Little Albert Historical Detective Paper Additional Readings
Beck, H. P., Levinson, S. & Irons, G. (2009). Finding Little Albert: A journey to John B. Watson’s infant laboratory. American Psychologist, 64, 605-614.
Beck, H. P., Levinson, S., & Irons, G. (2010). The evidence supports Douglas Merritte as Little Albert. American Psychologist, 65, 297-303.
Fridlund, A. J., Beck, H. P., Goldie, W. D., & Irons, G. (2012). Little Albert: A neurologically impaired child. History of Psychology, 15, 302-327.
Harris, B. (1979). What ever happened to Little Albert? American Psychologist, 34, 151-160.
Powell, R. A. (2011). Little Albert, lost or found: Further difficulties with the Douglas Merritte hypothesis. Sources, Research Notes, and News, 106.
Powell, R. A., Digdon, N. Harris, B., & Smithson, C. (2014). Correcting the record on Watson, Rayner, and Little Albert. Albert Barger as “Psychology’s Lost Boy.” American Psychologist, 69, 600-611.
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273339645
Psychology's Lost Boy: Will the Real Little Albert Please Stand Up?
Article in Teaching of Psychology · January 2014
DOI: 10.1177/0098628314562668
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The document summarizes an experiment conducted by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner in 1920 where they attempted to condition fear in an infant named Albert B. through associating a white rat with a loud noise. The study is widely cited but details are often misrepresented in textbooks. The summary examines distortions over time and aims to look more closely at the actual methodology and results in light of modern learning theories.
Ethical Considerations in ResearchChoose one of the unethica.docxtheodorelove43763
Ethical Considerations in Research
Choose one of the unethical experiments discussed in Chapter 7 of your textbook. Analyze the ethical aspects relevant to the study. Be sure to address the following in your main post:
What did the study entail?
What were the ethical issues involved?
Who was harmed in the research study?
Which of the APA Ethical Standards are most relevant to the ethical issues involved?
How might you improve upon the research design to reduce the ethical issues involved?
Ethical Considerations in Research
In 1920, John Watson and Rosalie Rayner conducted a study that came to be known as the
Little Albert
study (Bordens & Abbott, 2018). This study was arguably one of the most unethical studies of its time. Little Albert was removed from the study by his mother and Albert was never deprogrammed by Watson and Rayner.
The Study
The study set out to determine if emotional responses could be learned (Bordens & Abbot, 2018). They took an eleven-month-old boy, whom they called Albert, and presented him with a small white stuffed rat and other furry objects which he seemed to enjoy. Then they began presenting Albert with the objects and at the same time banged a pipe and hammer together behind the boy to startle him. The noise made the baby cry and scared him. Once conditioned, they presented the objects without the noise and still got a cry response and fear.
Ethical Issues Involved
According to Bordens & Abbott (2018), no one knows if they got consent from the baby’s mother. The child was removed from the study abruptly when the mother moved away from the area and was not given any treatment to reverse the conditioning. There is also the issue of doing no harm to a research subject.
Who Was Harmed?
Little Albert was the main victim in the study. He had been traumatized and not treated to reverse the effects. The baby’s mother was also a victim. she had to deal with the repercussions of the trauma inflicted on the baby.
The APA Ethical Issues
The American Psychological Association (APA) was founded in 1892 but did not publish a code of ethical practice until 1953 (APA, 2020). We can then only judge the study against the current code of ethics as published in 2003. According to the current code of ethics, there were two areas of concern in the
Little Albert Study
. First, 8.02 informed consent, there appears to be no informed consent, nor does it appear that the baby’s mother was informed about what they were going to do to the baby. Second, 8.08(C) Debriefing, Watson & Rayner did not take the necessary steps to care for and treat the harm that they had inflicted on the baby.
Improving the Study
The first improvement that comes to mind would be to use a positive emotion instead of a fear response. For example, find a stimulation that makes the baby laugh, introduce the object each time you make the baby laugh and then introduce the object to see if the.
Rights and Responsibilities Free Essay Example. 869 Words Essay On Human Rights - GCSE Law - Marked by Teachers.com. Human Rights Essay | Legal Studies - Year 12 HSC | Thinkswap. Legal Essay - Human Rights | Legal Studies - Year 12 HSC | Thinkswap. Narrative Essay: Individual rights essay. Constitutional Research Essay-rights and freedoms | 70616 - Australian .... Gay rights essay thesis writing. Essay on Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens | Rights and .... Women's Rights Essay | Essay on Women's Rights for Students and ....
Research Essay Samples. Example Of Introduction In Research Paper Pdf Researc...f6a6ec3e
Research Paper Example. 010 Research Essay Examples Example Writing Introduction For Psychology .... 005 Argumentative Essay Sample Research Paper Museumlegs. Research essay how to write. Write Analytical Essay On Legal Requirements For The Recognition Of A .... Business paper: How to write argumentative essay sample. Writing research essays. 24/7 College Homework Help.. Sample Research Argumentative Essay Templates at allbusinesstemplates.com. Sample College Essays. Free Download. Easy to Edit and Print. 011 Research Essay Sample Paper Introduciton Example Pdf Introduction .... Thesis Paper Writing Help, Writing, Topics, Examples. School essay: Argumentative essay sample for college. Psychology example essay April 2016-v2 - Psychology: writing essays .... 020 Maxresdefault Mla Format Argumentative Essay Thatsnotus. Academic Essay Examples - 15 in PDF Examples. How to write a research essay example. How to Write an Essay. 2019-02-13. Argumentative Essay Examples - PDF. Examples on Writing an Analytical Essay PDF Examples. examples of legal writing : law school : the university of western .... Definition Essay: Samples of argumentative essay writing. Research format template essay sample from assignmentsupport.com essa. Academic Essay Examples - 18 in PDF Examples. 003 Critique Essay Example Of Research Paper 131380 Thatsnotus. Research Paper Format - Fotolip. Analysis Research Paper Examples - Introductions to research papers .... 9 College Essay Examples - Free PDF Format Download Examples .... Example essay pdf. FREE 8 Personal Essay Samples in PDF. 2022-11-15. 005 Help Me Write Research Paper How To Begin Writing Essay Example Mla .... 016 Essay Example Apa Research Paper Outline Thatsnotus. Gratis Voorbeeld Literair onderzoek Essay. 011 Research Paper Sample Essay Thatsnotus. essay write my marketing research paper. Analysis In A Research Paper Sparkhouse. 023 Research Essay Examples Example Mla Format Paper What Is For An .... Example Of Introduction In Research Paper Pdf Research Pdf, Research ... Research Essay Samples Research Essay Samples. Ex
Academic Essay Examples - 18+ in PDF | Examples. 011 Research Essay Sample Paper Introduciton Example Pdf Introduction .... 011 Research Paper Sample Essay ~ Thatsnotus. 023 Research Essay Examples Example Mla Format Paper What Is For An .... formats for research papers | Research paper, High school science fair .... Example Of Introduction In Research Paper Pdf Research Pdf, Research .... Sample Research Argumentative Essay | Templates at allbusinesstemplates.com. Sample research paper example. 005 Help Me Write Research Paper How To Begin Writing Essay Example Mla .... sample research essay. Sample Methodology Section Of Research Paper - Methodology section of a .... Writing research essays. 24/7 College Homework Help.. Analysis In A Research Paper | Sparkhouse. Mastering the Research Triangle in Extended Essay. Sample MLA Research Paper | Templates at allbusinesstemplates.com. 010 Research Essay Examples Example Writing Introduction For Psychology .... 005 Argumentative Essay Sample Research Paper ~ Museumlegs. Essay Example Apa essay format paper sample writing research example .... Descriptive Essay: Research paper research question examples. 020 Maxresdefault Mla Format Argumentative Essay ~ Thatsnotus.
The document provides brief biographies of several important figures in the development of statistics as a field. It describes their backgrounds, major contributions and discoveries, including Francis Galton who established biometrics and eugenics; Karl Pearson who founded the journal Biometrika; William Sealy Gosset who developed the t-distribution and invented new statistical tools; and Ronald Fisher who pioneered many areas including experimental design. It also discusses the impacts of World Wars and totalitarian regimes on statistics and mathematicians in Europe.
Major Benefits and Drivers of IoT.Background According to T.docxjesssueann
Major Benefits and Drivers of IoT.
Background: According to Turban (2015),The major objective of IoT systems is to improve productivity, quality, speed, and the quality of life. There are potentially several major benefits from IoT, especially when combined with Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Reference: Sharda, R., Delen, Dursun, and Turban, E. (2020). Analytics, Data Science, & Artificial Intelligence: Systems for Decision Support. 11th Edition. By PEARSON Education. Inc.
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-519201-6
Assignment/Research: Go to pages 694 to 695 of your recommended textbook and familiarize yourself with the contents therein. Go ahead and make a list of the major benefits and drivers of IoT, thereafter pick two from each list and discuss them briefly.
Your research paper should be at least three pages (800 words), double-spaced, have at least 4 APA references, and typed in an easy-to-read font in MS Word
.
The document summarizes an experiment conducted by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner in 1920 where they attempted to condition fear in an infant named Albert B. through associating a white rat with a loud noise. The study is widely cited but details are often misrepresented in textbooks. The summary examines distortions over time and aims to look more closely at the actual methodology and results in light of modern learning theories.
Ethical Considerations in ResearchChoose one of the unethica.docxtheodorelove43763
Ethical Considerations in Research
Choose one of the unethical experiments discussed in Chapter 7 of your textbook. Analyze the ethical aspects relevant to the study. Be sure to address the following in your main post:
What did the study entail?
What were the ethical issues involved?
Who was harmed in the research study?
Which of the APA Ethical Standards are most relevant to the ethical issues involved?
How might you improve upon the research design to reduce the ethical issues involved?
Ethical Considerations in Research
In 1920, John Watson and Rosalie Rayner conducted a study that came to be known as the
Little Albert
study (Bordens & Abbott, 2018). This study was arguably one of the most unethical studies of its time. Little Albert was removed from the study by his mother and Albert was never deprogrammed by Watson and Rayner.
The Study
The study set out to determine if emotional responses could be learned (Bordens & Abbot, 2018). They took an eleven-month-old boy, whom they called Albert, and presented him with a small white stuffed rat and other furry objects which he seemed to enjoy. Then they began presenting Albert with the objects and at the same time banged a pipe and hammer together behind the boy to startle him. The noise made the baby cry and scared him. Once conditioned, they presented the objects without the noise and still got a cry response and fear.
Ethical Issues Involved
According to Bordens & Abbott (2018), no one knows if they got consent from the baby’s mother. The child was removed from the study abruptly when the mother moved away from the area and was not given any treatment to reverse the conditioning. There is also the issue of doing no harm to a research subject.
Who Was Harmed?
Little Albert was the main victim in the study. He had been traumatized and not treated to reverse the effects. The baby’s mother was also a victim. she had to deal with the repercussions of the trauma inflicted on the baby.
The APA Ethical Issues
The American Psychological Association (APA) was founded in 1892 but did not publish a code of ethical practice until 1953 (APA, 2020). We can then only judge the study against the current code of ethics as published in 2003. According to the current code of ethics, there were two areas of concern in the
Little Albert Study
. First, 8.02 informed consent, there appears to be no informed consent, nor does it appear that the baby’s mother was informed about what they were going to do to the baby. Second, 8.08(C) Debriefing, Watson & Rayner did not take the necessary steps to care for and treat the harm that they had inflicted on the baby.
Improving the Study
The first improvement that comes to mind would be to use a positive emotion instead of a fear response. For example, find a stimulation that makes the baby laugh, introduce the object each time you make the baby laugh and then introduce the object to see if the.
Rights and Responsibilities Free Essay Example. 869 Words Essay On Human Rights - GCSE Law - Marked by Teachers.com. Human Rights Essay | Legal Studies - Year 12 HSC | Thinkswap. Legal Essay - Human Rights | Legal Studies - Year 12 HSC | Thinkswap. Narrative Essay: Individual rights essay. Constitutional Research Essay-rights and freedoms | 70616 - Australian .... Gay rights essay thesis writing. Essay on Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens | Rights and .... Women's Rights Essay | Essay on Women's Rights for Students and ....
