The document discusses internet infrastructure and technologies. It focuses on domain name servers (DNS) and how they work to translate domain names to IP addresses. The DNS has a hierarchical structure with root name servers at the top level that point to authoritative name servers for top-level domains like .com and country-code domains. There are 13 root name servers distributed globally to provide high availability.
Get an overview of the Domain Name System (DNS) one of the pillars of the Internet and understand the internal security issues of the DNS as well as the crucial role it plays in cybersecurity.
Document centralization based document security
Smart work environment construction
Drawing/ Document/ Source code/ Copyright security and Personal information protection
DDS on the Web: Quick Recipes for Real-Time Web ApplicationsAngelo Corsaro
The Web is nowadays inextricably intertwined with our lives and our systems. The ability for a system to interact with web-based applications is not anymore a feature — it is the thin line that separates démodé from contemporary!
DDS-based systems are not exception to this rule and as a consequence more and more people are trying bring DDS data to web applications. In a technology rich environment such as the web there is no lack of choice when it comes to selecting the set of tools and technologies to integrate DDS and Web applications. Options are Web Services, REST,
REST Frameworks such as CometD, Silverlight, WebSockets, DART, the Play! Framework etc.
To help shed light, give insight and factually show that the DDS/Web integration is indeed easily achievable, this presentation will first provide an overview of the Web technologies that are most suited for integrating Web- and DDS-applications, such as plain REST, CometD, WebSockets, Google Dart, and Play! Then it will demonstrate how the integration can be achieved with just a few lines of code by using the OpenSplice Gateway.
Get an overview of the Domain Name System (DNS) one of the pillars of the Internet and understand the internal security issues of the DNS as well as the crucial role it plays in cybersecurity.
Document centralization based document security
Smart work environment construction
Drawing/ Document/ Source code/ Copyright security and Personal information protection
DDS on the Web: Quick Recipes for Real-Time Web ApplicationsAngelo Corsaro
The Web is nowadays inextricably intertwined with our lives and our systems. The ability for a system to interact with web-based applications is not anymore a feature — it is the thin line that separates démodé from contemporary!
DDS-based systems are not exception to this rule and as a consequence more and more people are trying bring DDS data to web applications. In a technology rich environment such as the web there is no lack of choice when it comes to selecting the set of tools and technologies to integrate DDS and Web applications. Options are Web Services, REST,
REST Frameworks such as CometD, Silverlight, WebSockets, DART, the Play! Framework etc.
To help shed light, give insight and factually show that the DDS/Web integration is indeed easily achievable, this presentation will first provide an overview of the Web technologies that are most suited for integrating Web- and DDS-applications, such as plain REST, CometD, WebSockets, Google Dart, and Play! Then it will demonstrate how the integration can be achieved with just a few lines of code by using the OpenSplice Gateway.
WinConnections Spring, 2011 - How to Securely Connect Remote Desktop Services...Concentrated Technology
“The Cloud” is everywhere, but did you know that creating your own everywhere accessible cloud applications isn’t difficult. All you need are some certificates and Microsoft’s Remote Desktop Services. Greg Shields is a Microsoft MVP in RDS, and he’s got the step-by-step solution for cloud-enabling your applications. Join him in this session to learn exactly how you’ll securely extend your applications to everywhere with an Internet connection. Your boss and your users will love you for it.
Running head: SERVERS 1
Running head: SERVERS 1
Debbie Utter
Colorado Technical University
Unit 3 IP
Introduction to Operating Systems and Client/Servers Environment
IT140-1503B-01
Dr. Stephan Reynolds
September 11, 2015
Peer-to-peer networks and client-server networks are both distinct networking architectures, each model being suitable for different types of organizations. The main difference between these two architectures is that in Client-server networks, there is a dedicated central computer (known as a server) and the other reliable computers (clients) dependent on the server’s resources. On the other hand, in a peer-to-peer network, each computer can act as the server and client to the others. In simpler terms, if each computer in the network can fully carry out its functions independently, then it is in a peer-to-peer network. If one computer is the go-to computer for services such as file storage or the one given the capability to grant or deny access of services to the other computers, then those computers are in a client-server network.
