LIVING WITH THE EARTH
Objectives for this Chapter
A student reading this chapter will be able to:
1. Discuss how a law is made and describe the system of environmental laws.
2. List and describe the major components of the major federal environmental laws including: RCRA, CERCLA, EPCRA,SARA Title III, Pollution Prevention Act, CAA, CWA, SDWA, stormwater regulations, pesticide regulations, and underground storage tank regulations.
Objectives for this Chapter
A student reading this chapter will be able to:
3. Describe and discuss the major components of environmental compliance.
The Making of a LawBill is first introduced into house and senate;Referred to subcommittee for review and support;90% fail at this levelRecommended bills are brought forward for hearings and comment;Committee meets to mark up (discuss) bill and vote on it;If still found favorable, bill is sent to full chamber;
The Making of a Law (cont.)The bill is then sent to the Rules committee of House where a time limit is set for debate and other rules are set.The bill is also sent to the Senate where unrelated riders may be attached to a popular bill.House and Senate usually make changes in the bill before passing, and the different versions are sent to a conference committee for resolution.
SENATE
HOUSE
Rules committee
Senate version
House version
CONFERENCE COMMITTEE
BILL
BILL
BILL
The Making of a Law (cont.)If a resolution is accepted and the same version is approved by both House and Senate, the bill moves forward to the President who may sign or veto it.Congress can override a veto by 2/3rds majority, but this is difficult to do.
CONFERENCE COMMITTEE
SENATE
HOUSE
If both Chambers approve final version, the bill is sent forward to the president
Veto?
Sign?
PRESIDENT
BILL
Common Themes Among Environmental LawsEIGHT GENERIC COMPLIANCE OBLIGATIONS1. Notification requirements2. Discharge or waste controls3. Process controls and pollution prevention4. Product controls5. Regulation of activities6. Safe transportation requirements7. Response and remediation requirements8. Compensation requirements
Environmental Laws are Part of a SystemENVIRONMENTAL LAW ENCOMPASSES ALL THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION THAT COMES FROM:U.S. CONSTITUTION AND STATE CONSTITUTIONSFEDERAL AND STATE STATUTES AND LOCAL ORDINANCESREGULATIONS PUBLISHED BY FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL AGENCIESPRESIDENTIAL EXECUTIVE ORDERSCOURT DECISIONS INTERPRETING THESE LAWSTHE COMMON LAW
Executive OrdersThese are orders issued by the president and require federal facilities to comply and provide leadership in protecting the environment. More than 18 executive orders have been issued since 1970.
Common LawA body of rules and principles that pertain to the government and the security of persons and property.Basic rules originally developed in England and then brought to American Colonies.
Under Common LawTortA private wrong or wrongful act for which the injured party c ...
LIVING WITH THE EARTHCHAPTER 13ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS & COMP.docxcroysierkathey
LIVING WITH THE EARTH
CHAPTER 13
ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS
& COMPLIANCE
Page
Objectives for this Chapter
A student reading this chapter will be able to:
1. Discuss how a law is made and describe the system of environmental laws.
2. List and describe the major components of the major federal environmental laws including: RCRA, CERCLA, EPCRA,SARA Title III, Pollution Prevention Act, CAA, CWA, SDWA, stormwater regulations, pesticide regulations, and underground storage tank regulations.
Objectives for this Chapter
A student reading this chapter will be able to:
3. Describe and discuss the major components of environmental compliance.
The Making of a Law
Bill is first introduced into house and senate;
Referred to subcommittee for review and support;
90% fail at this level
Recommended bills are brought forward for hearings and comment;
Committee meets to mark up (discuss) bill and vote on it;
If still found favorable, bill is sent to full chamber;
The Making of a Law (cont.)
The bill is then sent to the Rules committee of House where a time limit is set for debate and other rules are set.
The bill is also sent to the Senate where unrelated riders may be attached to a popular bill.
House and Senate usually make changes in the bill before passing, and the different versions are sent to a conference committee for resolution.
BILL
SENATE
HOUSE
Rules committee
BILL
BILL
Senate version
House version
CONFERENCE COMMITTEE
The Making of a Law (cont.)
If a resolution is accepted and the same version is approved by both House and Senate, the bill moves forward to the President who may sign or veto it.
Congress can override a veto by 2/3rds majority, but this is difficult to do.
CONFERENCE COMMITTEE
BILL
SENATE
HOUSE
If both Chambers approve final version, the bill is sent forward to the president
Veto?
Sign?
PRESIDENT
Page
Common Themes Among Environmental Laws
EIGHT GENERIC COMPLIANCE OBLIGATIONS
1. Notification requirements
2. Discharge or waste controls
3. Process controls and pollution prevention
4. Product controls
5. Regulation of activities
6. Safe transportation requirements
7. Response and remediation requirements
8. Compensation requirements
Environmental Laws are Part of a System
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW ENCOMPASSES ALL THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION THAT COMES FROM:
U.S. CONSTITUTION AND STATE CONSTITUTIONS
FEDERAL AND STATE STATUTES AND LOCAL ORDINANCES
REGULATIONS PUBLISHED BY FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL AGENCIES
PRESIDENTIAL EXECUTIVE ORDERS
COURT DECISIONS INTERPRETING THESE LAWS
THE COMMON LAW
Executive Orders
These are orders issued by the president and require federal facilities to comply and provide leadership in protecting the environment. More than 18 executive orders have been issued since 1970.
Common Law
A body of rules and principles that pertain to the government and the security of persons and property.
Basic rules originally developed in England and t ...
An Introduction to Environmental Law by Oliver Campbell QC and Rachel TandyRachel Tandy
This talk was prepared and delivered as an introduction to Environmental Law for an audience of Chinese Lawyers currently hosted by various chambers in London as part of the Bar Council's training scheme. It is intended to provide a brief overview of the topic and its key features and pitfalls.
LIVING WITH THE EARTHCHAPTER 13ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS & COMP.docxcroysierkathey
LIVING WITH THE EARTH
CHAPTER 13
ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS
& COMPLIANCE
Page
Objectives for this Chapter
A student reading this chapter will be able to:
1. Discuss how a law is made and describe the system of environmental laws.
2. List and describe the major components of the major federal environmental laws including: RCRA, CERCLA, EPCRA,SARA Title III, Pollution Prevention Act, CAA, CWA, SDWA, stormwater regulations, pesticide regulations, and underground storage tank regulations.
