This document provides an overview of the longevity industry, including definitions of key concepts like geroscience, regenerative medicine, and rejuvenation biotechnology. It also summarizes trends like the aging global population, increasing baby boomer purchasing power, advances in gene therapy, cell therapy, and personalized/precision medicine. Major sections cover the scientific, regulatory, and investment landscapes of the longevity sector.

1. LONGEVITY INDUSTRY
Volume I:
LANDSCAPE OVERVIEW 2017
The Business of Longevity
Market, Trends, Framework

2. Volume I :
The Business of Longevity - Market, Trends, Framework
Executive Summary..............................................................................................................2
Preface: Longevity Comes of Age................................................................................22
Part One: Renaissance in Rejuvination Biotechnology.............................................37
Introduction: the Dawn of the Longevity Industry....................................................38
Barriers to Progress and Policy Proposals......................................................................48
Disruption of Biopharma and Traditional VC Models................................................57
Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare..................................................................................61
Major Trends in Biomedicine..............................................................................................70
Regulatory Landscape Overview......................................................................................88
Regenerative Medicine Industry Landscape Overview..........................................101
P3 Medicine Landscape Overview.................................................................................110
Part Two: Company and Investor Profiles..............................................................120
List of 100 Startups with a Role in the Longevity Industry...................................121
Top 10 Publicly Traded Companies with a Role in the Longevity Industry.....243
Top Five Individual Investors in Geroscience.............................................................255
Top 100 Institutional Investors in Geroscience..........................................................261
Infographic Summary.........................................................................................................357
Conclusion.............................................................................................................................400
Table of Contents

3. THE GLOBAL LONGEVITY LANDSCAPE 2017
COMPANIES
INVESTORS
SCIENCE HUBS
P3 MedicineGeroscience
Gene Therapy
Regenerative
Medicine
Top 10 Longevity
Investors
Top 10 Longevity
Companies
LONGEVITY.INTERNATIONAL

4. 1
Defining Geroscience, Regenerative
Medicine, and Rejuvenation Biotechnology
Geroscience
The term “geroscience” was coined by the US National Institutes on Aging, to mean “the field
of biological sciences that seeks to understand the role of aging in disease.” Of the total $1.6B
annual NIA budget, only $183.1M goes to fundamental “Aging Biology,” with the majority going
to Alzheimer’s and particular age-related diseases.1
The application of fundamental knowledge
generated by geroscientists is enabling the development of therapies that prevent and/or
reverse the molecular and cellular damage caused by aging. By slowing or reversing aging, all
age-related diseases can be addressed, leading to healthy lifespan (“healthspan”) extension.
[Suppose] everyone takes gene
therapy — not just for curing rare
diseases like cystic fibrosis, but
diseases that everyone has, like
aging.
“
“
1
US National Institutes on Aging. Fiscal Year 2017 Budget. “$183.1M for “Aging Biology.”
2
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/achenblog/wp/2015/12/02/professor-george-church-says-he-can-reverse-the-
aging-process/
- George M. Church, Professor of
Genetics at Harvard2
Baby boomers and the increase of wealthy individuals in developing countries are
expected to be the major factor stimulating demand for geroscience products. By 2018 the
number of high-income households (over $25,000 a year) is projected to increase to 30% where
major growth is driven by Asia Pacific region. Based on Transparency Market Research, the
global geroscience market value will rise to US$191.7 billion by the end of 2019.
Executive Summary

5. 2
The Hallmarks of Aging
Regenerative Medicine
Regenerative medicine is a branch of translational research in tissue engineering and
molecular biology which deals with the “process of replacing, engineering or regenerating
human cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal function.” 3
Growing organs ex vivo,
stem cell transplantation, and the re-activation of developmental repair programs are all within
the scope of regenerative medicine. Scientists take inspiration from organisms like the Axolotl
salamander, which is capable of dramatic repeated full limb regeneration after amputation.
3
Mason and Dunhill. “A Brief Definition of Regenerative Medicine.” Regenerative Medicine, 2008, 3(1), 1–5 [47]

6. 3

7. 4
Regenerative Medicine Market Financings

8. 5
Rejuvenation Biotechnology
Rejuvenation Biotechnology is the translational, clinical, applied relative of geroscience.
This discipline aims to prevent and repair the fundamental damage that causes aging. This
damage can include somatic DNA damage, telomere attrition, transposon-related genomic
instability, reduced autophagy and protein turnover, epigenetic drift, stem cell exhaustion,
advanced glycation endproducts, and more.
For a full review of the recent scientific and business developments in the field, see
Chapter 1: “The Renaissance in Rejuvenation Biotechnology.”
The Global Cost of Aging