Research Essay Samples. Example Of Introduction In Research Paper Pdf Researc...f6a6ec3e
Research Paper Example. 010 Research Essay Examples Example Writing Introduction For Psychology .... 005 Argumentative Essay Sample Research Paper Museumlegs. Research essay how to write. Write Analytical Essay On Legal Requirements For The Recognition Of A .... Business paper: How to write argumentative essay sample. Writing research essays. 24/7 College Homework Help.. Sample Research Argumentative Essay Templates at allbusinesstemplates.com. Sample College Essays. Free Download. Easy to Edit and Print. 011 Research Essay Sample Paper Introduciton Example Pdf Introduction .... Thesis Paper Writing Help, Writing, Topics, Examples. School essay: Argumentative essay sample for college. Psychology example essay April 2016-v2 - Psychology: writing essays .... 020 Maxresdefault Mla Format Argumentative Essay Thatsnotus. Academic Essay Examples - 15 in PDF Examples. How to write a research essay example. How to Write an Essay. 2019-02-13. Argumentative Essay Examples - PDF. Examples on Writing an Analytical Essay PDF Examples. examples of legal writing : law school : the university of western .... Definition Essay: Samples of argumentative essay writing. Research format template essay sample from assignmentsupport.com essa. Academic Essay Examples - 18 in PDF Examples. 003 Critique Essay Example Of Research Paper 131380 Thatsnotus. Research Paper Format - Fotolip. Analysis Research Paper Examples - Introductions to research papers .... 9 College Essay Examples - Free PDF Format Download Examples .... Example essay pdf. FREE 8 Personal Essay Samples in PDF. 2022-11-15. 005 Help Me Write Research Paper How To Begin Writing Essay Example Mla .... 016 Essay Example Apa Research Paper Outline Thatsnotus. Gratis Voorbeeld Literair onderzoek Essay. 011 Research Paper Sample Essay Thatsnotus. essay write my marketing research paper. Analysis In A Research Paper Sparkhouse. 023 Research Essay Examples Example Mla Format Paper What Is For An .... Example Of Introduction In Research Paper Pdf Research Pdf, Research ... Research Essay Samples Research Essay Samples. Ex
Academic Essay Examples - 18+ in PDF | Examples. 011 Research Essay Sample Paper Introduciton Example Pdf Introduction .... 011 Research Paper Sample Essay ~ Thatsnotus. 023 Research Essay Examples Example Mla Format Paper What Is For An .... formats for research papers | Research paper, High school science fair .... Example Of Introduction In Research Paper Pdf Research Pdf, Research .... Sample Research Argumentative Essay | Templates at allbusinesstemplates.com. Sample research paper example. 005 Help Me Write Research Paper How To Begin Writing Essay Example Mla .... sample research essay. Sample Methodology Section Of Research Paper - Methodology section of a .... Writing research essays. 24/7 College Homework Help.. Analysis In A Research Paper | Sparkhouse. Mastering the Research Triangle in Extended Essay. Sample MLA Research Paper | Templates at allbusinesstemplates.com. 010 Research Essay Examples Example Writing Introduction For Psychology .... 005 Argumentative Essay Sample Research Paper ~ Museumlegs. Essay Example Apa essay format paper sample writing research example .... Descriptive Essay: Research paper research question examples. 020 Maxresdefault Mla Format Argumentative Essay ~ Thatsnotus.
The document provides brief biographies of several important figures in the development of statistics as a field. It describes their backgrounds, major contributions and discoveries, including Francis Galton who established biometrics and eugenics; Karl Pearson who founded the journal Biometrika; William Sealy Gosset who developed the t-distribution and invented new statistical tools; and Ronald Fisher who pioneered many areas including experimental design. It also discusses the impacts of World Wars and totalitarian regimes on statistics and mathematicians in Europe.
Major Benefits and Drivers of IoT.Background According to T.docxjesssueann
Major Benefits and Drivers of IoT.
Background: According to Turban (2015),The major objective of IoT systems is to improve productivity, quality, speed, and the quality of life. There are potentially several major benefits from IoT, especially when combined with Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Reference: Sharda, R., Delen, Dursun, and Turban, E. (2020). Analytics, Data Science, & Artificial Intelligence: Systems for Decision Support. 11th Edition. By PEARSON Education. Inc.
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-519201-6
Assignment/Research: Go to pages 694 to 695 of your recommended textbook and familiarize yourself with the contents therein. Go ahead and make a list of the major benefits and drivers of IoT, thereafter pick two from each list and discuss them briefly.
Your research paper should be at least three pages (800 words), double-spaced, have at least 4 APA references, and typed in an easy-to-read font in MS Word
.
Major Assessment 2 The Educated Person” For educators to be ef.docxjesssueann
Major Assessment 2: The “Educated Person” For educators to be effective in supporting diverse learners, they need to develop, possess, and continually refine their vision of the “educated person.” In other words, they need to have a vision of their goals and outcomes for educating students. Prepare a statement of your image of and beliefs and values about the educated person. Explain your beliefs about the role of the teacher in valuing and encouraging others to value the image of an educated person. Be certain to address the roles of cultural diversity in achieving a viable vision of the educated person. Begin by reading the key documents discussed in the chapters in this section. Reference at least five additional current professional references to illustrate your position. Organize your presentation by sections and use American Psychological Association (APA) style for citing references in the body of the text and for developing your reference list. Include the following sections in your paper:
1. Introduction
2. Vision of learning and the educated person (critical knowledge, skills, dispositions)
3. Role of the teacher in providing an effective instructional program and applying best practices to student learning
4. Critical issues in promoting the success of all students and responding to diverse community needs
5. Capacity to translate the image of the educated person into educational aims and organizational goals and processes
6. Conclusion
7. References
.
Major Assessment 4 Cultural Bias Investigation Most educators agree.docxjesssueann
Major Assessment 4: Cultural Bias Investigation Most educators agree that major influences on the achievement of students are the activities and support materials; environment; and types of expectations, interactions, and behaviors to which they are exposed. Therefore, an understanding of bias and skill in discerning subtle and/or overt bias in curriculum, instruction, and assessment are extremely important. Conduct a cultural bias investigation to examine a particular textbook with which you are familiar. Your investigation will focus on identifying instructional and assessment practices that reflect cultural bias and inhibit learning. The investigation will include reflection on the impact of these practices on student learning. Procedure 1. Make sure you are familiar with the key authors and experts described in the chapters in this section. Review at least five research-based sources that clarify the research to expand your understanding of the influence of culture on teaching and learning and the presence of bias in curriculum, instruction, and assessment. 2. Select and analyze a textbook with which you are familiar. Use the Sadkers’ (Sadker & Zittleman, 2012) list of the seven prevalent forms of bias in the curriculum to conduct a critical analysis of the textbook. Look at such aspects as pictures, names of people, the relative marginalization or integration of groups of people throughout the text, examples used, and so on. Summarize and present your data in displays (charts, tables, etc.). 3. Include in a written report the following: Introduction (text selected; rationale for selection; description of the text and context in which it is used) Review of the research on the influence of culture in teaching and learning and bias in the curriculum Summary of your findings (data tables and appropriate narratives) Discussion of the findings, including: { resonance with the research on bias { your understanding of bias and the challenges it poses to teaching and learning { the implications of your findings for teaching and learning Relate your discussion of the findings to class discussions and readings of the philosophy of education and purposes of curriculum. Be sure to adhere to APA guidelines in writing the final paper. Use the following tables to display your data: SECTION IV ASSESSMENT SKILLS Table 2: Analysis of Four Chapters for Frequency of Mention of Each Search Category Whites/Caucasians (male/female) African Americans (male/female) Hispanics/Latinos/Latinas (male/female) Native Americans (male/female) Asian Americans (male/female) Disability and deaf culture Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered persons (male/female) Religious groups Language groups Other Example Table 2 Format: Textbook Chapter Analysis Search category 1 # mentions/ # pages 2 # mentions/ # pages 3 # mentions/ # pages 4 # mentions/ # pages Total # mentions/ # pages White males White females African Americans Hispanics/Latinos/Latinas Table 3.
Maintaining privacy and confidentiality always is also vital. Nurses.docxjesssueann
Maintaining privacy and confidentiality always is also vital. Nurses handle information that if misplaced can expose patient’s unnecessarily and thus cause a breach in confidentiality. Such information can include drug use, sexual activity and history of mental illness (Masters, 2020). Conversations regarding patient care and condition must be private and involve only those in direct care. A violation of patient’s privacy can result in fines and employment termination
.
Main content15-2aHow Identity Theft OccursPerpetrators of iden.docxjesssueann
Main content
15-2aHow Identity Theft Occurs
Perpetrators of identity theft follow a common pattern after they have stolen a victim’s identity. To help you understand this process, we have created the “identity theft cycle.” Although some fraudsters perpetrate their frauds in slightly different ways, most generally follow the stages in the cycle shown in Figure 15.1.
Stage 1. Discovery
1. Perpetrators gain information.
2. Perpetrators verify information.
Stage 2. Action
1. Perpetrators accumulate documentation.
2. Perpetrators conceive cover-up or concealment actions.
Stage 3. Trial
1. First dimensional actions—Small thefts to test the stolen information.
2. Second dimensional actions—Larger thefts, often involving personal interaction, without much chance of getting caught.
3. Third dimensional actions—Largest thefts committed after perpetrators have confidence that their schemes are working.
Figure 15.1The Identity Theft Cycle
Stage 1: Discovery
The discovery stage involves two phases: information gathering and information verification. This is the first step in the identity theft cycle because all other actions the perpetrator takes depend upon the accuracy and effectiveness of the discovery stage. A powerful discovery stage constitutes a solid foundation for the perpetrator to commit identity theft. The smarter the perpetrator, the better the discovery foundation will be.
During the gaining information phase, fraudsters do all they can to gather a victim’s information. Examples of discovery techniques include such information-gathering techniques as searching trash, searching someone’s home or computer, stealing mail, phishing, breaking into cars or homes, scanning credit card information, or using other means whereby a perpetrator gathers information about a victim.
During the information verification phase, a fraudster uses various means to verify the information already gathered. Examples include telephone scams, where perpetrators call the victim and act as a representative of a business to verify the information gathered (this is known as pretexting), and trash searches (when another means was used to gather the original information). Although some fraudsters may not initially go through the information verification process, they will eventually use information verification procedures at some point during the scam. The scams of perpetrators who don’t verify stolen information are usually shorter and easier to catch than scams of perpetrators who verify stolen information.
Step 2: Action
The action stage is the second phase of the identity theft cycle. It involves two activities: accumulating documentation and devising cover-up or concealment actions.
Accumulating documentation refers to the process perpetrators use to obtain needed tools to defraud the victim. For example, using the information already obtained, perpetrators may apply for a bogus credit card, fake check, or driver’s license in the victim’s name. Although the perpetra.
Macro Presentation – Australia Table of ContentOver.docxjesssueann
Macro Presentation – Australia
Table of Content:
Overview
Nominal GDP & Real GDP
GDP/Capita
Inflation rate
Exports & Imports
Unemployment Rate & Labor force
labor force participation & composition of labor force
Money Supply
pie-chart (composition of the economy)
strengths and weaknesses of this economy
Overview:
sixth-largest country in the world.
Australia is a continent & an island
located in Oceania
Population: 25.2 million
Australia is one of the wealthiest Asia
the world’s 14th largest (economically)
Overview:
GDP :
$1.3 trillion
2.8% growth
2.6% 5-year compound annual growth
$52,373 per capita
Unemployment: 5.4%
Inflation (CPI): 2.0%
Characterized by: diverse services, technology sectors & low government debt
five key reasons for investing in Australia: Robust Economy, Dynamic Industries, Innovation and Skills, Global Ties and Strong Foundations & compares Australia’s credentials with other countries.
GDP:
Nominal GDP & Real GDP:
Nominal GDP:
1.434 trillion
Real GDP:
45439.30 $
GDP/Capita:
57,373.687
Inflation Rate:
Inflation Rate 2018 = 1.9%
Inflation Rate 2017 = 1.9%
Inflation Rate 2016 = 1.3%
Inflation Rate 2015 = 1.5%
Inflation Rate 2014 = 2.5%
Inflation Rate 2013 = 2.5%
Inflation Rates over 5 years
عمود12013201420152016201720182.52.51.51.31.91.9عمود2201320142015201620172018
Exports & Imports:
Exports:
Bituminous coal
iron ores and concentrates
Gold
Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous
Copper ores and concentrates
The total value of exports: is US$ 252,776 million.
Imports:
Petroleum oïl
Automobiles with reciprocating piston engine di
Transmission apparatus
Diesel powered trucks
The total value of imports: is US$ 235,519 million
Exports & Imports (partners) :
Exports:
China
Japan
Korea
India
United sates
Imports:
China
United states
Japan
Germany
Thailand
Unemployment Rate & Labor force:
Unemployment Rate:
5.4%
Labor force:
79%
labor force participation & composition of labor force:
labor force participation:
77.558
composition of labor force:
Employed = 12658.6
Unemployed = 671.0
Labour force =
12658.6 + 671.0 = 13329.6
Nationals = 29.7 %
foreigners+ = 70.3 %
Money Supply:
M1 = 1189.19
M3 = 2231.55
pie-chart (composition of the economy):
70% of coal, 54% of iron, service industry 70%, Agriculture 12%
المبيعاتcoalironindustryagriculture70547012
strengths and weaknesses of this economy:
Weaknesses:
The quality of life in Australia is high & not permanent
The size of their investment
Most concentrated investments: coal, gas, iron mining
Solution
s & Suggestion:
To sustain a high quality of life long-term:
Many investments with added value ‘not from their priorities’ : (workforce for education, high teach sector in nanotechnology + solar energy & agricultural innovation) > should focus on
strengths and weaknesses of this economy:
Strength:
Mining is a strong investment in Australia
References:
https://www.h.
M.S Aviation Pty Ltd TA Australian School of Commerce RTO N.docxjesssueann
This document is an assessment booklet for the unit BSBINN601 Lead and manage organisational change. It contains information on the assessment process, requirements, tasks and evidence to be collected to determine competency. The assessments will take place at the Australian School of Commerce campus and involve knowledge tests, project work and roleplays to demonstrate skills in leading and managing organizational change.
M4.3 Case StudyCase Study ExampleJennifer S. is an Army veter.docxjesssueann
M4.3 Case Study
Case Study Example:
Jennifer S. is an Army veteran of Operation Freedom. Since returning home, Jennifer has suffered from recurrent headaches, ringing in her ears, difficulty focusing, and dizziness. In addition, soon after returning home, she began to experience moments of panic when in open spaces; flashbacks reliving the blast and the death of fellow soldiers; feelings of emotional numbness and depression; and being easily startled. She was placed on medical leave and diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and is currently being seen by a psychiatrist at the VA hospital. Her husband understands the concept of PTSD but is unprepared to handle his wife’s deteriorating condition.
Recently, Jennifer was seen at the local urgent care center for recurrent headaches, complaints of shortness of breath, and chest pain. Her husband informed the urgent care nurse that for the past four weeks his wife has been unable to care for the children, remains in bed, complaining of headaches, and is very ‘jumpy’.
The nurse assesses Jennifer knowing that returning veterans with PTSD and their families face an array of challenges, with implications for the veterans, their partners, and their children. The nurse considers referring them to: a social worker specializing in crisis intervention for veterans, a family counselor, the school nurse, a family health care practitioner.
