Torpor is a state of decreased physiological activity that allows animals to conserve energy during periods of low food availability or cold temperatures. It is characterized by a lowered body temperature and metabolic rate. Many small mammals and birds undergo daily torpor, where their metabolic rate and body temperature drops at night but returns to normal during the day. Torpor is controlled by the endocrine and circadian systems and enables animals to survive when environmental conditions are not favorable. Recent research has provided insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying torpor induction, such as the roles of sirtuins, fibroblast growth factor 21, and circadian clock genes.
Small pieces loosely joined: a unified theory of biodiversity for the web.Vince Smith
The document discusses Scratchpads, a website platform for taxonomic research. Scratchpads allow individual researchers and communities to integrate their data, such as specimens, publications, images and phylogenies. Data is tagged and can be displayed in customizable panels on dynamically generated pages. This brings together the fragmented work of individual taxonomists ("micro taxonomy") while also integrating with larger biodiversity databases ("macro taxonomy"). The document provides examples of how Scratchpads have been used and their potential to further unify biodiversity research across different areas of study and online platforms.
Direct And Indirect Drivers of BiodiversitySally Longford
A power point to practice working out whether the drivers that change biodiversity are direct or indirect, as described in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
This document provides an overview of the history and key concepts of genetics. It discusses how heredity was first believed to be passed through blood or hybridization between species. Later, traits were understood to be blended from both parents. The modern science of genetics began with Mendel's principles of heredity in 1865 and the development of the chromosome theory of heredity. Major developments included discovering that DNA contains genetic information, defining the structure of DNA as a double helix, cracking the genetic code, and developing techniques like gene cloning and DNA sequencing.
Excretion in various invertebrates and vertebrates is dealt as per the PG syllabus prescribed by Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University Ballari. It is useful for the PG students studying animal physiology as the core subject under zoology. It gives a overall picture of excretion to the teacher who is teaching animal physiology to the collegiate and university levels.
Microevolution refers to small genetic changes within a population over a short time, like sparrows in different climates evolving different body sizes. Macroevolution involves genetic changes over long periods that result in new species, genera, and traits, as seen with human evolution from early hominins like Homo habilis. While microevolution can lead to speciation through natural selection over generations, some argue macroevolution requires entirely new structures and is not simply an extension of microevolution. Examples provided show most new organs evolve through modification of existing structures, not entirely novel innovations.
Torpor is a state of decreased physiological activity that allows animals to conserve energy during periods of low food availability or cold temperatures. It is characterized by a lowered body temperature and metabolic rate. Many small mammals and birds undergo daily torpor, where their metabolic rate and body temperature drops at night but returns to normal during the day. Torpor is controlled by the endocrine and circadian systems and enables animals to survive when environmental conditions are not favorable. Recent research has provided insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying torpor induction, such as the roles of sirtuins, fibroblast growth factor 21, and circadian clock genes.
Small pieces loosely joined: a unified theory of biodiversity for the web.Vince Smith
The document discusses Scratchpads, a website platform for taxonomic research. Scratchpads allow individual researchers and communities to integrate their data, such as specimens, publications, images and phylogenies. Data is tagged and can be displayed in customizable panels on dynamically generated pages. This brings together the fragmented work of individual taxonomists ("micro taxonomy") while also integrating with larger biodiversity databases ("macro taxonomy"). The document provides examples of how Scratchpads have been used and their potential to further unify biodiversity research across different areas of study and online platforms.
Direct And Indirect Drivers of BiodiversitySally Longford
A power point to practice working out whether the drivers that change biodiversity are direct or indirect, as described in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
This document provides an overview of the history and key concepts of genetics. It discusses how heredity was first believed to be passed through blood or hybridization between species. Later, traits were understood to be blended from both parents. The modern science of genetics began with Mendel's principles of heredity in 1865 and the development of the chromosome theory of heredity. Major developments included discovering that DNA contains genetic information, defining the structure of DNA as a double helix, cracking the genetic code, and developing techniques like gene cloning and DNA sequencing.