9. 6
Global Demographic Aging
The global population is aging due to longer life (albeit in poor health) and the decision
among Westerners to have fewer children. This is a major problem for government healthcare
and pension systems. Economists refer to this profound, historically-unprecedented population
shift as “The Silver Tsunami.” The best way to prevent catastrophe is by slowing or reversing
aging itself - extending healthy lifespan and reducing the number of years each person spends
in a socially costly state of chronic ill health and frailty.
According to the WHO data as of 2012 there was only one country where the over 60
demographic represent 30% of the entire population, and this is Japan. However, by 2050 this
population structure will also be achieved by number of other countries, predictably including
European nations and North America, but also encompassing countries as Chile, Iran, Thailand,
Russia and South Korea. Such a trend will be notably less relevant in sub-Saharan Africa, as the
continent has and will continue to have a large young population base. Nevertheless in non-
relative terms, in Africa there are twice as many people over 60 as in Northern Europe, and in
Africa this number will triple from 46 million in 2015 to 157 million in 2050.
As the economy grew in
America and other parts of
the developed world, the main
causes of death changed from
infectious diseases to chronic,
non-communicable diseases
such as heart disease, cancer,
chronic lower respiratory dis-
ease, cerebrovascular disease
and Alzheimer’s. Unfortunate-
ly, while admirable progress
has been made in respect to
lifespan, many more people
are consequently living with
chronic, incurable conditions.
While often considered a prob-
lem of ‘developed’ nations,
in fact these challenges are
common to many countries
with a wide range of wealth; in
particular BRIC nations such
as China and India, in which
there is forecast to be a mas-
sive increase in the number of
elderly. Experts agree that this
wider ‘age shift’ is being driven
as aspiring countries converge
with the wealthiest in regards
to nutrition, public health, and
better education, rather than
by disruptive technologies di-
rectly extending life span of
individuals.
Major Trends in Biomedicine

10. 7
Baby Boomer Purchasing Power
The Baby Boomer generation, born after WWII, is a very large population cohort that is
currently beginning to retire en masse. The oldest Boomers turned 65, US retirement age,
beginning in 2011. They are also the wealthiest generation in history (holding 45-50% of
all household wealth) - investor recognition of this purchasing power should incentivize
the development of effective rejuvenation therapy to cater to the Baby Boomers. Because
biomedical research has a long lead time before therapies are available, we must accelerate
the translation of basic research to medicine if the Baby Boomers are to benefit soon enough
to avert major economic consequences.
Commercialization of Advanced Therapies
Gene Therapy
For most of human history, pharmacology
has been concerned with small molecules.
Most of these new drugs have been derived
from natural products, produced by plants,
microbes, and living organisms (such as an-
imal venoms). These compounds are highly
effective against infectious pathogens and for
acute applications, but the long-term use of
small molecule drugs for chronic age-related
disease has proven largely ineffective.
Small molecules modulate cellular sign-
aling pathways - or tweak around the edges
of an immutable, fixed genetic system. Small
molecules can only influence the expression
and activity of the cell’s existing genetic rep-
ertoire. Gene therapy and germ line genetic
engineering enable scientists to re-write the
operating system of a cell - enabling incredi-
ble results that were unthinkable using exist-
ing drugs.

11. 8
Germ-line engineering occurs in the
embryo and is not ready for human application
- but gene delivery to developed human
tissues is technically feasible today, thanks to
advances in a particular viral vector, the adeno-
associated virus (AAV).
Heritable Mendelian genetic diseases,
such as Adrenoleukodystrophy or Sanfillipo
Syndrome, are caused by mutated single genes
that cause cells to lose the ability to break down
certain cellular components. These molecules
build up cause fatality before the patient
reaches adulthood. Fortunately, gene therapy
advances in the last 5 years have brought
potentially curative therapies to clinical trials -
some patients with Adrenoleukodystrophy have
been effectively cured. These kinds of genetic
diseases are rare in isolation but numerous
- together they affect over 10% of the global population. Dozens of companies have raised
billions in financing to pursue these rare disease therapies - and by building this ecosystem,
these same companies will soon expand into more complex common diseases.4
Ever year for
the past five years, over 100 new clinical trials for gene therapy have been initiated.
Gene therapy will be applied to chronic age-
related diseases such as cardiovascular disease
(CVD), cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative
disordersincludingAlzheimer’sandParkinson’s.
The causal mechanisms driving these diseases
is controversial and multifactorial - but fantastic
results have already been demonstrated in
animal models - some modifications render
animals highly resistant to these age-related
diseases.
Even aging itself has proven amenable to
genetic manipulation. Animal healthspan can
be extended by 30% or more via distinct but
compatible interventions - such as increasing
antioxidant defense in the mitochondria (Su-
peroxide Dismutase), caloric restriction mi-
metics, telomere extension, and senescent cell
ablation. The only remaining barrier to imple-
menting rejuvenating gene therapy in humans
is translating results from animal models - and
a handful of pioneering companies are cur-
rently at work on this problem.
4
Bender, E. 2016. Gene Therapy: Industrial Strength. Nature: Outlook.