Key elements of the nurse’s assessment are as follows:
Jennifer is 33 year-old woman who enlisted in Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) in college, where she majored in Journalism. Upon graduation, she obtained a position in the Army as public affairs broadcast specialist. Her first assignment was at a base in upstate New York. Three years ago, she was relocated to the St. Louis, Missouri area. Jennifer has been married to her husband, Zane, for 14 years and they have two children ages six and ten. Cameron is ten years-old and entering middle school and Zeta is six years-old and in kindergarten. Zane works as a civil engineer in the St. Louis area. Both Jennifer and Zane come from large families who reside in the Boston area. Jennifer’s family is Portuguese and Zane's is Irish, they were both raised Catholic. While Jennifer was deployed, her mother moved in with Zane and the children to provide additional support and child care.
One year ago, Jennifer was deployed to Afghanistan on a six month assignment to report on the events of the war: she thought she had a ‘safe’ assignment. While working on a story in the field an Improvised Explosive Device (IED) exploded near her: two soldiers and four citizens were killed including one child. Although she was unhurt, she was unable to sleep after this event. Upon returning stateside, she began experiencing vivid nightmares, sleeplessness, survivor guilt, and depression. She was recently diagnosed with PTSD and is attempting to find a support group and counseling. Unfortunately, she has found that treatment for fe.
make a histogram out of this information Earthquake Frequency .docxjesssueann
This document provides earthquake frequency data categorized by magnitude. Great earthquakes occur annually, major earthquakes occur 18 times annually, strong earthquakes occur 120 times annually, and moderate earthquakes occur 800 times annually.
Love Language Project FINAL PAPERLove Language Project Part .docxjesssueann
Love Language Project FINAL PAPER
Love Language Project Part I
Objective:
To demonstrate the principles of love languages and effective use of interpersonal communication skills through “gifting” a close interpersonal relationship.
Assignment:
Please research the 5 Love Languages. Set a time when you can interview your selected person, at least ½ hour. Choose a quiet, comfortable environment where you will be able to listen effectively. The goal of your interview is to learn how your selected person most likes to receive expressions of affection.
You might begin by sharing the five love languages with them and asking some versions of the following questions:
1. Based on the descriptions in this section and this piece, which of the five love languages is most appealing to you to receive?
2. Can you share a story/example of a time when you received affection this way?
3. Which is the most challenging/uncomfortable love language for you to receive?
4. Can you share a story/example of a time when you received affection this way?
5. What changes do you think you could make in the way you receive affectionate messages in your close relationships?
Please describe the person that you chose to interview and your relationship with them. Then, post their responses to the questions
Love Language Project Part II
Write a personal reflection paper, at least 1.5 pages long, double spaced, typed, include the following:
1. What did you learn about your selected person and their preferred love languages from your interview? What was challenging about the interview? What surprised you?
2. How does their preferred love languages differ from yours? Did this make it difficult to plan your special event?
3. Comment on planning your Love Language Event. How did you come up with your ideas? What was easy and what was challenging?
4. Comment on implementing your Love Language Event. What was enjoyable? What was challenging? Did it go as you’d planned?
5. Comment on the Love Language Project in general. What did you learn? About the other person? About yourself?
6. How might what you learned during this Love Language Project affect your expressions of affection in other relationships?
.
Major Computer Science What are the core skills and knowledge y.docxjesssueann
Major: Computer Science
What are the core skills and knowledge you hope to acquire by completing a degree in this major and how do you plan to apply these when you graduate?
Please provide any other information about yourself that you feel will help this college make an admission decision. This may include work, research, volunteer activities or other experiences pertaining to the degree program.
.
Major Crime in Your CommunityUse the Internet to search for .docxjesssueann
Major Crime in Your Community
Use the Internet to search for a recent major crime in your community.
Write a report (narrative only) based on the account of the incident, using the outline process mentioned in chapter three of the course text.
You may simulate interviews and "fill in" any unknown information required to complete the report.
Be sure to include the characteristics of an effective police report covered in chapter three.
Instructions
This report must be at
least 2 pages
of written text.
· The entire paper must be your original work
· This report will use 1-inch margins, Times New Roman 12-point font, and double spacing.
· Cite your source – where do you get the information for your report?
.
Major Assignment - Learning NarrativeWrite a learning narr.docxjesssueann
Major Assignment - Learning Narrative
Write a
learning narrative
that narrates a specific event from your life that helped you learn something new about yourself or others. Your narrative should focus on a specific event in a narrow timeframe, using vivid description, narration, detail, and dialogue to organize your memories and make the significance of what happened clear to an audience.
Assignment
A
narrative
is a specific type of essay that uses stories of particular moments to help audiences perceive, understand, and "appreciate the value of an idea" (
The Composition of Everyday Life
, Ch. 1, p. 19).
For this essay, you will write a
learning narrative
, a specific type of narrative that focuses on showing how a particular moment from your memory changed how you thought about yourself or others. The learning narrative requires you to organize your memories and decide which details best show an audience how the events from your past affected you. A learning narrative is broader than a "literacy narrative": while you can write about how language or education changed your life, you also can write about other things you learned through music, sports, business, or in any other relevant setting.
In order to write a strong, focused narrative, you will need to be attentive to the following expectations for the essay:
Find the significance:
Think of how your narrative connects your memories to feelings / concepts others have experienced
Tell a particular story:
Like Keller and Zimmer, choose a single moment or event that can reflect your process of learning
Choose relevant details:
Include only those details that contribute to the significance
Narrate and describe:
Add emotional weight and interest to your story by narrating events with dialogue, action, description, and sensory experiences
Caution
: Please keep in mind that writing in this class is public, and anything you write about yourself may be shared with other students and instructors. Please only write about details that you are comfortable making public within our classroom community. You should know that your teacher is required by the State of Texas
(Links to an external site.)
to report any suspected incidents of discrimination, harassment, Title IX sexual harassment, and sexual misconduct to the UNT Title IX coordinators. If you have any questions about anything personal that you might want to disclose, email your teacher first or consult with one of the resources listed on this page:
Information on Sexual Violence and Mandatory Reporting.
Format and Length
Format
: Typed, double-spaced, submitted as a word-processing document.
12 point,
serif font (Links to an external site.)
(i.e. Times New Roman; Garamond; Book Antiqua), 1-inch margins.
Length
: 750 - 1000 words (approx. 3-4 pages)
Objectives and Questions
These questions help to guide discussion and set up the objectives for this unit.
What is an experience? What are significant experience.
Looking to have this work done AGAIN. It was submitted several times.docxjesssueann
This student had submitted an assignment multiple times but it did not meet the professor's requirements and they are looking for help correcting it based on the feedback provided. They are including their previous submission, the assignment instructions, and the professor's feedback on what is still missing.
Major Assessment 1 Develop a Platform of Beliefs The following .docxjesssueann
Major Assessment 1: Develop a Platform of Beliefs
The following major assessment involves integrating your knowledge and skills around defining multicultural education and being a multicultural educator. You will write a platform of beliefs about teaching and learning. Your platform should be grounded in your growing understanding of teaching and learning, as well as the knowledge base about teaching and learning. You will also describe personal strengths and challenges as an educator in building an educational environment that reflects your beliefs. In assessing your own strengths and challenge areas, include an analysis of the findings from the assessment instruments and exercises that are included in the previous chapter. You may also access additional assessment instruments. Include in your platform the following sections: 1. Introduction 2. Your platform of beliefs about teaching and learning. Some essential questions that might be addressed in your platform are these: What do you believe is the purpose of education? What is the role of the teacher? What should be taught (the curriculum)? How do people learn? How do you view students as learners? Who controls the curriculum in schools? Whose knowledge is important to include? Are state standards and tests desirable? What is the impact of standardized testing on learning? How do issues of race, class, and gender influence what you do? What is your definition of effective teaching? Who and what have influenced your beliefs (e.g., people, experiences, readings)? What is the impact of your beliefs on teaching and learning for diverse students? Make specific and clear connections between your platform and course readings and discussions. 3. Personal strengths and challenges in advancing a school vision of learning; promoting the success of all students; responding to diverse student interests and needs; understanding and responding to social, economic, legal, and cultural contexts 4. Personal goals (knowledge, skills, dispositions) that you will be working on in the future 5. Conclusions
.
Macroeconomics PaperThere are currently three major political ap.docxjesssueann
Macroeconomics Paper
There are currently three major political approaches to fixing the problem with the national debt .
1) One group of advocates is asking that we cut down government expenditures and give more tax breaks and incentives to small and big business.
2) Another group of advocates is saying that we must emphasize our exports by lowering our dollar value or forcing our trade partners – China – to regulate more accurately it’s currency.
3) A third group of approaches by saying we should have a balance budget amendment.
i) Identify the notable political advocates of all three positions.
ii) Give the pro’s and con’s of each approach.
Length: 2-3 pages.
Please email the paper in either
Microsoft word *.doc (97-2003) format or
Rich text format *.rtf OR GOOGLE DOCS
font 12 double-space
1-inch margins
Bibliography need not be inclusive in writing size.
SOURCES
Agresti, James D. "National Debt." National Debt - Just Facts. N.p., 26 Apr. 2011. Web. 24 Apr. 2015.
"Americans for a Balanced Budget Amendment." Balanced Budget Amendment. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 May 2015.
"Bailout Timeline: Another Day, Another Bailout." ProPublica. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Apr. 2015.
Bandow, Doug. "Federal Spending: Killing the Economy With Government Stimulus." Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 6 Aug. 2012. Web. 01 May 2015.
FROM UNIT 2 FOLDER
Macroeconomics Paper
There are currently three major political approaches to fixing the problem with the national debt .
1) One group of advocates is asking that we cut down government expenditures and give more tax breaks and incentives to small and big business.
2) Another group of advocates is saying that we must emphasize our exports by lowering our dollar value or forcing our trade partners – China – to regulate more accurately it’s currency.
3) A third group of approaches by saying we should have a balance budget amendment.
i) Identify the notable political advocates of all three positions.
ii) Give the pro’s and con’s of each approach.
Length: 2-3 pages.
Please email the paper in either
Microsoft word *.doc (97-2003) format or
Rich text format *.rtf
font 12
double-spaced
1-inch margins
Bibliography need not be inclusive in writing size.
"Federal Spending, Budget, and Debt."
Solution
s.heritage.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 May 2015.
Lee, Bonnie. "Tax Breaks Every Small Business Needs to Know About." Smallbusiness.foxbusiness.com. N.p., 24 June 2013. Web. 01 May 2015.
Rifkin, Jesse. "Advocates See 2015 As Year Of The Balanced Budget Amendment." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 3 Feb. 2015. Web. 01 May 2015.
Macroeconomics Paper
There are currently three major political approaches to fixing the problem with the national debt .
1) One group of advocates is asking that we cut down government expenditures and give more tax breaks and incentives to small and big business.
2) Another group of advocates is saying that we must emphasize our exports by lowering our dollar value or forcing our trade p.
M A T T D O N O V A NThings in the Form o f a Prayer in.docxjesssueann
M A T T D O N O V A N
Things in the Form o f
a Prayer in the Form
o f a Wail
H e r e ’s t h e j o u r n e y i n m i n i a t u r e .Oscar Hammerstein, not long before stomach cancer kills him,
writes the song as a duet between Marie and the Mother Abbess, for a
scene in which the plucky nun is told she’s being booted from the con
vent since she privileges melody over God. Marie doesn’t want to serve
as governess for the Von Trapp clan, but she’s already shown her hand
by giving rapturous voice to a song that summons the bliss and solace
o f secular joys. She needs to go. Although the film version of The Sound
of Music will shift “My Favorite Things” to the thunderstorm scene in
which Marie offers up raindrops on roses and warm woolen mittens as
balm to the terrified kids, John Coltrane’s classic jazz cover much more
radically revamps the Broadway hit, transfiguring mere catchiness into
complex modalities. Yet if this were simply a one-off recording, there
wouldn’t be much to say: turning cornball consolation into jazz isn’t
news. Instead, Coltrane can’t relinquish it. Instead, even throughout all
his late music-as-prayer work, he never lets go of the show tune.
“We played it every night for five years,” drummer Elvin Jones re
membered. “We played it every night like there would be no tomorrow.
Like it would be the last time we played it.” His son, Ravi Coltrane,
calculates that his father’s band played “My Favorite Things” thousands
o f times as a regular fixture in the set: “They worked a lo t— forty-five
weeks a year, six nights a week, three sets, sometimes even four sets on
the weekend. You’re talking about getting the blade as sharp as can be.”
But of all the blades to w het— especially one bedecked with ponies
and kittens— why that song in particular?
M y f i r s t e n c o u n t e r with Coltrane’s late free jazz work came from
an unlikely source: the writings o f cult rock critic Lester Bangs. At the age
o f fourteen, I stumbled upon a copy of his collected writings— Psychotic
632
Reactions and Carburetor Dung— and proceeded to treat it as less an assem
blage o f essays and music reviews than a checklist of writers and albums I
was obliged to track down if I might ever break free from my Ohio sub
urbs. The Velvet Underground, William Burroughs, Iggy and the Stooges’
Metallic K.O. (a live album in which you can hear beer bottles shattering
against guitar strings), and even Baudelaire all first came tumbling my
way through the same careening chute of Bangs’s writing. His claim that
Van Morrison’s Astral Weeks was fueled by many lifetimes o f wisdom
lured me into transcribing the entirety o f the album’s lyrics in my algebra
notebook, and the visible bottom edge of an Undertones poster in his
author photograph led me, without having heard a note o f the band’s
music, to bike six miles to Spin More records in Kent on a quest to
cobble together their discography.
Sandwiched between articl.
