استفاده از مفهوم نرمافزار آزاد، پیشرفتهای شگرفی را در حوزههای مرتبط با علوم کامپیوتری در دو دههٔ اخیر به همراه داشته است. بهبود عملکرد و پیشرفت در قابلیت اطمینان و صحت کارکرد، از مهمترین دستاوردهای ورود مفاهیم نرمافزارهای آزاد و متنباز به حوزه علوم کامپیوتری بود. در چندین سال اخیر، این مفاهیم به حوزهٔ الکترونیک و سختافزار نیز وارد شده و با ورود خود موجب افزایش قابلیت اطمینان، بهبود در راندمان، کاهش زمان طراحی (از ایده تا اجرا) و افزایش سرعت تولید محصولات الکترونیکی و مکاترونیکی شده است. در واقع تاریخ در این حوزه نیز تکرار شده است. در این میان، نقش سیستمهای عامل متنباز همانند گنو/لینوکس، که دقیقاً به علت آزاد و متنباز بودن به راحتی به معماریهای مختلف سختافزاری پورت شدهاند، بسیار پررنگ و حائز اهمیت است. در سالهای اخیر، گنو/لینوکس و مشتقات آن، با قدرتی بینظیر، به شکلی متفاوت و بسیار ساده به حوزه سختافزار وارد شده است. انتظار میرود با ورود شرکتهای بزرگ سختافزاری دنیا همانند اینتل، سامسونگ و بسیاری از شرکتهای مهم دیگر در سالهای پیش رو، حوزههای الکترونیک، اینترنت اشیا (IoT)، نرمافزارهای آزاد و جامعه آنها، سیستمهای بر روی تراشه (SoC) و کامپیوترهای فوق کوچک دارای سیستمعامل، با یکدیگر ترکیب و بیش از پیش موجب تحول در کسب و کارهای سنتی و مبتنی بر روشهای قدیمی طراحی سختافزار شود. در این مقاله نگاهی به پیشرفتهای حاصل شده در این زمینه و انتظارات سالهای پیش رو خواهیم داشت.
سرفصلها:
نرمافزارهای آزاد و راهیابی به به دنیای سیستمهای نهفته
الکترونیک دیجیتال و ورود سیستمعامل
سیستمهای نهفته و چالش کاربردهای بیدرنگ
اینترنت اشیاء، محلی برای نمایش قدرت نرمافزارهای آزاد
Zach Shelby, Director of Technology for IoT at ARM and previously the co-founder of Sensinode gives and an in-depth tutrorial of the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) for the Internet of Things. Updates to this tutorial made on April 30th, 2014.
NBD (Network Block Device) and nbdkit are related technologies in the realm of virtualization and storage. They allow you to work with remote block devices and create flexible storage solutions. Here's an overview of each:
1. NBD (Network Block Device):
NBD is a protocol that allows you to access remote block devices over a network, as if they were local block devices. It provides a way to export disk images or block devices from a server to clients, enabling remote access and manipulation of these devices.
Key features of NBD include:
Block-Level Access: NBD operates at the block level, allowing you to read from and write to specific blocks on a remote device.
Flexibility: It's used in various scenarios such as diskless booting, live migration of virtual machines, and remote disk access for storage solutions.
Network Transport: NBD operates over the network and typically uses TCP/IP as the underlying transport.
Read-Only and Read-Write Modes: You can access remote devices in both read-only and read-write modes.
2. nbdkit:
nbdkit is a pluggable NBD server, providing a flexible and extensible way to serve remote block devices. It acts as an NBD server that can be extended using various plugins, allowing you to create custom storage solutions tailored to your needs.
CacheFS is a filesystem caching technology developed for UNIX-like operating systems .It is designed to cache the contents of a remote filesystem onto the local disk to improve performance by reducing the number of network requests needed to access frequently used files. CacheFS works by intercepting requests to access remote files and serving them from the local disk cache, rather than accessing them over the network every time they are needed.
