This document provides guidelines for LTE radio frequency (RF) network optimization. It describes the network optimization process, including single site verification and RF optimization. RF optimization objectives like coverage, signal quality and handover success rate are defined. Methods for adjusting azimuth, tilt, power and other parameters to improve coverage and resolve issues are presented. The roles of RSRP, SINR and other metrics in optimization are also explained. The document aims to aid network planning and optimization personnel in evaluating and improving LTE network performance.
This document provides guidelines for optimizing LTE radio frequency (RF) networks during and after project implementation. It discusses the network and RF optimization process, including single site verification and RF optimization of clusters. Key RF optimization objects like coverage, signal quality, and handover success rate are examined. Methods for adjusting parameters like transmit power, antenna tilts and heights are provided to resolve issues like weak coverage, lack of a dominant cell, and cross coverage between sites. Drive testing and analyzing metrics like RSRP, SINR and handover rates are recommended for identifying problem areas.
This document provides guidelines for optimizing LTE radio frequency (RF) networks. It describes the network optimization process, including single site verification and RF optimization. RF optimization aims to control pilot pollution while optimizing signal coverage, handover success rates, and radio signal distribution. The document defines key performance indicators for LTE RF optimization including reference signal received power (RSRP), signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), and handover success rate. It also provides methods for adjusting parameters like antenna tilt, transmit power, and neighbor lists to troubleshoot issues related to coverage, signal quality, and handover rates.
This document provides guidelines for optimizing LTE radio frequency (RF) networks. It describes the network optimization process, including single site verification and RF optimization. RF optimization aims to control pilot pollution while optimizing coverage, signal quality, and handover success rates. The document discusses LTE RF optimization objectives such as RSRP, SINR, and handover success rate. It also covers troubleshooting coverage issues like weak coverage, lack of a dominant cell, and cross coverage. Optimization methods include adjusting antenna parameters, transmit power, and network configuration parameters.
Wcdma Radio Network Planning And OptimizationPengpeng Song
The document discusses WCDMA radio network planning and optimization, including key topics such as:
1) Fundamentals of WCDMA link budget analysis and radio interface protocol architecture.
2) Radio resource utilization techniques like power control, handover control, and congestion control.
3) Issues of coverage and capacity planning as well as enhancement methods.
4) The process of WCDMA radio network planning including dimensioning, detailed planning, and optimization aspects to address interference.
The document introduces LTE network planning and RNP solutions. It discusses the flat LTE network architecture and protocols including OFDM and MIMO. LTE network planning includes coverage and capacity planning using link budget and capacity estimation. The RNP solution introduces tools for performance enhancement like interference avoidance and co-antenna analysis.
The document summarizes the key concepts in planning and deploying a 3G WCDMA mobile network. It describes the network architecture including nodes like RNC, Node B and interfaces. It also explains radio network planning phases and considerations like frequency planning, link budget calculations, coverage and capacity planning. The document discusses technologies like HSDPA that enhance data capabilities and presents LinkIT, a planning tool developed to understand network planning mathematics.
The document discusses various parameters used in LTE drive testing including:
- RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, RSSI, CQI, PCI, BLER, and throughput which provide information on signal strength, quality, and performance. Phone-based drive testing allows monitoring of these parameters and correlation with data performance. MIMO and handovers between LTE and other technologies can also be evaluated. Key metrics include coverage, capacity, and end-user experience.
This document provides guidelines for optimizing LTE radio frequency (RF) networks during and after project implementation. It discusses the network and RF optimization process, including single site verification and RF optimization of clusters. Key RF optimization objects like coverage, signal quality, and handover success rate are examined. Methods for adjusting parameters like transmit power, antenna tilts and heights are provided to resolve issues like weak coverage, lack of a dominant cell, and cross coverage between sites. Drive testing and analyzing metrics like RSRP, SINR and handover rates are recommended for identifying problem areas.
This document provides guidelines for optimizing LTE radio frequency (RF) networks. It describes the network optimization process, including single site verification and RF optimization. RF optimization aims to control pilot pollution while optimizing signal coverage, handover success rates, and radio signal distribution. The document defines key performance indicators for LTE RF optimization including reference signal received power (RSRP), signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), and handover success rate. It also provides methods for adjusting parameters like antenna tilt, transmit power, and neighbor lists to troubleshoot issues related to coverage, signal quality, and handover rates.
This document provides guidelines for optimizing LTE radio frequency (RF) networks. It describes the network optimization process, including single site verification and RF optimization. RF optimization aims to control pilot pollution while optimizing coverage, signal quality, and handover success rates. The document discusses LTE RF optimization objectives such as RSRP, SINR, and handover success rate. It also covers troubleshooting coverage issues like weak coverage, lack of a dominant cell, and cross coverage. Optimization methods include adjusting antenna parameters, transmit power, and network configuration parameters.
Wcdma Radio Network Planning And OptimizationPengpeng Song
The document discusses WCDMA radio network planning and optimization, including key topics such as:
1) Fundamentals of WCDMA link budget analysis and radio interface protocol architecture.
2) Radio resource utilization techniques like power control, handover control, and congestion control.
3) Issues of coverage and capacity planning as well as enhancement methods.
4) The process of WCDMA radio network planning including dimensioning, detailed planning, and optimization aspects to address interference.
The document introduces LTE network planning and RNP solutions. It discusses the flat LTE network architecture and protocols including OFDM and MIMO. LTE network planning includes coverage and capacity planning using link budget and capacity estimation. The RNP solution introduces tools for performance enhancement like interference avoidance and co-antenna analysis.
The document summarizes the key concepts in planning and deploying a 3G WCDMA mobile network. It describes the network architecture including nodes like RNC, Node B and interfaces. It also explains radio network planning phases and considerations like frequency planning, link budget calculations, coverage and capacity planning. The document discusses technologies like HSDPA that enhance data capabilities and presents LinkIT, a planning tool developed to understand network planning mathematics.
The document discusses various parameters used in LTE drive testing including:
- RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, RSSI, CQI, PCI, BLER, and throughput which provide information on signal strength, quality, and performance. Phone-based drive testing allows monitoring of these parameters and correlation with data performance. MIMO and handovers between LTE and other technologies can also be evaluated. Key metrics include coverage, capacity, and end-user experience.
