This document contains a timestamp of Monday, September 17, 2012 at 12:23:25 PM Central Time and a MAC address of 00:25:bc:db:f8:ce. The MAC address is a unique identifier for a device or network interface.
The document contains 5 identical entries showing a MAC address, date, time, and duration. Each entry records a device with MAC address 00:25:4b:d5:bf:8a accessing the network on Monday, September 17, 2012 at 11:01:24 AM CT for 25.4 seconds.
The document contains 4 identical entries listing a MAC address, date, time, and duration. Each entry records a device with MAC address 00:25:4b:d5:ba:74 accessing the network on Monday, September 17, 2012 at 12:23:04 PM CT for 25.4 seconds.
Liam Donaldson sent seven emails on Monday, July 23, 2012 at 12:16:38 PM AET. The emails were sent within a short period of time and appear to all have been sent by Liam Donaldson.
The document contains 12 identical entries listing a date and time of "Thursday, October 4, 2012 12:15:52 PM CT" and a MAC address of "00:25:bc:db:5e:54". It appears to be a log of network activity recording a single MAC address 12 times on the same date and time.
The document contains 5 identical entries showing a time stamp of Monday, September 17, 2012 11:00:46 AM CT and the same MAC address of 00:1f:f3:4f:66:6d, suggesting repeated connections or requests from a device with that MAC address at that date and time.
The document contains 5 identical entries showing a MAC address, date, time, and duration. Each entry records a device with MAC address 00:25:4b:d5:bf:8a accessing the network on Monday, September 17, 2012 at 11:01:24 AM CT for 25.4 seconds.
The document contains 4 identical entries listing a MAC address, date, time, and duration. Each entry records a device with MAC address 00:25:4b:d5:ba:74 accessing the network on Monday, September 17, 2012 at 12:23:04 PM CT for 25.4 seconds.
Liam Donaldson sent seven emails on Monday, July 23, 2012 at 12:16:38 PM AET. The emails were sent within a short period of time and appear to all have been sent by Liam Donaldson.
The document contains 12 identical entries listing a date and time of "Thursday, October 4, 2012 12:15:52 PM CT" and a MAC address of "00:25:bc:db:5e:54". It appears to be a log of network activity recording a single MAC address 12 times on the same date and time.
The document contains 5 identical entries showing a time stamp of Monday, September 17, 2012 11:00:46 AM CT and the same MAC address of 00:1f:f3:4f:66:6d, suggesting repeated connections or requests from a device with that MAC address at that date and time.
This document provides an overview of GIS and GPS technology. It defines GIS as a software system that combines maps with spatially referenced data for analysis and presentation. GIS uses different layers to represent features on maps and link data to locations. GPS is a satellite-based system that determines location using signals from orbiting satellites. When combined with GIS, GPS and GIS allow users to capture, analyze and display geospatial data to support decision making.
Hargobind Khorana is the professor emeritus at MIT.He was born in India and migrated to US where he carried out research. For his pioneering research he won Nobel prize in physiology and medicine.
Lamarck proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, believing that (1) organisms evolve over time to better suit their environments, (2) organs develop and become more efficient through use or lack thereof, and (3) these acquired traits could be passed on to offspring. As an example, he suggested giraffes evolved longer necks from generations stretching to reach leaves, passing on small increases with each offspring. However, later experiments found no evidence acquired traits can be inherited.
Louis Pasteur was born in 1822 in Dôle, France to a family that valued patriotism and hard work. He showed a talent for science from a young age and went on to study at the prestigious École Normale Supérieure in Paris. There, he made groundbreaking discoveries in crystallization and molecular asymmetry that laid the foundations for the new field of stereochemistry. Later in his career, Pasteur developed vaccines against deadly diseases like anthrax and rabies by growing them in sterile conditions. He also invented the process of pasteurization to prevent spoilage in foods like milk and wine by heating them, vastly improving public health. Pasteur founded the Pasteur Institute in Paris, where
Louis Pasteur was born in 1822 in France. He had a successful career as a chemist and professor, making several important scientific discoveries around microbiology. Some of his key discoveries included proving that fermentation is caused by microorganisms, discovering that microorganisms can be both aerobic and anaerobic, and developing the process of pasteurization. Late in his career, he developed the first vaccines against rabies and cholera, saving many lives and establishing the field of vaccination. He died in 1895 and was buried at the Pasteur Institute in Paris.
