A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (including both material and social resources) and activities required for a means of living. A livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with and recover from stress and shocks and maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets both now and in the future.

2. Speaker : Dhirendra kumar
AN ASSESSMENT OF
LIVELIHOOD
DIVERSIFICATIN AND
NUTRITIONAL SECURITY OF
FARM HOUSEHOLDS IN KUMAON
HILLS OF UTTARAKHAND

3. CONTENT
Introduction
Problem statement
Objectives
Research methodology
References

5. INDIA….
 Indian rural economy is basically considered to be agricultural
economy.
 Agriculture and allied activities accounted for
13.7% of the GDP in 2012-13.
 India, with only 2.4%of world’s total area supports 18% of
human and 15% of livestock population in the world.
Source : Directorate of Economics and Statistics

6. The update poverty estimates of the Planning Commission have lowered
the poverty line for urban 32 Rs and for rural 28 Rs per day.
The GoI has been using a minimum dietary energy requirement norms
of 2400 kcal per person per day for rural sector and 2100 kcal for urban
sector.
The prime minister , Dr. Manmohan Singh had announced in his
Independence day speech of the year 2009, “ No body will be allowed to
go hungry”.
 According to the Global Hunger Index, the international food policy
research institute ( IFPRI) , India ranked 65th out of 84 nations on the
basis of under nourishment ,child malnutrition and child mortality.
Source : Directorate of Economics and Statistics

8. Source : Directorate of Economics and Statistics

9. Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics

11. Livelihood…. ?
 A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (including both material
and social resources) and activities required for a means of living. A
livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with and recover from stress
and shocks and maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets both now
and in the future.

12. Livelihood
DIVERSIFICATION.?
 The term ‘diversification’ has been derived from the word
‘diverge’ which means to move or extend in the direction
different from a common point.
 Livelihood diversification is defined as a process by which
household members construct a diverse portfolio of
activities and social support capabilities in their struggle for
survival and in order to improve their standards of living.

13. COMMON FARMING PRACTICES IN HILLS…

14. MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION…

15. LIVESTOCK REARING…

18. NUTRITION AND ENERGY ..?
 NUTRITION- Nutrition is the study of food at work in our
bodies, our source for energy, and the medium for which our
nutrients can function. Think of nutrition as the building
blocks of life.
 Energy is the capacity of a physical system to perform
work. Measurements of energy expenditure and energy
requirement recommendations are expressed in units of
energy (joules, J)

20. Uttarakhand as the 27th state of
the Indian Union came into existence
on November 9th, 2000.
Kumaun and Garhwal 2 division and
13 districts, 6 under kumaun division,
7 under Garhwal.
More than 63 percent of
population engaged in agriculture
(GOU 2011)
7.81 lakh ha Agriculture land ;
4.43 lakh ha(56.8%) is under Hill regions, plain region
constitutes 3.37 lakh hectares (43.2%).(GOU2011)
UTTARAKHAND AT A GLANCE

21. Irrigated areas in the Hills is around 10
percent whereas it is around 85 to 90
percent in the plain areas. (GOU 2011)
Average size of land holding; 0.68
hectare in the hills and 1.77 hectare in the
plains.
Total no of farmers is 9.26 lakh, out of
them 88 % are small and marginal
farmers.
(GOU 2011)

24. According to Census 2011,
 The state accounts for 10.12 million population with 5.15 million males and 4.97
million females.
 Out of total 10.12 million population of the state, SC and ST constitute 1.52 million
and 0.26 million respectively.
 The decadal growth rate of the population of the state has declined from 24.2% during
1981-91 to 19.2% during 2001-2011.
 It has sex ratio of 963 and has a literacy rate of 79.6 percent with 88.3 percent literacy
among males and 70.7 percent among females.

25.  Literacy rates among SCs and STs are relatively lower at
63.4 percent and 63.2 percent respectively.
 The workforce constitutes 37 percent of total population, of
which 74 percent are main workers and 26 percent are marginal
workers.
 Out of the total workforce, 1.57 million are cultivators
(including main and marginal cultivators), 0.26 million
are agricultural labourers, 0.07 million people work in
household industries and 1.23 million people are engaged
in other activities.