This document provides an overview of tests for installing and maintaining LTE eNodeB base stations. It describes the key tests to check characteristics like downlink and uplink speeds, channel bandwidths, frequency bands, frame structure, and modulation schemes. The document then explains specific tests to check aspects like transmission power, occupied bandwidth, spectrum emission mask, ACLR, spurious emissions, and modulation quality of control and data channels. It provides procedures for configuring a tester and interpreting results for each test.
This third webinar discusses the fundamentals of LTE Carriers and how LTE mobiles communicate with the network including what factors affect performance.
1.LTE Network Architecture
2.LTE Radio Interface Overview
3.E-UTRA Features and Interfaces
4.Radio Interface Techniques
5.FDD and TDD
6.Spectrum Usage in LTE
7.Radio and Network Identities
OFDM, OFDMA and SC-FDMA Basic Principles
1. OFDMA Principle
2.Signal generation and processing
3.Inter Symbol Interference
4.OFDM Problems
5.SC-FDMA
6.Frequency Hopping
7.Proposed use in LTE
8.Pros and Cons with OFDM and SC-FDMA
Powerful business model for fixed wireless data using outdoor antennas - PaperAndre Fourie
Paper presented at the 2nd Africa Radio Comms Conference in Johannesburg - Nov 2015
By Andre Fourie
The revenue that can be generated by an LTE base station is influenced by the quality of the signal received by the customer premise equipment (CPE). Most CPE come with omni-directional indoor antennas, but have provision for the connection to external antennas.
Substituting the indoor antennas for directional outdoor antennas has a marked effect on the data transfer speeds of the network. There are two reasons for this. Firstly, outdoor antennas are physically larger than their indoor counterparts and thus have a higher gain. The increase in antenna gain translates directly to an increase in received signal strength. The second advantage is that the outdoor antenna sits in an environment that has much better propagating properties than the indoor antenna. Tests have shown that data speeds 3-5 times faster are possible using external antennas compared to indoor antennas.
It is shown, using a primitive financial model that fairly large financial gains can be made by equipping CPE devices with external antennas.
Rohit Choudhary is a RF engineer with over 7 years of experience in telecom network optimization. He has worked with various companies including Vodafone, Idea, Airtel, and Jio on 2G, 3G, and 4G network optimization projects in India. His responsibilities included drive testing, analyzing reports, identifying issues, optimizing sites, planning new sites, and achieving key performance indicators. He is proficient with various RF software tools and has skills in areas such as coverage optimization, interference management, neighbor planning, and handover tuning.
Carrier aggregation allows LTE networks to aggregate multiple component carriers to increase bandwidth and peak data rates. It is a key technology in LTE-Advanced. Three carrier aggregation was standardized in Release 10 and improvements were made in Releases 11 and 12. Implementing carrier aggregation poses design challenges for user equipment due to requirements for complex transceiver architectures capable of simultaneously transmitting and receiving on multiple frequency bands, which can cause issues like intermodulation distortion. It also impacts higher layers with changes to RRC signaling and the addition of cross-carrier scheduling capabilities. Thorough testing is needed to validate performance under realistic radio frequency impairment conditions.
150154357 umts-multi-carrier-strategy-training-150514091047-lva1-app6892Walter Dono Miguel
Huawei provides strategies for multi-carrier networks including preferred camping and random camping. Preferred camping prioritizes certain carriers for idle mode camping and connections while random camping allows camping and connections on all carriers randomly. The strategies aim to balance considerations like system capacity, voice quality, and load balancing. Network operators can evaluate existing strategies using tools and adjust strategies based on key performance indicators to better meet their priorities such as capacity or coverage needs.
Huawei provides strategies for multi-carrier networks including preferred camping and random camping. Preferred camping prioritizes certain carriers for idle users and services while random camping allows users to camp on any carrier randomly. The document discusses pros and cons of each strategy and provides examples of analyzing network strategies using audit tools, adjusting strategies based on key performance indicators, and configuring parameters for mobility, load balancing, and carrier selection policies in multi-carrier networks.
The document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for 2G and 3G networks such as call blocking, call drops, and handover success rates. It provides optimization strategies recommended by major telecom vendors like Ericsson, Huawei, and NSN to improve these KPIs by adjusting network parameters related to frequency reuse, power control, handover configurations, and radio resource management. The parameter optimizations are aimed at enhancing voice call performance for 2G networks while also balancing throughput, capacity, and radio quality between 2G and 3G networks to ensure a seamless transition between the radio access technologies.
A collection of several vital configuration tips and tricks which are widely implemented across mid-size to large enterprise WLAN. Primary focus would be on Security as well as Performance characteristics of Aruba WLAN networks. Check out the webinar recording where this presentation was used.
https://community.arubanetworks.com/t5/Wireless-Access/Technical-Webinar-Recording-Slides-Aruba-controller-features/td-p/279274
Register for the upcoming webinars: https://community.arubanetworks.com/t5/Training-Certification-Career/EMEA-Airheads-Webinars-Jul-Dec-2017/td-p/271908
The document discusses 5G radio access network (RAN) fundamentals and architectures. It describes how the RAN has evolved from previous generations with more distributed and virtualized architectures in 5G. Key aspects of 5G RAN covered include centralized/virtualized RAN, Open RAN specifications, functional splits, and new concepts like network slicing and multi-access edge computing. Example use cases are also mentioned.
2 g and 3g kpi improvement by parameter optimization (nsn, ericsson, huawei) ...Jean de la Sagesse
The document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for 2G and 3G networks and how top telecom vendors like Ericsson, Huawei, and NSN optimize parameters to improve these KPIs. It outlines techniques for reducing TCH blocking, SD blocking, TCH drop, HOSR, TASR, SD drop, and improving paging success rate through actions like changing configuration parameters, enabling features, addressing hardware issues, and optimizing cells physically. The optimization of these parameters can help maintain balance between network throughput, capacity and radio quality while ensuring a seamless transition between 2G and 3G.
Lte tdd femto cell for usage of tv white spaceYoung Hwan Kim
This document discusses using TV white space spectrum and technologies like Super WiFi (802.11af), 802.22, and LTE-TDD to support wireless internet hotspots. It compares Super WiFi and LTE-TDD for supporting hotspots and outlines both the technical and business challenges of using LTE-TDD femtocells deployed on TV white space to provide wireless internet access, such as developing an O&M system, satisfying spectrum regulations, and finding partners and customers.