Peer-to-peer and client-server networks can both be differentiated using the various aspects as follows:
(a) Performance
A peer-to-peer network is only suitable for as much as 10 computers, past which performance problems will arise. An organization with more than 10 computers is best suited for a client-server network. This is because of the presence of a server that does most of the management and control duties. Also, an issue with one computer won’t necessarily interfere with the network since it’s not required to share its computing power.
(b) Cost
Client-server networks are basically more expensive than peer-to-peer networks, both in installation and maintenance. The server in client-server networks needs to have great computing power, and therefore you need have dedicated software to manage the network. An example of this software that does this job excellently is the Windows Server. Such programs are complicated to run, and so more costs may arise due to the need to have experts that fix any arising problems.
(c) Security
Client-server networks are more secure than peer-to-peer networks. The server has a function in it that can grant or reject a user’s access request to the network. This feature is important as it helps keep unwanted users, malware or malicious bots out of the network. However, it is important to note that as the more computers join the client-server network, security management becomes increasingly difficult.
(d)Geographical area
A peer-to-peer network is suitable when it is being set up in homes or small organizations. But for bigger organizations, such as hospitals, a client-server is ideal due to the need for technical functions in the organization.
Depending on the above factors, a client-server network would work best in Health Care HQ.
As earlier mentioned, Windows Server is one of the most efficient operating systems that manages client-server ne.
Back up deduplicated data in less time with the Dell DR6000 Disk Backup Appli...Principled Technologies
Backing up data is a key component in data protection. However, long backup windows can cause headaches for IT and users while slowing down the network. We found that using source-side deduplication and Rapid CIFS technology to back up data to the Dell DR6000 Disk Backup Appliance was faster—with the average rate of data backup at 8.99 TB per hour. The backup to the DR6000 completed in two-thirds the time that the backup to the industry-leading deduplication appliance completed. Backing up to the DR6000 consumed less than one-sixth the bandwidth needed to back up to the industry-leading deduplication appliance. In addition, the DR6000 needed less rack space and cost a third less than the competition. The solution to lengthy backup windows is clear: Save time and network bandwidth with source-side deduplication built into the Dell DR6000 Disk Backup Appliance.
Chapter 12 A Manager’s Guide to the Internetand TelecommuniEstelaJeffery653
Chapter 12: A Manager’s Guide to the Internet
and Telecommunications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Internet 101: Understanding How the Internet Works
12.3 Getting Where You’re Going
12.4 Last Mile: Faster Speed, Broader Access
363
12.1 Introduction
There’s all sorts of hidden magic happening whenever you connect to the Internet. But what really makes it
possible for you to reach servers halfway around the world in just a fraction of a second? Knowing this is not only
flat-out fascinating stuff; it’s also critically important for today’s manager to have at least a working knowledge
of how the Internet functions.
That’s because the Internet is a platform of possibilities and a business enabler. Understanding how the Internet
and networking works can help you brainstorm new products and services and understand roadblocks that might
limit turning your ideas into reality. Marketing professionals who know how the Internet reaches consumers have
a better understanding of how technologies can be used to find and target customers. Finance firms that rely on
trading speed to move billions in the blink of an eye need to master Internet infrastructure to avoid being swept
aside by more nimble market movers. And knowing how the Internet works helps all managers understand where
their firms are vulnerable. In most industries today, if your network goes down then you might as well shut your
doors and go home; it’s nearly impossible to get anything done if you can’t get online. Managers who know
the Net are prepared to take the appropriate steps to secure their firms and keep their organization constantly
connected.
364
12.2 Internet 101: Understanding How the Internet Works
Learning Objectives
After studying this section you should be able to do the following:
1. Describe how the technologies of the Internet combine to answer these questions: What are you
looking for? Where is it? And how do we get there?