Excretion in various invertebrates and vertebrates is dealt as per the PG syllabus prescribed by Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University Ballari. It is useful for the PG students studying animal physiology as the core subject under zoology. It gives a overall picture of excretion to the teacher who is teaching animal physiology to the collegiate and university levels.
Microevolution refers to small genetic changes within a population over a short time, like sparrows in different climates evolving different body sizes. Macroevolution involves genetic changes over long periods that result in new species, genera, and traits, as seen with human evolution from early hominins like Homo habilis. While microevolution can lead to speciation through natural selection over generations, some argue macroevolution requires entirely new structures and is not simply an extension of microevolution. Examples provided show most new organs evolve through modification of existing structures, not entirely novel innovations.
This document provides information about the present perfect tense in English. It begins by listing the affirmative, negative, and interrogative forms of the present perfect for different subjects. It then discusses some key uses of the present perfect tense, including to denote an action that occurred at an unspecified time in the past but is still relevant to the present, and to refer to periods of time that are not finished like "today" or "this year." It provides examples of adverbs and expressions that are frequently used with the present perfect tense, such as "yet," "already," and "this year." The document concludes by discussing the specific uses of some adverbs like "still," "already," and "yet" in affirmative, negative,
This document discusses gerunds in English grammar. It defines a gerund as the -ing form of a verb that can function as a noun, subject, or object. Examples are given like "smoking is prohibited" and "my son loves playing video games." Some common verbs that can be followed by gerunds are listed, such as enjoy, hate, like, love, miss. The document also discusses how some verbs are followed by a preposition and gerund, such as "complain about" or "insist on." Finally, it briefly introduces the passive gerund formed with "being" and examples of its use.
This document provides context and analysis of Shakespeare's famous Sonnet 18. It begins with the full text of the sonnet, which compares the subject's beauty to a summer's day. The document then explains that a sonnet has 14 lines that typically presents a problem resolved at the end. For Sonnet 18, the theme is that the subject's beauty will not fade with time and will live on eternally through the poem. Evidence for this is found in lines that say her beauty and summer will not fade and the poem will give her life as long as it is read.
Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is important for long-term well-being. Some key things one can do to stay healthy include having an active lifestyle through daily exercise like walking, swimming, or yoga; eating a nutritious diet focused on fruits and vegetables while limiting fast food and excess eating; avoiding unhealthy habits like smoking, drinking alcohol, or overeating; keeping a regular sleep schedule of 7-9 hours per night; and visiting the doctor regularly to monitor one's health. Overall happiness is also important for overall wellness.
Rainforests are dense, warm, wet forests that are home to millions of plant and animal species. They generate much of the Earth's oxygen and contain many important resources for medicine. Rainforests are located near the equator in South America, Central America, Africa, Southeast Asia, and Australia. They have high rainfall and temperatures that do not freeze or become too hot. Rainforests are important ecosystems but are increasingly endangered due to deforestation.
In the 1950s, men's fashion included bright colored tight trousers and long jackets, while women wore blouses, wide skirts, and short socks. The 1960s saw the rise of the mini skirt and long boots for women, and the Beatles popularized long hair for men. The late 1960s and early 1970s were dominated by loose, colorful hippie styles including maxi dresses and skirts for women and long hair for both sexes. Punk fashion emerged in the late 1970s with colorful hairstyles and makeup. By the late 1980s, casual, loose clothing like baggy pants and sweatshirts along with baseball caps and tracksuits became trendy.
The document discusses fashion trends throughout the 20th century. Before WWI, men wore dark suits with short hair and moustaches, while women wore long dresses with narrow waists and long hair. In the 1920s, dresses and hair became shorter as hemlines rose and styles became more liberated. The 1930s-40s saw longer hems and hair again, as well as moustaches falling out of fashion. The 1950s brought brighter colors, tighter fits, and pointed shoes for both sexes. The 1960s are known for the miniskirt and long boots as well as men growing their hair long. The late 1960s-early 70s featured loose, colorful hippie styles.