LTE network planning includes coverage and capacity planning. Key aspects of LTE network planning covered in the document include the flat LTE network architecture, use of OFDM in the physical layer, and introduction of techniques like MIMO, ICIC, link budget analysis, and capacity estimation. The document also provides an overview of RNP solutions for interference avoidance, co-antenna analysis, and other performance enhancement features.
A DAS is a network of antennas connected by cable that provides wireless coverage inside buildings. DAS are needed for public safety to improve coverage and reliability for first responders. The benefits of a public safety DAS include 95% building coverage, high quality of service, and improved reliability. Proper DAS design is important to ensure adequate coverage levels are met based on standards from NFPA and IFC. Components like filtered repeaters, backup power, and antennas supporting all public safety frequencies are important. New FCC rules require registration of bi-directional amplifiers used on public safety networks.
Why Direct Transmission of 5G Radio over Optical Fiber?Bob Walter
An argument for replacing CPRI in mobile wireless fronthaul links with high performance analog optical transceivers that directly transmit high order modulation, spread spectrum OFDM radio signals over optical fiber and meet 3GPP E-UTRA specs. Replacing CPRI with an RF over Fiber link enables the consolidation of the radio and the virtualization of the remote radio head (RRH) within the baseband unit (BBU). In turn, this can reduce the network complexity, power consumption, CAPEX and OPEX while increasing bandwidth and improving bandwidth efficiency. If BBU processing time could be reduced to less than 2.3 ms, fronthaul reach could be extended up to 70 km.
The document describes the R&S®CMW500 wideband radio communication tester. It has three key functions in one unit: an RF generator, RF analyzer, and signaling capabilities for network emulation. This allows it to test wireless devices from start to finish of the production process. The tester supports both cellular and non-cellular technologies with scalable RF resources. It offers high accuracy and test speeds up to ten times faster than conventional methods. The all-in-one design reduces costs and simplifies production test systems.
This document discusses optimization of radio parameters in WCDMA networks. It describes the process of parameter optimization including collecting configuration, signaling, drive test and statistics data. It then lists common radio parameter optimization cases such as coverage, handover, call drop rates, access control and signal quality. Specific cases covered in more detail include increasing PCPICH power to improve coverage, increasing the maximum DL power of AMR to reduce call drops, increasing FACH power to improve RRC setup success rates, and optimizing the T300 timer to further improve RRC success rates.
This document provides an overview of tests for installing and maintaining LTE eNodeB base stations. It describes the key tests to check characteristics like downlink and uplink speeds, channel bandwidths, frequency bands, frame structure, and modulation schemes. The document then explains specific tests to check aspects like transmission power, occupied bandwidth, spectrum emission mask, ACLR, spurious emissions, and modulation quality of control and data channels. It provides procedures for configuring a tester and interpreting results for each test.
This third webinar discusses the fundamentals of LTE Carriers and how LTE mobiles communicate with the network including what factors affect performance.
1.LTE Network Architecture
2.LTE Radio Interface Overview
3.E-UTRA Features and Interfaces
4.Radio Interface Techniques
5.FDD and TDD
6.Spectrum Usage in LTE
7.Radio and Network Identities
OFDM, OFDMA and SC-FDMA Basic Principles
1. OFDMA Principle
2.Signal generation and processing
3.Inter Symbol Interference
4.OFDM Problems
5.SC-FDMA
6.Frequency Hopping
7.Proposed use in LTE
8.Pros and Cons with OFDM and SC-FDMA
Powerful business model for fixed wireless data using outdoor antennas - PaperAndre Fourie
Paper presented at the 2nd Africa Radio Comms Conference in Johannesburg - Nov 2015
By Andre Fourie
The revenue that can be generated by an LTE base station is influenced by the quality of the signal received by the customer premise equipment (CPE). Most CPE come with omni-directional indoor antennas, but have provision for the connection to external antennas.
Substituting the indoor antennas for directional outdoor antennas has a marked effect on the data transfer speeds of the network. There are two reasons for this. Firstly, outdoor antennas are physically larger than their indoor counterparts and thus have a higher gain. The increase in antenna gain translates directly to an increase in received signal strength. The second advantage is that the outdoor antenna sits in an environment that has much better propagating properties than the indoor antenna. Tests have shown that data speeds 3-5 times faster are possible using external antennas compared to indoor antennas.
It is shown, using a primitive financial model that fairly large financial gains can be made by equipping CPE devices with external antennas.
Rohit Choudhary is a RF engineer with over 7 years of experience in telecom network optimization. He has worked with various companies including Vodafone, Idea, Airtel, and Jio on 2G, 3G, and 4G network optimization projects in India. His responsibilities included drive testing, analyzing reports, identifying issues, optimizing sites, planning new sites, and achieving key performance indicators. He is proficient with various RF software tools and has skills in areas such as coverage optimization, interference management, neighbor planning, and handover tuning.
Carrier aggregation allows LTE networks to aggregate multiple component carriers to increase bandwidth and peak data rates. It is a key technology in LTE-Advanced. Three carrier aggregation was standardized in Release 10 and improvements were made in Releases 11 and 12. Implementing carrier aggregation poses design challenges for user equipment due to requirements for complex transceiver architectures capable of simultaneously transmitting and receiving on multiple frequency bands, which can cause issues like intermodulation distortion. It also impacts higher layers with changes to RRC signaling and the addition of cross-carrier scheduling capabilities. Thorough testing is needed to validate performance under realistic radio frequency impairment conditions.
150154357 umts-multi-carrier-strategy-training-150514091047-lva1-app6892Walter Dono Miguel
Huawei provides strategies for multi-carrier networks including preferred camping and random camping. Preferred camping prioritizes certain carriers for idle mode camping and connections while random camping allows camping and connections on all carriers randomly. The strategies aim to balance considerations like system capacity, voice quality, and load balancing. Network operators can evaluate existing strategies using tools and adjust strategies based on key performance indicators to better meet their priorities such as capacity or coverage needs.