CacheFS is used primarily in situations where network bandwidth is limited or where the latency of remote access is high, such as in WAN or satellite link scenarios. It is often used to speed up access to file servers, such as Network File System (NFS) servers.
some of its features have been incorporated into other caching technologies, such as the Squid web proxy cache.
In Linux, a process is an instance of a running computer program. It's the basic unit of execution where a program is executed. Every process in Linux is assigned a unique Process ID (PID) which is used to identify the process.
Processes in Linux can be either in the foreground or background. Foreground processes are those that interact with the user, while background processes run without user intervention.
Linux processes inherit attributes and resource limits from their parent processes, and new processes can be created using the fork() system call. Child processes can further replace their memory space with a new program using the exec() system call.
Processes can be managed using various commands like ps (to display information about processes), top (to show currently running processes), kill (to terminate processes), and many others.
Linux provides a robust set of process management features, allowing for efficient multitasking and resource utilization. The Linux scheduler handles process scheduling, ensuring that CPU time is allocated effectively among running processes.
Overall, processes in Linux form the backbone of the operating system, enabling it to manage various tasks and run multiple programs concurrently.
MariaDB and MySQL are both popular open-source relational database management systems (RDBMS) that are used to store, organize, and manage data. They are both based on the same core software, which was originally developed by MySQL AB, but MariaDB is a fork of MySQL that was created in 2009 due to concerns about the acquisition of MySQL by Oracle Corporation.
MariaDB and MySQL have many similarities, including their architecture, syntax, and functionality. Both databases use SQL (Structured Query Language) to manage data and support a wide range of programming languages. They also offer features such as replication, clustering, and partitioning to improve performance and scalability.
However, there are also some differences between MariaDB and MySQL. MariaDB has some additional features and improvements over MySQL, such as better performance, improved security, and more storage engines. MariaDB also supports more data types than MySQL and has more built-in functions.
Overall, both MariaDB and MySQL are powerful and reliable RDBMS options for managing data, and the choice between them may depend on specific needs and preferences.
OpenStack Designate is a DNS as a Service (DNSaaS) solution that is part of the OpenStack cloud computing platform. It provides a scalable, reliable, and highly available DNS infrastructure for cloud-based applications and services.
Designate enables users to manage their domain names and DNS records through a RESTful API or a web-based dashboard. It supports various record types, including A, AAAA, CNAME, MX, NS, PTR, SRV, and TXT. Users can also create and manage zones, which are collections of DNS records that define a domain name's authoritative name servers.
Designate integrates with other OpenStack services such as Keystone, Nova, Neutron, and Horizon. It also supports integration with external DNS providers, allowing users to easily switch between providers or use multiple providers for redundancy.
Designate is designed to be highly scalable and fault-tolerant. It uses a distributed architecture that allows it to handle millions of DNS queries per second and ensures high availability even in the event of node failures.
Overall, OpenStack Designate provides a flexible and powerful DNSaaS solution that simplifies the management of domain names and DNS records in cloud-based environments.
Rados Gateway (radosgw) is an object storage gateway that provides RESTful (Representational State Transfer) API interface to access Ceph Storage Cluster. It allows applications to store and retrieve objects in the cluster using popular S3 and Swift APIs, making it compatible with a wide range of existing applications and libraries. Radosgw also supports multi-site replication, lifecycle management, cross-origin resource sharing (CORS), and other advanced features that make it a versatile solution for building distributed object storage systems. Radosgw is a part of the Ceph distributed storage system and can be deployed as a standalone service or as part of a Ceph Storage Cluster.