DNA and RNA have similar structures but differ in key ways. DNA contains deoxyribose and is usually double stranded, carrying genetic information in cells as DNA. Its classic double helix structure contains paired bases (A-T and C-G) connected by hydrogen bonds. RNA is usually single stranded and contains ribose. There are three main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA - that have different roles like transcribing DNA instructions and transporting amino acids for protein synthesis. tRNA and other RNAs fold into cloverleaf secondary structures stabilized by hydrogen bonding within their nucleotide sequences.
Karl Landsteiner discovered the main blood group systems in 1901 which allowed safer blood transfusions. The ABO system includes groups A, B, AB and O based on antigens on red blood cells. The Rh system also exists. Not all blood groups are compatible as mixing can cause clumping of red blood cells. Landsteiner's work enabled blood typing and compatible transfusions.
The document discusses human blood groups and the Rhesus (Rh) factor. It describes the major blood group systems, including ABO and Rh, which are most important for transfusions. The ABO system includes four blood types - A, B, AB, and O - based on the antigens on red blood cells and antibodies in plasma. The Rh system involves Rh+ and Rh- blood based on the presence or absence of Rh antigens. Incompatibility between blood groups can cause dangerous clumping of red blood cells during transfusions.
HIV infection
Mode of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, prevention, prognosis, scope of AIDS vaccine.
The document discusses the Green Revolution, which was a period in the 20th century when agricultural productivity dramatically increased through new technologies like chemical fertilizers and pesticides. It began in the 1940s and was spearheaded by Norman Borlaug. In India, the Green Revolution was applied from 1967-1978, focusing on wheat and rice production led by Dr. MS Swaminathan. The Green Revolution led to increased crop yields but also caused issues like soil pollution, water pollution, and health problems from overuse of chemicals. While it prevented famines, more sustainable practices are now needed.
HIV attacks and destroys CD4 cells, weakening the immune system and making one susceptible to infections and illnesses over time. If left untreated, HIV develops into AIDS, which is the final stage where the CD4 count is very low and one's ability to fight infection is lost. While there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, antiretroviral therapy can control the virus and help those infected live longer if medications are taken as prescribed.
The document provides information on the structure of DNA and RNA. It discusses how DNA was discovered to have a double helix structure by Watson and Crick in 1953 based on prior work by scientists like Franklin, Wilkins, Chargaff and Pauling. It describes the key components of DNA including the sugar-phosphate backbone, nitrogenous bases, and how the bases pair up in the double helix structure. It also discusses different DNA structures like A, B and Z-DNA and how DNA packages into nucleosomes and chromosomes. For RNA, it notes that it is similar to DNA but contains the sugar ribose and base uracil instead of thymine.
HIV/AIDS originated from chimpanzees in Africa and likely entered the US in the 1970s. In the 1980s, clusters of illnesses in gay men led to the identification of HIV and the disease being named AIDS. The Ryan White CARE Act provided funding for people with HIV/AIDS. Currently over 1 million people live with HIV/AIDS in the US, with higher rates among African Americans and men who have sex with men. Prevention focuses on abstinence, monogamy, and condom use.
Introduction to information technology lecture 1adpafit
The document provides an overview of computers and information technology. It discusses how IT uses computing and communication to spread information. It then defines computers and their basic components of hardware and software. The document outlines the different generations of computers and some early calculating devices. It also describes input/output devices, common computer components, and uses of computers in various fields.
1. Karl Landsteiner discovered the main blood group systems (ABO and Rh) in 1900 and 1940 respectively. The ABO system categorizes blood into A, B, AB and O groups based on antigens on red blood cells.
2. Blood typing and cross-matching are important to ensure safe and compatible blood transfusions. Transfusing incompatible blood can cause hemolytic or allergic reactions in the recipient.
3. Other minor blood group systems have been discovered including MNS, Duffy, Kell and Lewis systems which are important for transfusion medicine and anthropological research. Understanding blood groups is crucial for blood banking and preventing diseases like hemolytic disease of the newborn.