Objectives for this Chapter
A student reading this chapter will be able to:
3. Describe and discuss the major components of environmental compliance.
The Making of a Law
Bill is first introduced into house and senate;
Referred to subcommittee for review and support;
90% fail at this level
Recommended bills are brought forward for hearings and comment;
Committee meets to mark up (discuss) bill and vote on it;
If still found favorable, bill is sent to full chamber;
The Making of a Law (cont.)
The bill is then sent to the Rules committee of House where a time limit is set for debate and other rules are set.
The bill is also sent to the Senate where unrelated riders may be attached to a popular bill.
House and Senate usually make changes in the bill before passing, and the different versions are sent to a conference committee for resolution.
BILL
SENATE
HOUSE
Rules committee
BILL
BILL
Senate version
House version
CONFERENCE COMMITTEE
The Making of a Law (cont.)
If a resolution is accepted and the same version is approved by both House and Senate, the bill moves forward to the President who may sign or veto it.
Congress can override a veto by 2/3rds majority, but this is difficult to do.
CONFERENCE COMMITTEE
BILL
SENATE
HOUSE
If both Chambers approve final version, the bill is sent forward to the president
Veto?
Sign?
PRESIDENT
Page
Common Themes Among Environmental Laws
EIGHT GENERIC COMPLIANCE OBLIGATIONS
1. Notification requirements
2. Discharge or waste controls
3. Process controls and pollution prevention
4. Product controls
5. Regulation of activities
6. Safe transportation requirements
7. Response and remediation requirements
8. Compensation requirements
Environmental Laws are Part of a System
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW ENCOMPASSES ALL THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION THAT COMES FROM:
U.S. CONSTITUTION AND STATE CONSTITUTIONS
FEDERAL AND STATE STATUTES AND LOCAL ORDINANCES
REGULATIONS PUBLISHED BY FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL AGENCIES
PRESIDENTIAL EXECUTIVE ORDERS
COURT DECISIONS INTERPRETING THESE LAWS
THE COMMON LAW
Executive Orders
These are orders issued by the president and require federal facilities to comply and provide leadership in protecting the environment. More than 18 executive orders have been issued since 1970.
Common Law
A body of rules and principles that pertain to the government and the security of persons and property.
Basic rules originally developed in England and t ...
An Introduction to Environmental Law by Oliver Campbell QC and Rachel TandyRachel Tandy
This talk was prepared and delivered as an introduction to Environmental Law for an audience of Chinese Lawyers currently hosted by various chambers in London as part of the Bar Council's training scheme. It is intended to provide a brief overview of the topic and its key features and pitfalls.
Environmental Treaties and Legislation.pptxFNStar1
"Explore vital environmental treaties like the Paris Agreement and Kyoto Protocol alongside significant national legislation such as the Clean Air Act. Highlight recent advancements and emphasize global cooperation for sustainable environmental stewardship in a dynamic and interconnected world."
The need for protection and conservation of environment and sustainable use of natural resources is reflected in the constitutional framework of India and also in the international commitments of India. The Constitution under Part IVA (Art 51A-Fundamental Duties) casts a duty on every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures. Further, the Constitution of India under Part IV (Art 48A-Directive Principles of State Policies) stipulates that the State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.
env 320 mentor The Secret of Eduation /env320mentor.comrock1234595
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
www.env320mentor.com
Please Check the Assignments Included in this Tutorial below
ENV 320 Week 1 Individual Assignment Environmental Laws Paper Endangered Species Act of 1973
ENV 320 Week 1 Individual Assignment Environmental Laws Paper Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974
The Port Authority of New York and New JerseyProposal for .docxssusera34210
The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
Proposal for Performing an Environmental Impact Statement and Alternatives Analysis for Modifying or Replacing the Lincoln Tunnel Helix
Proposal for Performance of an Environmental
Impact Statement and Alternative Analysis
–
For Modifying or Replacing the
Lincoln Tunnel Helix
Prepared by:
Greenfield Environmental Consulting
Issued: April 21st, 2015
The Port Authority of
New York and New Jersey
Table of Contents:
Section A – Firm Qualifications and Experience ……………………………………....3
A.1 – Governmental Regulations and Laws …………………………………………………. 4
A.2 – Guideline Documents …………………………………………………………………. 7
A.3 – Environmental Permits ……………………………………………………………….. 12
A.4 – NEPA Lead Agency ………………………………………………………………….. 13
A.5 – Environmental Documentation ……………………………………………………….. 14
Section B – Staff Qualifications and Experience ……………………………………..16
B.1 – Organizational Chart ………………………………………………………………….. 17
B.2 – Personal Profiles and Individual Experience …………………………………………. 18
Caulfield, Christopher ……………………………………………………………………….. 18
Greenleaf, Luke ……………………………………………………………………………… 23
Anderson, David …………………………………………………………………………….. 25
Zyndorf, Oren ……………………………………………………………………………….. 27
Schroeder, Alison …………………………………………………………………………… 30
Lombardi, John …………………………………………………………………………….... 32
Mahmud, Anna …………………………………………………………………………….... 34
Martin, Jonathan …………………………………………………………………………….. 37
Mugabel, Abdul ……………………………………………………………………………... 38
Section C – Technical Approach ……………………………………………………..40
C.1 – Preparation of Environmental Impact Statement ……………………………………... 41
C.2 – No-Action Alternative ………………………………………………………………... 43
C.3 – List of Alternatives to be Reviewed ………………………………………………….. 44
C.4 – Environmental Impact Statement Table of Contents …………………………………. 48
C.5 – Data Analysis Sources ………………………………………………………………... 54
C.6 – Safety Measures ……………………………………………………………………..... 56
C.7 – Public Participation …………………………………………………………………… 59
Section D – Cost and Timetable ……………………………………………………...60
D.1 – Project Schedule ……………………………………………………………………… 61
D.2 – Cost Estimate and Budget …………………………………………………………..... 62
Firm Qualifications and Experience
A
Section
A.1
Governmental Regulations and Laws
Law is defined as the principles and regulations established in a community by some authority and applicable to its people, whether in the form of legislation or of custom and policies recognized and enforced by judicial decision. Laws are actually rules and guidelines that are set up by the social institutions to govern behavior. Laws are made by government officials. Laws must be obeyed by all, including private citizens, groups and companies as well as public figures, organizations and institutions. Laws set out standards, procedures and principles that must be followed. Regulations can be used to define two things; a process of monitoring and enforcing legislations and a written instrument ...