2. Interpret a URL, understand what hosts and domains are, describe how domain registration works,
describe cybersquatting, and give examples of conditions that constitute a valid and invalid domain-
related trademark dispute.
3. Describe certain aspects of the Internet infrastructure that are fault-tolerant and support load
balancing.
4. Discuss the role of hosts, domains, IP addresses, and the DNS in making the Internet work.
The Internet is a network of networks—millions of them, actually. If the network at your university, your
employer, or in your home has Internet access, it connects to an Internet service provider (ISP). Many (but not all)
ISPs are big telecommunications companies like Verizon, Comcast, and AT&T. These providers connect to one
another, exchanging traffic, and ensuring your messages can get to any other computer that’s online and willing
to communicate with you.
The Internet has no center and no one owns it. That’s a good thing. The Internet was designed to be redundant
and fault-tolerant—meaning that ...
Going Cloud? Going Mobile? Don't Let Your Network Be A Showstopper!Wes Morgan
Both migration to the cloud and the deployment of enterprise mobile services can exercise your network in ways of which you may not be aware. This session talks about the most common stumbling blocks found at the network layer, some "hidden gotchas" that may bite you, and means by which to test and exercise your network BEFORE you put your deployment or migration into production use.
WinConnections Spring, 2011 - How to Securely Connect Remote Desktop Services...Concentrated Technology
“The Cloud” is everywhere, but did you know that creating your own everywhere accessible cloud applications isn’t difficult. All you need are some certificates and Microsoft’s Remote Desktop Services. Greg Shields is a Microsoft MVP in RDS, and he’s got the step-by-step solution for cloud-enabling your applications. Join him in this session to learn exactly how you’ll securely extend your applications to everywhere with an Internet connection. Your boss and your users will love you for it.
Running head: SERVERS 1
Running head: SERVERS 1
Debbie Utter
Colorado Technical University
Unit 3 IP
Introduction to Operating Systems and Client/Servers Environment
IT140-1503B-01
Dr. Stephan Reynolds
September 11, 2015
Peer-to-peer networks and client-server networks are both distinct networking architectures, each model being suitable for different types of organizations. The main difference between these two architectures is that in Client-server networks, there is a dedicated central computer (known as a server) and the other reliable computers (clients) dependent on the server’s resources. On the other hand, in a peer-to-peer network, each computer can act as the server and client to the others. In simpler terms, if each computer in the network can fully carry out its functions independently, then it is in a peer-to-peer network. If one computer is the go-to computer for services such as file storage or the one given the capability to grant or deny access of services to the other computers, then those computers are in a client-server network.
Peer-to-peer and client-server networks can both be differentiated using the various aspects as follows:
(a) Performance
A peer-to-peer network is only suitable for as much as 10 computers, past which performance problems will arise. An organization with more than 10 computers is best suited for a client-server network. This is because of the presence of a server that does most of the management and control duties. Also, an issue with one computer won’t necessarily interfere with the network since it’s not required to share its computing power.
(b) Cost
Client-server networks are basically more expensive than peer-to-peer networks, both in installation and maintenance. The server in client-server networks needs to have great computing power, and therefore you need have dedicated software to manage the network. An example of this software that does this job excellently is the Windows Server. Such programs are complicated to run, and so more costs may arise due to the need to have experts that fix any arising problems.
(c) Security
Client-server networks are more secure than peer-to-peer networks. The server has a function in it that can grant or reject a user’s access request to the network. This feature is important as it helps keep unwanted users, malware or malicious bots out of the network. However, it is important to note that as the more computers join the client-server network, security management becomes increasingly difficult.
(d)Geographical area
A peer-to-peer network is suitable when it is being set up in homes or small organizations. But for bigger organizations, such as hospitals, a client-server is ideal due to the need for technical functions in the organization.
Depending on the above factors, a client-server network would work best in Health Care HQ.
As earlier mentioned, Windows Server is one of the most efficient operating systems that manages client-server ne.