12. 9
Cell Therapy
The American Society of Gene and Cell Therapy defines Cell therapy as “the administration
of live whole cells or maturation of a specific cell population in a patient for the treatment of
a disease.”
Historically, blood transfusions were the first type of cell therapy and are now considered
routine. Bone marrow transplantation has also become a well-established protocol. Bone
marrow transplantation is the treatment of choice for many kinds of blood disorders, including
anemias, leukemias, lymphomas, and rare immunodeficiency diseases. The key to successful
bone marrow transplantation is the identification of a good “immunologically matched” donor,
who is usually a close relative, such as a sibling.
After finding a good match between the donor’s and recipient’s cells, the bone marrow
cells of the patient (recipient) are destroyed by chemotherapy or radiation to provide room in
the bone marrow for the new cells to reside. After the bone marrow cells from the matched
donor are infused, the self-renewing stem cells find their way to the bone marrow and begin
to replicate. They also begin to produce cells that mature into the various types of blood
cells. Normal numbers of donor-derived blood cells usually appear in the circulation of the
patient within a few weeks. Unfortunately, not all patients have a good immunological matched
donor. Furthermore, bone marrow grafts may fail to fully repopulate the bone marrow in as
many as one third of patients, and the destruction of the host bone marrow can be lethal,
particularly in very ill patients. These requirements and risks restrict the utility of bone marrow
transplantation to some patients.

13. 10
Cell therapy is expanding its repertoire of cell types for administration. Cell therapy treat-
ment strategies include isolation and transfer of specific stem cell populations, administration
of effector cells, induction of mature cells to become cells, and reprogramming of mature cells.
Administration of large numbers of effector cells has benefited cancer patients, transplant pa-
tients with unresolved infections, and patients with chemically destroyed stem cells in the eye.
For example, a few transplant patients can’t resolve adenovirus and cytomegalovirus infections.
A recent phase I trial administered a large number of T cells that could kill virally-infected
cells to these patients. Many of these patients resolved their infections and retained immunity
against these viruses. As a second example, chemical exposure can damage or cause atrophy of
the limbal epithelial stem cells of the eye. Their death causes pain, light sensitivity, and cloudy
vision. Transplantation of limbal epithelial stem cells for treatment of this deficiency is the first
cell therapy for ocular diseases in clinical practice.
Several diseases benefit most from treatments that combine the technologies of gene and
cell therapy. For example, some patients have a severe combined immunodeficiency disease
(SCID) but unfortunately, do not have a suitable donor of bone marrow. Scientists have identified
that patients with SCID are deficient in adenosine deaminase gene (ADA-SCID), or the common
gamma chain located on the X chromosome (X-linked SCID). Several dozen patients have been
treated with a combined gene and cell therapy approach. Each individual’s hematopoietic
stem cells were treated with a viral vector that expressed a copy of the relevant normal gene.
After selection and expansion, these corrected stem cells were returned to the patients. Many
patients improved and required less exogenous enzymes. However, some serious adverse
events did occur and their incidence is prompting development of theoretically safer vectors
and protocols. The combined approach also is pursued in several cancer therapies.
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR-T) and Cancer Immunotherapy
Surgery, radiation, and chemother-
apy are the standard of care after cancer
diagnosis. However, an immunotherapy
that uses the patient’s own immune sys-
tem to fight the disease has excited the
biomedical and investment community
in the last few years. Adoptive Cell Trans-
fer (ACT) uses T cells from patients and
engineers them to recognize and attack
cancer cells. After collection of T cells
from the patient’s blood, a viral vector
is injected that leads to expression of
a Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) with
specific binding properties for the an-
tigen present in the cancer cells. After
reinfusing the modified T cells, the cells
will target and destroy the cancer cells.

14. 11
-omics and AI
Advances in diagnostics, prognostics and therapeutics are all enabling the accelerated
development of more targeted, effective healthcare interventions. Novel bioinformatic tools,
such as Deep Learning, have enabled researchers to model complex processes, which could
have never been explored through classic wet-lab experimentation. Supporting diagnostic
and prognostic tools with increased predictive capabilities are enabling clinicians to predict
diseases, accurately monitor them and adopt a precision medicine approach to treatment.