Advertising has evolved significantly from its early beginnings. It started as oral announcements promoting goods and services, and developed into painted signs and notices. Over time, advertising expanded its reach through various media like newspapers, radio, television and the internet. Modern advertising is a major worldwide industry that aims to influence consumer purchases. It works by notifying people of new products and services, and creating associations to satisfy human needs and desires.
Advertising has existed for thousands of years, starting with wall paintings in ancient Egypt and Rome used to promote goods and political ideas. In the 18th century, printed advertisements began appearing in newspapers to promote books and medicines. The development of radio in the 1920s led to the first radio advertisements, with early radio stations providing programming in exchange for brief promotions of sponsors. This model was later adopted for the new medium of television in the 1950s, establishing the ongoing practice of multiple short advertisements spaced throughout commercial programming.
Digital technology uses electronics, devices, and equipment that operate using binary logic and discrete signals. Examples include computers, digital cameras, MP3 players, mobile phones, and other devices that store and process digital information. A computer takes in information as input, processes it, and produces new output. Digital cameras store photos digitally on memory cards instead of film. MP3 players allow users to listen to music files in a portable format. Mobile phones allow wireless communication over long distances by connecting to nearby cell towers and handing off calls between cells as the user moves around. Many modern mobile phones are smartphones that provide additional functions beyond calls like email, apps, internet access, and cameras.
This document provides information about the present perfect tense in English. It begins by listing the affirmative, negative, and interrogative forms of the present perfect for different subjects. It then discusses some key uses of the present perfect tense, including to denote an action that occurred at an unspecified time in the past but is still relevant to the present, and to refer to periods of time that are not finished like "today" or "this year." It provides examples of adverbs and expressions that are frequently used with the present perfect tense, such as "yet," "already," and "this year." The document concludes by discussing the specific uses of some adverbs like "still," "already," and "yet" in affirmative, negative,
This document discusses gerunds in English grammar. It defines a gerund as the -ing form of a verb that can function as a noun, subject, or object. Examples are given like "smoking is prohibited" and "my son loves playing video games." Some common verbs that can be followed by gerunds are listed, such as enjoy, hate, like, love, miss. The document also discusses how some verbs are followed by a preposition and gerund, such as "complain about" or "insist on." Finally, it briefly introduces the passive gerund formed with "being" and examples of its use.
This document provides context and analysis of Shakespeare's famous Sonnet 18. It begins with the full text of the sonnet, which compares the subject's beauty to a summer's day. The document then explains that a sonnet has 14 lines that typically presents a problem resolved at the end. For Sonnet 18, the theme is that the subject's beauty will not fade with time and will live on eternally through the poem. Evidence for this is found in lines that say her beauty and summer will not fade and the poem will give her life as long as it is read.
Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is important for long-term well-being. Some key things one can do to stay healthy include having an active lifestyle through daily exercise like walking, swimming, or yoga; eating a nutritious diet focused on fruits and vegetables while limiting fast food and excess eating; avoiding unhealthy habits like smoking, drinking alcohol, or overeating; keeping a regular sleep schedule of 7-9 hours per night; and visiting the doctor regularly to monitor one's health. Overall happiness is also important for overall wellness.
Rainforests are dense, warm, wet forests that are home to millions of plant and animal species. They generate much of the Earth's oxygen and contain many important resources for medicine. Rainforests are located near the equator in South America, Central America, Africa, Southeast Asia, and Australia. They have high rainfall and temperatures that do not freeze or become too hot. Rainforests are important ecosystems but are increasingly endangered due to deforestation.