Back up deduplicated data in less time with the Dell DR6000 Disk Backup Appli...Principled Technologies
Backing up data is a key component in data protection. However, long backup windows can cause headaches for IT and users while slowing down the network. We found that using source-side deduplication and Rapid CIFS technology to back up data to the Dell DR6000 Disk Backup Appliance was faster—with the average rate of data backup at 8.99 TB per hour. The backup to the DR6000 completed in two-thirds the time that the backup to the industry-leading deduplication appliance completed. Backing up to the DR6000 consumed less than one-sixth the bandwidth needed to back up to the industry-leading deduplication appliance. In addition, the DR6000 needed less rack space and cost a third less than the competition. The solution to lengthy backup windows is clear: Save time and network bandwidth with source-side deduplication built into the Dell DR6000 Disk Backup Appliance.
Chapter 12 A Manager’s Guide to the Internetand TelecommuniEstelaJeffery653
Chapter 12: A Manager’s Guide to the Internet
and Telecommunications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Internet 101: Understanding How the Internet Works
12.3 Getting Where You’re Going
12.4 Last Mile: Faster Speed, Broader Access
363
12.1 Introduction
There’s all sorts of hidden magic happening whenever you connect to the Internet. But what really makes it
possible for you to reach servers halfway around the world in just a fraction of a second? Knowing this is not only
flat-out fascinating stuff; it’s also critically important for today’s manager to have at least a working knowledge
of how the Internet functions.
That’s because the Internet is a platform of possibilities and a business enabler. Understanding how the Internet
and networking works can help you brainstorm new products and services and understand roadblocks that might
limit turning your ideas into reality. Marketing professionals who know how the Internet reaches consumers have
a better understanding of how technologies can be used to find and target customers. Finance firms that rely on
trading speed to move billions in the blink of an eye need to master Internet infrastructure to avoid being swept
aside by more nimble market movers. And knowing how the Internet works helps all managers understand where
their firms are vulnerable. In most industries today, if your network goes down then you might as well shut your
doors and go home; it’s nearly impossible to get anything done if you can’t get online. Managers who know
the Net are prepared to take the appropriate steps to secure their firms and keep their organization constantly
connected.
364
12.2 Internet 101: Understanding How the Internet Works
Learning Objectives
After studying this section you should be able to do the following:
1. Describe how the technologies of the Internet combine to answer these questions: What are you
looking for? Where is it? And how do we get there?
2. Interpret a URL, understand what hosts and domains are, describe how domain registration works,
describe cybersquatting, and give examples of conditions that constitute a valid and invalid domain-
related trademark dispute.
3. Describe certain aspects of the Internet infrastructure that are fault-tolerant and support load
balancing.
4. Discuss the role of hosts, domains, IP addresses, and the DNS in making the Internet work.
The Internet is a network of networks—millions of them, actually. If the network at your university, your
employer, or in your home has Internet access, it connects to an Internet service provider (ISP). Many (but not all)
ISPs are big telecommunications companies like Verizon, Comcast, and AT&T. These providers connect to one
another, exchanging traffic, and ensuring your messages can get to any other computer that’s online and willing
to communicate with you.
The Internet has no center and no one owns it. That’s a good thing. The Internet was designed to be redundant
and fault-tolerant—meaning that ...
Going Cloud? Going Mobile? Don't Let Your Network Be A Showstopper!Wes Morgan
Both migration to the cloud and the deployment of enterprise mobile services can exercise your network in ways of which you may not be aware. This session talks about the most common stumbling blocks found at the network layer, some "hidden gotchas" that may bite you, and means by which to test and exercise your network BEFORE you put your deployment or migration into production use.
Desktop, Embedded and Mobile Apps with Vortex CaféAngelo Corsaro
In the past few years we have been experiencing an amazing proliferation of mobile and embedded platforms. Contemporary developers are increasingly faced with the challenge of writing applications that can run on desktop, mobile (e.g. Android), and on low-cost embedded platforms (e.g. Raspberry-Pi and Beaglebone). This is causing a rejuvenated interest in the Java platform as the mean to achieve the holy grail of write-once and run-everywhere. With the availability of Java environments supporting almost any kind of device in several different form factors, the missing element to the picture is an effective way of enabling communication between them.