M A R C H 2 0 1 5F O R W A R D ❚ E N G A G E D ❚ .docxjesssueann
M A R C H 2 0 1 5
F O R W A R D ❚ E N G A G E D ❚ R E A D Y
A Cooperative Strategy for
21st Century Seapower
DRAFT/PRE-DECISIONAL - NOT FOR DISSEMINATION - 02 FEB
A COOPERATIVE STRATEGY FOR 21ST CENTURY SEAPOWER, MARCH 2015 [i]
America’s Sea Services—the U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard—uniquely provide presence around the globe. During peacetime and times of conflict, across the full spectrum—from
supporting an ally with humanitarian assistance or disaster relief to
deterring or defeating an adversary in kinetic action—Sailors, Marines,
and Coast Guardsmen are deployed at sea and in far-flung posts to be
wherever we are needed, when we are needed. Coming from the sea, we
get there sooner, stay there longer, bring everything we need with us,
and we don’t have to ask anyone’s permission.
Our founders recognized the United States as a maritime nation and
the importance of maritime forces, including in our Constitution the re-
quirement that Congress “maintain a Navy.” In today’s dynamic security
environment, with multiple challenges from state and non-state actors
that are often fed by social disorder, political upheaval, and technological
advancements, that requirement is even more prescient.
The United States Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard are our
Nation’s first line of defense, often far from our shores. As such, main-
taining America’s leadership role in the world requires our Nation’s Sea
Services to return to our maritime strategy on occasion and reassess
our approach to shifting relationships and global responsibilities. This
necessary review has affirmed our focus on providing presence around
the world in order to ensure stability, build on our relationships with allies
and partners, prevent wars, and provide our Nation’s leaders with options
in times of crisis. It has confirmed our continued commitment to main-
tain the combat power necessary to deter potential adversaries and to
fight and win when required.
Our responsibility to the American people dictates an efficient use of
our fiscal resources and an approach that adapts to the evolving security
environment. The adjustments made in this document do just that. Look-
ing at how we support our people, build the right platforms, power them
to achieve efficient global capability, and develop critical partnerships
will be central to its successful execution and to providing that unique
capability: presence.
PREFACE
[ii] Forward ✦ Engaged ✦ Ready
Seapower has been and will continue to be the critical foundation of
national power and prosperity and international prestige for the United
States of America. Our Sea Services will integrate with the rest of our
national efforts, and those of our friends and allies. This revision to A
Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower builds on the heritage
and complementary capabilities of the Navy-Marine Corps-Coast Guard
team to advan.
Lymphedema following breast cancer The importance of surgic.docxjesssueann
Lymphedema following breast cancer: The importance of
surgical methods and obesity
Rebecca J. Tsai, PhDa,*, Leslie K. Dennis, PhDa,b, Charles F. Lynch, MD, PhDa, Linda G.
Snetselaar, RD, PhD, LDa, Gideon K.D. Zamba, PhDc, and Carol Scott-Conner, MD, PhD,
MBAd
aDepartment of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
bDivision of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Arizona,
Tucson, AZ, USA.
cDepartment of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
dDepartment of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer-related arm lymphedema is a serious complication that can
adversely affect quality of life. Identifying risk factors that contribute to the development of
lymphedema is vital for identifying avenues for prevention. The aim of this study was to examine
the association between the development of arm lymphedema and both treatment and personal
(e.g., obesity) risk factors.
Methods: Women diagnosed with breast cancer in Iowa during 2004 and followed through 2010,
who met eligibility criteria, were asked to complete a short computer assisted telephone interview
about chronic conditions, arm activities, demographics, and lymphedema status. Lymphedema was
characterized by a reported physician-diagnosis, a difference between arms in the circumference
(> 2cm), or the presence of multiple self-reported arm symptoms (at least two of five major arm
symptoms, and at least four total arm symptoms). Relative risks (RR) were estimated using
logistic regression.
Results: Arm lymphedema was identified in 102 of 522 participants (19.5%). Participants treated
by both axillary dissection and radiation therapy were more likely to have arm lymphedema than
treated by either alone. Women with advanced cancer stage, positive nodes, and larger tumors
along with a body mass index > 40 were also more likely to develop lymphedema. Arm activity
level was not associated with lymphedema.
*Correspondence and Reprints to: Rebecca Tsai, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway,
R-17, Cincinnati, OH 45226. [email protected] Phone: (513)841-4398. Fax: (513) 841-4489.
Authorship contribution
All authors contributed to the conception, design, drafting, revision, and the final review of this manuscript.
Competing interest
Conflicts of Interest and Source of Funding: This study was funded by the National Cancer Institute Grant Number: 5R03CA130031.
All authors do not declare any conflict of interest.
All authors do not declare any conflict of interest.
HHS Public Access
Author manuscript
Front Womens Health. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2018 December 14.
Published in final edited form as:
Front Womens Health. 2018 June ; 3(2): .
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Lukas Nelson and his wife Anne and their three daughters had been li.docxjesssueann
Lukas Nelson and his wife Anne and their three daughters had been living in their house for over five years when they decided it was time to make some modest improvements. One area they both agreed needed an upgrade was the bath tub. Their current house had one standard shower bathtub combination. Lukas was 6 feet four, and could barely squeeze into it. In fact, he had taken only one bath since they moved in. He and Anne both missed soaking in the older, deep bath tubs they enjoyed when they lived back East.
(Rest of case not shown due to length.)
What factors and forces contributed to scope creep in this case?
Is this an example of good or bad scope creep? Explain.
How could scope creep been better managed by the Nelson
.
Love in the Time of Cholera, as the title indicates, interweaves e.docxjesssueann
Love in the Time of Cholera
, as the title indicates, interweaves experiences of love with those of disease and sickness. Why does the novel suggest that love = cholera? What does it imply about the nature of passion? Establish through examples what you understand this metaphor to mean in the novel, and then analyze the relationships between the three principal characters in the light of your definition. It will be crucial to your essay that you account for the ending of the novel. How does Garcia Marquez resolve the paradoxes that follow from understanding love as a disease? What are we as readers meant to learn from Fermina Daza’s and Florentino Ariza’s decision to remain on that ship forever?
.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Major Assessment 2 The Educated Person” For educators to be ef.docxjesssueann
Major Assessment 2: The “Educated Person” For educators to be effective in supporting diverse learners, they need to develop, possess, and continually refine their vision of the “educated person.” In other words, they need to have a vision of their goals and outcomes for educating students. Prepare a statement of your image of and beliefs and values about the educated person. Explain your beliefs about the role of the teacher in valuing and encouraging others to value the image of an educated person. Be certain to address the roles of cultural diversity in achieving a viable vision of the educated person. Begin by reading the key documents discussed in the chapters in this section. Reference at least five additional current professional references to illustrate your position. Organize your presentation by sections and use American Psychological Association (APA) style for citing references in the body of the text and for developing your reference list. Include the following sections in your paper:
1. Introduction
2. Vision of learning and the educated person (critical knowledge, skills, dispositions)
3. Role of the teacher in providing an effective instructional program and applying best practices to student learning
4. Critical issues in promoting the success of all students and responding to diverse community needs
5. Capacity to translate the image of the educated person into educational aims and organizational goals and processes
6. Conclusion
7. References
.
Major Assessment 4 Cultural Bias Investigation Most educators agree.docxjesssueann
Major Assessment 4: Cultural Bias Investigation Most educators agree that major influences on the achievement of students are the activities and support materials; environment; and types of expectations, interactions, and behaviors to which they are exposed. Therefore, an understanding of bias and skill in discerning subtle and/or overt bias in curriculum, instruction, and assessment are extremely important. Conduct a cultural bias investigation to examine a particular textbook with which you are familiar. Your investigation will focus on identifying instructional and assessment practices that reflect cultural bias and inhibit learning. The investigation will include reflection on the impact of these practices on student learning. Procedure 1. Make sure you are familiar with the key authors and experts described in the chapters in this section. Review at least five research-based sources that clarify the research to expand your understanding of the influence of culture on teaching and learning and the presence of bias in curriculum, instruction, and assessment. 2. Select and analyze a textbook with which you are familiar. Use the Sadkers’ (Sadker & Zittleman, 2012) list of the seven prevalent forms of bias in the curriculum to conduct a critical analysis of the textbook. Look at such aspects as pictures, names of people, the relative marginalization or integration of groups of people throughout the text, examples used, and so on. Summarize and present your data in displays (charts, tables, etc.). 3. Include in a written report the following: Introduction (text selected; rationale for selection; description of the text and context in which it is used) Review of the research on the influence of culture in teaching and learning and bias in the curriculum Summary of your findings (data tables and appropriate narratives) Discussion of the findings, including: { resonance with the research on bias { your understanding of bias and the challenges it poses to teaching and learning { the implications of your findings for teaching and learning Relate your discussion of the findings to class discussions and readings of the philosophy of education and purposes of curriculum. Be sure to adhere to APA guidelines in writing the final paper. Use the following tables to display your data: SECTION IV ASSESSMENT SKILLS Table 2: Analysis of Four Chapters for Frequency of Mention of Each Search Category Whites/Caucasians (male/female) African Americans (male/female) Hispanics/Latinos/Latinas (male/female) Native Americans (male/female) Asian Americans (male/female) Disability and deaf culture Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered persons (male/female) Religious groups Language groups Other Example Table 2 Format: Textbook Chapter Analysis Search category 1 # mentions/ # pages 2 # mentions/ # pages 3 # mentions/ # pages 4 # mentions/ # pages Total # mentions/ # pages White males White females African Americans Hispanics/Latinos/Latinas Table 3.
Maintaining privacy and confidentiality always is also vital. Nurses.docxjesssueann
Maintaining privacy and confidentiality always is also vital. Nurses handle information that if misplaced can expose patient’s unnecessarily and thus cause a breach in confidentiality. Such information can include drug use, sexual activity and history of mental illness (Masters, 2020). Conversations regarding patient care and condition must be private and involve only those in direct care. A violation of patient’s privacy can result in fines and employment termination
.
Main content15-2aHow Identity Theft OccursPerpetrators of iden.docxjesssueann
Main content
15-2aHow Identity Theft Occurs
Perpetrators of identity theft follow a common pattern after they have stolen a victim’s identity. To help you understand this process, we have created the “identity theft cycle.” Although some fraudsters perpetrate their frauds in slightly different ways, most generally follow the stages in the cycle shown in Figure 15.1.
Stage 1. Discovery
1. Perpetrators gain information.
2. Perpetrators verify information.
Stage 2. Action
1. Perpetrators accumulate documentation.
2. Perpetrators conceive cover-up or concealment actions.
Stage 3. Trial
1. First dimensional actions—Small thefts to test the stolen information.
2. Second dimensional actions—Larger thefts, often involving personal interaction, without much chance of getting caught.
3. Third dimensional actions—Largest thefts committed after perpetrators have confidence that their schemes are working.
Figure 15.1The Identity Theft Cycle
Stage 1: Discovery
The discovery stage involves two phases: information gathering and information verification. This is the first step in the identity theft cycle because all other actions the perpetrator takes depend upon the accuracy and effectiveness of the discovery stage. A powerful discovery stage constitutes a solid foundation for the perpetrator to commit identity theft. The smarter the perpetrator, the better the discovery foundation will be.
During the gaining information phase, fraudsters do all they can to gather a victim’s information. Examples of discovery techniques include such information-gathering techniques as searching trash, searching someone’s home or computer, stealing mail, phishing, breaking into cars or homes, scanning credit card information, or using other means whereby a perpetrator gathers information about a victim.
During the information verification phase, a fraudster uses various means to verify the information already gathered. Examples include telephone scams, where perpetrators call the victim and act as a representative of a business to verify the information gathered (this is known as pretexting), and trash searches (when another means was used to gather the original information). Although some fraudsters may not initially go through the information verification process, they will eventually use information verification procedures at some point during the scam. The scams of perpetrators who don’t verify stolen information are usually shorter and easier to catch than scams of perpetrators who verify stolen information.
Step 2: Action
The action stage is the second phase of the identity theft cycle. It involves two activities: accumulating documentation and devising cover-up or concealment actions.
Accumulating documentation refers to the process perpetrators use to obtain needed tools to defraud the victim. For example, using the information already obtained, perpetrators may apply for a bogus credit card, fake check, or driver’s license in the victim’s name. Although the perpetra.
Macro Presentation – Australia Table of ContentOver.docxjesssueann
Macro Presentation – Australia
Table of Content:
Overview
Nominal GDP & Real GDP
GDP/Capita
Inflation rate
Exports & Imports
Unemployment Rate & Labor force
labor force participation & composition of labor force
Money Supply
pie-chart (composition of the economy)
strengths and weaknesses of this economy
Overview:
sixth-largest country in the world.
Australia is a continent & an island
located in Oceania
Population: 25.2 million
Australia is one of the wealthiest Asia
the world’s 14th largest (economically)
Overview:
GDP :
$1.3 trillion
2.8% growth
2.6% 5-year compound annual growth
$52,373 per capita
Unemployment: 5.4%
Inflation (CPI): 2.0%
Characterized by: diverse services, technology sectors & low government debt
five key reasons for investing in Australia: Robust Economy, Dynamic Industries, Innovation and Skills, Global Ties and Strong Foundations & compares Australia’s credentials with other countries.
GDP:
Nominal GDP & Real GDP:
Nominal GDP:
1.434 trillion
Real GDP:
45439.30 $
GDP/Capita:
57,373.687
Inflation Rate:
Inflation Rate 2018 = 1.9%
Inflation Rate 2017 = 1.9%
Inflation Rate 2016 = 1.3%
Inflation Rate 2015 = 1.5%
Inflation Rate 2014 = 2.5%
Inflation Rate 2013 = 2.5%
Inflation Rates over 5 years
عمود12013201420152016201720182.52.51.51.31.91.9عمود2201320142015201620172018
Exports & Imports:
Exports:
Bituminous coal
iron ores and concentrates
Gold
Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous
Copper ores and concentrates
The total value of exports: is US$ 252,776 million.
