Pia-Lena Larsson has worked at Volvo since 1977, starting in the warehouse and then moving to an IT role in 1986 when she began installing computers and printers. Since then, she has held several roles involving user administration and security coordination across various Volvo systems. This has included being an object administrator for security systems at Volvo Parts and managing roles, rules, and access for applications like RHELP and LHELP. Currently, she continues work on competence management and security for most Volvo Parts systems. Pia-Lena has 35 years of experience working at Volvo and enjoys assisting customers.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck on SlideShare. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation by providing a button to click to begin the process. The document is advertising the ability to easily create presentations on SlideShare using Haiku Deck.
Muhammad Tariq is a quality engineer seeking a quality manager position. He has over 20 years of experience implementing quality management systems for construction and manufacturing companies. Some of his responsibilities include developing quality plans and audits, ensuring regulatory compliance, analyzing quality data, and facilitating continuous process improvement. He is a certified Project Management Professional and Certified Quality Engineer.
Fair Housing Movements and Their Opposition in the Non-Jim Crow MidwestMarcus Van Grinsven
This document summarizes research on the fair housing movements in Chicago and Milwaukee in the 1960s led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Father James Groppi, respectively. While mayors and officials publicly supported civil rights, they resisted local reforms. The movements faced violent opposition but helped pass the 1968 Fair Housing Act. The movements are less remembered than southern ones due to biased media coverage, northern marches allowing self-defense against attacks, and lack of support from local leaders and civil rights groups.
The album cover of Metallica's "...And Justice for All" features a crumbling statue of Lady Liberty being pulled down by ropes against a stone background. This symbolizes the band's view that justice has been lost in an unjust society. The title references the Pledge of Allegiance in a sarcastic way that suggests the band's dissenting perspective. Key elements like the band's name in distinctive font and the stone textures help identify the album as heavy metal and convey its aggressive sound and message of discontent.
Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms that can join together to form molecules. The document discusses various properties of matter including density, hardness, solubility, and states of matter. It describes different types of mixtures, including homogeneous and heterogeneous, and methods for separating mixtures like filtration, evaporation, and sieving. Finally, it covers the different types of forces including contact forces like friction and buoyancy, and non-contact forces such as magnetism and gravity.
’ساكسو بنك‘ يفوز بجائزة ’أفضل بنك استثماري في منطقة الشرق الأوسط‘saxobankme
ضمن فعاليات ’معرض الفوركس الثامن‘ بالخبر في المملكة العربية السعودية
الجائزة تؤكد دور منصات ’ساكسو بنك‘ للتداول عبر الإنترنت وموقعه المتخصص باللغة العربية في الحصول على مثل هذه الجائزة المرموقة
Pia-Lena Larsson has worked at Volvo since 1977, starting in the warehouse and then moving to an IT role in 1986 when she began installing computers and printers. Since then, she has held several roles involving user administration and security coordination across various Volvo systems. This has included being an object administrator for security systems at Volvo Parts and managing roles, rules, and access for applications like RHELP and LHELP. Currently, she continues work on competence management and security for most Volvo Parts systems. Pia-Lena has 35 years of experience working at Volvo and enjoys assisting customers.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck on SlideShare. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation by providing a button to click to begin the process. The document is advertising the ability to easily create presentations on SlideShare using Haiku Deck.
Muhammad Tariq is a quality engineer seeking a quality manager position. He has over 20 years of experience implementing quality management systems for construction and manufacturing companies. Some of his responsibilities include developing quality plans and audits, ensuring regulatory compliance, analyzing quality data, and facilitating continuous process improvement. He is a certified Project Management Professional and Certified Quality Engineer.
Fair Housing Movements and Their Opposition in the Non-Jim Crow MidwestMarcus Van Grinsven
This document summarizes research on the fair housing movements in Chicago and Milwaukee in the 1960s led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Father James Groppi, respectively. While mayors and officials publicly supported civil rights, they resisted local reforms. The movements faced violent opposition but helped pass the 1968 Fair Housing Act. The movements are less remembered than southern ones due to biased media coverage, northern marches allowing self-defense against attacks, and lack of support from local leaders and civil rights groups.