Vortex Café is a pure Java implementation of the OMG Data Distribution Service (DDS) that enables seamless, efficient and timely data sharing across many-core machines, mobile and embedded devices.
This presentation will (1) introduce the main abstractions provided by Vortex Café, (2) provide an overview of its architecture and explain how it exploits Staged Event Driven Architectures to optimize its runtime depending of the target hardware, (3) provide an overview of the typical performance delivered by Vortex Café, and (3) get you started developing distributed Java and Scala applications with Vortex Café.
In the past few years we have experienced an amazing proliferation of mobile and embedded platforms. Contemporary developers are increasingly being faced with the challenge of writing applications that can run on desktop, mobile (e.g. Android and iOS), and on low-cost embedded platforms (e.g. Raspberry-Pi and Beaglebone). This is causing a rejuvenated interest in the Java platform as a means to achieve the holy grail of write-once and run-everywhere. With the availability of Java environments supporting almost any kind of device in several different form factors, the missing element of the picture is an effective way of enabling communication between them.
Vortex Café is a pure Java implementation of the OMG Data Distribution Service (DDS) that enables seamless, efficient and timely data sharing across multi-core machines, mobile and embedded devices.
This presentation will (1) introduce the main abstractions provided by Vortex Café, (2) provide an overview of its architecture and explain how it exploits Staged Event Driven Architectures to optimize its runtime behavior depending on the target hardware, (3) provide an overview of the typical performance delivered by Vortex Café, and (4) get you started developing distributed Java and Scala applications with Vortex Café.
web hosting services reviews and comparisons newfasthost
Web Hosting Services Reviews And Comparisons best web hosting, Website hosting (service that hosts your cheap web hosting website)WordPress (free, commonly used website platform)To build a fully functional website, you’ll need cheapest web hosting to secure a domain name (web address) and a web hosting account. These two make sure that your website is fully accessible to others. Without one web hosting services or another, you will be unable to set up a website. best web hosting https://webhostingpapa.com
CtrlS, the leading data center solution provider, today announced the launch of an innovative, first-of-its-kind solution in India: Disaster Recovery on Demand. CtrlS's DR on Demand framework is built to align to enterprises - large and medium - DR strategy by offering a robust Disaster recovery solution at a cost that suits their budget. CtrlS is using "scalable, ready to deploy private cloud architecture" for this framework. With this solution, CtrlS now supports the full LAMP and Windows Stack for on demand disaster recovery services.
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Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
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- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
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Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
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Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
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Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
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2. 223 / 10 / 2012Josep Bardallo
Internet Systems
The interconnection system we call the Internet comprises some
37,000 ‘Autonomous Systems’ or ASes (ISPs or similar entities) and
355,000 blocks of addresses (addressable groups of machines),
spread around the world (2H2011)
3. 323 / 10 / 2012Josep Bardallo
World Data Centers
4. 423 / 10 / 2012Josep Bardallo
Internet Datacenter needs
7. 723 / 10 / 2012Josep Bardallo
Internet Vulnerability to power outages
The system is critically dependent on electrical
power.
8. 823 / 10 / 2012Josep Bardallo
Internet Datacenter Levels
Tier I data centers are the most basic tier of data center with a
single uplink serving all components and the resident computer
equipment. This means the computer equipment at this site lacks
any sort of redundant capacity components hence becoming more
susceptible to disruption if any component or capacity system were
to fail unexpectedly. Furthermore, Tier 1 data centers can potentially
experience more frequent disruptions of service for annual
maintenance. Uptime of 99,671%
Tier II data center meets the standards for Tier I classification and
has redundant capacity components and a single (N+1), non-
redundant distribution path serving the computer components.