In the 1950s, men's fashion included bright colored tight trousers and long jackets, while women wore blouses, wide skirts, and short socks. The 1960s saw the rise of the mini skirt and long boots for women, and the Beatles popularized long hair for men. The late 1960s and early 1970s were dominated by loose, colorful hippie styles including maxi dresses and skirts for women and long hair for both sexes. Punk fashion emerged in the late 1970s with colorful hairstyles and makeup. By the late 1980s, casual, loose clothing like baggy pants and sweatshirts along with baseball caps and tracksuits became trendy.
The document discusses fashion trends throughout the 20th century. Before WWI, men wore dark suits with short hair and moustaches, while women wore long dresses with narrow waists and long hair. In the 1920s, dresses and hair became shorter as hemlines rose and styles became more liberated. The 1930s-40s saw longer hems and hair again, as well as moustaches falling out of fashion. The 1950s brought brighter colors, tighter fits, and pointed shoes for both sexes. The 1960s are known for the miniskirt and long boots as well as men growing their hair long. The late 1960s-early 70s featured loose, colorful hippie styles.
Advertising has evolved significantly from its early beginnings. It started as oral announcements promoting goods and services, and developed into painted signs and notices. Over time, advertising expanded its reach through various media like newspapers, radio, television and the internet. Modern advertising is a major worldwide industry that aims to influence consumer purchases. It works by notifying people of new products and services, and creating associations to satisfy human needs and desires.
Advertising has existed for thousands of years, starting with wall paintings in ancient Egypt and Rome used to promote goods and political ideas. In the 18th century, printed advertisements began appearing in newspapers to promote books and medicines. The development of radio in the 1920s led to the first radio advertisements, with early radio stations providing programming in exchange for brief promotions of sponsors. This model was later adopted for the new medium of television in the 1950s, establishing the ongoing practice of multiple short advertisements spaced throughout commercial programming.
Digital technology uses electronics, devices, and equipment that operate using binary logic and discrete signals. Examples include computers, digital cameras, MP3 players, mobile phones, and other devices that store and process digital information. A computer takes in information as input, processes it, and produces new output. Digital cameras store photos digitally on memory cards instead of film. MP3 players allow users to listen to music files in a portable format. Mobile phones allow wireless communication over long distances by connecting to nearby cell towers and handing off calls between cells as the user moves around. Many modern mobile phones are smartphones that provide additional functions beyond calls like email, apps, internet access, and cameras.
Advertising is a way for companies to encourage people to buy goods, services, or ideas through various media sponsored by an identified company. Advertisers use many techniques to get people's attention, such as shocking images, and then try to appeal to consumers' emotions or sense of humor to promote their brand. The history of advertising dates back thousands of years to ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, where messages were painted on walls and posters to promote commercial products. One of the first well-known modern advertisers was Thomas J. Barratt, who created effective advertising campaigns for Pears Soap in the 19th century that involved slogans, images, and targeted messaging.
Oasis of the Seas is the world's largest passenger ship with 16 decks containing various zones and activities for passengers. Some areas include the Royal Promenade shopping and dining zone, Central Park living park without a roof, and zones for pools, sports, fitness classes, and entertainment. Passengers have many options to shop, eat, relax, exercise, and be entertained during their voyage.
The document summarizes several of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It describes the Great Pyramid of Giza as the oldest and only remaining wonder, originally built as a tomb for King Khufu. It discusses the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, constructed by King Nebuchadnezzar II to please his wife, but later destroyed by floods. It also mentions the Temple of Artemis, rebuilt multiple times after being damaged by floods and attacks, and the Statue of Zeus at Olympia designed by Phidias and decorated with gold and ivory but later destroyed.
Christmas is celebrated on December 25th in Great Britain. Prior to Christmas, people send greeting cards to friends and family. Christmas trees are decorated with lights, toys and colored balls. Children put stockings by their beds hoping Father Christmas will fill them with presents overnight. On Christmas day, families gather for a meal that traditionally includes turkey, potatoes, vegetables and Christmas pudding cake.