Environmental legislations play a vital role in environmental management. The presentation is a summary collection of legislations for environmental protection prevailing in India.
1. Discuss the organization and the family role in every one of the.docxcroysierkathey
1. Discuss the organization and the family role in every one of the heritages mentioned about and how they affect (positively or negatively) the delivery of health care.
2. Identify sociocultural variables within the Irish, Italian and Puerto Rican heritage and mention some examples.
References must be no older than 5 years. A minimum of 700 words is required.
.
1. Compare and contrast DEmilios Capitalism and Gay Identity .docxcroysierkathey
1. Compare and contrast D'Emilio's
Capitalism and Gay Identity
with the
From Mary to Modern Woman
reading. What patterns do you see that are similar to the modern American society? What can be said about global notions of gender in the modern age? Feel free to invoke Foucault.
2. How is the writer's experience important in the story being told in
Middlesex
? Describe your reaction to the reading and invoke some of the concepts discussed in the
Queer Theory
reading to try to make sense of sexuality when it does not match your own conventions. Compare both readings, but go deeper to explore your own stereotypes and socialization.
**PLEASE READ THE READINGS IN ODER TO DO THIS ASSIGNMENT.
.
More Related Content
Similar to LIVING WITH THE EARTHObjectives for this C.docx
Environmental Treaties and Legislation.pptxFNStar1
"Explore vital environmental treaties like the Paris Agreement and Kyoto Protocol alongside significant national legislation such as the Clean Air Act. Highlight recent advancements and emphasize global cooperation for sustainable environmental stewardship in a dynamic and interconnected world."
The need for protection and conservation of environment and sustainable use of natural resources is reflected in the constitutional framework of India and also in the international commitments of India. The Constitution under Part IVA (Art 51A-Fundamental Duties) casts a duty on every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures. Further, the Constitution of India under Part IV (Art 48A-Directive Principles of State Policies) stipulates that the State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.
env 320 mentor The Secret of Eduation /env320mentor.comrock1234595
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
www.env320mentor.com
Please Check the Assignments Included in this Tutorial below
ENV 320 Week 1 Individual Assignment Environmental Laws Paper Endangered Species Act of 1973
ENV 320 Week 1 Individual Assignment Environmental Laws Paper Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974
The Port Authority of New York and New JerseyProposal for .docxssusera34210
The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
Proposal for Performing an Environmental Impact Statement and Alternatives Analysis for Modifying or Replacing the Lincoln Tunnel Helix
Proposal for Performance of an Environmental
Impact Statement and Alternative Analysis
–
For Modifying or Replacing the
Lincoln Tunnel Helix
Prepared by:
Greenfield Environmental Consulting
Issued: April 21st, 2015
The Port Authority of
New York and New Jersey
Table of Contents:
Section A – Firm Qualifications and Experience ……………………………………....3
A.1 – Governmental Regulations and Laws …………………………………………………. 4
A.2 – Guideline Documents …………………………………………………………………. 7
A.3 – Environmental Permits ……………………………………………………………….. 12
A.4 – NEPA Lead Agency ………………………………………………………………….. 13
A.5 – Environmental Documentation ……………………………………………………….. 14
Section B – Staff Qualifications and Experience ……………………………………..16
B.1 – Organizational Chart ………………………………………………………………….. 17
B.2 – Personal Profiles and Individual Experience …………………………………………. 18
Caulfield, Christopher ……………………………………………………………………….. 18
Greenleaf, Luke ……………………………………………………………………………… 23
Anderson, David …………………………………………………………………………….. 25
Zyndorf, Oren ……………………………………………………………………………….. 27
Schroeder, Alison …………………………………………………………………………… 30
Lombardi, John …………………………………………………………………………….... 32
Mahmud, Anna …………………………………………………………………………….... 34
Martin, Jonathan …………………………………………………………………………….. 37
Mugabel, Abdul ……………………………………………………………………………... 38
Section C – Technical Approach ……………………………………………………..40
C.1 – Preparation of Environmental Impact Statement ……………………………………... 41
C.2 – No-Action Alternative ………………………………………………………………... 43
C.3 – List of Alternatives to be Reviewed ………………………………………………….. 44
C.4 – Environmental Impact Statement Table of Contents …………………………………. 48
C.5 – Data Analysis Sources ………………………………………………………………... 54
C.6 – Safety Measures ……………………………………………………………………..... 56
C.7 – Public Participation …………………………………………………………………… 59
Section D – Cost and Timetable ……………………………………………………...60
D.1 – Project Schedule ……………………………………………………………………… 61
D.2 – Cost Estimate and Budget …………………………………………………………..... 62
Firm Qualifications and Experience
A
Section
A.1
Governmental Regulations and Laws
Law is defined as the principles and regulations established in a community by some authority and applicable to its people, whether in the form of legislation or of custom and policies recognized and enforced by judicial decision. Laws are actually rules and guidelines that are set up by the social institutions to govern behavior. Laws are made by government officials. Laws must be obeyed by all, including private citizens, groups and companies as well as public figures, organizations and institutions. Laws set out standards, procedures and principles that must be followed. Regulations can be used to define two things; a process of monitoring and enforcing legislations and a written instrument ...
Environmental legislations play a vital role in environmental management. The presentation is a summary collection of legislations for environmental protection prevailing in India.
1. Discuss the organization and the family role in every one of the.docxcroysierkathey
1. Discuss the organization and the family role in every one of the heritages mentioned about and how they affect (positively or negatively) the delivery of health care.
2. Identify sociocultural variables within the Irish, Italian and Puerto Rican heritage and mention some examples.
References must be no older than 5 years. A minimum of 700 words is required.
.
1. Compare and contrast DEmilios Capitalism and Gay Identity .docxcroysierkathey
1. Compare and contrast D'Emilio's
Capitalism and Gay Identity
with the
From Mary to Modern Woman
reading. What patterns do you see that are similar to the modern American society? What can be said about global notions of gender in the modern age? Feel free to invoke Foucault.
2. How is the writer's experience important in the story being told in
Middlesex
? Describe your reaction to the reading and invoke some of the concepts discussed in the
Queer Theory
reading to try to make sense of sexuality when it does not match your own conventions. Compare both readings, but go deeper to explore your own stereotypes and socialization.
**PLEASE READ THE READINGS IN ODER TO DO THIS ASSIGNMENT.
.
1.Purpose the purpose of this essay is to spread awareness .docxcroysierkathey
1.