Uptime of 99,741%
9. 923 / 10 / 2012Josep Bardallo
Internet Datacenter Levels
Tier III has both redundant capacity components and multiple,
independent distribution paths to serve the resident computer
equipment. The components are dual-powered with multiple uplinks,
allowing maintenance to occur without disrupting the system.
Uptime of 99,982%
Tier IV is the strongest tier and least prone to failures. It is fully
fault-tolerant with multiple, independent and isolated systems
serving the computer equipment. Dual power sources and cooling
systems help to maintain the integrity of the equipment in the event
of any failure. With compartmentalized systems, a single unexpected
failing of any system component will not impact the computer
equipment. Furthermore, the system will independently respond to
the failure as a means of preventing equipment damage. As with the
Tier III data center, maintenance work can be carried out without
shutting down the system or impacting on operations. Uptime of
99,995
11. 1123 / 10 / 2012Josep Bardallo
Certified Datacenters in the World
http://uptimeinstitute.com/TierCertification/certMaps.php
12. 1223 / 10 / 2012Josep Bardallo
Converged Datacenters
Converged Data Centers are in the class of modular data centers
(complete, preconfigured data centers shipped and ready to go in
comprehensive shipping containers) that expedite deployment and
increase efficiency.
Samples: HP Performance Optimized Datacenters (PODs) are
datacenters in portable 20 or 400 foot energy efficient containers or
Colt modular datacenter.
13. 1323 / 10 / 2012Josep Bardallo
Converged Data Center
14. 1423 / 10 / 2012Josep Bardallo
Services More used in Internet (application layer)
Http / Https (Web)
Dns (Domain Name Server)
Smtp (Mail)
Sip/voIP
IRC (Chat) & IM services (Instant Messaging)
15. 1523 / 10 / 2012Josep Bardallo
Domain Name Registrant and Registrar
A domain name registrar is an organization or commercial entity
that manages the reservation of Internet domain names. A domain
name registrar must be accredited by a generic top-level
domain (gTLD) registry and/or a country code top-level
domain (ccTLD) registry. The management is done in accordance
with the guidelines of the designated domain name registries and to
offer such services to the public.
List of accredited registrars:
http://www.icann.org/registrar-reports/accredited-list.html
18. 1823 / 10 / 2012Josep Bardallo
Domain Name Registratant
The management and distribution of both generic and country code
Top Level Domains (TLD) is handled by Registries. For example, the
Canadian Internet Registration Authority (CIRA) is responsible for
operating the ".ca" ccTLD and VeriSign Global Registry Services
manages the operation of the ".com" and ".net" gTLDs.
Currently, there are 17 generic TLDs operated by various Registries.
There are various restrictions on who may obtain a specific gTLD.
There are 247 country code TLDs. The requirements for obtaining
ccTLD vary from country to country.
.es is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Spain. It is
administered by the Network Information Centre of Spain :
http://www.nic.es
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Domain Name Registratant
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Domain Name Registratant
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Domain Name Registratant
Domain names are generally distributed by Registrars to Registrants,
who can be individuals or organizations. The Registrar keeps records
of the Registrants' contact information, submits the technical
information to the Registry and publishes the contact information of
Registrants through WHOIS.
Registrants may also obtain domain names through Resellers.
Resellers are organizations are not certified as a Registrar, but
instead act as an intermediary between the Registrant and the
Registrar. Typically, Resellers offer value added services, such as
web hosting, URL forwarding, email forwarding, and search engine
listing.
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Domain Name Registratant
.es is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Spain. It is administered by the Network Information Centre of Spain.
http://www.nic.es
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DNS: Domain Name Server
A name server translates domain names into IP addresses. This
makes it possible for a user to access a website by typing in the
domain name instead of the website's actual IP address. For
example, when you type in "www.microsoft.com," the request gets
sent to Microsoft's name server which returns the IP address of the
Microsoft website.