Imports:
Petroleum oïl
Automobiles with reciprocating piston engine di
Transmission apparatus
Diesel powered trucks
The total value of imports: is US$ 235,519 million
Exports & Imports (partners) :
Exports:
China
Japan
Korea
India
United sates
Imports:
China
United states
Japan
Germany
Thailand
Unemployment Rate & Labor force:
Unemployment Rate:
5.4%
Labor force:
79%
labor force participation & composition of labor force:
labor force participation:
77.558
composition of labor force:
Employed = 12658.6
Unemployed = 671.0
Labour force =
12658.6 + 671.0 = 13329.6
Nationals = 29.7 %
foreigners+ = 70.3 %
Money Supply:
M1 = 1189.19
M3 = 2231.55
pie-chart (composition of the economy):
70% of coal, 54% of iron, service industry 70%, Agriculture 12%
المبيعاتcoalironindustryagriculture70547012
strengths and weaknesses of this economy:
Weaknesses:
The quality of life in Australia is high & not permanent
The size of their investment
Most concentrated investments: coal, gas, iron mining
Solution
s & Suggestion:
To sustain a high quality of life long-term:
Many investments with added value ‘not from their priorities’ : (workforce for education, high teach sector in nanotechnology + solar energy & agricultural innovation) > should focus on
strengths and weaknesses of this economy:
Strength:
Mining is a strong investment in Australia
References:
https://www.h.
M.S Aviation Pty Ltd TA Australian School of Commerce RTO N.docxjesssueann
This document is an assessment booklet for the unit BSBINN601 Lead and manage organisational change. It contains information on the assessment process, requirements, tasks and evidence to be collected to determine competency. The assessments will take place at the Australian School of Commerce campus and involve knowledge tests, project work and roleplays to demonstrate skills in leading and managing organizational change.
M4.3 Case StudyCase Study ExampleJennifer S. is an Army veter.docxjesssueann
M4.3 Case Study
Case Study Example:
Jennifer S. is an Army veteran of Operation Freedom. Since returning home, Jennifer has suffered from recurrent headaches, ringing in her ears, difficulty focusing, and dizziness. In addition, soon after returning home, she began to experience moments of panic when in open spaces; flashbacks reliving the blast and the death of fellow soldiers; feelings of emotional numbness and depression; and being easily startled. She was placed on medical leave and diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and is currently being seen by a psychiatrist at the VA hospital. Her husband understands the concept of PTSD but is unprepared to handle his wife’s deteriorating condition.
Recently, Jennifer was seen at the local urgent care center for recurrent headaches, complaints of shortness of breath, and chest pain. Her husband informed the urgent care nurse that for the past four weeks his wife has been unable to care for the children, remains in bed, complaining of headaches, and is very ‘jumpy’.
The nurse assesses Jennifer knowing that returning veterans with PTSD and their families face an array of challenges, with implications for the veterans, their partners, and their children. The nurse considers referring them to: a social worker specializing in crisis intervention for veterans, a family counselor, the school nurse, a family health care practitioner.
Key elements of the nurse’s assessment are as follows:
Jennifer is 33 year-old woman who enlisted in Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) in college, where she majored in Journalism. Upon graduation, she obtained a position in the Army as public affairs broadcast specialist. Her first assignment was at a base in upstate New York. Three years ago, she was relocated to the St. Louis, Missouri area. Jennifer has been married to her husband, Zane, for 14 years and they have two children ages six and ten. Cameron is ten years-old and entering middle school and Zeta is six years-old and in kindergarten. Zane works as a civil engineer in the St. Louis area. Both Jennifer and Zane come from large families who reside in the Boston area. Jennifer’s family is Portuguese and Zane's is Irish, they were both raised Catholic. While Jennifer was deployed, her mother moved in with Zane and the children to provide additional support and child care.
One year ago, Jennifer was deployed to Afghanistan on a six month assignment to report on the events of the war: she thought she had a ‘safe’ assignment. While working on a story in the field an Improvised Explosive Device (IED) exploded near her: two soldiers and four citizens were killed including one child. Although she was unhurt, she was unable to sleep after this event. Upon returning stateside, she began experiencing vivid nightmares, sleeplessness, survivor guilt, and depression. She was recently diagnosed with PTSD and is attempting to find a support group and counseling. Unfortunately, she has found that treatment for fe.
make a histogram out of this information Earthquake Frequency .docxjesssueann
This document provides earthquake frequency data categorized by magnitude. Great earthquakes occur annually, major earthquakes occur 18 times annually, strong earthquakes occur 120 times annually, and moderate earthquakes occur 800 times annually.
Love Language Project FINAL PAPERLove Language Project Part .docxjesssueann
Love Language Project FINAL PAPER
Love Language Project Part I
Objective:
To demonstrate the principles of love languages and effective use of interpersonal communication skills through “gifting” a close interpersonal relationship.
Assignment:
Please research the 5 Love Languages. Set a time when you can interview your selected person, at least ½ hour. Choose a quiet, comfortable environment where you will be able to listen effectively. The goal of your interview is to learn how your selected person most likes to receive expressions of affection.
You might begin by sharing the five love languages with them and asking some versions of the following questions:
1. Based on the descriptions in this section and this piece, which of the five love languages is most appealing to you to receive?
2. Can you share a story/example of a time when you received affection this way?
3. Which is the most challenging/uncomfortable love language for you to receive?
4. Can you share a story/example of a time when you received affection this way?
5. What changes do you think you could make in the way you receive affectionate messages in your close relationships?
Please describe the person that you chose to interview and your relationship with them. Then, post their responses to the questions
Love Language Project Part II
Write a personal reflection paper, at least 1.5 pages long, double spaced, typed, include the following:
1. What did you learn about your selected person and their preferred love languages from your interview? What was challenging about the interview? What surprised you?
2. How does their preferred love languages differ from yours? Did this make it difficult to plan your special event?
3. Comment on planning your Love Language Event. How did you come up with your ideas? What was easy and what was challenging?
4. Comment on implementing your Love Language Event. What was enjoyable? What was challenging? Did it go as you’d planned?
5. Comment on the Love Language Project in general. What did you learn? About the other person? About yourself?
6. How might what you learned during this Love Language Project affect your expressions of affection in other relationships?
.
Major Computer Science What are the core skills and knowledge y.docxjesssueann
Major: Computer Science
What are the core skills and knowledge you hope to acquire by completing a degree in this major and how do you plan to apply these when you graduate?
Please provide any other information about yourself that you feel will help this college make an admission decision. This may include work, research, volunteer activities or other experiences pertaining to the degree program.
.
Major Crime in Your CommunityUse the Internet to search for .docxjesssueann
Major Crime in Your Community
Use the Internet to search for a recent major crime in your community.
Write a report (narrative only) based on the account of the incident, using the outline process mentioned in chapter three of the course text.
You may simulate interviews and "fill in" any unknown information required to complete the report.
Be sure to include the characteristics of an effective police report covered in chapter three.
Instructions
This report must be at
least 2 pages
of written text.
· The entire paper must be your original work
· This report will use 1-inch margins, Times New Roman 12-point font, and double spacing.
· Cite your source – where do you get the information for your report?
.
Major Assignment - Learning NarrativeWrite a learning narr.docxjesssueann
Major Assignment - Learning Narrative
Write a
learning narrative
that narrates a specific event from your life that helped you learn something new about yourself or others. Your narrative should focus on a specific event in a narrow timeframe, using vivid description, narration, detail, and dialogue to organize your memories and make the significance of what happened clear to an audience.
Assignment
A
narrative
is a specific type of essay that uses stories of particular moments to help audiences perceive, understand, and "appreciate the value of an idea" (
The Composition of Everyday Life
, Ch. 1, p. 19).
For this essay, you will write a
learning narrative
, a specific type of narrative that focuses on showing how a particular moment from your memory changed how you thought about yourself or others. The learning narrative requires you to organize your memories and decide which details best show an audience how the events from your past affected you. A learning narrative is broader than a "literacy narrative": while you can write about how language or education changed your life, you also can write about other things you learned through music, sports, business, or in any other relevant setting.
In order to write a strong, focused narrative, you will need to be attentive to the following expectations for the essay:
Find the significance:
Think of how your narrative connects your memories to feelings / concepts others have experienced
Tell a particular story:
Like Keller and Zimmer, choose a single moment or event that can reflect your process of learning
Choose relevant details:
Include only those details that contribute to the significance
Narrate and describe:
Add emotional weight and interest to your story by narrating events with dialogue, action, description, and sensory experiences
Caution
: Please keep in mind that writing in this class is public, and anything you write about yourself may be shared with other students and instructors. Please only write about details that you are comfortable making public within our classroom community. You should know that your teacher is required by the State of Texas
(Links to an external site.)
to report any suspected incidents of discrimination, harassment, Title IX sexual harassment, and sexual misconduct to the UNT Title IX coordinators. If you have any questions about anything personal that you might want to disclose, email your teacher first or consult with one of the resources listed on this page:
Information on Sexual Violence and Mandatory Reporting.
Format and Length
Format
: Typed, double-spaced, submitted as a word-processing document.
12 point,
serif font (Links to an external site.)
(i.e. Times New Roman; Garamond; Book Antiqua), 1-inch margins.
Length
: 750 - 1000 words (approx. 3-4 pages)
Objectives and Questions
These questions help to guide discussion and set up the objectives for this unit.
What is an experience? What are significant experience.
Looking to have this work done AGAIN. It was submitted several times.docxjesssueann
This student had submitted an assignment multiple times but it did not meet the professor's requirements and they are looking for help correcting it based on the feedback provided. They are including their previous submission, the assignment instructions, and the professor's feedback on what is still missing.
Major Assessment 1 Develop a Platform of Beliefs The following .docxjesssueann
Major Assessment 1: Develop a Platform of Beliefs
The following major assessment involves integrating your knowledge and skills around defining multicultural education and being a multicultural educator. You will write a platform of beliefs about teaching and learning. Your platform should be grounded in your growing understanding of teaching and learning, as well as the knowledge base about teaching and learning. You will also describe personal strengths and challenges as an educator in building an educational environment that reflects your beliefs. In assessing your own strengths and challenge areas, include an analysis of the findings from the assessment instruments and exercises that are included in the previous chapter. You may also access additional assessment instruments. Include in your platform the following sections: 1. Introduction 2. Your platform of beliefs about teaching and learning. Some essential questions that might be addressed in your platform are these: What do you believe is the purpose of education? What is the role of the teacher? What should be taught (the curriculum)? How do people learn? How do you view students as learners? Who controls the curriculum in schools? Whose knowledge is important to include? Are state standards and tests desirable? What is the impact of standardized testing on learning? How do issues of race, class, and gender influence what you do? What is your definition of effective teaching? Who and what have influenced your beliefs (e.g., people, experiences, readings)? What is the impact of your beliefs on teaching and learning for diverse students? Make specific and clear connections between your platform and course readings and discussions. 3. Personal strengths and challenges in advancing a school vision of learning; promoting the success of all students; responding to diverse student interests and needs; understanding and responding to social, economic, legal, and cultural contexts 4. Personal goals (knowledge, skills, dispositions) that you will be working on in the future 5. Conclusions
.
Macroeconomics PaperThere are currently three major political ap.docxjesssueann
Macroeconomics Paper
There are currently three major political approaches to fixing the problem with the national debt .
1) One group of advocates is asking that we cut down government expenditures and give more tax breaks and incentives to small and big business.
2) Another group of advocates is saying that we must emphasize our exports by lowering our dollar value or forcing our trade partners – China – to regulate more accurately it’s currency.
3) A third group of approaches by saying we should have a balance budget amendment.
i) Identify the notable political advocates of all three positions.
ii) Give the pro’s and con’s of each approach.
Length: 2-3 pages.
Please email the paper in either
Microsoft word *.doc (97-2003) format or
Rich text format *.rtf OR GOOGLE DOCS
font 12 double-space
1-inch margins
Bibliography need not be inclusive in writing size.
SOURCES
Agresti, James D. "National Debt." National Debt - Just Facts. N.p., 26 Apr. 2011. Web. 24 Apr. 2015.
"Americans for a Balanced Budget Amendment." Balanced Budget Amendment. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 May 2015.
"Bailout Timeline: Another Day, Another Bailout." ProPublica. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Apr. 2015.
Bandow, Doug. "Federal Spending: Killing the Economy With Government Stimulus." Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 6 Aug. 2012. Web. 01 May 2015.
FROM UNIT 2 FOLDER
Macroeconomics Paper
There are currently three major political approaches to fixing the problem with the national debt .
1) One group of advocates is asking that we cut down government expenditures and give more tax breaks and incentives to small and big business.
2) Another group of advocates is saying that we must emphasize our exports by lowering our dollar value or forcing our trade partners – China – to regulate more accurately it’s currency.
3) A third group of approaches by saying we should have a balance budget amendment.
i) Identify the notable political advocates of all three positions.
ii) Give the pro’s and con’s of each approach.
Length: 2-3 pages.
Please email the paper in either
Microsoft word *.doc (97-2003) format or
Rich text format *.rtf
font 12
double-spaced
1-inch margins
Bibliography need not be inclusive in writing size.
"Federal Spending, Budget, and Debt."
Solution
s.heritage.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 May 2015.
Lee, Bonnie. "Tax Breaks Every Small Business Needs to Know About." Smallbusiness.foxbusiness.com. N.p., 24 June 2013. Web. 01 May 2015.
Rifkin, Jesse. "Advocates See 2015 As Year Of The Balanced Budget Amendment." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 3 Feb. 2015. Web. 01 May 2015.
Macroeconomics Paper
There are currently three major political approaches to fixing the problem with the national debt .
1) One group of advocates is asking that we cut down government expenditures and give more tax breaks and incentives to small and big business.