15. 12

16. 13
Advances in genomics and other ‘omic’ tech-
nologies have ushered in a new era variably called
“personalized” or “precision” medicine, which takes
into account individual genetic and other sources
of variability in disease treatment and prevention.
The concept of precision medicine — preven-
tion and treatment strategies that take individual
variability into account — is not new; blood typing,
for instance, has been used to guide blood trans-
fusions for more than a century. But the prospect
of applying this concept broadly has been dra-
matically improved by the recent development of
large-scale biologic databases (such as the human
genome sequence), powerful methods for charac-
terizing patients (such as proteomics, metabolom-
ics, genomics, diverse cellular assays, and even mobile health technology), and computational
tools for analyzing large sets of data. What is needed now is a broad research program to
encourage creative approaches to precision medicine, test them rigorously, and ultimately use
them to build the evidence base needed to guide clinical practice.
Tonight, I’m launching a new
Precision Medicine Initiative to
bring us closer to curing diseases
like cancer and diabetes — and
to give all of us access to the
personalized information we need
to keep ourselves and our families
healthier.
“
“- Barack Obama, State of the Union
Address, January 20, 2015
Personalized, Preventive,
Precision (P3) Medicine

17. 14
While the practice of precision medicine is in it’s infancy, two application have already
yielded results: in personalized cancer therapy that accounts for the specific type of cancer-
causing mutations in the patient, and pharmacogenomics, a field of clinical science where the
patient’s genomic variation informs their optimal type of medication.
“Sick Care” Transforming into Precision, Preventive Healthcare
The traditional medical model has worked very well for particular acute conditions such as
infection and traumatic injury. We are no longer dying from infection, the leading cause of death
a century ago. Chronic lifestyle and age-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer,
diabetes, stroke, and dementia have become the leading killers in the West. Modern medicine
has struggled to address these multifactorial diseases. Given that biological age is the primary
risk factor, it makes sense to target the damage that causes aging rather than downstream
symptoms.
In the future, patients will be evaluated and diagnosed on the basis of precise and
personalized biomarkers. Instead of the HDL/LDL ratio, patients will learn about their telomere
length, metabolic activity in different brain regions, somatic DNA damage load, microbiome
components, and genetic polymorphisms that inform actionable medical choices.
Instead of giving addictive opiate painkillers for collapsing spinal discs or arthritis, patients
will see their cartilage rejuvenated with stem cell-based therapies, or stem-cell activating drugs.
Instead of taking statin drugs to reduce cholesterol production, and experiencing serious side

18. 15
Disruption of the Traditional Biopharma Model
As it currently stands the emerging longevity industry lacks its own regulatory landscape
due to the fact that no country currently recognizes geroscience therapies as a distinct type
of therapy requiring its own rules and regulations pertaining to evaluation and approval. This
means that under the current global regulatory framework a geroscience therapy cannot gain
approval to treat ageing itself as a medical condition. Instead, any prospective geroscience
therapy must aim to gain approval as a treatment for a specific age-related disease or condition,
and must seek evaluation and approval for each new age-related condition it seeks to treat.
This situation stems from the fact that the World Health Organization (which sets the standards
for which medical conditions are classified as specific diseases, subject to regulatory approval
from specific nations) does not view aging itself as a disease. However, there is emerging
consensus in the geroscience community that aging can and should be classified as a distinct
disease via the WHO’s International Disease Classification (ICD) system, which is updated on an
irregular basis (the most recent revision period occurring in 1992 and the next revision period
set to be finalized in 2018).
Barriers to Progress and Policy Proposals
effects, patients will be administered a gene therapy that reverses the atherosclerosis and
vascular inflammation that causes heart attacks and stroke.
The coming era of medicine will target root molecular causes of disease, not symptoms.
There are two kinds of drugs:
Innovative:Blockbuster,first-in-class,broadmarketdrugssuchasstatins,antidepressants,
and lifestyle drugs.
Incremental: Best-in-class or “me too” drugs that offer superior safety or efficacy over
existing molecules but do not target a novel biochemical mechanism. Examples include
the Bcl-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitors based on the breakthrough drug imatinib (Gleevec)
-- bosutinib, dasatinib, nolotinib, pontatinib, bafetinib, et cetera.
Rejuvenation therapy will be of type A. Because everyone ages, anti-aging drugs will have
the widest market of any other drug. Because such small molecule drugs will be so widely
prescribed, and for a very long time (the entire life) they must offer an impeccable safety profile.
Gene and cell therapies will not be administered as regularly as small molecules, but must also
conform to a similarly high therapeutic window requirement. Treatment vs. Prevention vs.
Root Cause Intervention
The disruptive element of rejuvenation biotechnology is that it will displace or “cannibalize”
therapies targeting age-related diseases. Suppose a gene therapy (such as APOE4 or FOXO3A)
reverses cardiovascular aging and atherosclerosis. Few will need statin drugs (including
atorvastatin, the best selling pharmaceutical in history, generating $125B over 14.5 years for
Pfizer). Similarly, why try to selectively kill cancer cells when medicine can repair the DNA
damage, quell chronic inflammation (“inflammageing”), and reverse the immune senescence
that causes cancer rates to rise so dramatically with age?

