This document summarizes Muslim (mahr) law regarding marriage obligations in India. It defines mahr as the payment from husband to wife required by Muslim marriage, which can be prompt or deferred. It discusses the kinds of mahr (specified, unspecified), quantum (no fixed amount but guidelines by school of law), enforcement through lawsuit, and case law establishing that prompt mahr can be demanded before cohabitation and courts may require payment for restitution of conjugal rights.

1. MAHR
(MUSLIM LAW)
Under the Guidance of
Asst Prof. Mrs Kushum Joshi
Submitted By
N Muthukrishnan, Ph.D
Enrolment No - DL1901603
INDORE INSTITUTE OF LAW

2. Contents
 Mahr
 Law of Marriage
 Kinds of Mahr
 Quantum of Mahr
 Enforcement of Mahr
 Case Law

3. MAHR
 Meaning & Definition. In a Muslim marriage, Mahr is the sum that
become payable by husband to wife on marriage, either by agreement
between the parties or by operation of law. it may be prompt (Mu’ajjal)
and deferred (Mu’wajjal).The dower is regarded as a mark of respect to
the bride.
 The terms “dowry" and “brideprice" are sometimes incorrectly used to
translate mahr, but mahr differs from dowries in many other cultures.
 A dowry traditionally refers to money or possessions a woman brings
forth to the marriage, usually provided by her parents or family; bride
price to money or property paid by the groom or his family to the
parents of a woman (but not to the woman herself) upon the
marriage.

4. LAW OF MARRIAGE
(complied by All India Muslim Personal Law Board)
 Mahr is the mal (money or property of any kind) which is an obligation
of man towards the woman as a result of marriage. (Section 127)
 Mahr is a financial right arising from marriage contract which is an
obligation in all circumstances, even if at the time of marriage it was
agreed upon that there will be no mahr. (Section128)
 The amount of mahr may be fixed and paid either before ,at the time of
,or after marriage from the assets of husband. The wife is competent to
relinquish the mahr provided she has attended the puberty at the time
of relinquishment.

5. KINDS OF MAHR
 A. Specified Dower (mahrul-musamma). The Mahr is usually fixed at
the time of marriage but it is also fixed after the marriage. Mahr fixed by
the father on behalf of his minor son is binding on the minor son on his
majority.
 B. Unspecified Dower (mahrul misal). The obligation to pay dower is a
legal responsibility on the part of the husband and is not dependent
upon any contract between the parties. Hence, the husband’s liable to
pay Mahr even if it is not specified.
 C. Prompt (muajjal) and deferred (muvajjal) Mahr. The term Muajjal
means ‘hasten’, ‘to proceed’ whereas the term Muvajjal means ‘delayed’
or ‘deferred.’The prompt dower is payable immediately after the
marriage but the deferred Dower becomes payable either on the
dissolution of the marriage or on the happening of a specified event.

6. QUANTUM OF MAHR
 Hanafi Law, 10 Dirhams
 Malaki Law, 3 Dirhams
 Shafi Law, No fixed amount
 Shariya Law, No fixed amount.
 A dirham (derived from the Greek) is the name of Silver coin of 2.97
grams in weight. However, it would be a sad mistake to lay too great
stress upon the monetary value of the Mahr amount. It is said that in
the case of an extremely poor man, the Prophet requested him to
teach the Quran to his wife. It is said in one Hedaya that the payment
of Mahr is enjoined by the law merely as a token of respect for the
woman.

7. ENFORCEMENT OF MAHR
 If the Mahr is not paid, the wife can enforce it by filing a suit
against her husband. if she dies, her legal heirs can use. The
period of limitation is 3 years
 In case of prompt mahr, the period of limitation starts, when the mahr
is demanded and refused. In case of deferred mahr it starts from
date of dissolution of marriage by death or divorce.

8. CASE LAW
 Nasra Begam v. Rizwan Ali AIR 1980 All 119
 The Allahabad High Court held that the right to dower comes into
existence before cohabitation and Prompt Dower may be demanded
even before the cohabitation.
 Where the wife is minor or insane, her guardian can refuse to allow the
husband to take his wife with him till the Prompt Dower has been paid. If
the minor wife is already in the custody of her husband, such guardian
can take her back on the ground of non-payment of PromptDower.
 But, where the consummation has taken place even once, the wife’s
right to refuse consummation is lost. If the marriage has already been
consummated, the husband’s suit for restitution of conjugal right will
not fail on the ground of non-payment of PromptDower.
 However, the court has discretion, even in such a case, to pass a
decree for restitution of conjugal rights subject to the condition of
payment ofPrompt Dower.

9. CASE LAW
Anis Begum v. Muhammad Istafa Wali Khan AIR 1933 All 634
 The facts were that in the marriage of Anis Begum and Md. Istafa, the
Prompt Dower was Rs. 15,000. The husband and wife lived together
for some time and a daughter was born to them.
 Later on, Anis Begum left the house of her husband and refused to
come back till her Prompt Dower was satisfied.
 Md. Istafa, the husband, filed a suit for the restitution of conjugal rights.
It was held by Sulaiman, C.J., that there was no absolute right in a
husband to claim conjugal rights unconditionally.
 The courts have discretion to make the decree of restitution of
conjugal rights conditional on payment of wife’s unpaid Prompt.
Dower even where the marriage has already been consummated.
 Accordingly, the decree for restitution of conjugal right was passed in
favour of the husband subject to his payment of Rs, 15,000/-.

10. ?

11. Jai Hind