2) Another group of advocates is saying that we must emphasize our exports by lowering our dollar value or forcing our trade p.
M A T T D O N O V A NThings in the Form o f a Prayer in.docxjesssueann
M A T T D O N O V A N
Things in the Form o f
a Prayer in the Form
o f a Wail
H e r e ’s t h e j o u r n e y i n m i n i a t u r e .Oscar Hammerstein, not long before stomach cancer kills him,
writes the song as a duet between Marie and the Mother Abbess, for a
scene in which the plucky nun is told she’s being booted from the con
vent since she privileges melody over God. Marie doesn’t want to serve
as governess for the Von Trapp clan, but she’s already shown her hand
by giving rapturous voice to a song that summons the bliss and solace
o f secular joys. She needs to go. Although the film version of The Sound
of Music will shift “My Favorite Things” to the thunderstorm scene in
which Marie offers up raindrops on roses and warm woolen mittens as
balm to the terrified kids, John Coltrane’s classic jazz cover much more
radically revamps the Broadway hit, transfiguring mere catchiness into
complex modalities. Yet if this were simply a one-off recording, there
wouldn’t be much to say: turning cornball consolation into jazz isn’t
news. Instead, Coltrane can’t relinquish it. Instead, even throughout all
his late music-as-prayer work, he never lets go of the show tune.
“We played it every night for five years,” drummer Elvin Jones re
membered. “We played it every night like there would be no tomorrow.
Like it would be the last time we played it.” His son, Ravi Coltrane,
calculates that his father’s band played “My Favorite Things” thousands
o f times as a regular fixture in the set: “They worked a lo t— forty-five
weeks a year, six nights a week, three sets, sometimes even four sets on
the weekend. You’re talking about getting the blade as sharp as can be.”
But of all the blades to w het— especially one bedecked with ponies
and kittens— why that song in particular?
M y f i r s t e n c o u n t e r with Coltrane’s late free jazz work came from
an unlikely source: the writings o f cult rock critic Lester Bangs. At the age
o f fourteen, I stumbled upon a copy of his collected writings— Psychotic
632
Reactions and Carburetor Dung— and proceeded to treat it as less an assem
blage o f essays and music reviews than a checklist of writers and albums I
was obliged to track down if I might ever break free from my Ohio sub
urbs. The Velvet Underground, William Burroughs, Iggy and the Stooges’
Metallic K.O. (a live album in which you can hear beer bottles shattering
against guitar strings), and even Baudelaire all first came tumbling my
way through the same careening chute of Bangs’s writing. His claim that
Van Morrison’s Astral Weeks was fueled by many lifetimes o f wisdom
lured me into transcribing the entirety o f the album’s lyrics in my algebra
notebook, and the visible bottom edge of an Undertones poster in his
author photograph led me, without having heard a note o f the band’s
music, to bike six miles to Spin More records in Kent on a quest to
cobble together their discography.
Sandwiched between articl.
M A R C H 2 0 1 5F O R W A R D ❚ E N G A G E D ❚ .docxjesssueann
M A R C H 2 0 1 5
F O R W A R D ❚ E N G A G E D ❚ R E A D Y
A Cooperative Strategy for
21st Century Seapower
DRAFT/PRE-DECISIONAL - NOT FOR DISSEMINATION - 02 FEB
A COOPERATIVE STRATEGY FOR 21ST CENTURY SEAPOWER, MARCH 2015 [i]
America’s Sea Services—the U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard—uniquely provide presence around the globe. During peacetime and times of conflict, across the full spectrum—from
supporting an ally with humanitarian assistance or disaster relief to
deterring or defeating an adversary in kinetic action—Sailors, Marines,
and Coast Guardsmen are deployed at sea and in far-flung posts to be
wherever we are needed, when we are needed. Coming from the sea, we
get there sooner, stay there longer, bring everything we need with us,
and we don’t have to ask anyone’s permission.
Our founders recognized the United States as a maritime nation and
the importance of maritime forces, including in our Constitution the re-
quirement that Congress “maintain a Navy.” In today’s dynamic security
environment, with multiple challenges from state and non-state actors
that are often fed by social disorder, political upheaval, and technological
advancements, that requirement is even more prescient.
The United States Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard are our
Nation’s first line of defense, often far from our shores. As such, main-
taining America’s leadership role in the world requires our Nation’s Sea
Services to return to our maritime strategy on occasion and reassess
our approach to shifting relationships and global responsibilities. This
necessary review has affirmed our focus on providing presence around
the world in order to ensure stability, build on our relationships with allies
and partners, prevent wars, and provide our Nation’s leaders with options
in times of crisis. It has confirmed our continued commitment to main-
tain the combat power necessary to deter potential adversaries and to
fight and win when required.
Our responsibility to the American people dictates an efficient use of
our fiscal resources and an approach that adapts to the evolving security
environment. The adjustments made in this document do just that. Look-
ing at how we support our people, build the right platforms, power them
to achieve efficient global capability, and develop critical partnerships
will be central to its successful execution and to providing that unique
capability: presence.
PREFACE
[ii] Forward ✦ Engaged ✦ Ready
Seapower has been and will continue to be the critical foundation of
national power and prosperity and international prestige for the United
States of America. Our Sea Services will integrate with the rest of our
national efforts, and those of our friends and allies. This revision to A
Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower builds on the heritage
and complementary capabilities of the Navy-Marine Corps-Coast Guard
team to advan.
Lymphedema following breast cancer The importance of surgic.docxjesssueann
Lymphedema following breast cancer: The importance of
surgical methods and obesity
Rebecca J. Tsai, PhDa,*, Leslie K. Dennis, PhDa,b, Charles F. Lynch, MD, PhDa, Linda G.
Snetselaar, RD, PhD, LDa, Gideon K.D. Zamba, PhDc, and Carol Scott-Conner, MD, PhD,
MBAd
aDepartment of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
bDivision of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Arizona,
Tucson, AZ, USA.
cDepartment of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
dDepartment of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer-related arm lymphedema is a serious complication that can
adversely affect quality of life. Identifying risk factors that contribute to the development of
lymphedema is vital for identifying avenues for prevention. The aim of this study was to examine
the association between the development of arm lymphedema and both treatment and personal
(e.g., obesity) risk factors.
Methods: Women diagnosed with breast cancer in Iowa during 2004 and followed through 2010,
who met eligibility criteria, were asked to complete a short computer assisted telephone interview
about chronic conditions, arm activities, demographics, and lymphedema status. Lymphedema was
characterized by a reported physician-diagnosis, a difference between arms in the circumference
(> 2cm), or the presence of multiple self-reported arm symptoms (at least two of five major arm
symptoms, and at least four total arm symptoms). Relative risks (RR) were estimated using
logistic regression.
Results: Arm lymphedema was identified in 102 of 522 participants (19.5%). Participants treated
by both axillary dissection and radiation therapy were more likely to have arm lymphedema than
treated by either alone. Women with advanced cancer stage, positive nodes, and larger tumors
along with a body mass index > 40 were also more likely to develop lymphedema. Arm activity
level was not associated with lymphedema.
*Correspondence and Reprints to: Rebecca Tsai, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway,
R-17, Cincinnati, OH 45226. [email protected] Phone: (513)841-4398. Fax: (513) 841-4489.
Authorship contribution
All authors contributed to the conception, design, drafting, revision, and the final review of this manuscript.
Competing interest
Conflicts of Interest and Source of Funding: This study was funded by the National Cancer Institute Grant Number: 5R03CA130031.
All authors do not declare any conflict of interest.
All authors do not declare any conflict of interest.
HHS Public Access
Author manuscript
Front Womens Health. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2018 December 14.
Published in final edited form as:
Front Womens Health. 2018 June ; 3(2): .
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Lukas Nelson and his wife Anne and their three daughters had been li.docxjesssueann
Lukas Nelson and his wife Anne and their three daughters had been living in their house for over five years when they decided it was time to make some modest improvements. One area they both agreed needed an upgrade was the bath tub. Their current house had one standard shower bathtub combination. Lukas was 6 feet four, and could barely squeeze into it. In fact, he had taken only one bath since they moved in. He and Anne both missed soaking in the older, deep bath tubs they enjoyed when they lived back East.
(Rest of case not shown due to length.)
What factors and forces contributed to scope creep in this case?
Is this an example of good or bad scope creep? Explain.
How could scope creep been better managed by the Nelson
.
Love in the Time of Cholera, as the title indicates, interweaves e.docxjesssueann
Love in the Time of Cholera
, as the title indicates, interweaves experiences of love with those of disease and sickness. Why does the novel suggest that love = cholera? What does it imply about the nature of passion? Establish through examples what you understand this metaphor to mean in the novel, and then analyze the relationships between the three principal characters in the light of your definition. It will be crucial to your essay that you account for the ending of the novel. How does Garcia Marquez resolve the paradoxes that follow from understanding love as a disease? What are we as readers meant to learn from Fermina Daza’s and Florentino Ariza’s decision to remain on that ship forever?
.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 2)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...
Little Albert Historical Detective Paper Additional ReadingsBe.docx
1. Little Albert Historical Detective Paper Additional Readings
Beck, H. P., Levinson, S. & Irons, G. (2009). Finding Little
Albert: A journey to John B. Watson’s infant laboratory.
American Psychologist, 64, 605-614.
Beck, H. P., Levinson, S., & Irons, G. (2010). The evidence
supports Douglas Merritte as Little Albert. American
Psychologist, 65, 297-303.
Fridlund, A. J., Beck, H. P., Goldie, W. D., & Irons, G. (2012).
Little Albert: A neurologically impaired child. History of
Psychology, 15, 302-327.
Harris, B. (1979). What ever happened to Little Albert?
American Psychologist, 34, 151-160.
Powell, R. A. (2011). Little Albert, lost or found: Further
difficulties with the Douglas Merritte hypothesis. Sources,
Research Notes, and News, 106.
Powell, R. A., Digdon, N. Harris, B., & Smithson, C. (2014).
Correcting the record on Watson, Rayner, and Little Albert.
Albert Barger as “Psychology’s Lost Boy.” American
Psychologist, 69, 600-611.
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Psychology's Lost Boy: Will the Real Little Albert Please Stand
Up?
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4. Abstract
This article is concerned with the recent debate about the
identity of psychology’s lost boy—Little Albert, the infant
subject in Watson
and Rayner’s classic experiment on fear conditioning. For
decades, psychologists and psychology students have been
intrigued by the
mystery of Albert’s fate. Now two evidentiary-based solutions
to this mystery have been proposed. Given the present absence
of cov-
erage in introductory textbooks, the purpose of this article is to
provide a cornerstone resource for teachers to use as an advance
organizer to the literature on this debate. Synopses of the search
and resulting evidence for each candidate are provided. A
summative
comparison of the evidence indicates that Albert Barger is
likely Little Albert and that Douglas Merritte is not.
Keywords
Little Albert, introductory psychology, history of psychology
According to Jarrett (2008), psychology’s foundation as con-
veyed in its introductory textbooks is arguably not built of the-
ory but with the rock of classic experiments, such as the
Stanford Prison Experiment and Milgram’s obedience experi-
ments (see also Smyth, 2001a, 2001b). This article is concerned
with one of these classic experiments, Watson and Rayner’s
(1920) Little Albert experiment. More specifically, it is con-
cerned with the recent controversy about the true identity of the
infant subject of that study—Little Albert, ‘‘psychology’s lost
boy’’ (Beck, Levinson, & Irons, 2009). For decades, psycholo-
gists and psychology students have been intrigued by the mys-
tery of Albert’s identity, his fate, and whether there were
lasting effects of his fear-conditioning experiences.
Until recently, there were no evidentiary-based answers to
5. questions about Albert’s fate but rather only facetious ones,
such as ‘‘Albert is probably a successful furrier’’ (Murray,
1973, p. 5). This search for answers was made even more dif-
ficult because Watson, late in his life, burned all of his research
notes and papers, which may have included information about
Little Albert (Buckley, 1989). Now, however, there are two
competing evidentiary-based answers as to Albert’s iden-
tity—Douglas Merritte (Beck & Irons, 2011; Beck et al.,
2009; Beck, Levinson, & Irons, 2010; Fridlund, Beck, Goldie,
& Irons, 2012a, 2012b) and Albert Barger (Digdon, Powell, &
Harris, 2014; Digdon, Powell, & Smithson, 2014; Powell, Dig-
don, Harris, & Smithson, 2014). Because the supporting publi-
cations for each proposed Albert are so new, a discussion of
this identity debate is not available in current introductory text-
books. In fact, given the recency of the relevant publications,
Griggs (2014) found that less than 40% of the current introduc-
tory textbooks in his text sample even mentioned the first pro-
posed candidate, and only one text mentioned the possibility
that Albert was neurologically impaired at the time of the
experiment. In addition, given the 3-year revision cycle for
introductory textbooks (Griggs, 2006), it will be a few years
before the current set of introductory textbooks are able to
update their coverage of the Little Albert identity debate.
It is the purpose of this article to provide an up-to-date dis-
cussion of the debate to be used as a cornerstone resource by
psychology teachers (and textbook authors) for their classroom
presentations on (or textbook coverage of) the Little Albert
identity saga.1 My synopses of the searches that identified the
two candidates only provide the highlights of each search. For
the full details, the cited references should be consulted. Hence,
this article should be used as an advance organizer for reading
the articles relevant to this debate. The two Albert candidates
will be discussed separately, but some comparison of the evi-
dence for the two candidates will be provided in the discussion
6. of the second candidate, Albert Barger. I will discuss Douglas
Merritte first because the articles advancing his candidacy were
published first.