Purpose: the purpose of this essay is to spread awareness around stereotyping and how it can be very hurtful to some people.
2.
Audience: Anyone that uses stereotypical jokes or saying around people that are different than them even without realizing that they are making a stereotypical joke or statement.
3.
Genre: the genre that I will be trying to reach out to in this essay will be informational, reason being is that I mainly look at informational online documentaries and stories.
4.
Stance and tone: I’m just a young man who grew up around a lot of people from different places and have different cultures and never paid attention in my younger years to what was happening from stereotyping others that they are different till recently.
5.
Graphic design
: My essay will be a strict academic essay
.
1. Tell us why it is your favorite film.2. Talk about the .docxcroysierkathey
1. Tell us why it is your favorite film.
2. Talk about the interconnection between the aesthetic and the technical aspects of the film. This should include at least seven of the following: Editing, Film Structure, Cinematography, Lighting, Colors, Screenwriting, Special effects, Sound and Music.
3. After this course, will you see you favorite film in a different light? Why or why not?
.
1.What are the main issues facing Fargo and Town Manager Susan.docxcroysierkathey
1.What are the main issues facing Fargo and Town Manager Susan Harlow?
Fargo and Town Manager Harlow are on a slippery slope to corruption. I think that Harlow is handling her position the correct way by trying to remain neutral and sticking to a code of ethics so the problem really comes down to the political actors in the town. It is good that Harlow declined the invite to the dinner party, and cracked down on employees playing politics at work, that is a step in the right direction to removing the possibility of political corruption.
2.What is the basis for your answer to question #1?
At the end of the article Harlow remembers another city manager saying “you never have more authority than the day you walk into your office” What I get from that, and what I think Harlow got from that is that when you come into a position as a public manager everyone is going to want something from you. Political actors are going to want political favors, quid pro quos, you have something that everyone else wants and they are going to try and get that from you.
3.What are your recommended solutions to the problems you identified?
I think the best thing to do would be to continue to try to remain neutral. It will always be impossible to please absolutely everybody so the best thing to do is try to avoid doing everything everyone asks and stick to some sort of code of ethics.
4.What points do you agree, disagree or want further discussion from your fellow classmates and why? (tell them not me)
I think the overarching theme of this article is that people are going to want things from the government. I agree with Harlow's steps to avoid political corruption in her administration by cracking down on political favors with the snow plows and referring to the ICMA code of ethics.
.
1.Writing Practice in Reading a PhotographAttached Files.docxcroysierkathey
1.
Writing: Practice in Reading a Photograph
Attached Files:
Bachman, Ieshia Evans, Baton Rouge (2016).jpg
(277.283 KB)
For this assignment, you will practice analyzing how various rhetorical elements contribute to the overall meaning of a visual image--in this case, a photograph. To begin, click on the attached image.
By way of some context, this photo was taken in 2016 at a protest rally in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The woman in the photo is named Ieshia Evans. The photographer is named Jonathan Bachman. Bachman's photo, which was first published by Reuters, was a finalist for a Pulitzer Prize in 2017. You can use this information to do more research on the image, if you like.
Now, review once again the Elements and Methods of Visual Rhetoric document and select from it
three
elements that you wish to discuss in relation to this photo. Please note that this is not a formal essay assignment, so do not treat it as such. For example, you do not need to create a formal introduction.
Begin by simply providing an
interpretive claim
--i.e., stating what you believe is the meaning or message of Bachman's photo. Ideally, this should be just
one
sentence (tho you can write two if necessary). After that, your document simply needs to contain
three paragraphs
, one for each rhetorical element you have selected. In each paragraph, you need to explain fully how the particular element contributes to the overall meaning or message of the image.
Note: Your assignment must be submitted as an attached .doc or .docx file. Name your file correctly, using your last name and brief description of assignment (e.g., Martinez, Photograph.docx).
2.
DB: Interpreting Political Ads
In this discussion board, you will be discussing and interpreting a recent political ad entitled "Mourning in America," which was produced by The Lincoln Project, a political action committee (PAC). If you are not familiar with the group, take a moment to research it, as that context will add to your understanding and interpretation. You can
click here
to view the ad.
As you watch "Mourning in America", think carefully about how this political advertisement compares and contrasts with Ronald Reagan's "Morning in America" ad, in terms of its rhetorical methods as well as its overall message. You will be asked to comment on
three
specific rhetorical elements, so decide which ones stand out most to you and take careful notes on those to prepare for the discussion.
When you are ready, click the link above to enter the Discussion Board, and then follow the instructions in the first thread posted in this forum for responding to this material.
Questions:-
Mourning in America
COLLAPSE
Your task here is to share with your peers your ideas on how
three
specific rhetorical elements or your choosing are used in this ad to make its appeal to an audience and to convey a message.
1. Identity the three rhetorical elements that you have selected and then
explain
how each .
1.Some say that analytics in general dehumanize managerial activitie.docxcroysierkathey
1.Some say that analytics in general dehumanize managerial activities, and others say they do not. Discuss arguments for both points of view.
2.What are some of the major privacy concerns in employing intelligent systems on mobile data?
3. Identify some cases of violations of user privacy from current literature and their impact on data science as a profession.
4.Search the Internet to find examples of how intelligent systems can facilitate activities such as empowerment, mass customization, and teamwork.
Note: Each question must be answered in 5 lines and refrences must be APA cited.
.
1.What is the psychological term for the symptoms James experiences .docxcroysierkathey
1.What is the psychological term for the symptoms James experiences after abstaining from consuming
alcohol? How do changes in the functioning of neurotransmitter systems produce these symptoms?
2.With reference to associative learning principles/models/theories, why does James consume alcohol
to alleviate these symptoms? What motivates his drinking behaviour given that he no longer enjoys this
activity (most of the time)?
3.How do these factors prevent James from quitting his drinking, and lead to a cycle of relapse when he
attempts to do so? Why are these processes important for our understanding of addiction and
substance use disorders.
1 Page
at least 3 sources
APA
.
1.Write at least 500 words discussing the benefits of using R with H.docxcroysierkathey
1.Write at least 500 words discussing the benefits of using R with Hadoop. Use APA format and Include at least 3 quotes from your sources enclosed in quotation marks.
2.Write at least 500 words discussing how insurance companies use text mining to reduce fraud. Use APA format and Include at least 3 quotes from your sources enclosed in quotation marks.
.