The album cover of Metallica's "...And Justice for All" features a crumbling statue of Lady Liberty being pulled down by ropes against a stone background. This symbolizes the band's view that justice has been lost in an unjust society. The title references the Pledge of Allegiance in a sarcastic way that suggests the band's dissenting perspective. Key elements like the band's name in distinctive font and the stone textures help identify the album as heavy metal and convey its aggressive sound and message of discontent.
Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms that can join together to form molecules. The document discusses various properties of matter including density, hardness, solubility, and states of matter. It describes different types of mixtures, including homogeneous and heterogeneous, and methods for separating mixtures like filtration, evaporation, and sieving. Finally, it covers the different types of forces including contact forces like friction and buoyancy, and non-contact forces such as magnetism and gravity.
’ساكسو بنك‘ يفوز بجائزة ’أفضل بنك استثماري في منطقة الشرق الأوسط‘saxobankme
ضمن فعاليات ’معرض الفوركس الثامن‘ بالخبر في المملكة العربية السعودية
الجائزة تؤكد دور منصات ’ساكسو بنك‘ للتداول عبر الإنترنت وموقعه المتخصص باللغة العربية في الحصول على مثل هذه الجائزة المرموقة
2. Think Globally, Fit Locally:
Unsupervised Learning of Low Dimensional
Manifolds JMLR2003
• Lawrence K. Saul
University of Pennsylvania
• Sam T. Roweis
University of Toronto
3. Unsupervised learning
• Density estimation
• learn the parameters of a probabilistic model that can be used to predict or
assess the novelty of future observation
• Dimensionality reduction
• obtain more compact representations of the original data that capture the
information necessary for higher-level decision making
线性
非线性
主成分分析 PCA
线性判别分析 LDA
保留局部性质
不保留局部性质
LLE
LE
LTSA
基于距离
核函数
ISOMAP
MDS
KPCA
5. Dimensionality reduction (PCA)
给定一组N个观测数据 , 为D维欧式空间中的点,将其映射
到 维度的空间中,并最大化投影后的数据点的方差
一维情形
不失一般性,假设 维空间一个单位向量 ,s.t. ,则数据点 投影到该单位向量为
一个标量值: 。
投影到 上的点的均值:
方差为:
{ }nx nx
M D
1M
D 1u 1 1 1T
u u nx
1
T
nu x
1u
1
1 N
n
n
x x
N
2
1 1 1 1
1
1
1
1
N
T T T
n
n
N
T
n n
n
u x u x u Su
N
S x x x x
N
6. Dimensionality reduction (PCA)
给定一组N个观测数据 , 为D维欧式空间中的点,将其映射
到 维度的空间中,并最大化投影后的数据点的方差
一维情形
问题转化为:
拉格朗日乘数法:
对 求导并置为0,可得:
进一步可得:
{ }nx nx
M D
1M
1 1
1 1
max{ }
. . 1
T
T
u Su
s t u u
1 1 1 1 1(1 )T T
L u Su u u
u 1 1 1Su u 为 的特征向量1u S
1 1 1
T
u Su
12. LLE算法
• 前提假设
• 采样数据所在的低维流形在局部是线性的,即每个采样点可以用
它的近邻点线性表示。
• 学习目标
• 原始空间中局部邻域内的最优线性重组权值
• 低维流形中保持最优线性重组权值下计算最优嵌入
假设列向量 ,为D维空间中的采样数据,LLE算法计算得到d维列向
量 ,满足在高维空间中 的邻居点重构系数 对于降维后的 同
样要保持关系
1 2
{ , , }N
X x x x L
1 2
{ , , }N
Y y y y L i
x ij
w i
y
i ij ij
i
y w y
16. Step2: Constrained Least Squares Fits
• 计算权重矩阵 ,最小化线性重组误差:
• S.T.