Huawei provides strategies for multi-carrier networks including preferred camping and random camping. Preferred camping prioritizes certain carriers for idle users and services while random camping allows users to camp on any carrier randomly. The document discusses pros and cons of each strategy and provides examples of analyzing network strategies using audit tools, adjusting strategies based on key performance indicators, and configuring parameters for mobility, load balancing, and carrier selection policies in multi-carrier networks.
The document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for 2G and 3G networks such as call blocking, call drops, and handover success rates. It provides optimization strategies recommended by major telecom vendors like Ericsson, Huawei, and NSN to improve these KPIs by adjusting network parameters related to frequency reuse, power control, handover configurations, and radio resource management. The parameter optimizations are aimed at enhancing voice call performance for 2G networks while also balancing throughput, capacity, and radio quality between 2G and 3G networks to ensure a seamless transition between the radio access technologies.
A collection of several vital configuration tips and tricks which are widely implemented across mid-size to large enterprise WLAN. Primary focus would be on Security as well as Performance characteristics of Aruba WLAN networks. Check out the webinar recording where this presentation was used.
https://community.arubanetworks.com/t5/Wireless-Access/Technical-Webinar-Recording-Slides-Aruba-controller-features/td-p/279274
Register for the upcoming webinars: https://community.arubanetworks.com/t5/Training-Certification-Career/EMEA-Airheads-Webinars-Jul-Dec-2017/td-p/271908
The document discusses 5G radio access network (RAN) fundamentals and architectures. It describes how the RAN has evolved from previous generations with more distributed and virtualized architectures in 5G. Key aspects of 5G RAN covered include centralized/virtualized RAN, Open RAN specifications, functional splits, and new concepts like network slicing and multi-access edge computing. Example use cases are also mentioned.
2 g and 3g kpi improvement by parameter optimization (nsn, ericsson, huawei) ...Jean de la Sagesse
The document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for 2G and 3G networks and how top telecom vendors like Ericsson, Huawei, and NSN optimize parameters to improve these KPIs. It outlines techniques for reducing TCH blocking, SD blocking, TCH drop, HOSR, TASR, SD drop, and improving paging success rate through actions like changing configuration parameters, enabling features, addressing hardware issues, and optimizing cells physically. The optimization of these parameters can help maintain balance between network throughput, capacity and radio quality while ensuring a seamless transition between 2G and 3G.
Lte tdd femto cell for usage of tv white spaceYoung Hwan Kim
This document discusses using TV white space spectrum and technologies like Super WiFi (802.11af), 802.22, and LTE-TDD to support wireless internet hotspots. It compares Super WiFi and LTE-TDD for supporting hotspots and outlines both the technical and business challenges of using LTE-TDD femtocells deployed on TV white space to provide wireless internet access, such as developing an O&M system, satisfying spectrum regulations, and finding partners and customers.
LTE network planning includes coverage and capacity planning. Key aspects of LTE network planning covered in the document include the flat LTE network architecture, use of OFDM in the physical layer, and introduction of techniques like MIMO, ICIC, link budget analysis, and capacity estimation. The document also provides an overview of RNP solutions for interference avoidance, co-antenna analysis, and other performance enhancement features.
A DAS is a network of antennas connected by cable that provides wireless coverage inside buildings. DAS are needed for public safety to improve coverage and reliability for first responders. The benefits of a public safety DAS include 95% building coverage, high quality of service, and improved reliability. Proper DAS design is important to ensure adequate coverage levels are met based on standards from NFPA and IFC. Components like filtered repeaters, backup power, and antennas supporting all public safety frequencies are important. New FCC rules require registration of bi-directional amplifiers used on public safety networks.
Why Direct Transmission of 5G Radio over Optical Fiber?Bob Walter
An argument for replacing CPRI in mobile wireless fronthaul links with high performance analog optical transceivers that directly transmit high order modulation, spread spectrum OFDM radio signals over optical fiber and meet 3GPP E-UTRA specs. Replacing CPRI with an RF over Fiber link enables the consolidation of the radio and the virtualization of the remote radio head (RRH) within the baseband unit (BBU). In turn, this can reduce the network complexity, power consumption, CAPEX and OPEX while increasing bandwidth and improving bandwidth efficiency. If BBU processing time could be reduced to less than 2.3 ms, fronthaul reach could be extended up to 70 km.
The document describes the R&S®CMW500 wideband radio communication tester. It has three key functions in one unit: an RF generator, RF analyzer, and signaling capabilities for network emulation. This allows it to test wireless devices from start to finish of the production process. The tester supports both cellular and non-cellular technologies with scalable RF resources. It offers high accuracy and test speeds up to ten times faster than conventional methods. The all-in-one design reduces costs and simplifies production test systems.
This document discusses optimization of radio parameters in WCDMA networks. It describes the process of parameter optimization including collecting configuration, signaling, drive test and statistics data. It then lists common radio parameter optimization cases such as coverage, handover, call drop rates, access control and signal quality. Specific cases covered in more detail include increasing PCPICH power to improve coverage, increasing the maximum DL power of AMR to reduce call drops, increasing FACH power to improve RRC setup success rates, and optimizing the T300 timer to further improve RRC success rates.
Similar to LTE-RF-Optimization-Guide. EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES (20)
1. O documento apresenta informações sobre o alfabeto russo, incluindo suas 33 letras, 10 vogais e sons de cada letra. 2. É explicado que algumas vogais podem ter sons diferentes dependendo de sua posição na palavra e que existem 2 símbolos especiais. 3. A tabela fornece exemplos de letras, seus sons correspondentes em português e palavras ilustrativas.
Este manual describe el lenguaje de programación AWL (Lista de Instrucciones) para los autómatas programables S7-300 y S7-400 de Siemens. Incluye una introducción al manual, una descripción general de AWL y ejemplos de programación, así como apéndices sobre transferencia de parámetros y lista de instrucciones AWL.
The document discusses standard function blocks (FB) used in Renault programming. It describes why FBs are used to improve readability, quality, and reduce programming time limits. It then defines what a standard FB is, including that FBs are pre-tested, validated functions that can be used by OEMs for common mechanical functions. The document also discusses how FBs can be integrated with HMI screens for operations and maintenance.