This document contains summaries of several articles about threats facing different animal species and environmental pollution issues:
- Sumatran rhinoceros populations have been reduced to only 6 groups due to illegal poaching for their horns in traditional Chinese medicine.
- The American manatee's habitat has been reduced by human development in coastal areas, and many are killed by motorboat propellers or ingesting fishing gear.
- Elephant seals were hunted for food by sailors, with over 10,000 taken from the Galapagos islands in just 36 years, driving the species near extinction.
Journalism has evolved over centuries from word of mouth to early written reports in ancient empires like Rome and Egypt. In 1456, Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press, enabling wider distribution of publications. The first regular newspaper, the Oxford Gazette, began in 1665 in England. In the US, the first printer was Stephen Day in 1638 and the first newspaper was Benjamin Harris's Publick Occurrences in 1690, though it was shut down after one issue. The development of newspapers continued through the 1700s and 1800s with important publications like the New York Herald establishing the modern newspaper model in 1835. Radio broadcasting began in the early 1900s and further expanded journalism. The internet brought another change with the first
3. История издательства Компания была основана в 1724 году Томасом Лонгманом (1699—1755). В 1754 году он взял в долю племянника, также Томаса Лонгмана (1730—1797), и издательство стало носить название T. и T. Longman. После смерти дяди в 1755 году, Лонгман остался единственным владельцем. В 1794 году он заключил партнерское соглашение с Оуэном Ризом.Бизнес унаследовал старший сын, Томас Нортон Лонгман (1771—1842), к которому в 1804 присоедилинись еще два партнера, а в 1811 году в их число пошел бывший ученик Лонгмана-старшего Томас Браун (ок. 1777—1869).Название издательства в 1824 году было снова изменено на Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green.Томас Нортон умер в августе 1842 года, оставив двух сыновей, Томаса (1804—1879) и Уильяма (1813—1877), во главе бизнеса. Братья получили известность благодаря литературному таланту. Старший отвечал за выпуск нового иллюстрированного издания «Нового Завета», а младший написал несколько исторических работ, в частности, HistoryoftheThreeCathedralsdedicatedtoStPaul («История трёх соборов Святого Павла»; 1869) и HistoryoftheLifeandTimesofEdward III («История жизни и времена Эдуарда III»; 1873).
4. Семейное дело продолжало процветать до 1940 года, когда офисы издательства были разрушены в результате Лондонского блица. В 1968 году компания была приобретена PearsonEducation. В 1972 году умер Марк Лонгман, последний представитель Лонгманов, возглавлявший издательство. В настоящее время оно носит название PearsonLongman.Longman - одно из старейших британских издательств, было основано. История издательства «Лонгман» тесно связана с историей изучения и преподавания английского языка. По мере того, как английский язык в течение XX в. приобретал роль языка международного общения, появлялось все больше литературы для его преподавания. Многие реформаторские книги в этой области появились именно в издательстве Longman.
5. В течение последних десятилетий издательство Longman входит в корпорацию Pearson, один из современных медиа-гигантов, также включающих в себя theFinancialTimes, Penguin, DorlingKindersley, ScottForesman, PrenticeHall, Addison-Wesley. Являясь мировым лидером в области издания учебно-методической литературы, Pearson Education создает материалы, основанные на научных исследованиях, а также с успехом применяет цифровые технологии, направленные на помощь слушателям всех возрастов с учетом их индивидуальных потребностей.
6. В настоящее время издательство выпускает учебники английского языка, в том числе для обучения иностранцев, учебники для высшей школы, различного рода учебные пособия, словари, юридическую литературу, книги по налогообложению и финансам. Издательство располагает сетью филиалов и дочерних предприятий в Европе (Великобритания, Германия, Греция, Италия), Азии (Индия, Япония, Гонконг), Африке (Египет, Нигерия, Кения, ЮАР), Америке (США, Канада).