1.What is Starbucks’ ROA for 2012, 2011, and 2010 Why might focusin.docxcroysierkathey
1.What is Starbucks’ ROA for 2012, 2011, and 2010? Why might focusing specifically on ROA be misleading when assessing asset management (aka management efficiency)?
2.Why is ROE considered the most useful metric in measuring the overall ability of a business strategy to generate returns for shareholders?
3. How do the financial statements reveal company strategy (i.e., what story do the numbers tell and does that story align with the strategy of Starbucks?)?
.
1. Discuss the cultural development of the Japanese and the Jewis.docxcroysierkathey
1. Discuss the cultural development of the Japanese and the Jewish heritage.
2. What are the cultural beliefs of the Japanese and Jewish heritage related to health care and how they influence the delivery of evidence-based healthcare?
A minimum of 2 evidence-based references
no older than 5 years is required.
A minimum of 600 words
(excluding the first and references page) is required.
.
1. Discuss at least 2 contextual factors(family, peers, school,.docxcroysierkathey
1.
Discuss at least 2 contextual factors(family, peers, school, community, work, etc.) that might make young people more or less likely to experience adolescence as a period of storm and stress.
2. How might the dramatic physical changes that adolescents undergo—and the accompanying reactions from others—influence other aspects of development, such as social or emotional development?
3. Describe some ways in which adolescent decision making is a product of interactions among puberty, brain development, cognitive growth, and contextual influences such as parents, peers, and community.
.
1.Write at least 500 words in APA format discussing how to use senti.docxcroysierkathey
1.Write at least 500 words in APA format discussing how to use sentiment analysis how political speech affects voters. Use at least 3 references in APA format.
2.Read the below article(link below) on statistics for categorical variables. Write at least 500 words in APA format discussing how to use these statistics to help understand big data.
Link: https://uc-r.github.io/descriptives_categorical
.
1.The following clause was added to the Food and Drug Actthe S.docxcroysierkathey
1.The following clause was added to the Food and Drug Act:
“the Secretary [of the Food and Drug Administration] shall not approve for use in food any chemical additive found to induce cancer in man, or, after tests, found to induce cancer in animals.”
After this clause was adopted, no new additives could be approved for use in food if they caused cancer in people or animals.
The public loved this and industry hated it.
What do you think of this clause? Do you support it or do you oppose it?
At the top of your post, please indicate SUPPORT or OPPOSE and then give your rationale. Then after you can view your classmates' posts, make your case to your fellow students.
2.There was a law that individuals who were indigent and who wished to litigate could apply to the courts for a total waiver of the normal filing fee. In the legislative session, however, a statute was enacted which limits the courts' authority to waive filing fees in lawsuits brought by prisoners against the state government.
Under this new law, a court has to require the prisoner to pay a filing fee "equal to 20 percent ... of the average monthly deposits made to the prisoner's [prison] account ... or the average balance in that account", whichever is greater (unless this calculation yields a figure larger than the normal filing fee).
A prisoner (who was indigent) wanted to appeal his case and was to be charged this fee. He filed suit claiming it was unconstitutional to charge this fee to prisoners.
Choose the side of the prisoner or the side of the state and tell why you would rule for the side you chose.
At the top of your post, please indicate SUPPORT PRISONER or OPPOSE PRISONER and then give your rationale. After you can view your classmates' posts, make your case to your fellow students.
3.A defendant pleaded guilty to receiving and possessing child pornography and was sentenced to 108 months in prison. The sentencing judge raised the defendant’s base offense level….by two levels because "a computer was used for the transmission" of the illegal material.
The appeal filed challenged the punishment enhancement (not his guilt of the base punishment.)
The defendant argued the law did not apply to him because he did not use a computer to transmit the material. (ie He was the receiver, not the sender, of the child pornography.)
Do you believe that the sentence enhancement should be upheld? Give an economic analysis and rational for your choice.
At the top of your post, please indicate SENTENCE UPHELD or SENTENCE REVERSED and then give your economic analysis/rationale. After you can view your classmates' posts, make your case to your fellow students.
4.The ordinance was enacted that gives tenants more legal rights including:
the payment of interest on security deposits;
requires that those deposits be held in Illinois banks;
allows (with some limitations) a tenant to withhold rent in an amount reflecting the cost to him of the landlord's v.
1.What are social determinants of health Explain how social determ.docxcroysierkathey
1.What are social determinants of health? Explain how social determinants of health contribute to the development of disease. Describe the fundamental idea that the communicable disease chain model is designed to represent. Give an example of the steps a nurse can take to break the link within the communicable disease chain.
Resources within your text covering international/global health, and the websites in the topic materials, will assist you in answering this discussion question.
2. Select a global health issue affecting the international health community. Briefly describe the global health issue and its impact on the larger public health care systems (i.e., continents, regions, countries, states, and health departments). Discuss how health care delivery systems work collaboratively to address global health concerns and some of the stakeholders that work on these issues.
Resources within your text covering international/global health, and the websites in the topic materials, will assist you in answering this discussion question.
.
1.This week, we’ve been introduced to the humanities and have ta.docxcroysierkathey
1.
This week, we’ve been introduced to the humanities and have taken some time to consider the role of the humanities in establishing socio-cultural values, including how the humanities differ from the sciences in terms of offering unique lenses on the world and our reality. Since one of the greatest rewards of being a human is engaging with different forms of art, we’ve taken some time this week to learn about what it means to identify and respond to a work of art. We’ve learned about the difference between abstract ideas and concrete images and concepts like structure and artistic form. To help you deepen your understanding of these foundational ideas, your Unit 1 assignment will consist of writing an essay addressing using the following criteria:
Essay Requirements:
• 1,000 words or roughly four double-spaced pages.
• Make use of at least three scholarly sources to support and develop your ideas. Our course text may serve as one of these three sources.
• Your essay should demonstrate a thorough understanding of the READ and ATTEND sections.
• Be sure to cite your sources using proper APA format (7th edition).
Essay Prompt:
• In this essay, you will consider the meaning of art and artistic form by responding to these questions:
o To what extent does Kevin Carter’s Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph (figure 2-5) have artistic form?
o Using what you’ve learned in Chapters 1, 2 and 14 explain if you consider Carter’s photograph a work of art? Be sure to point to specific qualities of the photograph to support/develop your response.
o How do you measure the intensity of your experience in response to Carter’s photograph? What does it make you see/feel/imagine and how does your response/reaction support Carter’s image as a work of art?
.