استفاده از مفهوم نرمافزار آزاد، پیشرفتهای شگرفی را در حوزههای مرتبط با علوم کامپیوتری در دو دههٔ اخیر به همراه داشته است. بهبود عملکرد و پیشرفت در قابلیت اطمینان و صحت کارکرد، از مهمترین دستاوردهای ورود مفاهیم نرمافزارهای آزاد و متنباز به حوزه علوم کامپیوتری بود. در چندین سال اخیر، این مفاهیم به حوزهٔ الکترونیک و سختافزار نیز وارد شده و با ورود خود موجب افزایش قابلیت اطمینان، بهبود در راندمان، کاهش زمان طراحی (از ایده تا اجرا) و افزایش سرعت تولید محصولات الکترونیکی و مکاترونیکی شده است. در واقع تاریخ در این حوزه نیز تکرار شده است. در این میان، نقش سیستمهای عامل متنباز همانند گنو/لینوکس، که دقیقاً به علت آزاد و متنباز بودن به راحتی به معماریهای مختلف سختافزاری پورت شدهاند، بسیار پررنگ و حائز اهمیت است. در سالهای اخیر، گنو/لینوکس و مشتقات آن، با قدرتی بینظیر، به شکلی متفاوت و بسیار ساده به حوزه سختافزار وارد شده است. انتظار میرود با ورود شرکتهای بزرگ سختافزاری دنیا همانند اینتل، سامسونگ و بسیاری از شرکتهای مهم دیگر در سالهای پیش رو، حوزههای الکترونیک، اینترنت اشیا (IoT)، نرمافزارهای آزاد و جامعه آنها، سیستمهای بر روی تراشه (SoC) و کامپیوترهای فوق کوچک دارای سیستمعامل، با یکدیگر ترکیب و بیش از پیش موجب تحول در کسب و کارهای سنتی و مبتنی بر روشهای قدیمی طراحی سختافزار شود. در این مقاله نگاهی به پیشرفتهای حاصل شده در این زمینه و انتظارات سالهای پیش رو خواهیم داشت.
سرفصلها:
نرمافزارهای آزاد و راهیابی به به دنیای سیستمهای نهفته
الکترونیک دیجیتال و ورود سیستمعامل
سیستمهای نهفته و چالش کاربردهای بیدرنگ
اینترنت اشیاء، محلی برای نمایش قدرت نرمافزارهای آزاد
Zach Shelby, Director of Technology for IoT at ARM and previously the co-founder of Sensinode gives and an in-depth tutrorial of the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) for the Internet of Things. Updates to this tutorial made on April 30th, 2014.
NBD (Network Block Device) and nbdkit are related technologies in the realm of virtualization and storage. They allow you to work with remote block devices and create flexible storage solutions. Here's an overview of each:
1. NBD (Network Block Device):
NBD is a protocol that allows you to access remote block devices over a network, as if they were local block devices. It provides a way to export disk images or block devices from a server to clients, enabling remote access and manipulation of these devices.
Key features of NBD include:
Block-Level Access: NBD operates at the block level, allowing you to read from and write to specific blocks on a remote device.
Flexibility: It's used in various scenarios such as diskless booting, live migration of virtual machines, and remote disk access for storage solutions.
Network Transport: NBD operates over the network and typically uses TCP/IP as the underlying transport.
Read-Only and Read-Write Modes: You can access remote devices in both read-only and read-write modes.
2. nbdkit:
nbdkit is a pluggable NBD server, providing a flexible and extensible way to serve remote block devices. It acts as an NBD server that can be extended using various plugins, allowing you to create custom storage solutions tailored to your needs.
CacheFS is a filesystem caching technology developed for UNIX-like operating systems .It is designed to cache the contents of a remote filesystem onto the local disk to improve performance by reducing the number of network requests needed to access frequently used files. CacheFS works by intercepting requests to access remote files and serving them from the local disk cache, rather than accessing them over the network every time they are needed.
CacheFS is used primarily in situations where network bandwidth is limited or where the latency of remote access is high, such as in WAN or satellite link scenarios. It is often used to speed up access to file servers, such as Network File System (NFS) servers.
some of its features have been incorporated into other caching technologies, such as the Squid web proxy cache.
In Linux, a process is an instance of a running computer program. It's the basic unit of execution where a program is executed. Every process in Linux is assigned a unique Process ID (PID) which is used to identify the process.