19. 16
Successfully classifying aging as a disease via ICD-11 in 2018 or through subsequent revision
periods would give the emerging longevity industry an actual regulatory framework through
which to be evaluated and approved, and would open up the possibility of geroscience
therapies being evaluated and approved as a treatment for aging itself. This would have a
number of potential benefits to stakeholders, including the possibility of geroscience therapies
with particularly high safety margins to be evaluated once and gain approval for aging itself
rather than for each distinct age-related disease on a case-by-case basis (leading to enormous
potential reductions in the cost of bringing geroscience therapies through the trial pipeline),
reimbursement of geroscience therapies by insurance providers, and untold healthcare savings
for nations experiencing a rapid increase in the elderly portion of their population.
The regenerative medicine industry has long been perceived as being hampered by complex
and inadequate regulatory frameworks globally, resulting in a very slow pace of clinical
translation and market approval. There are, however, several glimmers of hope on the horizon,
signalling an emerging trend toward regulatory reform to expedite the evaluation and approval
of regenerative medicine therapies, particularly in the Western World and Asia. This trend is
epitomized by new regulations passed by Japan in 2014 allowing for the possibility to gain market
approval for regenerative medicine therapies prior to conducting Phase 3 clinical trials, allowing
companies to recuperate some of the cost of pushing their therapies through the trial pipeline
before clinical trials are completed, and by regulations passed in US in 2016 that allow for the
expedited approval of regenerative medicine therapies according to a special “Regenerative
Advanced Therapy” (RAT) designation. Meanwhile, Europe lags behind; while there are many
calls from stakeholders to reform the regenerative medicine regulatory landscape in the EU in
order to expedite the evaluation and approval of regenerative medicine therapies due to their
substantial therapeutic potential, such reforms have yet to take place.
The personalized medicine industry has also witnessed an emerging trend toward regulatory
reform for the purposes of expedited evaluation and market approval, particularly in the US,
where the FDA has released guidance documents indicating plans to expedite the approval
of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies and in-vitro diagnostics (IVD), leading to
substantial reductions in costs for developers. Meanwhile, in 2015 former President Barack
Obama announced during his State of the Union address the launch of the Precision Medicine
Initiative, a $215 million initiative aiming to “pioneer a new model of patient-powered research
that promises to accelerate biomedical discoveries and provide clinicians with new tools,
knowledge, and therapies to select which treatments will work best for which patients”.
The initiative will fund research into the clinical development of personalized medicine
therapies and involves collecting health and genetic data from one million subjects. The
real significance of the project for the time being, however, lies in the tacit endorsement of
personalized medicine as the future of healthcare by the country’s chief executive.
In Part 2 of the Report, we profile:
Investors and Influencers, in the aging space, including J. Craig Venter of Human Longevity
Inc, Arthur Levinson of Genentech and Calico, Bill Maris Google Ventures, and George Church,
Professor of Genetics at Harvard.
Scientists and Institutions, including the Buck Institute for Research on Aging, the Glenn
Centers of Aging Research, the National Institute on Aging (NIA), the Max Planck Institute for the
Biology of Aging, and leading geroscientists.
Publicly Traded Companies that focus on age-related diseases, first-in-class therapeutics,
and which have expressed interest in geroscience, such as GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, UniQure,
and Genentech.

20. 17
Directory of Privately-owned Longevity Companies are proliferating and we have catalogued
data on one hundred of the most promising startups in geroscience, personalized and precision
medicine, and next generation therapeutics.
Conclusion
Biotechnology and geroscience in particular are on the verge of a Cambrian explosion of
breakthrough science that will transform healthcare into an information science capable of
improving the human condition more profoundly than even the advent of antibiotics, modern
molecular pharmacology, and the Green agricultural revolution. The time-course of this major
evolutionary transition and whether we and our loved ones live long enough to benefit from
these breakthroughs is dependent upon the choices of the scientific and investment community
today.