7. Словари Longman Longman Active Study Dictionary LongmanActiveStudyDictionary является идеальным для учащихся уровняIntermediate, которые хотят пользоваться словарями, направляющим их на уровень Advanced. Полнотекстовый словарь содержит больше слов и фраз, чем любой другой словарь уровня UpperIntermediate. Кроме того, теперь в словарь включена рубрика "Тезаурус", куда помещены тематически связанные между собой слова.
8. Longman Business English Dictionary Около 19 000 наиболее актуальных слов и выражений современного делового английского объясняются доступным языком. 20 000 примеров из британских и американских аутентичных источников. Поможет как при изучении делового английского языка, так и профессиональной деятельности.На CD-ROMe интерактивные материалы для подготовки к ВЕС и BULATS.
9. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Теперь словарем можно пользоваться в традиционном формате, на DVD-ROM'е, он-лайн или через КПК или через мобильный телефон. 230.000 слов, выражений и значений – больше, чем в любом другом словаре данного уровня + дополнительно 40.000 на DVD-ROM'е 100.000 примеров из LongmanCorpusNetwork + дополнительно более 1.000.000 на DVD-ROM'e
10. Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture Этот уникальный словарь, сочетающий в себе черты толкового и энциклопедического словаря, поможет преподавателямобъяснить, а студентам понять самую суть английского языка. 80000 слов и выражений с ясными и доступными объяснениями значений. 15000 энциклопедических статей о культуре стран англоязычного мира. Цитаты, ставшие крылатыми фразами, и идиоматические выражения. CulturalNotes, предупреждающие социокультурные ошибки. UsageNotes, помогающие правильному выбору нужного слова. Тематические вкладки о различных сторонах жизни Великобритании и США.
11. LONGMAN ELEMENTARY DICTIONARY AND THESAURUS Новый словарь для учащихся 5-8 классов средней школы сочетает традиционный словарь и словарь-тезаурус, специально разработанный для детей, дает учащимся возможность эффективно расширить свой словарный запас. В книге для учителя предложены практичные и высокоэффективные методики работы со словарем в классе. 10000 слов и значений, включая слова, необходимые в учебном процессе. Более 1000 цветных фотографий и иллюстраций.
12. Longman Essential Activator Уникальный словарь, который позволяет, отталкиваясь от 600 базовых слов, перейти к использованию многих тысяч более точных понятий и выражений. Разделы WordBanks помогут студентам увеличить тематический словарный запас. Объяснение значений с помощью 2000 общеизвестных слов. Раздел NewModelEssays дает возможность сравнить Ваше умение написать эссе с удачными образцами письменных текстов данного формата.
13. Primary Longman Picture Dictionary Специально разработанный для юных учащихся, цветной Longman Picture Dictionaryидеален для использования в школе или на дому и доступен в английском и американском варианте английского языка. Более 1500 хорошо проиллюстрированных слов. Словарь построен по тематическому и алфавитному принципу.
14. Longman Elementary Dictionary Полностью цветной словарь, даёт определения основных английских слов, необходимых юным учащимся для повседневного использования. 2000 слов с доступными толкованиями.
15. Longman Picture Dictionary of American English Этот словарь иллюстрирует 1500 слов и содержит забавные задания , способствующие пополнению словарного запаса юного пользователя. Комбинация ясности и юмора делают его особо привлекательным для учеников начальных и средних классов. Словарь охватывает 30 тем.
16. Phonics Picture Dictionary, Hardcover Систематизированная, основанная на фонетическом подходе, словарная программа развития юных пользователей с помощью словаря с картинками. Более 1000 слов. Краткие инструкции по применению. Гибкая программа.
17. Pre-intermediate Longman Basic Dictionary of American English Словарь ,рассчитанный на пользователя уровня Pre-intermediate уровня, снабжен многочисленными примерами, цветными иллюстрациями , советами по использованию .
18. Basic English Dictionary 3rd Edition В этом словаре содержится вся неонеобходимая информациядля юных учащихся. Тысячи простых примеров основаны на Longman CorpusNetwork. Современная лексика , в том числе слова, относящиеся к компьютерным и интернет технологиям. Доступные определения слов, веселые иллюстрации.