RFC 1034 (www.ietf.org): DOMAIN NAMES - CONCEPTS AND
FACILITIES. This RFC introduces domain style names, their use for
Internet mail and host address support, and the protocols and
servers used to implement domain name facilities.
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DNS: Domain Name Server
Each domain name must have at least two name servers listed when
the domain is registered. These name servers are commonly named
ns1.servername.com and ns2.servername.com, where "servername"
is the name of the server. The first server listed is the primary
server, while the second is used as a backup server if the first server
is not responding.
Name servers are a fundamental part of the Domain Name System
(DNS). They allow websites to use domain names instead of IP
addresses, which would be much harder to remember. In order to
find out what a certain domain name's name servers are, you can
use a WHOIS lookup tool.
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DNS purpose
The purpose of the DNS is to enable Internet applications and their
users to name things that have to have a globally unique name. The
obvious benefit is easily memorizable names for things like web
pages and mailboxes, rather than long numbers or codes. Less
obvious but equally important is the separation of the name of
something from its location. Things can move to a totally different
location in the network fully transparently, without changing their
name. www.isoc.org can be on a computer in Virginia today and on
another computer in Geneva tomorrow without anyone noticing.
In order to achieve this separation, names must be translated into
other identifiers which the applications use to communicate via the
appropriate Internet protocols.
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DNS Flow
A DNS recursor consults three nameservers to resolve the address
www.wikipedia.org.
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DNS working
Let's look at what happens when you send a mail message to me at
daniel.karrenberg@ripe.net. A mail server trying to deliver the
message has to find out where mail for mailboxes at 'ripe.net' has to
be sent. This is when the DNS comes into play.
Let us follow the DNS query starting from your computer. Your
computer knows the address of a nearby DNS "caching server" and
will send the query there. These caching servers are usually
operated by the people that provide Internet connectivity to you.
This can be your Internet Service Provider (ISP) in a residential
setting or your corporate IT department in an office setting. Your
computer may learn the address of the available caching servers
automatically when connecting to the network or have it statically
configured by your network administrator.
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DNS working
When the query arrives at the caching server there is a good chance
that this server knows the answer already because it has
remembered it, "cached" in DNS terminology, from a previous
transaction. So if someone using the same caching server has sent
mail to someone at 'ripe.net' recently, all the information that is
needed will already be available and all the caching server has to do
is to send the cached answers to your computer. You can see how
caching speeds up responses to queries for popular names
considerably. Another important effect of caching is to reduce the
load on the DNS as a whole, because many queries do not go
beyond the caching servers.
If the caching server does not find the answer to a query in its
cache, it has to find another DNS server that does have the answer.
In our example it will look for a server that has answers for all
names that end in 'ripe.net'. In DNS terminology such a server is
said to be "authoritative" for the "domain" 'ripe.net'.
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DNS working
In many cases our caching server already knows the address of the
authoritative server for 'ripe.net'. If someone using the same
caching server has recently surfed to 'www.ripe.net', the caching
server needed to find the authoritative server for 'ripe.net' at that
time and, being a caching server, naturally it cached the address of
the authoritative server.
So the caching server will send the query about the mail servers for
'ripe.net' to the authoritative server for 'ripe.net', receive an answer,
send that answer through to your computer and cache the answer as
well.
Note that so far only your caching server and the authoritative
server for 'ripe.net' have been involved in answering this query.
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Root name servers
Root name server: They are part of the Domain Name System
(DNS), a worldwide distributed database that is used to translate
worldwide unique domain names such as www.isoc.org to other
identifiers. The DNS is an important part of the Internet because it is
used by almost all Internet applications.
Root name server operators selected by IANA (Internet Assigned
Numbers Authority)
The root name servers publish the root zone file to other DNS
servers and clients on the Internet. The root zone file describes
where the authoritative servers for the DNS top-level domains (TLD)
are located; in other words: which server one has to ask for names
ending in one of 267 (September 2007) TLDs, such as ORG, NET, NL
or AU.
more than 130 locations in 53 countries, most of them outside the
United States of America
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Root Name Servers in the world
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Root name Servers (www.root-servers.org)
There currently are 12 organizations providing root name service at 13
unique IPv4 addresses. They are:
A - VeriSign Global Registry Services
B - University of Southern California - Information Sciences Institute
C - Cogent Communications
D - University of Maryland
E - NASA Ames Research Center
F - Internet Systems Consortium, Inc.