This presentation provides an overview of HIV and AIDS. It defines HIV as a virus that attacks the immune system and destroys the body's ability to fight infections and diseases. It is transmitted through certain body fluids like blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. The presentation details how HIV infects and replicates within immune cells called CD4 cells. It explains the stages of HIV infection from the initial window period to the development of AIDS when the immune system is severely compromised. Treatment options are discussed as well as strategies for prevention.
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS, including:
- It defines endemic, epidemic, and pandemic, with AIDS classified as a pandemic.
- As of 2003, it was estimated that 40 million people worldwide were living with HIV/AIDS, with 25-28.2 million in Sub-Saharan Africa.
- HIV attacks and destroys CD4 cells, weakening the immune system and leaving the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections over time without treatment.
- HIV is transmitted through direct contact with infected bodily fluids like blood, semen, vaginal fluids. It cannot be transmitted by casual contact.
- Prevention strategies include blood screening, education on safer sex practices, STI treatment, and preventing mother
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS, including how it is transmitted and prevented. It defines HIV as the virus that compromises the immune system, and AIDS as the final stage when the immune system is severely damaged. Some key statistics are presented, such as over 1.7 million people in the US being infected since 1981, with 1 in 5 unaware. Common symptoms during HIV emergence from latency are also listed. The document stresses that while there is no cure for HIV, antiretroviral drugs can suppress it and transmission is preventable through condom use and clean needles.
Wetlands provide habitat for many wildlife and plant species. They collect and hold flood waters, helping to prevent flooding. Wetlands come in different types like swamps, marshes, and bogs, filled with various plants. They are highly productive ecosystems and link land to water. Water movement and quality influence wetland structure and function. Wetlands also have important abiotic factors like climate, soil, and nutrients. They support complex food webs and are part of water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles. Wetlands need protection because they provide many benefits and are threatened by pollution, invasive species, and water flow changes from human activities.
The chaparral biome experiences hot, dry summers and mild winters with an average annual rainfall of 10 to 20 inches. It contains scrub oak, poison oak, yucca and other drought-resistant plants and animals like coyotes and mule deer. Located primarily along the west coast of the United States, the chaparral biome has Mediterranean climates and is subject to periodic wildfires that are both beneficial to some native plants and potentially devastating.
Estuaries are bodies of water where freshwater from rivers meets and mixes with saltwater from the ocean. They provide important habitat for many fish and shellfish, with 2/3 of fish and shellfish species spending time in estuaries. Estuaries support complex food webs and nutrient cycles. However, they face threats from activities like dam construction, pollution from agriculture, and climate change, which can disrupt ecosystems. Conservation efforts aim to protect estuaries by restricting dams, reducing pollution, and regulating water use.
The document summarizes key aspects of ocean ecosystems, including average ocean temperatures, biotic and abiotic factors, food webs consisting of producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers and tertiary consumers, decomposers, examples of each, and water, carbon and nitrogen cycles. It also notes that pollution is a major environmental issue impacting over half the global ocean and threatening marine animals.
This document provides an overview of GIS and GPS technology. It defines GIS as a software system that combines maps with spatially referenced data for analysis and presentation. GIS uses different layers to represent features on maps and link data to locations. GPS is a satellite-based system that determines location using signals from orbiting satellites. When combined with GIS, GPS and GIS allow users to capture, analyze and display geospatial data to support decision making.
Hargobind Khorana is the professor emeritus at MIT.He was born in India and migrated to US where he carried out research. For his pioneering research he won Nobel prize in physiology and medicine.
Lamarck proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, believing that (1) organisms evolve over time to better suit their environments, (2) organs develop and become more efficient through use or lack thereof, and (3) these acquired traits could be passed on to offspring. As an example, he suggested giraffes evolved longer necks from generations stretching to reach leaves, passing on small increases with each offspring. However, later experiments found no evidence acquired traits can be inherited.
