
doesn’t .This adds advantage on
testing.
2.PERFECTIONIST AND REALIST
- A good tester should be a
perfectionist as well as a realist.
- Being a perfectionist will help him
to spot a problem.
-Being a realist help a tester at the
end of the day which problem is really
important.

18. 3.TACTFUL,DIPLOMATIC AND PERUSASIVE
- A good tester is tactful and he know how to break the news to the
developers.
- A good tester should be diplomatic in convincing the developer of
the bugs and persuade them when necessary and have the bugs are
fixed.
4.TROUBLE SHOOT AND FIGURE OUT
-Trouble shooting and figuring out something when something doesn't
work help the testers to work confident in communicating defect to the
developers.

19. 5.AN EXPLORER
- A bit of creativity and attitude will help the testers to find a error / bug in
unknown situations.
-This will add his credibility.
6. ORGANIZED
- A good tester will always in aware that he can even make mistakes.
- He will be well organized on having checklists ,use files ,facts and
figure will support their findings errors and used as an evidence and
also used for double checking the findings.
7.ACCURATE
-A good tester make sure that the findings are accurate and reproducible.
-Reporting an inaccurate finding will lead him to losing credibility.

20. SDLC - SOFTWARE
DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

21. WHAT IS SDLC?
- Process used by the software
industry.
- It is a framework that describe
the process performed at each
stage of a software
development project.
- It comprise of phases TO
DESIGN ,TO DEVELOP ,TO
TEST a high quality software.
PHASES OF SDLC:
1.Requirement analysis
2.Design of the product
3.Development or build of the
product
4.Testing of the developed
product
5.Implementation of product
6.Maintenance

22. MODELS OF SDLC
-The way we approach a particular application for testing is depend
upon the life cycle model it follows during its build.
-SDLC models are created by testing experts ,universities ,and
standard organizations.
Many models are available. Here we have some
1. WATERFALL MODEL
2. INCREMENTAL/ITERATIVE MODEL
3. SPIRAL MODEL
4. PROTOTYPE MODEL
5. V MODEL
6. AGILE MODEL