G - U.S. DOD Network Information Center
H - U.S. Army Research Lab
I - Autonomica/NORDUnet
J - VeriSign Global Registry Services
K - RIPE NCC
L - ICANN
M - WIDE Project
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DNS HA
To ensure high availability the DNS has multiple servers all with the same
data. To get around the problem of the local caching server not being
available your computer usually has a number of them configured from which
it can choose. This way one can make sure that there always is a caching
server available. But how about the authoritative servers?
To improve availability of authoritative name servers there always are a
number of them for each domain. In our example of 'ripe.net' there are five
of them, three of which are in Europe, one in North America and one in
Australia.
ripe.net. 172800 IN NS ns.ripe.net.
ripe.net. 172800 IN NS ns2.nic.fr.
ripe.net. 172800 IN NS sunic.sunet.se.
ripe.net. 172800 IN NS auth03.ns.uu.net.
ripe.net. 172800 IN NS munnari.OZ.AU.
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Root name Servers
The RIPE NCC operates k.root-servers.net, one of the 13 Internet root name
servers. The K-root service is provided by a set of distributed nodes using
IPv4 and IPv6 anycast. Each node announces prefixes from 193.0.14.0/23 in
AS25152. A K-root node consists of a cluster of server machines running the
NSD name server software. (k.root-servers.org). The RIPE NCC is a not-for-
profit membership association under Dutch law
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Domain Name Servers vulnerability
21/10/2002: A coordinated DDoS (distributed denial of service) attack was
launched at approximately 2045UTC and lasted until approximately 2200UTC.
All thirteen (13) DNS root name servers were targeted simultaneously.
Attack volume was approximately 50 to 100 Mbits/sec (100 to 200 Kpkts/sec)
per root name server, yielding a total attack volume was approximately 900
Mbits/sec (1.8 Mpkts/sec). Some root name servers were unreachable from
many parts of the global Internet due to congestion from the attack traffic
delivered upstream/nearby. While all servers continued to answer all queries
they received (due to successful overprovisioning of host resources), many
valid queries were unable to reach some root name servers due to attack-
related congestion effects, and thus went unanswered. No known report of
end-user visible error conditions.
Early in 2007, February, the 13 root servers were hit by a DoS attack
(originated in South Korea) that nearly took down three of them. Analysts
say the hackers' used possibly millions of zombie computers to wage the
attack -- and they expect that army is populated with the desktops and
laptops of unknowing users around the world. 20 hours. However, the other
root name servers, including the RIPE NCC managed K-root, kept the
Internet working during this time.
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Domain Name Servers Vulnerability
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10/9/2012: A lone hacker has claimed responsibility for an ongoing denial-of-service
attack that may have knocked out millions of websites hosted by world's largest domain
registrar GoDaddy. The attack began at around 10.00 Pacific time (17.00 GMT/18.00
BST) and appears to affect the registrar's DNS servers. Any site that is hosted with
GoDaddy could be affected, although as of 13.00 Pacific (20.00GMT/21.00BST) the
company reported that at least some service had been restored.
Web sites serviced by DNS and hosting provider Go Daddy were down for most of
today, but were back up later this afternoon. A hacker using the "Anonymous Own3r"
Twitter account claimed credit for the outage.
The problem could be affecting thousands, if not millions, of sites, given that Scottsdale,
Arizona-based Go Daddy is not only one of the biggest Web site hosters but also the
largest domain registrar. The Go Daddy site itself was accessible earlier today for CNET
but was down at last check. Twitter users were complaining that numerous sites hosted
by the company were inaccessible.