Louis Pasteur was born in 1822 in Dôle, France to a family that valued patriotism and hard work. He showed a talent for science from a young age and went on to study at the prestigious École Normale Supérieure in Paris. There, he made groundbreaking discoveries in crystallization and molecular asymmetry that laid the foundations for the new field of stereochemistry. Later in his career, Pasteur developed vaccines against deadly diseases like anthrax and rabies by growing them in sterile conditions. He also invented the process of pasteurization to prevent spoilage in foods like milk and wine by heating them, vastly improving public health. Pasteur founded the Pasteur Institute in Paris, where
Louis Pasteur was born in 1822 in France. He had a successful career as a chemist and professor, making several important scientific discoveries around microbiology. Some of his key discoveries included proving that fermentation is caused by microorganisms, discovering that microorganisms can be both aerobic and anaerobic, and developing the process of pasteurization. Late in his career, he developed the first vaccines against rabies and cholera, saving many lives and establishing the field of vaccination. He died in 1895 and was buried at the Pasteur Institute in Paris.
DNA and RNA have similar structures but differ in key ways. DNA contains deoxyribose and is usually double stranded, carrying genetic information in cells as DNA. Its classic double helix structure contains paired bases (A-T and C-G) connected by hydrogen bonds. RNA is usually single stranded and contains ribose. There are three main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA - that have different roles like transcribing DNA instructions and transporting amino acids for protein synthesis. tRNA and other RNAs fold into cloverleaf secondary structures stabilized by hydrogen bonding within their nucleotide sequences.
Karl Landsteiner discovered the main blood group systems in 1901 which allowed safer blood transfusions. The ABO system includes groups A, B, AB and O based on antigens on red blood cells. The Rh system also exists. Not all blood groups are compatible as mixing can cause clumping of red blood cells. Landsteiner's work enabled blood typing and compatible transfusions.
The document discusses human blood groups and the Rhesus (Rh) factor. It describes the major blood group systems, including ABO and Rh, which are most important for transfusions. The ABO system includes four blood types - A, B, AB, and O - based on the antigens on red blood cells and antibodies in plasma. The Rh system involves Rh+ and Rh- blood based on the presence or absence of Rh antigens. Incompatibility between blood groups can cause dangerous clumping of red blood cells during transfusions.
HIV infection
Mode of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, prevention, prognosis, scope of AIDS vaccine.
The document discusses the Green Revolution, which was a period in the 20th century when agricultural productivity dramatically increased through new technologies like chemical fertilizers and pesticides. It began in the 1940s and was spearheaded by Norman Borlaug. In India, the Green Revolution was applied from 1967-1978, focusing on wheat and rice production led by Dr. MS Swaminathan. The Green Revolution led to increased crop yields but also caused issues like soil pollution, water pollution, and health problems from overuse of chemicals. While it prevented famines, more sustainable practices are now needed.
HIV attacks and destroys CD4 cells, weakening the immune system and making one susceptible to infections and illnesses over time. If left untreated, HIV develops into AIDS, which is the final stage where the CD4 count is very low and one's ability to fight infection is lost. While there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, antiretroviral therapy can control the virus and help those infected live longer if medications are taken as prescribed.
The document provides information on the structure of DNA and RNA. It discusses how DNA was discovered to have a double helix structure by Watson and Crick in 1953 based on prior work by scientists like Franklin, Wilkins, Chargaff and Pauling. It describes the key components of DNA including the sugar-phosphate backbone, nitrogenous bases, and how the bases pair up in the double helix structure. It also discusses different DNA structures like A, B and Z-DNA and how DNA packages into nucleosomes and chromosomes. For RNA, it notes that it is similar to DNA but contains the sugar ribose and base uracil instead of thymine.
HIV/AIDS originated from chimpanzees in Africa and likely entered the US in the 1970s. In the 1980s, clusters of illnesses in gay men led to the identification of HIV and the disease being named AIDS. The Ryan White CARE Act provided funding for people with HIV/AIDS. Currently over 1 million people live with HIV/AIDS in the US, with higher rates among African Americans and men who have sex with men. Prevention focuses on abstinence, monogamy, and condom use.