19. Longman Mini English Dictionary 3rd. Edition Легкий, компактный мини-словарь, помогающий пользователям понять 12000 слов и выражений. Простые определения и примеры предложений. Более 300 иллюстраций.
20. Longman Photo Dictionary British English Фото словари дают пользователям мгновенное представление об основных словах . Идеальны для детей и подростков. В комплект входит 2 CD.
21. Longman Photo Dictionary of American English Фото словари дают пользователям мгновенное представление об основных словах .Идеальны для детей и подростков. Более 3000 необходимых слов, сгруппированных по тематическому принципу. Более 1000 цветных фотографий.
22. Word by Word Basic Picture Dictionary 2nd Edition Яркие иллюстрации, более чем 2500 основных слов, расширенная тематика.
23. Longman Dictionary of American English Лидер продаж. Словарь американского варианта английского языка для пользователей уровня Intermediate. Самые общеупотребительные 3000 слов выделены красным цветом.
24. Longman WordWise Dictionary Новое издание. Теперь с CD-ROMом. 35000 слов, выражений и примеров. 2000 слов выделены как основные для изучающих язык на уровне Pre-Intermediate и Intermediate. Ясные определения и иллюстрации дают возможность пользоваться этим пособием даже тем, кто не имеет опыта работы с толковыми словарями.
25. Longman Advanced American Dictionary Словарь отражает все богатство американского варианта английского языка – более 84000 слов и фраз.Выделено 3000 наиболее употребительных слов. Есть раздел с полезными советами по сдаче экзаменов. Компакт-диск включает весь словарный текст, произношение основных слов, интерактивные упражнения, примеры экзаменационных тестов.
26. Longman Exams Dictionary Единственное в своем родеиздание, предназначенноедля тех, кто хочетуспешно сдать международные экзамены по английскому языку (FCE, CAE, CPE, IELTS, TOEFL, TOEIC и др.) 212 000 слов, выражений и значений. 160 000 примеров, в том числе из академических работ (эссе).
27. Longman Idioms Dictionary Словарь охватываетболее 6000 идиом, которые встречаются в современном английском языке (британском и американском вариантах). Уникальный раздел Activator поможет в выборе точной по смыслу идиомы.
28. Longman American Idioms Dictionary Ясные определения и примеры американских идиом делают этотсловарь действительно легким в использовании. Более 4000 идиом. Забавные карикатуристическиеизображения.
29. Longman Dictionary of Common Errors Словарь трудностей английского языка. Словарь иллюстрирует наиболеетипичные ошибки, допускаемые людьми, для которых английский язык не является родным.Более 2500 алфавитных статей.
30. Longman Phrasal Verbs Dictionary Самый обширный и полный словарь фразовых глаголов,содержит 5000 фразовых глаголов, в том числе новые глаголы из области компьютерных и интернет- технологий, бизнеса.PhrasalVerbsActivator помогаетпользователям сделать правильный выбор фразового глагола, исходя из контекста. Ясные и четкие грамматические модели показывают, как правильно употреблять фразовые глаголы.
31. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 3rd Edition Новое третье изданиесловаря включаетсвыше 225 000 вариантовпроизношения различных слов.В словарь вошли новые слова,такие как «iTunes», «Skype», «Tikrit».
32. Выбор словаря всегда будет основной проблемой для желающих выучить иностранный язык или лучше познать свой. В наше время существует множество издательств, издающих словари, учебники и различную познавательную литературу. Потребности каждого человека, изучающего язык, различны, и им на помощь приходит многообразие среди издательств Oxford, Cambridge, Longman, Collins и множество других. Хотя более популярным издательством является Oxford, издательство Longman остается приоритетным для многих и находится вне конкуренции благодаря разнообразию материала и тщательному подходу к различной категории потребителей.