This document provides biographical information about the author of The 48 Laws of Power, Robert Greene, and the producer Joost Elfers. It notes that Robert Greene has a degree in classical studies and has worked as an editor for magazines. It also lists some of Joost Elfers' previous works as a producer. The document consists of standard copyright and publishing details.
El documento presenta información sobre componentes básicos de Motion Control de Siemens. Explica los diferentes controladores SIMATIC que se pueden usar para aplicaciones de Motion Control, incluyendo S7-1200, S7-1500 y SIMOTION. También describe las funciones integradas de Motion Control que estos controladores admiten como posicionamiento, velocidad y coordinación.
Este documento describe las funciones avanzadas de control de movimiento y cinemática disponibles con el controlador SIMATIC S7-1500 T-CPU. Incluye información sobre comisionamiento virtual, funciones de camming, interpolación de ejes y kinematics, así como demostraciones en vivo.
Este documento trata sobre el libro "Tratamiento digital de señales" de la cuarta edición. El libro cubre los fundamentos del procesamiento digital de señales discretas en el tiempo, y es adecuado para estudiantes de ingeniería eléctrica, informática y ciencias de la computación. El libro incluye tanto temas básicos como avanzados sobre procesamiento digital de señales.
As discussões teóricas sobre "falsos cognatos" entre o italiano e o português são polêmicas e pouco exploradas na literatura sobre ensino de línguas e tradução. O autor propõe distinguir "falsos cognatos", que têm origens etimológicas diferentes, de "cognatos enganosos", que compartilham origem mas evoluíram semanticamente. Ele apresenta um dicionário bilíngue de "falsos cognatos" e "cognatos enganosos" entre essas línguas, com exemplos e discussões teó
This document provides an open source study guide for the CompTIA Security+ SY0-501 exam. It aims to gather information from various online sources to cover all exam topics without requiring expensive training courses. The exam domains include threats and vulnerabilities, technologies and tools, architecture and design, identity and access management, risk management, and cryptography. The study guide also provides free resources like practice questions and training courses. It then covers various security topics in detail, such as attacks, system hardening, encryption, firewalls, and more.
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Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
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Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024)GiselleginaGloria
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024) will act as a major forum for the presentation of innovative ideas, approaches, developments, and research projects in the area advanced Artificial Intelligence. It will also serve to facilitate the exchange of information between researchers and industry professionals to discuss the latest issues and advancement in the research area. Core areas of AI and advanced multi-disciplinary and its applications will be covered during the conferences.
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...pvpriya2
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
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2. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 2
Change History
Date Version Description Author
0.5 LTE RNPS
1.0 LTE RNPS
3. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 3
Preface
To meet customers' requirements for high-quality networks, LTE trial
networks must be optimized during and after project implementation. Radio
frequency (RF) optimization is necessary in the entire optimization process.
This document provides guidelines on network optimization for network
planning and optimization personnel.
5. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 5
Network Optimization Flowchart
New site
on air
Single site
verification
Are clusters
ready?
RF optimization
Service test and
parameter optimization
Are KPI
requirements met?
No Yes Yes
No
End
6. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 6
Network Optimization Process
Single site verification
Single site verification, the first phase of network optimization, involves
function verification at each new site. Single site verification aims to
ensure that each site is properly installed and that parameters are
correctly configured.
RF optimization
RF (or cluster) optimization starts after all sites in a planned area are
installed and verified. RF optimization aims to control pilot pollution
while optimizing signal coverage, increase handover success rates, and
ensure normal distribution of radio signals before parameter
optimization. RF optimization involves optimization and adjustment of
antenna system hardware and neighbor lists. The first RF optimization
test must traverse all cells in an area to rectify hardware faults.
7. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 7
RF Optimization Flowchart
Data collection:
Drive test
Indoor measurement
eNodeB configuration data
Problem analysis:
Coverage problem analysis
Handover problem analysis
Adjustment & implementation:
Engineering parameter
adjustment
Neighboring cell parameter
adjustment
Do the RF KPIs meet the KPI
requirements?
Y
End
N
Start
Test preparations:
Establish optimization objectives
Partition clusters
Determine test routes
Prepare tools and materials
8. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 8
Preparations for RF Optimization
Checklist
Network plan, network structure diagram, site distribution, site
information, and engineering parameters
Drive test results (such as service drop points and handover
failure points) in the current area
Reference signal received power (RSRP) coverage diagram
Signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) distribution diagram
Measured handover success rates
Areas to be optimized can be determined by comparing the
distribution of RSRPs, SINRs, and handover success rates with
the optimization baseline.
9. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 9
Network Optimization Methods
RF optimization involves adjustment of azimuths, tilts, antenna height, eNodeB transmit
power, feature algorithms, and performance parameters. Optimization methods in different
standards are similar, but each standard has its own measurement definition.
Network
Optimization
Azimuth Adjustment
Tilt Adjustment
Feature Configuration
Reselection and
Handover
Parameter Adjustment
Power Adjustment
Antenna Height
11. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 11
LTE RF Optimization Objects and
Target Baseline
What are
differences
between LTE
and 3G
optimization?
Text
RSRP
SINR
Handover
success rate
How are
these
counters
defined?
LTE
optimization
objects
12. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 12
RSRP
Note: Different from GSM or TD-SCDMA systems, TD-LTE systems have multiple subcarriers multiplexed.
Therefore, the measured pilot signal strength is the RSRP of a single subcarrier (15 kHz) not the total
bandwidth power of the frequency.
The RSRPs near a cell, in the middle of a cell, and at the edge of a cell are determined based on the
distribution of signals on the entire network. Generally, the RSRP near a cell is -85 dBm, the RSRP in the
middle of a cell is -95 dBm, and the RSRP at the edge of a cell is -105 dBm.
Currently, the minimum RSRP for UEs to camp on a cell is -120 dBm.
Empirical RSRP at the edge of a cell:
The RSRP is greater than -110 dBm in 99% areas at the TD-LTE site in Norway.
The RSRP is greater than -110 dBm in 98.09% areas in the Huayang field in Chengdu.
Reference signal received power (RSRP), is determined for a
considered cell as the linear average over the power
contributions (in [W]) of the resource elements that carry cell-
specific reference signals within the considered measurement
frequency bandwidth.