Before discussing either candidate, I need to preface these
discussions with some general background material important
to solving this almost 100-year-old cold case. It concerns the
foundation from which the search for Albert began. Watson and
Rayner’s (1920) published account of the Little Albert experi-
ment, a movie that Watson made of his research with infants
1 Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville,
FL, USA
Corresponding Author:
Richard A. Griggs, 4515 Breakwater Row West, Jacksonville,
FL 32225, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Teaching of Psychology
2015, Vol. 42(1) 14-18
ª The Author(s) 2014
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which included some footage of the Little Albert experiment
(Watson, 1923), and the personal information that Watson pro-
vided about Albert in other accounts of the experiment (e.g.,
7. Watson & Watson, 1921) comprised the foundation for the
search. However, it is important to note that there were
inconsis-
tencies in Watson’s various accounts of the experiment, further
complicating the search for Albert (Harris, 1979; Samelson,
1980). It is also important to note that Albert was referred to
as ‘‘Albert B.’’ in the experiment. Whether this was a pseudo-
nym or Albert’s actual name was not known. In addition, the
fact
that Albert’s mother was a wet nurse at the Harriet Lane Home
for Invalid Children, a pediatric facility at Johns Hopkins,
where
the experiment was conducted, is critical to the search. Albert
and his mother lived at the Harriet Lane Home at the time of the
experiment. The Phipps Clinic where Watson and Rayner con-
ducted their research was located next to the Harriet Lane Home
(Fridlund et al., 2012a). This then is the starting point for Hall
Beck and his fellow researchers in their search for the identity
of Albert that culminated with their proposal that Douglas Mer-
ritte was Little Albert.
Douglas Merritte
Goaded by student questions about the fate of Little Albert, Hall
Beck became determined to try to find answers (Beck et al.,
2009). A search of the Johns Hopkins archives led to the
discovery
of a series of memos exchanged between Watson and the
school’s
president. These memos allowed Beck to determine that the first
part of the experiment was likely done in late November or
early
December in 1919. Using the age of Albert at the time of this
part
of the experiment (given in Watson & Rayner, 1920), Beck
deter-
8. mined that Albert was born between March 2 and March 16 in
1919. The next step was to try to identify Albert’s mother.
A check of the Johns Hopkins census of 1920 by Sharman
Levinson, one of Beck’s coinvestigators, revealed that three
women were listed as ‘‘foster mothers’’—Pearl Barger, Ethel
Carter, and Arvilla Merritte—and it seemed plausible that the
title of foster mother would encompass being a wet nurse. Beck
and his research team then spent hundreds of hours checking
various types of records, such as birth, death, and marriage
records, to determine whether any of these three women had
given birth to a boy in March 1919 (Beck et al., 2009). Ethel
Carter was eliminated because she was an African American
and Albert appears to have been Caucasian. Pearl Barger (who
was of particular interest because the B. in Albert B. could very
plausibly have stood for Barger) was eliminated because no
evidence that she had a child was found. However, it was dis-
covered that Arvilla Merritte had given birth to a boy on March
9, 1919, and that both mother and son had lived together on the
Johns Hopkins campus. Next, a genealogical search revealed
that two of Arvilla’s grandchildren were currently living in
Maryland. Gary Irons, one of the grandchildren, confirmed that
his grandmother had worked at the Harriet Lane Home and had
given birth to a son named Douglas Merritte. Thus, Arvilla
would probably still have been lactating and able to serve as
a wet nurse at the time of the Little Albert experiment.
A problematic aspect of these findings concerned the name
that Watson and Rayner assigned to their infant subject, Albert
B. The American Psychological Association did not have an
ethics code at the time of the Little Albert experiment so there
was no need for confidentiality and the use of pseudonyms for
experimental subjects. Watson and Rayner named their infant
subject Albert B. and not Douglas M. However, a conversation
with Charles Brewer, an expert on John Watson, provided Beck
and his colleagues with at least a tenable explanation of why
9. the infant in the study might have been named Albert B.
According to Brewer, it could have been an instance of Wat-
son’s playful use of names. Watson’s mother and maternal
grandmother were very religious, and Watson was named John
Broadus in honor of a prominent Baptist minister, John Albert
Broadus (Beck et al., 2009). Hence, Watson possibly may have
playfully derived Albert B. from John Albert Broadus.
The next phase of the search began with a fortuitous discovery
of an old trunk with contents from Arvilla Merritte’s life (Beck
et al., 2009). Among the contents was a portrait of Douglas
when
an infant. A comparison of a photograph of this portrait and
some
enlarged stills that Beck made of Little Albert from Watson’s
movie of the experiment followed. This comparison of images
did
not reveal anything substantive, making it clear that a more
thor-
ough, expert biometric analysis was warranted. A subsequent
bio-
metric analysis, however, only led to the conclusion that the
photograph and stills could be of the same person. Although the
visual and biometric comparisons ruled out a definitive
identifica-
tion of Albert, Beck et al. (2009) argued that these photographic
data in conjunction with their other findings of 10 attributes
shared by Little Albert and Douglas Merritte, such as living
with
his mother at the Harriet Lane Home at the time of the
experiment
and that Douglas was the same age as Albert when the initial
base-
line data were collected, strongly supported their hypothesis
that
Douglas was Albert.
10. If Douglas Merritte were Little Albert, then what would that
tell us about Albert’s fate? Sadly, Douglas Merritte died from
hydrocephalus in 1925 at the age of 6. How he acquired it could
not be determined by Beck et al. (2009), but they speculated
that
he had contracted meningitis. Fridlund, Beck, Goldie, and Irons
(2012a) later reported that Douglas’s nephew was not sure if
Douglas was ever able to walk during his short, illness-laden
life
and that it is unclear as to whether he ever spoke.
Fridlund et al. (2012a) also argued that a closer examination
of the clips from Watson’s (1923) film in which Little Albert
appeared and the subsequent review of some newly obtained
medical records of Douglas Merritte revealed that Albert
was neurologically impaired at the time of the experiment.2
Fridlund et al.’s detailed analyses of Albert’s behavior in the
film clips suggested to them that Albert had substantial beha-
vioral and neurological deficits. A subsequent examination of
Douglas Merritte’s medical records was consistent with this
hypothesis in that they showed that Douglas suffered from con-
genital hydrocephalus. The records also indicated that Albert’s
experimental sessions occurred during periods when Douglas’s
medical condition was relatively stable. Fridlund et al. further
argued that there were ample sources of information available
Griggs 15
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to Watson that would have almost certainly made him aware of
11. Douglas’s medical condition. Thus, if Douglas Merritte were
Albert, then these new findings by Fridlund et al. not only con-
tradict Watson and Rayner’s assertion that Little Albert was
‘‘normal’’ and ‘‘healthy’’ but also lead to the conclusion that
Watson and Rayner would have almost certainly had to know
about Little Albert’s medical condition, raising even more seri-
ous ethical questions about the already ethically questionable
Little Albert experiment.
Albert Barger
Soon after the publication of Beck et al. (2009), some other
researchers outlined difficulties with the Douglas Merritte
hypothesis and argued that the Little Albert identity case was
far from closed and thus warranted further investigation
(Powell, 2010, 2011; Reese, 2010; but see Beck et al.’s rejoin-
der, 2010). For example, Powell (2011) pointed out a difficulty
with Beck et al.’s estimated timeline for when the initial base-
line session likely took place. The congruence of the reported
age of Albert and Douglas Merritte’s age at the time of the
baseline session was a critical component of Beck et al.’s case.
Powell found evidence that the baseline session could have
been delayed well beyond the time proposed by Beck et al.,
making Douglas older than Albert at that time. Another point
of contention involved a comment by Watson (1925) that
Albert was later adopted, but Douglas Merritte had remained
with his mother and had not been adopted.
Given such difficulties with the Douglas Merritte candidacy
and concerns about the weak evidence for Fridlund et al.’s
(2012a) claim that Little Albert had neurological impairments
and the profound ethical implications of this claim, Russell
Powell, Nancy Digdon, and Ben Harris decided to conduct their
own search for an alternative candidate for Little Albert. To aid
in the search, they enlisted the help of a professional genealo-
gist, Christopher Smithson. They began their search by further
12. investigating Pearl Barger, the foster mother for whom Beck
et al. (2009) found no evidence of a baby while she resided
at the hospital. Their first break came when they found a
genealogical document on the Internet on the history of the
Martinek family in Baltimore (Powell, Digdon, Harris, &
Smithson, 2014). It revealed that Charles Martinek married
Pearl Barger in 1921, that they had three children, one of whom
was named Albert, and that Charles preferred to use the name
Martin, which led to the discovery that Pearl Barger and
Charles Martin had a baby in 1919, 2 years before their mar-
riage. A search of U.S. census records revealed that Charles
Martin was living in Baltimore in 1940 with three children, the
oldest being William A., who was the same age as the unnamed
son born to the Martins in 1919. Then a search of more birth
and death certificates and the medical archives at Johns
Hopkins, which included the medical records of William A.
Barger and Douglas Merritte, led to more discoveries. Signifi-
cantly, William A.’s name was recorded in his medical file as
Albert Barger, thereby matching Little Albert’s name in the
experiment—Albert B. This agrees with his niece’s report that
although his given name was William Albert, he was typically
called Albert throughout his life (Digdon et al., 2014).
Powell et al. (2014) also found that Albert Barger, like Dou-
glas Merritte, was the correct age (8 months 26 days) to have
been Little Albert at the time of the initial baseline session. In
addition, Albert Barger was discharged from the hospital at the
age of 12 months 21 days, Little Albert’s age when the final
experimental session took place and when his mother removed
him from the hospital. Douglas Merritte’s medical file,
however,
indicated that he was discharged at 12 months 15 days of age,
about a week earlier than Albert Barger and younger than Little
Albert when he left the hospital. Of most significance, Powell
and his colleagues further learned that Albert Barger’s weight
13. at the time of the initial baseline session was very close to that
reported for Little Albert by Watson and Rayner (1920), 21
pounds 15 ounces versus 21 pounds, respectively. Douglas Mer-
ritte, however, only weighed 14 pounds 14 ounces at this time.
Douglas’s extremely low body weight also conflicts with Wat-
son and Rayner’s description of Little Albert as a healthy and
well-developed child.
Fridlund et al.’s (2012a) analysis of the clips with Little
Albert from Watson’s film led them to believe that Albert had
numerous behavioral and social deficits that were consistent
with neurological impairment resulting from hydrocephalus.
In contrast, Digdon, Powell, and Harris’s (2014) analysis of
these clips suggested otherwise. For example, Fridlund et al.
claimed that Little Albert showed no signs of social referen-
cing, the tendency of infants to look toward caretakers when
confronted with novelty. However, according to Digdon
et al., there do appear to be some instances of what appears
to be mutual gaze between Albert and Watson. In addition,
Powell et al. (2014) contend that the selective nature of the film
clips may account for Fridlund et al.’s observation that Albert
seemed focused only on what was in front of him, with little
awareness of the people around him. As they pointed out, the
clips in Watson’s film were selected to show Albert’s reactions
to the stimuli presented to him rather than to the people near
him,
so off-task behaviors were likely not included in the film. Dig-
don et al. further pointed out that these 34 brief clips, averaging
only 9 s (SD ¼ 6 s) in length, cannot be considered a represen-
tative sample of Albert’s behavior and that it is certainly ques-
tionable that anyone could validly diagnose neurological
impairment from such a limited sample of behavior.3 Thus, in
their opinion, any appraisal of behavioral or neurological
deficits
from these film clips of Little Albert would, ‘‘at best, be highly
speculative.’’4 For more detail on Powell and his coinvestiga-
14. tors’ analysis of these film clips and why the clips comprise
an inadequate measure of Albert’s neurological status, see Dig-
don, Powell, and Harris (2014) and Powell et al. (2014).
If Albert Barger were Little Albert, what could be said about
Albert’s fate? Albert Barger lived a long life, dying in 2007 at
the age of 87.5 Did he grow up to have a fear of furry animals
and objects? Powell et al. (2014) were surprised when they first
learned from Barger’s niece that her uncle had an aversion (but
not a particularly strong one) to dogs and animals in general.
The aversion, however, appears to have been more of a dislike
16 Teaching of Psychology 42(1)
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of animals than a phobia, but that his aversion was at least par-
tially due to his conditioning experiences cannot be entirely
ruled out. In addition, according to Powell et al, Albert’s con-
ditioning experiences did not appear to have had any adverse
effects on his personality. Sadly, Albert Barger died before
anyone could tell him that it was highly likely that he was the
famous Little Albert in the psychological literature. As far as
his niece knows, her uncle was unaware of the experiment and
did not even know that his mother was once a wet nurse. Hence,
we will never know what his reaction would have been when
learning about the strong possibility that he was Little Albert.
However, when asked what her uncle would have thought
about all of this, his niece said that ‘‘he would have been
thrilled’’ (Bartlett, 2014, p. B10).
Epilogue
15. As pointed out by Powell et al. (2014), applying Occam’s razor
to this situation would indicate that Albert Barger is far more
likely to have been Little Albert. The evidence for Albert
Barger’s candidacy is more parsimonious than that for Douglas
Merritte. Albert Barger matches Little Albert on all of the key
attributes, so fewer assumptions are needed.
" His name matches the Albert B. name assigned to the
infant in Watson and Rayner’s study.
" His body weight at the time of the initial baseline phase
of the experiment matches Little Albert’s reported body
weight and his chubby appearance in Watson’s film
clips of the experiment.
" His age on the day he left the hospital was the same as
Little Albert’s age on that day.
" His general state of health as an infant matches that
described by Watson and Rayner (1920).
