1. [From 10$/Pg] Manipulated Iv Actually Impacted
[From 10$/Pg] Manipulated Iv Actually ImpactedReply to: In an experiment, one of the
most important things a researcher must focus on is the principle of validity, or the
assurance that the research is actually studying what it was intended to study (Myers &
Hansen, 2012). When setting up an experiment, there are two forms of validity in particular
that the researcher must focus one. Firstly, the researcher must focus on internal validity.
This type of validity is concerned with the assurance that the changes that were measured
in the dependent variable (DV) were actually caused by the manipulation of the
independent variable (IV) and not caused by any other types of extraneous variables (EV).
Secondly, researchers must be concerned with their study’s external validity. External
validity refers to how well the results of the study generalize to the population of interest
from which the sample was pulled (Myers & Hansen, 2012). When setting up an experiment,
there are several ways in which the researcher can increase both of these validity types.For
internal validity, one of the main concerns is the study’s amount of control. Control refers to
the number of safeguards that were put in place in order to control for EV’s, or variables
other than the IV that may have influenced or changed, the DV (Myers & Hansen, 2012). The
best time to plan for these controls is during the set up of the experimental procedures. For
example, researchers should ensure that they have properly defined their variables,
properly set up their measuring techniques, and included enough levels of the IV to
properly test their hypothesis. Additionally, in order to control for EV’s caused by subject
variables, or individual differences between subjects, researchers should ensure they utilize
random assignment (Myers & Hansen, 2012). Researchers can also choose to measure their
internal validity after their study is over. For example, researchers can provide
questionnaires, or surveys, to their subjects after the study concludes in order to investigate
how the subject felt during the examination, or if they were confused during the study.
These are important factors to look at as these could introduce possible EVs into the study
that may have resulted in the measured behaviors (Myers & Hansen, 2012).As mentioned
above, the primary concern for external validity is the generalizability of the identified
experimental results (Myers & Hansen, 2012). External validity has a type of double-edged
sword type of relationship with the previously discussed principle of internal validity. For
example, as internal validity increases with the number of controls put in place, external
validity decreases with large amounts of controls as it is thought to limit realistic behavior.
There are several ways in which research can increase their studies external validity. For
example, researchers can use the principle of aggregation, or the grouping together of data,
2. subjects, stimulus, or trials (Myers & Hansen, 2012). The idea behind this is that by
aggregating these factors, they are generalizing the behaviors over a wide range of subjects,
stimuli, and occasions. This provides for the most realistic measure of behavior.
Additionally, researchers can choose to incorporate multivariate designs, or designs that
include multiple dependent variables (Myers & Hansen, 2012). The idea behind multivariate
designs is that rarely do behaviors exist independently. By measuring multiple DVs, or
behaviors, researchers can gather a more accurate representation of how the manipulated
IV actually impacted behavior. Lastly, researchers can maximize external validity by
designing experiments to minimize reactivity, or the tendency for subjects to change their
behavior when they feel as though they are being watched (Myers & Hansen, 2012). It is a
major belief that lab settings, or settings in which the behavior is overly controlled, does not
elicit realistic behaviors. With that in mind, researchers often try to maximize the measure
of behavior in more natural settings such as in field experiments or in naturalistic
observations (Myers & Hansen, 2012).
![[From 10$/Pg] Manipulated Iv Actually Impacted
[From 10$/Pg] Manipulated Iv Actually ImpactedReply to: In an experiment, one of the
most important things a researcher must focus on is the principle of validity, or the
assurance that the research is actually studying what it was intended to study (Myers &
Hansen, 2012). When setting up an experiment, there are two forms of validity in particular
that the researcher must focus one. Firstly, the researcher must focus on internal validity.
This type of validity is concerned with the assurance that the changes that were measured
in the dependent variable (DV) were actually caused by the manipulation of the
independent variable (IV) and not caused by any other types of extraneous variables (EV).
Secondly, researchers must be concerned with their study’s external validity. External
validity refers to how well the results of the study generalize to the population of interest
from which the sample was pulled (Myers & Hansen, 2012). When setting up an experiment,
there are several ways in which the researcher can increase both of these validity types.For
internal validity, one of the main concerns is the study’s amount of control. Control refers to
the number of safeguards that were put in place in order to control for EV’s, or variables
other than the IV that may have influenced or changed, the DV (Myers & Hansen, 2012). The
best time to plan for these controls is during the set up of the experimental procedures. For
example, researchers should ensure that they have properly defined their variables,
properly set up their measuring techniques, and included enough levels of the IV to
properly test their hypothesis. Additionally, in order to control for EV’s caused by subject
variables, or individual differences between subjects, researchers should ensure they utilize
random assignment (Myers & Hansen, 2012). Researchers can also choose to measure their
internal validity after their study is over. For example, researchers can provide
questionnaires, or surveys, to their subjects after the study concludes in order to investigate
how the subject felt during the examination, or if they were confused during the study.
These are important factors to look at as these could introduce possible EVs into the study
that may have resulted in the measured behaviors (Myers & Hansen, 2012).As mentioned
above, the primary concern for external validity is the generalizability of the identified
experimental results (Myers & Hansen, 2012). External validity has a type of double-edged
sword type of relationship with the previously discussed principle of internal validity. For
example, as internal validity increases with the number of controls put in place, external
validity decreases with large amounts of controls as it is thought to limit realistic behavior.
There are several ways in which research can increase their studies external validity. For
example, researchers can use the principle of aggregation, or the grouping together of data,](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/manipulatedivactuallyimpacted-230617102506-11d91320/85/Manipulated-Iv-Actually-Impacted-docx-1-320.jpg)