26. 2009-10

28. TRENDS IN SECTORAL COMPOSITION (%) OF REAL GSDP ,
UTTARAKHAND, 1993-94 TO 2006-07

29. PROPORTION (%) OF MAIN WORKERS BY
OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORY, UTTARAKHAND,2011

32.  Raising rural unemployment.
 Decline in per capita income.
 High level of out-migration to urban areas.
 Low adoption of technology in hill region.
 low agricultural productivity.
 Food, Health & Nutritional insecurity.
 Number of malnourishment in children and woman is
high.
 43.9 % of families in BPL group.
(Source : Directorate of Economics
and Statistics)
PROBLEM STATEMENT

33. TERRACE FARMING IN HILLS..

35. DIFFICULTIES OF TRANSPORTATION

37. OBJECTIVES
 To assess the nutritional status of different farm households.
 To examine the status of livelihood diversification.
 To estimate the inequality in income of farm households.
 To find out the determinants of livelihood diversification.

38. SAMPLING DESIGN KUMAUN HILL AREA
District
Blocks 1 Blocks 2
LOW
HILL
Randomly
Randomly
Randomly
HIGH
HILL
MID
HILL
For over all analysis across the altitude the sample will be pooled as per PPS of livelihood.
Village
1
HIGH
HILL
MID
HILL
LOW
HILL
Village
1
Village
1
Village
1
Village
1
Village
1
5
F
5
F
5
F
5
F
5
F
5
F
5
F
5
F
5
F
5
F
5
F
5
F
5
F
5
F
5
F
5
F
5
F
5
F
L
1
L
2
5
F
L
1
L
2
L
3
L
1
L
2
L
3
L
1
L
2
L
3
L
3
L
2
L
3
L
1
L
2
L
3
L
1

39.  STUDY AREA-
The study will be conducted in kumaon division
of Uttarakhand.
 NATURE AND SOURCES OF DATA-
Data will be collected from both primary and
secondary sources.
METHODOLOGY

40. TO ATTAIN FIRST OBJECTIVE
 To estimate nutritional status and energy consumption
through 24 – hour dietary recall, food record method. And
Food frequency method
 Descriptive statistical tools used.

41. TO ATTAIN SECOND OBJECTIVE
The Simpson Diversity Index will be constructed at farm
household level.
 The Simpson index of diversity is defined as:
 Where, Pi as the proportion of income coming from
source ith.
 The value of DI always lies between 0 and 1.

42. TO ATTAIN THIRD OBJECTIVE
Lorenz curve will be drawn and Gini coefficient
will be estimated using following formula.
G = 1 + 1÷ n – 1÷ n2Y [ y1 + 2y2 + 3y3+…..nyn]
where,
G = Gini coefficient
n = Sample size
Y = Avg annual income of sample farm household.
y1, y2, ….. Yn are individual income of the farm
households in decreasing order of size.

43. TO ATTAIN FOURTH OBJECTIVE
 Multiple regression analysis will be carried out to
find out the determinants of livelihood
diversification.
LD = β0 + βi Xi + µ
LD = Dependent variable representing
Livelihood Diversification Index,
Xi = ith explanatory variables. X1, X2, X3,…Xn
β0, βi = cofficient
µ = Disturbance term

44. Variables name
X1 = Income of the farm households.
X2 = Age of household-head in years
X3 = Dependency ratio Percentage of household
members below 18 and above 60 years
X4 = Education Average years of education in a
household

45. X5 = Family size Total number of members in a
household
X6 = Land-man ratio Cultivable land per working member
in a household (acre)
X7 = Asset value Estimated value of all the physical
assets(except land) owned by a household.
X8 = Distance from the nearest town (km)

46. REFERENCES:
o Chambers, R., and G.R. Conway. 1991. Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: Practical
Concepts for the 21st Century. Institute of Development Studies DP 296.
 Ellis, F. (1998) Survey article: Household strategies and rural livelihood
diversification. Journal of Development Studies, 35(1): 1-38.
o Government of India: Planning Commission., July 2013
 Jha, B., Tripathi, A. and Mohanty,B., 2009, Drivers of Agricultural Diversification in
India, Haryana and the Greenbelt Farms of India, A report submitted to Ministry of
Agriculture, GOI, Institute of Economic Growth, New Delhi.
 Khatun, D. and B.C. Roy., 2012, Rural Livelihood Diversification in West Bengal:
Determinants and Constraints,Agricultural Economics Reserch Review, Vol.25, pp
115-124.
 Rao, K.S. and Nandy, S.N., 2001, “Land Use Pattern and Population Pressure in
Uttaranchal”, ENVIS Bulletin: Himalayan Ecology & Development, Volume 9, No. 1,
2001.
 Saha, Biswarup and Ram Bahal., Analysis of Diversifier and Non Diversifier Farm
Households in West Bengal, Indian Res. J. Ext. Edu. 11 (2), May, 2011, pp 59-64
 Uttarahkand at a Glance., 2008-09, http://gov.ua.nic.in/uaglance
 Uttarakhand: State Profille., june 2011