1.What are barriers to listening2.Communicators identif.docxcroysierkathey
1.
What are barriers to listening?
2.
Communicators identified the following as major listening poor habits. Search what each poor habit means and try to set an example using your own experience.
Poor listening habit:
Pseudo-listening, Stage hogging, Filling in gaps, Selective listening, Ambushing (
Definition & Example)
.
1.Timeline description and details There are multiple way.docxcroysierkathey
1.
Timeline description and details
: There are multiple ways to construct a timeline. Find one that fits you and your information.
Include 10-15 events, each including the following descriptors:
- titles of books or writings or some sort of identifier
- your age or some time reference
- and whether it was a positive or negative experience
.
1.The PresidentArticle II of the Constitution establishe.docxcroysierkathey
1.
The President
Article II of the Constitution established the institution of the presidency. Select any TWO Presidents prior to 1933 and any TWO Presidents since 1933 and for EACH one:
a.
Discuss
any
expressed
power used by each president and the
impact
that decision had on American society at the time of its use
b.
Explain
whether you
agree/disagree
with the presidential action taken and
WHY
c.
Describe
one
legislative initiative
promoted by each president and the
impact
on America at the
time of its passage
as well as what the impact of that legislation is
TODAY
d.
Discuss
one
executive order
issued by each president and whether you
agree/disagree
with the order and
WHY
1.
Select any FOUR United States Supreme court decisions related to Civil Rights/Civil Liberties and for
each one
:
a.
Describe
the facts of the case
b.
Discuss
the arguments of each side as it pertains to the
Constitutional issue
being addressed
c.
Explain
the decision citing
Constitutional rationale
of the court including any dissenting opinion if not a unanimous verdict
d.
Explain
whether you
agree/disagree
with the court’s decision and
WHY
.
1.What other potential root causes might influence patient fal.docxcroysierkathey
1.
What other potential root causes might influence patient falls?
2.
Equipped with the data, what would you do about the hypotheses that proved to be unsupported?
3.
Based on the correctly identified hypothesis in the case scenario, what would be your course of action if you were the CEO/president of St. Xavier Memorial Hospital?
4.
What do you think of the CNO’s (Sara Mullins) position of “waiting and seeing what the data tells us” instead of immediately jumping to conclusions?
.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
LIVING WITH THE EARTHObjectives for this C.docx
1. LIVING WITH THE EARTH
Objectives for this Chapter
A student reading this chapter will be able to:
1. Discuss how a law is made and describe the system of
environmental laws.
2. List and describe the major components of the major federal
environmental laws including: RCRA, CERCLA, EPCRA,SARA
Title III, Pollution Prevention Act, CAA, CWA, SDWA,
stormwater regulations, pesticide regulations, and underground
storage tank regulations.
Objectives for this Chapter
A student reading this chapter will be able to:
3. Describe and discuss the major components of environmental
compliance.
The Making of a LawBill is first introduced into house and
senate;Referred to subcommittee for review and support;90%
fail at this levelRecommended bills are brought forward for
2. hearings and comment;Committee meets to mark up (discuss)
bill and vote on it;If still found favorable, bill is sent to full
chamber;
The Making of a Law (cont.)The bill is then sent to the Rules
committee of House where a time limit is set for debate and
other rules are set.The bill is also sent to the Senate where
unrelated riders may be attached to a popular bill.House and
Senate usually make changes in the bill before passing, and the
different versions are sent to a conference committee for
resolution.
SENATE
HOUSE
Rules committee
Senate version
House version
CONFERENCE COMMITTEE
BILL
BILL
3. BILL
The Making of a Law (cont.)If a resolution is accepted and the
same version is approved by both House and Senate, the bill
moves forward to the President who may sign or veto
it.Congress can override a veto by 2/3rds majority, but this is
difficult to do.
CONFERENCE COMMITTEE
SENATE
HOUSE
If both Chambers approve final version, the bill is sent forward
to the president
Veto?
Sign?
PRESIDENT
BILL
Common Themes Among Environmental LawsEIGHT GENERIC
4. COMPLIANCE OBLIGATIONS1. Notification requirements2.
Discharge or waste controls3. Process controls and pollution
prevention4. Product controls5. Regulation of activities6. Safe
transportation requirements7. Response and remediation
requirements8. Compensation requirements
Environmental Laws are Part of a SystemENVIRONMENTAL
LAW ENCOMPASSES ALL THE ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION THAT COMES FROM:U.S. CONSTITUTION
AND STATE CONSTITUTIONSFEDERAL AND STATE
STATUTES AND LOCAL ORDINANCESREGULATIONS
PUBLISHED BY FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL
AGENCIESPRESIDENTIAL EXECUTIVE ORDERSCOURT
DECISIONS INTERPRETING THESE LAWSTHE COMMON
LAW
Executive OrdersThese are orders issued by the president and
require federal facilities to comply and provide leadership in
protecting the environment. More than 18 executive orders have
been issued since 1970.
Common LawA body of rules and principles that pertain to the
government and the security of persons and property.Basic rules
originally developed in England and then brought to American
Colonies.
Under Common LawTortA private wrong or wrongful act for
which the injured party can bring forth a a civil
5. action.NuisanceTrespassNegligence
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) The Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) was passed as an
amendment in 1976 to the SWDA originally promulgated in
1965.There are three subchapters. Subchapter C establishes a
system for controlling hazardous waste from the point of
generation to the ultimate disposal.
6. RCRA: Two main
concepts are addressed (1) the dangers posed to human health
and the environment by improper waste disposal and (2) the
conservation of valuable energy and resources. (Title 40 Part
260 et seq. of the Code of Federal Regulations contains the
RCRA regulations)
Defining Waste Under RCRAHazardous wasteLISTED: Listed
in the CFR,Title 40, Part 261CHARACTERISTIC: Not listed
but meeting certain criteria for ignitability, corrosivity,
reactivity, or toxicity.
Hazardous Waste
Generator Criteria
More than 100 kg
Less than 100 kg
7. Large Quantity Generator
Small Quantity Generator
Conditionally Exempt Generator
More than 1000 kg
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)Tracking
Hazardous Waste (Fig 13.1) Tracking is accomplished by using
a paper trail created by shipping manifests called the Uniform
Hazardous Waste Manifest.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)Other
Requirements Under RCRAAccurate record keepingProper
labeling, shipping
8. Comprehensive Environmental Responsibility, Compensation
and Liability Act (CERCLA) or (Superfund) Steps in Superfund:
Find, Prioritize, and CleanIdentification of sites contaminated
with hazardous substances.Setting priorities for cleanup is
based on the National Oil and Hazardous Substance Pollution
Contingency Plan (National Contingency Plan; 40 Code of
Federal Regulations part 300).