Introduction to information technology lecture 1adpafit
The document provides an overview of computers and information technology. It discusses how IT uses computing and communication to spread information. It then defines computers and their basic components of hardware and software. The document outlines the different generations of computers and some early calculating devices. It also describes input/output devices, common computer components, and uses of computers in various fields.
1. Karl Landsteiner discovered the main blood group systems (ABO and Rh) in 1900 and 1940 respectively. The ABO system categorizes blood into A, B, AB and O groups based on antigens on red blood cells.
2. Blood typing and cross-matching are important to ensure safe and compatible blood transfusions. Transfusing incompatible blood can cause hemolytic or allergic reactions in the recipient.
3. Other minor blood group systems have been discovered including MNS, Duffy, Kell and Lewis systems which are important for transfusion medicine and anthropological research. Understanding blood groups is crucial for blood banking and preventing diseases like hemolytic disease of the newborn.
This presentation provides an overview of HIV and AIDS. It defines HIV as a virus that attacks the immune system and destroys the body's ability to fight infections and diseases. It is transmitted through certain body fluids like blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. The presentation details how HIV infects and replicates within immune cells called CD4 cells. It explains the stages of HIV infection from the initial window period to the development of AIDS when the immune system is severely compromised. Treatment options are discussed as well as strategies for prevention.
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS, including:
- It defines endemic, epidemic, and pandemic, with AIDS classified as a pandemic.
- As of 2003, it was estimated that 40 million people worldwide were living with HIV/AIDS, with 25-28.2 million in Sub-Saharan Africa.
- HIV attacks and destroys CD4 cells, weakening the immune system and leaving the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections over time without treatment.
- HIV is transmitted through direct contact with infected bodily fluids like blood, semen, vaginal fluids. It cannot be transmitted by casual contact.
- Prevention strategies include blood screening, education on safer sex practices, STI treatment, and preventing mother
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS, including how it is transmitted and prevented. It defines HIV as the virus that compromises the immune system, and AIDS as the final stage when the immune system is severely damaged. Some key statistics are presented, such as over 1.7 million people in the US being infected since 1981, with 1 in 5 unaware. Common symptoms during HIV emergence from latency are also listed. The document stresses that while there is no cure for HIV, antiretroviral drugs can suppress it and transmission is preventable through condom use and clean needles.
Wetlands provide habitat for many wildlife and plant species. They collect and hold flood waters, helping to prevent flooding. Wetlands come in different types like swamps, marshes, and bogs, filled with various plants. They are highly productive ecosystems and link land to water. Water movement and quality influence wetland structure and function. Wetlands also have important abiotic factors like climate, soil, and nutrients. They support complex food webs and are part of water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles. Wetlands need protection because they provide many benefits and are threatened by pollution, invasive species, and water flow changes from human activities.
The chaparral biome experiences hot, dry summers and mild winters with an average annual rainfall of 10 to 20 inches. It contains scrub oak, poison oak, yucca and other drought-resistant plants and animals like coyotes and mule deer. Located primarily along the west coast of the United States, the chaparral biome has Mediterranean climates and is subject to periodic wildfires that are both beneficial to some native plants and potentially devastating.
Estuaries are bodies of water where freshwater from rivers meets and mixes with saltwater from the ocean. They provide important habitat for many fish and shellfish, with 2/3 of fish and shellfish species spending time in estuaries. Estuaries support complex food webs and nutrient cycles. However, they face threats from activities like dam construction, pollution from agriculture, and climate change, which can disrupt ecosystems. Conservation efforts aim to protect estuaries by restricting dams, reducing pollution, and regulating water use.
The document summarizes key aspects of ocean ecosystems, including average ocean temperatures, biotic and abiotic factors, food webs consisting of producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers and tertiary consumers, decomposers, examples of each, and water, carbon and nitrogen cycles. It also notes that pollution is a major environmental issue impacting over half the global ocean and threatening marine animals.
Grasslands are biomes located between 30-40 degrees latitude in both hemispheres. They experience hot summers over 100 degrees Fahrenheit and cold winters below 40 degrees. Grasslands receive 10-30 inches of rain annually and have a growing season and dormant season. Common abiotic factors include temperature, sunlight, soil and water, while common biotic factors include bison, antelope, prairie dogs, grasses and wildflowers. Grasslands are threatened by conversion to farmland and fires caused by lightning strikes in dry seasons.