3GPP
definition
13. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 13
SINR
The SINR is not specifically defined in 3GPP specifications. A common formula is as
follows:
SINR = S/(I + N)
S: indicates the power of measured usable signals. Reference signals (RS) and physical
downlink shared channels (PDSCHs) are mainly involved.
I: indicates the power of measured signals or channel interference signals from other
cells in the current system and from inter-RAT cells.
N: indicates background noise, which is related to measurement bandwidths and receiver
noise coefficients.
Empirical SINR at the edge of a cell:
The SINR is greater than -3 dB in 99% areas in Norway.
The SINR is greater than -3 dB in 99.25% areas in the Huayang field in Chengdu.
14. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 14
Handover Success Rate
According to the signaling process in 3GPP TS 36.331,
eNodeB statistics
(1) Handover success rate = Number of handovers/Number of handover
attempts x 100%
(2) Number of handover attempts: indicates the number of eNodeB-
transmitted RRCConnectionReconfiguration messages for handovers.
(3) Number of handovers: indicates the number of eNodeB-received
RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete messages for handovers.
Handover success rate
The handover success rate is greater than 97% at the TD-LTE site in
Norway.
The handover success rate is 100% in the Huayang field in Chengdu.
15. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 15
Power Adjustment Method
Service power configuration (calculating PDSCH power based
on RS power)
RS power PA and PB are delivered using RRC signaling. For
two antennas, PA is ρA and ρB is calculated based on the right
table. PDSCH power is calculated based on PA and PB.
Currently, it is recommended that PB be set to 1 dB and PA be
set to -3 dB. That is, the pilot power for symbols including pilot
symbols accounts for 1/3. This setting optimizes network
performance and ensures that the pilot power for Type A and
Type B symbols is equivalent to the service channel power. In
scenarios with special requirements, for example, in rural
scenarios requiring low edge rates, PB can be set to 2 or 3 dB to
enhance coverage.
Subcarriers share the transmit power of an eNodeB, and therefore the transmit power
of each subcarrier depends on the configured system bandwidth (such as 5 MHz and 10
MHz). A larger bandwidth will result in lower power of each subcarrier. LTE uses PA and
PB parameters to adjust power.
ρA: indicates the ratio of the data subcarrier power of OFDM symbols excluding pilot
symbols to the pilot subcarrier power.
ρB: indicates the ratio of the data subcarrier power of OFDM symbols including pilot
symbols to the pilot subcarrier power.
Definitions in
3GPP
specifications
Control channels
Power of PDCCHs, PHICHs, PCFICHs,
PBCHs, primary synchronization channels,
and secondary synchronization channels is
set using an offset from RS power.
17. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 17
Classification of Coverage Problems
(RSRP is mainly involved)
Weak coverage and
coverage holes Cross coverage
Imbalance between
uplink and downlink
Lack of a
dominant cell
Continuous
coverage must be
ensured.
The actual
coverage must be
consistent with the
planned one to
prevent service
drops caused by
isolated islands
during handovers.
Uplink and
downlink losses
must be balanced
to resolve uplink
and downlink
coverage
problems.
Each cell on a
network must
have a dominant
coverage area to
prevent frequent
reselections or
handovers
caused by signal
changes.
18. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 18
Factors Affecting Coverage
1
Downlink:
•Equivalent isotropic
radiated power (EIRP)
•Total transmit power
•Combining loss
•Path loss (PL)
•Frequency band
•Distance between a receive
point and an eNodeB
•Scenarios (urban and
suburban areas) and terrains
(plains, mountains, and hills)
of electric wave propagation
•Antenna gain
•Antenna height
•Antenna parameters
(antenna pattern)
•Antenna tilt
•Antenna azimuth
2
Uplink:
•eNodeB receiver sensitivity
•Antenna diversity gain
•UE transmit power
•Propagation loss of uplink
radio signals
•Impact of tower-mounted
amplifiers (TMAs) on uplink
19. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 19
Weak Coverage and Coverage Holes
The signal quality in cells is poorer than the optimization baseline in an area.
As a result, UEs cannot be registered with the network or accessed services
cannot meet QoS requirements.
If there is no network coverage or coverage levels are excessively low in an area, the
area is called a weak coverage area. The receive level of a UE is less than its
minimum access level (RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN) because downlink receive levels in a
weak coverage area are unstable. In this situation, the UE is disconnected from the
network. After entering a weak coverage area, UEs in connected mode cannot be
handed over to a high-level cell, and even service drops occur because of low levels
and signal quality.
Weak
coverage
Coverage holes
20. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 20
Resolving Weak Coverage Problems
Analyze geographical
environments and check the
receive levels of adjacent
eNodeBs.
Analyze the EIRP of each
sector based on parameter
configurations and ensure
EIRPs can reach maximum
values if possible.
Increase pilot power.
Adjust antenna azimuths and
tilts, increase antenna height,
and use high-gain antennas.
Deploy new eNodeBs if
coverage hole problems
cannot be resolved by
adjusting antennas.
Increase coverage by
adjacent eNodeBs to achieve
large coverage overlapping
between two eNodeBs and
ensure a moderate handover
area.
Note: Increasing coverage
may lead to co-channel and
adjacent-channel
interference.
Use RRUs, indoor
distribution systems, leaky
feeders, and directional
antennas to resolve the
problem with blind spots in
elevator shafts, tunnels,
underground garages or
basements, and high
buildings.
Analyze the impact of
scenarios and terrains on
coverage.
21. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 21
Case: Searching for a Weak Coverage Area by
Using a Scanner or Performing Drive Tests on
UEs
Weak
coverage
area
Perform drive tests in zero-
load environments to obtain
the distribution of signals on
test routes. Then, find a
weak coverage area based
on the distribution, as
shown in the figure.
Adjust RF parameters of the
eNodeB covering the area.
22. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 22
Lack of a Dominant Cell
In an area without a dominant cell, the receive level of the serving cell is similar to the
receive levels of its neighboring cells and the receive levels of downlink signals between
different cells are close to cell reselection thresholds. Receive levels in an area without a
dominant cell are also unsatisfactory. The SINR of the serving cell becomes unstable
because of frequency reuse, and even receive quality becomes unsatisfactory. In this
situation, a dominant cell is frequently reselected and changed in idle mode. As a result,
frequent handovers or service drops occur on UEs in connected mode because of poor
signal quality. An area without a dominant cell can also be regarded as a weak coverage
area.