9.
10.
11. Steps in Superfund: Find, Prioritize, and CleanIdentification of
those parties responsible for site contamination. “Potentially
responsible parties” and “responsible parties” identified by EPA
and state agencies can be required to finance cleanup activities,
either directly or through reimbursement of federal Superfund
expenditures.
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know (SARA
Title III) In response to the Bhopal, India disaster, US federal,
state, and local governments created a variety of laws to
improve accident prevention and emergency response planning
activities by chemical-handling facilities and local
governments.
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know (SARA
Title III)"Right-to-Know" laws increased public access to
information about the storage and use of hazardous chemicals.
12. MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets) on hazardous chemicals in
the workplace must be made available to employees in the
workplace.
Transportation of Hazardous MaterialsDOT regulates the
transportation of hazardous wastes and materials. Packaging,
labeling and construction requirements are defined under HTMA
and must now meet United Nations UN) recommendations.
Pollution Prevention and Improved Waste Management
ProgramsThe Pollution Prevention
Act of 1990Source reduction" is the deliberate decrease in the
amounts of hazardous substances which enter the environment
via recycling, treatment or disposal.”
Pollution Prevention and Improved Waste Management
ProgramsSource reduction must be reported by facilities
generating over a certain amount of toxic emissions during the
previous calendar year.
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) TSCA mandates that
manufacturers of chemicals develop safety and health data on
chemicals and mixtures. Requires the USEPA to regulate
chemical substances and mixtures that present an unreasonable
risk of injury to health and the environment.
13. PCBs, Asbestos, CFCs, Dioxins
Regulation of Underground Storage TanksThe federal UST law
is a component of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments
of 1984 (HSWA) under the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA). A UST is any tank or underground
piping connected to the tank that has a minimum of 10% of its
volume located underground (Fig 13-4).
Regulation of Underground Storage Tanks
must have spill and overfill protection;new USTs and associated
piping must have leak detection provisions;new petroleum USTs
may continue to be single-lined (primary containment only),
whereas USTs containing other hazardous substances must be
double-lined .
Pesticide RegulationThe basic national framework for pesticide
control is provided by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and
Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The USEPA uses the authority under
FIFRA to collect information necessary to register and control
the "active ingredients" in pesticides, while state and local
agencies control the registration and actual use of the pesticides
themselves.
Air Quality ControlNational framework for protecting air
14. quality was created by the Federal Clean Air Act (CAA), and
amendments.
1990 Amendments to
Clean Air ActTitle I—Provisions for Attainment and
Maintenance of the NAAQS. Emissions standards for new and
modified sources of air contaminants are set by the USEPA.
Other Related Programs Established Under Recent Air Quality
Regulations:Ozone, Particulates
1990 Amendments to
Clean Air ActTitle II—Provisions Relating to Mobile Sources.
Vehicle Emissions RequirementsInspection/Maintenance
RequirementsReformulated Gasoline Requirement
1990 Amendments to
Clean Air ActTitle III—Hazardous Air PollutantsA list of 189
toxic air pollutants for which emissions must be reduced is
included in this law. Area-wide control strategies must be
formulated by the USEPA by the year 2000
1990 Amendments to
15. Clean Air ActTitle IV regulates the sources of acid deposition.
Emissions of SO2 and NOx from fossil fuel-fired electric utility
plants are the leading cause of acid deposition.
1990 Amendments to
Clean Air ActTitle V—Permits. For the first time, a nationwide
program of air emissions permits had been established by the
1990 amendments.
1990 Amendments to
Clean Air ActTitle VI—Stratospheric Ozone Protection. A
complete production phaseout of ozone-depleting chemicals
(especially CFCs and halons) is required by Title VI.
19. 1990 Amendments to
Clean Air ActTitle VII—Provisions Relating to Enforcement.
The Amendments contain a broad array of provisions which
brings the law up to date to with the other major environmental
statutes and thus makes the law more readily enforceable.
Water Quality ControlGoals of the Clean Water Act are to
eliminate the discharge of pollutants into surface waters and to
achieve water quality which "provides for the protection and
propagation of fish, shellfish and wildlife," and "for recreation
in and on the water.”
Water Quality ControlThe second major focus is that of water
quality-based controls. The discharger applies the required
technology-based standards to the facility through application
of a comprehensive permitting scheme known as the National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES).
StormwaterThe runoff and pollutants enter storm drains and are
then discharged into receiving waters. November 16, 1990, the
USEPA published a final rule in the Federal Register (55 CFR
47990) that contains permit requirements for stormwater
discharges.
20. StormwaterOil and Hazardous Substance Spill and Reporting
Requirements.
CWA contains specific provisions regulating the handling of oil
and hazardous substances.
Compliance Strategies There are criminal penalties for non-
compliance with environmental health and safety programs. The
most effective protection against aggressive enforcement and
other efforts to assess liability is aggressive compliance.
Compliance StrategiesEnvironmental law compliance is a
responsibility of everyone. Demonstrate a concern for
compliance by providing appropriate education and training.
Compliance StrategiesPrevention of violations and minimization
of liability through aggressive implementations of
environmental objectives.Periodic "audits" to verify compliance
and identify areas that can be improved upon.
Trends in Regulatory ComplianceThe USEPA has developed
target strategies, based on the quantity and severity of toxic
materials discharged, emitted or disposed of by a facility as
reported under the Community-Right-to-Know Act. The USEPA
will likely focus on repeated violations and evidence of
suspicious self-reporting.
21. a
a
a
a
a
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
*
LIVING WITH THE EARTH
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
*
Objectives for this ChapterA student reading this chapter will
be able to:1. Define risk and discuss the uncertainties associated
with environmental risk.2. Discuss the characteristics of risk.
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
*
Objectives for this ChapterA student reading this chapter will
be able to:3. Define risk analysis and describe the tools used to
perform risk analysis. 4. Explain the concepts of dose,
extrapolation, and acceptable daily intakes (ADI).
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
22. ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
*
Objectives for this ChapterA student reading this chapter will
be able to:5. List and discuss the process of risk analysis
including hazard identification, dose-response assessment,
exposure assessment, and risk characterization.6. Outline and
discuss the major components of risk management and risk
communication.