Processes in Linux can be either in the foreground or background. Foreground processes are those that interact with the user, while background processes run without user intervention.
Linux processes inherit attributes and resource limits from their parent processes, and new processes can be created using the fork() system call. Child processes can further replace their memory space with a new program using the exec() system call.
Processes can be managed using various commands like ps (to display information about processes), top (to show currently running processes), kill (to terminate processes), and many others.
Linux provides a robust set of process management features, allowing for efficient multitasking and resource utilization. The Linux scheduler handles process scheduling, ensuring that CPU time is allocated effectively among running processes.
Overall, processes in Linux form the backbone of the operating system, enabling it to manage various tasks and run multiple programs concurrently.
MariaDB and MySQL are both popular open-source relational database management systems (RDBMS) that are used to store, organize, and manage data. They are both based on the same core software, which was originally developed by MySQL AB, but MariaDB is a fork of MySQL that was created in 2009 due to concerns about the acquisition of MySQL by Oracle Corporation.
MariaDB and MySQL have many similarities, including their architecture, syntax, and functionality. Both databases use SQL (Structured Query Language) to manage data and support a wide range of programming languages. They also offer features such as replication, clustering, and partitioning to improve performance and scalability.
However, there are also some differences between MariaDB and MySQL. MariaDB has some additional features and improvements over MySQL, such as better performance, improved security, and more storage engines. MariaDB also supports more data types than MySQL and has more built-in functions.
Overall, both MariaDB and MySQL are powerful and reliable RDBMS options for managing data, and the choice between them may depend on specific needs and preferences.
OpenStack Designate is a DNS as a Service (DNSaaS) solution that is part of the OpenStack cloud computing platform. It provides a scalable, reliable, and highly available DNS infrastructure for cloud-based applications and services.
Designate enables users to manage their domain names and DNS records through a RESTful API or a web-based dashboard. It supports various record types, including A, AAAA, CNAME, MX, NS, PTR, SRV, and TXT. Users can also create and manage zones, which are collections of DNS records that define a domain name's authoritative name servers.
Designate integrates with other OpenStack services such as Keystone, Nova, Neutron, and Horizon. It also supports integration with external DNS providers, allowing users to easily switch between providers or use multiple providers for redundancy.
Designate is designed to be highly scalable and fault-tolerant. It uses a distributed architecture that allows it to handle millions of DNS queries per second and ensures high availability even in the event of node failures.
Overall, OpenStack Designate provides a flexible and powerful DNSaaS solution that simplifies the management of domain names and DNS records in cloud-based environments.
Rados Gateway (radosgw) is an object storage gateway that provides RESTful (Representational State Transfer) API interface to access Ceph Storage Cluster. It allows applications to store and retrieve objects in the cluster using popular S3 and Swift APIs, making it compatible with a wide range of existing applications and libraries. Radosgw also supports multi-site replication, lifecycle management, cross-origin resource sharing (CORS), and other advanced features that make it a versatile solution for building distributed object storage systems. Radosgw is a part of the Ceph distributed storage system and can be deployed as a standalone service or as part of a Ceph Storage Cluster.
Ceph: A Powerful, Scalable, and Flexible Storage SolutionYashar Esmaildokht
## Ceph: A Powerful, Scalable, and Flexible Storage Solution
Ceph is an open-source, distributed storage platform that offers a range of features, including object storage, block storage, and file systems. It provides a highly scalable, reliable, and flexible solution for managing your data.
Ceph's Key Components:
* RADOS (Reliable Autonomic Distributed Object Storage): Ceph's core storage component. It provides object storage capabilities and forms the basis for other services.
* RBD (RADOS Block Device): Ceph's block storage service. Allows you to create and manage block devices that can be attached to virtual machines or containers.
* CephFS (Ceph File System): Ceph's distributed file system. Offers scalable and reliable shared file system access for applications and users.