Lack of a
dominant
cell
23. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 23
Resolving Problems with Lack of a
Dominant Cell
…
Adjust engineering
parameters of a cell that can
optimally cover the area as
required.
Determine cells covering an
area without a dominant cell
during network planning, and
adjust antenna tilts and
azimuths to increase coverage
by a cell with strong signals
and decrease coverage of
other cells with weak signals.
24. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 24
Symptom
UEs frequently perform cell reselections
or handovers between identical cells.
Analysis
Analysis can be based on signaling
procedures and PCI distribution.
According to PCI distribution shown in
the figure, PCIs alternate in two or more
colors if there is no dominant cell.
Solution
According to the coverage plan, cell 337
is a dominant cell covering the area and cell
49 also has strong signals. To ensure
handovers between cells 337 and 49 at
crossroads, increase tilts in cell 49.
1.PCI distribution in cluster xx
Lack of a
dominant
cell
Case: Searching for an Area
Without a Dominant Cell
25. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 25
Cross Coverage
Cross coverage means that the coverage scope of an eNodeB exceeds the planned one and
generates discontinuous dominant areas in the coverage scope of other eNodeBs. For
example, if the height of a site is much higher than the average height of surrounding
buildings, its transmit signals propagate far along hills or roads and form dominant
coverage in the coverage scope of other eNodeBs. This is an “island” phenomenon. If a call
is connected to an island that is far away from an eNodeB but is still served by the eNodeB,
and cells around the island are not configured as neighboring cells of the current cell when
cell handover parameters are configured, call drops may occur immediately once UEs leave
the island. If neighboring cells are configured but the island is excessively small, call drops
may also occur because UEs are not promptly handed over. In addition, cross coverage
occurs on two sides of a bay because a short distance between the two sides. Therefore,
eNodeBs on two sides of a bay must be specifically designed.
Cross
coverage
26. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 26
Resolving Cross Coverage Problems
…
Adjust antenna tilts or
replace antennas with large-tilt
antennas while ensuring
proper antenna azimuths. Tilt
adjustment is the most
effective approach to control
coverage. Tilts are classified
into electrical tilts and
mechanical tilts. Electrical tilts
are preferentially adjusted if
possible.
Adjust antenna azimuths
properly so that the direction
of the main lobe slightly
obliques from the direction of
a street. This reduces
excessively far coverage by
electric waves because of
reflection from buildings on
two sides of the street.
Decrease the antenna
height for a high site.
Decrease transmit power of
carriers when cell
performance is not affected.
27. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 27
Case: Cross Coverage Caused
by Improper Tilt Settings
Symptom
As shown in the upper right figure, cross
coverage occurs in a cell whose PCI is
288. Therefore, the cell interferes with
other cells, which increases the
probability of service drops.
Analysis
The most possible cause for cross
coverage is excessively antenna height
or improper tilt settings. According to a
check on the current engineering
parameter settings, the tilt is set to an
excessively small value. Therefore, it is
recommended that the tilt be increased.
Solution
Adjust the tilt of cell 288 from 3 to 6. As
shown in the lower right figure, cross
coverage of cell 288 is significantly
reduced after the tilt is adjusted.
28. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 28
Case: Inverse Connections Involved
in the Antenna System
Symptom
The RSRPs of cells 0 and 2 at the Expo Village site are low and high respectively in
the red area shown in the figure. The signal quality of cells 0 and 2 is satisfactory in
the areas covered by cells 2 and 0 respectively.
Analysis
After installation and commissioning are complete, the RSRP in the direction of the
main lobe in cell 0 is low. After cell 0 is disabled and cell 2 is enabled, the RSRP in cell
2 is normal and the SINR is higher than that tested in cell 0. Therefore, this problem
may occur because the antenna systems in the two cells are connected inversely.
Test results are as expected after optical fibers on the baseband board are swapped.
Solution
Swap optical fibers on the baseband board or adjust feeders and antennas properly. It
is recommended that optical fibers on the baseband board be swapped because this
operation can be performed in the equipment room.
Suggestions
Network planning personnel must participate in installation. Alternatively, customer
service personnel have detailed network planning materials and strictly supervise
project constructors for installation. After installation is complete, labels must be
attached and installation materials must be filed.
29. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 29
Imbalance Between Uplink and
Downlink
When UE transmit power is less than eNodeB transmit power, UEs in idle mode may receive
eNodeB signals and successfully register in cells. However, the eNodeB cannot receive
uplink signals because of limited power when UEs perform random access or upload data.
In this situation, the uplink coverage distance is less than the downlink coverage distance.
Imbalance between uplink and downlink involves limited uplink or downlink coverage. In
limited uplink coverage, UE transmit power reaches its maximum but still cannot meet the
requirement for uplink BLERs. In limited downlink coverage, the downlink DCH transmit
code power reaches its maximum but still cannot meet the requirement for the downlink
BLER. Imbalance between uplink and downlink leads to service drops. The most common
cause is limited uplink coverage.
Imbalance
between
uplink and
downlink
Uplink coverage area
Downlink coverage area
coverage area
30. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 30
Resolving Problems with Imbalance
Between Uplink and Downlink
…
If no performance data is available for
RF optimization, trace a single user in the
OMC equipment room to obtain uplink
measurement reports on the Uu interface,
and then analyze the measurement
reports and drive test files.
If performance data is available, check
each carrier in each cell for imbalance
between uplink and downlink based on
uplink and downlink balance
measurements.
If uplink interference leads to imbalance
between uplink and downlink, monitor
eNodeB alarms to check for interference.
Check whether equipment works properly
and whether alarms are generated if
imbalance between uplink and downlink is
caused by other factors, for example, uplink
and downlink gains of repeaters and trunk
amplifiers are set incorrectly, the antenna
system for receive diversity is faulty when
reception and transmission are separated,
or power amplifiers are faulty. If equipment
works properly or alarms are generated,
take measures such as replacement,
isolation, and adjustment.
32. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 32
Signal Quality (SINR is mainly
involved)
① Frequency
plan
③ Site
selection
④ Antenna
height
⑤ Antenna
azimuths
⑥ Antenna tilts
② Cell layout
33. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 33
Resolving Signal Quality Problems
Caused by Improper Parameter Settings
Change and optimize frequencies based on drive test and
performance measurement data.
Optimizing
frequencies
Adjust antenna azimuths and tilts to change the distribution of signals in an
interfered area by increasing the level of a dominant sector and decreasing levels of
other sectors.
Adjusting the
antenna
system
Increase power of a cell and decrease power of other cells to form a dominant
cell.
Decrease RS power to reduce coverage if the antenna pattern is distorted because
of a large antenna tilt.
Power adjustment and antenna system adjustment can be used together.
Adding
dominant
coverage
Adjusting
power
34. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 34
Case: Adjusting Antenna Azimuths and Tilts
to Reduce Interference
Symptom
Cross coverage occurs at sites 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12, and co-channel interference occurs
in many areas.
Analysis
According to the analysis of engineering parameters and drive test data, cell density is large in
coverage areas. Coverage by each cell can be reduced by adjusting antenna azimuths and tilts.
Solution
Change the tilt in cell 28 from 2 degrees to 4 degrees so that the direction points to a
demonstration route. Change the tilt in cell 33 from 3 degrees to 6 degrees so that the direction
points to the Wanke Pavilion. Change the tilt in cells 50 and 51 from 3 degrees to 6 degrees so
that the direction points to the Communication Pavilion. Decrease the transmit power in cell 33 by
3 dB to reduce its interference to overhead footpaths near China Pavilion.
SINR before optimization in Puxi SINR after optimization in Puxi
Poor signal
quality before
optimization
35. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 35
Case: Changing PCIs of Intra-frequency Cells
to Reduce Interference
Symptom
Near Japan Pavilion, UEs access a cell whose PCI is 3 and SINRs are low. UEs are about 200 m away from the
eNodeB. This problem may be caused by co-channel interference.
Analysis
This problem is not caused by co-channel interference because no neighboring cell has the same frequency as the
current cell. Cell 6 interferes with cell 3. SINRs increase after cell 6 is disabled. In theory, staggered PCIs can
reduce interference.
Solution
Change PCI 6 to PCI 8. Test results show that SINRs increase by about 10 dB.
SINR when cell 6 is enabled SINR when cell 6 is disabled SINR when PCI 6 is changed to PCI 8
36. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 36
Case: Handover Failure Caused by
Severe Interference
Symptom
During a test, handovers from PCI 281 to PCI 279 fail.
Analysis
Cell 281 is a source cell and is interfered by cells 279 and 178. Delivered handover
commands always fail and cannot be received correctly by UEs. Cell 279 is a target cell
for handover, and its coverage is not adjusted preferentially because the signal strength
in the handover area can ensure signal quality after handovers. Therefore, cell 178 must
be adjusted to reduce its interference to cell 281.
Solution
Adjust antenna tilts to decrease coverage by cell 178.
38. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 38
Analysis of Handover Success Rate
Problems
Neighboring cell optimization must be performed to ensure that UEs in idle or
connected mode can promptly perform reselection to or be handed over to
optimal serving cells. This helps achieve continuous coverage. In addition,
problems with delay, ping-pong, and non-logical handovers can be resolved by
optimizing coverage, interference, and handover parameters.
Poor handovers
Handover validity
1. Neighboring cell validity
2. Average receive level for
handovers
3. Average receive quality for
handovers
4. Ratio of the number of handovers
to the number of calls
5. Measurements on neighboring cell
handovers not defined
Interference
1. Uplink interference bands
2. Receive level and quality of
carriers
3. Number of handovers
because of poor uplink and
downlink quality
4. Average receive level and
power level for handovers
Coverage
1. Cross coverage
2. Imbalance between uplink and
downlink
3. Receive level measurements
4. Receive quality measurements
5. Receive levels of neighboring cells
6. Average level and TA when
service drops occur
39. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 39
Handover Problem Analysis
Checking handover validity
Obtain source and target cells using drive test software and then check whether handovers are
performed between two cells that are geographically far using Mapinfo.
Checking interference
Check interference in both source and target cells because handover failures may be caused
by uplink or downlink interference.
Checking coverage
Check source and target cells for cross coverage, imbalance between uplink and downlink, and
carrier-level receive quality and level.
Check contents
Check handovers based on RSRPs measured in UE drive tests.
1. Verify that RSRPs in the expected source and target cells are maximum.
2. Verify that the absolute RSRPs in the source and target cells are reasonable at a
handover point. In other words, handovers are not allowed if signal quality is excessively
poor. Specific RSRPs are determined based on the entire RSRPs on a network.
40. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 40
Case: Service Drops Caused by Missing
Neighboring Cell Configuration
Symptom
As shown in the upper right figure, a
UE sends multiple measurement
reports but is not handed over,
which may be caused by missing
neighboring cell configuration.
Analysis
According to measurement reports,
the UE sends an A3 report of cell
64. However, the
RRCConnectionReconfiguration
message in the lower right figure
shows that the current cell is cell
278 (the first cell) and cell 64 is not
included in the message. This
indicates that cells 278 and 64 are
not configured as neighboring cells.
Neighboring cell configuration on
live networks can be checked for
further confirmation.
Solution
Configure cells 278 and 64 as
neighboring cells.
41. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 41
Summary
RF optimization involves adjustment of neighboring cell lists and engineering parameters.
Most coverage and interference problems can be resolved by taking the following measures
(sorted in descending order by priority):
Adjusting antenna tilts
Adjusting antenna azimuths
Adjusting antenna height
Adjusting antenna position
Adjusting antenna types
Adding TMAs
Adjusting site position
Adding sites or RRUs
This document describes what are involved in the RF optimization phase of network optimization. RF optimization
focuses on improvement of signal distribution and provides a good radio signal environment for subsequent
service parameter optimization. RF optimization mainly use drive tests, which can be supplemented by other tests.
RF optimization focuses on coverage and handover problems, which can be supplemented by other problems. RF
optimization aims to resolve handover, service drop, access, and interference problems caused by these
problems. Engineering parameters and neighboring cell lists are adjusted in the RF optimization phase, while cell
parameters are adjusted in the parameter optimization phase.