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
*
ASSESSING HUMAN RISKINTRODUCTIONRisk can be of a
financial, personal, social, health, and environmental nature.The
word “Risk” describes a range of activities, situations and
concepts, from drinking a glass of red wine daily to skydiving
and extreme skiing, to chemical exposure.
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
*
ASSESSING HUMAN RISKINTRODUCTIONRisk is commonly
used to describe types of people or situations.Risk-takerRisk-
freeA comparison of some of life’s risks are shown in Figure 1.
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
*
Fig.
23. 12-1
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
*
ASSESSING HUMAN RISKINTRODUCTIONPeople accept
certain risks because they enjoy the benefit they receive from
the behavior or activity.Some people seek out extraordinarily
high levels of risk, engaging in skydiving, bungee jumping,
rock and ice climbing and other extreme sports (Fig. 12-2).
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
*
Fig. 12-2
Some risks are voluntary
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
*
Environmental RiskA central factor of environmental risk is
that it is usually involuntary. People do not choose to ingest
chemical pollutants such as pesticides or industrial solvents in
their food and water or undergo workplace exposures to
dangerous chemicals.
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
24. ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
*
Risk CharacteristicsRisk can be defined as the likelihood of an
unwanted occurrence coupled with an element of uncertainty
about when the risk might occur.
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
*
Risk CharacteristicsMany environmental risks have the
characteristics of unknown and dread, they cause people anxiety
and concern about the consequences of exposure to the risk.
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
*
Development of Risk AnalysisRisk analysis is the process of
reviewing information on a hazard to characterize that hazard’s
impact on human health.Risk analysis allows public groups to
make informed decisions and weigh the risks and benefits in
their community.
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
*
The Process of Risk AnalysisA review of scientific studiesAn
understanding of the properties of a risk, An assessment of
levels of human exposure and doseA conclusion about the
likelihood, impact and extent of a risk.
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
25. ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
*
Tools of Risk AnalysisRisk analysis employs several scientific
disciplines in its goal to characterize a risk (Fig. 12.3).
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
*
Fig.
12-3
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
*
Tools of Risk AnalysisToxicologyToxicologists study chemicals
to determine their physiological and health impacts on
humans.Regulatory toxicology aims at guarding the public from
dangerous chemical exposures.
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
*
ToxicologyStudies can delineate both the lower and upper limits
of a chemicals potencyEndpointsNOEL,NOAEL, LOAEL
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
26. ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
*
DoseToxicologists use different doses to elicit different animal
responses.Animals receiving doses above the threshold amount
will begin to show adverse effects and some animals will die
(Fig. 12.4).
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
*
Fig.
12-4
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
*
DoseLD50 ED50Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD)
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
*
Exposure StudiesAcute, two weeksSubchronic, 5-90 daysLong
term or Chronic, up to two years
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
27. ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
*
ExtrapolationIn risk analysis, the term extrapolation refers to
the use of animal data to predict human response to chemical
exposure.
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
ASSESSING HUMAN RISK - Moore
*
ExtrapolationThe results from high-dose, short duration studies
are used to extrapolate human response to the longer term,
lower level exposures we generally receive.
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Acceptable Daily IntakesThe purpose of toxicology studies is
often to establish an acceptable level of exposure or dose of a
substance that is considered “safe”. This level, which poses
little risk, is termed the acceptable daily intake (ADI).
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EpidemiologyEpidemiology is the study of the distribution and
determinants of disease frequency in the human population.
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EpidemiologyStudy TypesCross-sectionalCohortCase Control
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Clinical TrialsIn clinical drug trials, individuals volunteer to be
exposed to a substance or to ingest a drug, and are assessed for
their health response.
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The Process of Risk AnalysisThe process of risk analysis has
four steps (Fig. 12-5):hazard identification;dose-response
evaluation;exposure assessment; andrisk characterization.
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Fig. 12-5
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Hazard IdentificationThe initial step in risk analysis, hazard
identification, involves identifying chemicals that present a risk
29. to human health. This step entails performing a qualitative
assessment of a chemical’s potential for negative health impacts
on humans.
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Dose-Response AssessmentThe next step, dose-response
evaluation, provides a quantitative view of the risk. This step
also involves a review of scientific studies and data. In this
case, the magnitude of response is correlated with the dose (Fig,
12-6).
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Fig.
12-6
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Exposure AssessmentThe purpose of the exposure assessment is
to measure or estimate a person’s level of exposure.Exposure is
different from dose in that exposure refers to the amount of a
substance in the environment, while dose is the level of a
substance actually taken in by an organism.
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Exposure AssessmentDose can be influenced by many factors,
such as how the substance enters the body, whether absorbed
through the skin, ingested with food, or inhaled (Fig 12-7).
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Fig.12-7
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Risk CharacterizationRisk characterization provides a picture of
the risk that addresses its severity, likelihood, and
consequences.The risk characterization includes an estimate of
the negative effects to exposed individuals, such as the number
of cases of cancer or deaths per 100,000 people (Fig. 12-8).
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Fig. 12-8
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Limitations of Risk AnalysisLimitations of risk analysis include
uncertainty, variability, and effect of multiple
exposures.Despite these limitations, risk assessment is still a
valuable tool for exploring and understanding the risks of the
modern world.
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Risk Management Risk management involves merging the
results of risk analysis with various social factors, such as
socioeconomic conditions, political pressures, and economic
concerns (Fig. 12-9).
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Fig. 12-9
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Risk Management Three avenues of risk management
are:educational;economic; andregulatory
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Risk Management Risk management generally involves
comparing the risk to some other factor such as the cost, or
reducing the risk or the benefit gained from the risk (Fig. 12-
10).
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Fig.
12-10
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Risk ManagementThe “best” course of action is not always the
one that reduces the most risk, but rather, is the most
economically feasible option, reducing the greatest amount of
risk per dollar spent.
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Risk CommunicationThe goal of risk communication is to
effectively relay risk information developed through risk
analysis to various interested groups.
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Risk CommunicationMethods of risk communication include
public hearings, emergency hotlines, information pamphlets.
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Risk CommunicationRisk communication can be challenging, as
it requires addressing people’s different risk perceptions,
biases, scientific knowledge, educational backgrounds, even
race and gender.
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Risk CommunicationTranslating technical terminology into
comprehensible terminology can increase risk communication
(Fig. 12-11).
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Fig. 12-11
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