The Canadian coniferous forest biome has average temperatures between -40 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit, with 5-6 months of cold, humid winters. Precipitation is 300-900 mm annually. Abiotic factors include mountains, ponds, dirt and snow, while biotic factors are the same plus coniferous trees. The biome faces problems of deforestation from human development and pollution from cabin emissions degrading air quality.
The tropical rainforest biome has an average temperature of 77°F and receives heavy rainfall of 75 inches per year. It is home to many animal species like elephants, snakes, and birds. Abiotic factors include water, rocks, and soil while biotic factors are the living things like plants, animals, and humans. Deforestation is a major environmental issue as too many trees are being cut down, making animals homeless and disrupting important nutrient cycles. Replanting trees could help reduce deforestation and allow animals to regain habitat.
The document discusses the climate and seasonal changes in the Rocky Mountains. It notes that winters bring deep snow, high winds, and frequent blizzards, with temperatures dropping below -35 degrees Fahrenheit. Springs have unpredictable weather that can be wet or dry, cold or warm. Summers are sunny in the mornings with afternoon thunderstorms and clear nights. Falls have cool, crisp days with decreasing precipitation and wind. The Rocky Mountains span several states including British Columbia, Montana, Utah, Wyoming, and Colorado. The forests in the Rocky Mountain region receive over 20 inches of precipitation annually on average. Pine beetles have killed many trees, moving from forests on the west side of Rocky Mountain National Park to those on the east
This document summarizes information about coral reefs. It provides the latitudinal location of coral reefs, with the eastern basin ranging from 34-40 degrees north. It also lists the average temperature ranges for a coral reef biome, with highs of 88 degrees Fahrenheit and lows of 55.2 degrees. Finally, it notes that coral reefs are endangered due to threats from overfishing, pollution, global warming, and natural disasters which disrupt nutrients and damage the reef structures.
Freshwater biomes include ponds, lakes, and rivers. Plants typically grow along the edges of freshwater bodies, which have a surface temperature that matches the air but get colder with depth, with the bottom layer not receiving sunlight and averaging 4-8 degrees C. Some ponds are seasonal, filling only during rainy times of year. Freshwater lacks waves and has a bottom covered in mud.
Coral reefs are naturally colorful ecosystems found in clear, tropical oceans like Australia. They support thousands of species but are threatened by pollution, overharvesting, disease, and rising ocean temperatures and acidity caused by climate change. Coral reefs are home to algae, fish, mollusks, and other organisms in a complex food web where producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposers all interact.
The document provides information about the Savanna biome. It describes the Savanna's location between the tropics, its hot and wet summers and mild winters. It also outlines the key abiotic factors like fire and soil, biotic factors such as large herbivores and carnivores, and ecological relationships including producers, primary and secondary consumers, and decomposers. It discusses threats to the Savanna like pollution and overhunting, and ideas for conservation.
The rainforest is located around the world in tropical areas. It receives high precipitation daily and has an average temperature of 80 degrees Fahrenheit. The trees are tall, ranging from 127 to 660 cm in height. Abiotic factors like water, sunlight, climate and weather affect the millions of animal and plant species living in the rainforest. A food chain shows producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers and tertiary consumers transferring energy as they consume each other. The water, carbon and nitrogen cycles continuously circulate these elements between the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. Environmental issues facing the rainforest include deforestation which causes habitat loss for many species. Solutions to protect the rainforest involve reducing deforestation
The document describes a coniferous forest ecosystem, including average temperature and precipitation, location in the United States, and seasonal weather patterns. It defines producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, and decomposers in the forest food chain. The document also mentions food webs, water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles operating within the forest ecosystem and identifies unsustainable tree cutting by the growing human population as a threat.
Pneumonia is a respiratory infection of the lungs, most commonly caused by streptococcus pneumonia bacteria or viruses. It can develop after a cold or flu and is more likely in those with asthma or a weakened immune system. Pneumonia lasts 2-4 days on average but can be longer without treatment. Over 60,000 Americans die from pneumonia each year.