• 1. 稀疏性:除了K个邻居节点外 均为0
• 2. 平移不变性:
ijW
2
( )
k
i ij j
i j
E W X W X
ijW
1ij
j
W
17. Step2: Constrained Least Squares Fits
• 旋转和伸缩不变性
旋转和伸缩变换可以用矩阵R表示,假设进行旋转或伸缩变换后邻居点权重向量为
即: 1 2, , ,
T
kv v v v L
1 1 2 2
1
1 1
1
1
1 1
k
i j j k k
j
k
i j j
j
k
i j j
j
k k
j j j j
j j
Rx v Rx v Rx v Rx v Rx
R Rx v R Rx
x v x
w x v x
w v
L
18. Step2: Constrained Least Squares Fits
• 平移不变性
对每个数据点做平移t
1
1 1 1
( )
K
i j j
j
K K K
j j j j j
j j j
x t v x t
w x t v x v t
w v
1j
j
w
19. Step2: Constrained Least Squares Fits
• 计算
1. 假设高维采样数据点 ,维度为D,则重构矩阵W为如下形式:1 2
{ , , }N
X x x x L
1 11 12 1
2 21 22 2
1 2
1 2
N
N
N N N NN
N
x w w w
x w w w
x w w w
x x x
L
L
M L L O L
L
L
可以一次对一个点计算W中的一列元素
2
i i j j
j
x w
20. Step2: Constrained Least Squares Fits
• 计算
2. 代价函数推导
2
1
2
1 2
2
2
( , , , )
( , , , )
( )
(( ) ) (( ) )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
K
i i j j
j
i K
i i i
T
T T
T T
jk i j i k
x w
x Nw N n n n
Xw Nw X x x x
X N w
X N w X N w
w X N X N w
w Gw G x x
L
L
21. Step2: Constrained Least Squares Fits
• 计算
3. 求解
使用拉格朗日乘法最小化
min
. . 1
T
i
T
w Gw
s t w I
( ) ( )
2 0
T T
L w w Gw w I
L
Gw I
w
Gw cI
(c为常量,将其置为1,求解出w,再进行缩放使其和为1)
25. Step3: Eigenvalue Problem
• 基于高维空间中的重组矩阵 ,求 在低维空间的象 ( ),
使得低维空间的重构误差最小:
• S.T.
• 1. (消除平移自由)
• 2. (消除旋转自由和缩放自由)
2
( )
k
i ij j
i j
Y Y W Y
0i
i
Y
ijW iX iY
1
1
T
i i
i
YY I
N
d维
26. Step3: Eigenvalue Problem
• 计算
1. 用 表示矩阵Y的第i列,用 表示权值矩阵W的第i列,用 表示单位矩阵的第i
列,则代价函数表示为:
iy iw iI
2
1 1
2
1
2
1
( )
N N
i ij j
i j
N
i i
i
N
i i
i
y w y
YI Yw
Y I w
2 2
( )T T
i i i
i i
a a a trace A A A 由于
2
( )Y I W
22 2 2 T
ij jiA a a A 由于
2
( )
( ( )( ) )
( )
T T
T T
T
I W Y
trace Y I W I W Y
trace YMY
27. Step3: Eigenvalue Problem
• 计算
2. 使用拉格朗日乘法求解
( ) [ ( 1) ]
2 2 0
T T
T T
T T
L Y YMY YY N I
L
MY Y
Y
MY Y
的各列( 的各行)为矩阵M的若干个最小的特征向量时,L取得最小值T
Y Y
28. Step3: Eigenvalue Problem
• 计算
3. 舍弃零特征值对应的特征向量保留d个最小的非零特征值对应的特征向量
1
2
1 2
T
T
N d N
T
d d N
u
u
Y y y y
u
L
M