Ceph Backfill:
Backfill is a process used to repopulate data onto newly added OSDs (Object Storage Devices) in a Ceph cluster. Here's how it works:
1. Data Imbalance: When new OSDs are added, the cluster may have an imbalance in data distribution. Some OSDs might have more data than others.
2. Backfill Process: Ceph identifies the underutilized OSDs and starts copying data from overloaded OSDs to these new OSDs.
3. Data Balancing: The backfill process aims to achieve an even distribution of data across all OSDs in the cluster.
Ceph Scrub:
Scrubbing is a data integrity check that Ceph performs to detect and repair errors in stored data. Here's the process:
1. Data Verification: Ceph compares the data stored on different OSDs that hold replicas of the same object.
2. Error Detection: Any discrepancies between the data replicas are flagged as errors.
3. Data Repair: Ceph attempts to repair the errors by copying the correct data from another OSD.
Ceph Erasure Coding (EC):
Erasure coding is a technique used to increase data resilience and reduce storage overhead in a Ceph cluster.
* Data Chunking: Data is divided into smaller chunks, and a parity chunk is generated.
* Data Distribution: These chunks and parity chunks are distributed across multiple OSDs in the cluster.
* Data Recovery: Even if some OSDs fail, the lost data can be recovered from the remaining chunks and parity chunks.
Benefits of EC:
* Increased Data Resilience: Can tolerate more OSD failures without losing data.
* Reduced Storage Overhead: Reduces the total storage capacity required for storing data replicas.
* Improved Performance: Can enhance performance by spreading the data load across more OSDs.
Understanding Ceph, backfill, scrub, and EC is crucial for efficient operation and maintenance of a Ceph cluster. These mechanisms ensure data integrity, availability, and scalability, making Ceph a robust and powerful solution for storage management.
Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is a novel approach to network management that separates the control plane and data plane in network devices, allowing for centralized planning and control of networks. In traditional networks, routing decisions and network settings are made on individual switches and routers. In SDN, however, these decisions are made through a centralized software controller.
One key aspect of SDN is its high programmability. This means that network administrators can dynamically adjust network settings and controls using programming interfaces (APIs). This programmability enhances network flexibility and adaptability to changing needs.
SDN enables increased network efficiency, cost savings, and improved reliability and security through centralized management and software-based planning. This new approach to network architecture provides organizations with solutions and opportunities to enhance network performance and management. It is considered a leading-edge solution in information technology, offering greater capabilities for network improvement and management.
Service registry and service discovery are two important concepts in the field of distributed systems and microservices architecture.
Service registry is a centralized database that contains information about available services in a distributed system. Each service instance registers itself with the service registry upon startup, providing metadata such as its network location, endpoint, and health status. This allows other services to discover and communicate with each other without hardcoding IP addresses or endpoints.
Service discovery is the process of dynamically locating and connecting to services in a distributed system. Instead of relying on static configurations or hardcoded endpoints, services use a service discovery mechanism to query the service registry and retrieve the necessary information to establish connections with other services. This allows for more flexible and resilient communication between services, as instances can be added or removed from the system without affecting the overall functionality.
Service registry and service discovery are essential components of modern microservices architectures, enabling services to be loosely coupled, scalable, and easily deployable. Popular tools for implementing service registry and service discovery include Consul, etcd, Zookeeper, and Kubernetes.
در این کتاب چه میخوانیم :
• ضرورت استفاده از Siem و بخش soc , noc
• بررسی عنوان IDS و IPS ها
• معماری ossec
• معماری wazuh
• نصب ossec
• نحوه مهاجرت از ossec به Wazuh
• نصب آفلاین wazuh
• ویژگیهای wazuh و امکانات آن
8. •LinuxHQ User Groups
Red Hat Army of Friends
Free Software Foundation GNU Users Groups
Open Directory: LUGS
Wikipedia Category:Linux User Groups
Yahoo Linux > User Groups
LUG Webring
Linux User Group HOWTO
Linux User Group HOWTO
UK Linux User Groups
Linux Australia
I Linux User Group italiani
و…
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•و.…
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