Douglas Merritte does not match Little Albert on any of these
key attributes and thus was likely not Little Albert. However,
according to Bartlett (2014), Beck, Fridlund, and Goldie, all
Merritte proponents, still believe Douglas Merritte was Little
Albert.6 In addition, as pointed out by Powell et al. (2014),
although the evidence that Albert Barger was Little Albert is
very strong, it is not entirely conclusive. For example, contrary
to Watson’s statement that Little Albert was adopted shortly
after he left by an out-of-town family (Watson, 1925), it
appears
that Albert Barger was not adopted. It is possible though that he
was informally adopted for a short time after leaving the
hospital
and then later reunited with his mother, perhaps after her and
Charles Martin married. In addition, it is possible that Watson
16. (1925) was wrong, and the Little Albert purported adoption was
just a myth because there is no corroborative evidence of such
an
adoption (Beck et al., 2010). Regardless, even though the Little
Albert saga has always had characters and plot, it has never had
a
credible conclusion. Perhaps now it does.
Finally, if Albert Barger were Little Albert, then Watson
was not guilty of the unethical, fraudulent behavior of know-
ingly using a neurologically impaired infant in his research.
This is very important because the story alleging such behavior
has already become widespread on the Internet (e.g., DeAnge-
lis, 2012). Hence, many psychology students have likely been
exposed to this story, which has now been shown to be very
unlikely. Given that there are already inaccuracy problems with
the coverage of the Little Albert experiment in introductory
psychology textbooks (see Griggs, 2014), getting the Little
Albert identity saga correctly described in our classrooms and
textbooks becomes of critical importance.
As a beginning point in doing so, I recommend that psychol-
ogy teachers and textbook authors use this article as a guide for
a careful examination of the articles cited here in preparing
their coverage of the search for Little Albert. This should help
to insure its accuracy. The obvious downside of inaccuracies in
the coverage of the Little Albert story is that students will be
misled into accepting the story as fact, and sadly, it seems that
students seldom question the stories that they are told (Burton,
2011). Thus, it is important to the psychological teaching com-
munity to identify inaccuracies in our lectures and textbooks,
so that they can be corrected and we as teachers and textbook
authors do not continue to ‘‘give away’’ false information about
our discipline. Hopefully, this article will help in achieving this
goal, at least with respect to the Little Albert saga.
17. Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The author declared no potential conflicts of interest with
respect to
the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Funding
The author received no financial support for the research,
authorship,
and/or publication of this article.
Notes
1. An article by Tom Bartlett in the Chronicle of Higher
Education
(2014) covers content similar to that in this article but in a less
for-
mal style without references. I highly recommend that
introductory
psychology teachers and textbook authors read Bartlett’s article
because it will serve as an excellent resource for their lecture
and
textbook coverage of the Little Albert story. The online version
at
http://chronicle.com/article/The-Search-for-Psychologys/146747
includes video footage of the Little Albert experiment and
several
18. historical photos related to the search for Little Albert.
2. The assessments of Little Albert’s behavior in the film by
Fridlund,
a clinical psychologist, and Goldie, a pediatric neurologist,
were
made before the discovery of Douglas Merritte’s medical
records,
but the evaluation by Waterman, a specialist in childhood
psycho-
pathology, was made after the discovery of Merritte’s medical
records (H. P. Beck, personal communication, August 12, 2014).
All three assessments were made independently, and Goldie’s
assessment was blind to Fridlund’s assessment just as
Waterman’s
assessment was blind to Fridlund and Goldie’s prior
assessments
and tentative hypotheses (Fridlund et al., 2012b).
3. Although Digdon, Powell, and Harris (2014) and Powell et al.
(2014) described the film clips of Little Albert edited from Wat-
son’s (1923) film as 5 min in length and divided into three seg-
ments, Fridlund et al. (2012a) described the clips that they
19. Griggs 17
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analyzed as 4 min in length and divided into four segments. The
reason for these differences is presently unknown.
4. Fridlund et al. (2012a, pp. 21–22) claimed that signs of
Albert’s neu-
rological impairment may have eluded other viewers of
Watson’s
film because they were expecting to see the healthy, normal
baby that
Watson described repeatedly in his writings. But, as pointed out
by
Nancy Digdon, these expectancy effects on perception would
also
apply to the observations of viewers who believe that Albert is
neurologically impaired (N. Digdon, personal communication,
July
8, 2014). If viewers were led to think that Albert was
neurologically
impaired, then they would likely see signs of such impairment.
20. To
illustrate the power of such ‘‘expectancy effects,’’ Nancy
suggests the
following classroom demonstration, which involves showing the
Lit-
tle Albert film in class (free clips of this film are readily
available on
the Internet). Before presenting the film, give students a brief
handout
to prime one third of the class to expect Albert to be impaired,
another
third to expect Albert to be exceptionally well developed, and
the final
third with no prime. After the film, have students evaluate
Albert’s
developmental status. Differences in students’ appraisals of
Albert
should prompt a more general class discussion about the
subjectivity
of observations and why scientific approaches require …
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21. Psychology's Lost Boy: Will the Real Little Albert Please Stand
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23. Topical Article
Psychology’s Lost Boy: Will the Real Little
Albert Please Stand Up?
Richard A. Griggs1
Abstract
This article is concerned with the recent debate about the
identity of psychology’s lost boy—Little Albert, the infant
subject in Watson
and Rayner’s classic experiment on fear conditioning. For
decades, psychologists and psychology students have been
intrigued by the
mystery of Albert’s fate. Now two evidentiary-based solutions
to this mystery have been proposed. Given the present absence
of cov-
erage in introductory textbooks, the purpose of this article is to
provide a cornerstone resource for teachers to use as an advance
organizer to the literature on this debate. Synopses of the search
and resulting evidence for each candidate are provided. A
summative
comparison of the evidence indicates that Albert Barger is
likely Little Albert and that Douglas Merritte is not.
Keywords
Little Albert, introductory psychology, history of psychology
According to Jarrett (2008), psychology’s foundation as con-
veyed in its introductory textbooks is arguably not built of the-
ory but with the rock of classic experiments, such as the
Stanford Prison Experiment and Milgram’s obedience experi-
ments (see also Smyth, 2001a, 2001b). This article is concerned
with one of these classic experiments, Watson and Rayner’s
(1920) Little Albert experiment. More specifically, it is con-
24. cerned with the recent controversy about the true identity of the
infant subject of that study—Little Albert, ‘‘psychology’s lost
boy’’ (Beck, Levinson, & Irons, 2009). For decades, psycholo-
gists and psychology students have been intrigued by the mys-
tery of Albert’s identity, his fate, and whether there were
lasting effects of his fear-conditioning experiences.
Until recently, there were no evidentiary-based answers to
questions about Albert’s fate but rather only facetious ones,
such as ‘‘Albert is probably a successful furrier’’ (Murray,
1973, p. 5). This search for answers was made even more dif-
ficult because Watson, late in his life, burned all of his research
notes and papers, which may have included information about
Little Albert (Buckley, 1989). Now, however, there are two
competing evidentiary-based answers as to Albert’s iden-
tity—Douglas Merritte (Beck & Irons, 2011; Beck et al.,
2009; Beck, Levinson, & Irons, 2010; Fridlund, Beck, Goldie,
& Irons, 2012a, 2012b) and Albert Barger (Digdon, Powell, &
Harris, 2014; Digdon, Powell, & Smithson, 2014; Powell, Dig-
don, Harris, & Smithson, 2014). Because the supporting publi-
cations for each proposed Albert are so new, a discussion of
this identity debate is not available in current introductory text-
books. In fact, given the recency of the relevant publications,
Griggs (2014) found that less than 40% of the current introduc-
tory textbooks in his text sample even mentioned the first pro-
posed candidate, and only one text mentioned the possibility
that Albert was neurologically impaired at the time of the
experiment. In addition, given the 3-year revision cycle for
introductory textbooks (Griggs, 2006), it will be a few years
before the current set of introductory textbooks are able to
update their coverage of the Little Albert identity debate.
It is the purpose of this article to provide an up-to-date dis-
cussion of the debate to be used as a cornerstone resource by
psychology teachers (and textbook authors) for their classroom
25. presentations on (or textbook coverage of) the Little Albert
identity saga.1 My synopses of the searches that identified the
two candidates only provide the highlights of each search. For
the full details, the cited references should be consulted. Hence,
this article should be used as an advance organizer for reading
the articles relevant to this debate. The two Albert candidates
will be discussed separately, but some comparison of the evi-
dence for the two candidates will be provided in the discussion
of the second candidate, Albert Barger. I will discuss Douglas
Merritte first because the articles advancing his candidacy were
published first.
Before discussing either candidate, I need to preface these
discussions with some general background material important
to solving this almost 100-year-old cold case. It concerns the
foundation from which the search for Albert began. Watson and
Rayner’s (1920) published account of the Little Albert experi-
ment, a movie that Watson made of his research with infants
1 Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville,
FL, USA
Corresponding Author:
Richard A. Griggs, 4515 Breakwater Row West, Jacksonville,
FL 32225, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Teaching of Psychology
2015, Vol. 42(1) 14-18
ª The Author(s) 2014
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which included some footage of the Little Albert experiment
(Watson, 1923), and the personal information that Watson pro-
vided about Albert in other accounts of the experiment (e.g.,
Watson & Watson, 1921) comprised the foundation for the
search. However, it is important to note that there were
inconsis-
tencies in Watson’s various accounts of the experiment, further
complicating the search for Albert (Harris, 1979; Samelson,
1980). It is also important to note that Albert was referred to
as ‘‘Albert B.’’ in the experiment. Whether this was a pseudo-
nym or Albert’s actual name was not known. In addition, the
fact
that Albert’s mother was a wet nurse at the Harriet Lane Home
for Invalid Children, a pediatric facility at Johns Hopkins,
where
the experiment was conducted, is critical to the search. Albert
and his mother lived at the Harriet Lane Home at the time of the
experiment. The Phipps Clinic where Watson and Rayner con-
ducted their research was located next to the Harriet Lane Home
(Fridlund et al., 2012a). This then is the starting point for Hall
Beck and his fellow researchers in their search for the identity
of Albert that culminated with their proposal that Douglas Mer-
ritte was Little Albert.
Douglas Merritte
Goaded by student questions about the fate of Little Albert, Hall
Beck became determined to try to find answers (Beck et al.,
2009). A search of the Johns Hopkins archives led to the
discovery
of a series of memos exchanged between Watson and the
27. school’s
president. These memos allowed Beck to determine that the first
part of the experiment was likely done in late November or
early
December in 1919. Using the age of Albert at the time of this
part
of the experiment (given in Watson & Rayner, 1920), Beck
deter-
mined that Albert was born between March 2 and March 16 in
1919. The next step was to try to identify Albert’s mother.
A check of the Johns Hopkins census of 1920 by Sharman
Levinson, one of Beck’s coinvestigators, revealed that three
women were listed as ‘‘foster mothers’’—Pearl Barger, Ethel
Carter, and Arvilla Merritte—and it seemed plausible that the
title of foster mother would encompass being a wet nurse. Beck
and his research team then spent hundreds of hours checking
various types of records, such as birth, death, and marriage
records, to determine whether any of these three women had
given birth to a boy in March 1919 (Beck et al., 2009). Ethel
Carter was eliminated because she was an African American
and Albert appears to have been Caucasian. Pearl Barger (who
was of particular interest because the B. in Albert B. could very
plausibly have stood for Barger) was eliminated because no
evidence that she had a child was found. However, it was dis-
covered that Arvilla Merritte had given birth to a boy on March
9, 1919, and that both mother and son had lived together on the
Johns Hopkins campus. Next, a genealogical search revealed
that two of Arvilla’s grandchildren were currently living in
Maryland. Gary Irons, one of the grandchildren, confirmed that
his grandmother had worked at the Harriet Lane Home and had
given birth to a son named Douglas Merritte. Thus, Arvilla
would probably still have been lactating and able to serve as
a wet nurse at the time of the Little Albert experiment.
A problematic aspect of these findings concerned the name
28. that Watson and Rayner assigned to their infant subject, Albert
B. The American Psychological Association did not have an
ethics code at the time of the Little Albert experiment so there
was no need for confidentiality and the use of pseudonyms for
experimental subjects. Watson and Rayner named their infant
subject Albert B. and not Douglas M. However, a conversation
with Charles Brewer, an expert on John Watson, provided Beck
and his colleagues with at least a tenable explanation of why
the infant in the study might have been named Albert B.
According to Brewer, it could have been an instance of Wat-
son’s playful use of names. Watson’s mother and maternal
grandmother were very religious, and Watson was named John
Broadus in honor of a prominent Baptist minister, John Albert
Broadus (Beck et al., 2009). Hence, Watson possibly may have
playfully derived Albert B. from John Albert Broadus.
The next phase of the search began with a fortuitous discovery
of an old trunk with contents from Arvilla Merritte’s life (Beck
et al., 2009). Among the contents was a portrait of Douglas
when
an infant. A comparison of a photograph of this portrait and
some
enlarged stills that Beck made of Little Albert from Watson’s
movie of the experiment followed. This comparison of images
did
not reveal anything substantive, making it clear that a more
thor-
ough, expert biometric analysis was warranted. A subsequent
bio-
metric analysis, however, only led to the conclusion that the
photograph and stills could be of the same person. Although the
visual and biometric comparisons ruled out a definitive
identifica-
tion of Albert, Beck et al. (2009) argued that these photographic
data in conjunction with their other findings of 10 attributes
shared by Little Albert and Douglas Merritte, such as living
29. with
his mother at the Harriet Lane Home at the time of the
experiment
and that Douglas was the same age as Albert when the initial
base-
line data were collected, strongly supported their hypothesis
that
Douglas was Albert.
If Douglas Merritte were Little Albert, then what would that
tell us about Albert’s fate? Sadly, Douglas Merritte died from
hydrocephalus in 1925 at the age of 6. How he acquired it could
not be determined by Beck et al. (2009), but they speculated
that
he had contracted meningitis. Fridlund, Beck, Goldie, and Irons
(2012a) later reported that Douglas’s nephew was not sure if
Douglas was ever able to walk during his short, illness-laden
life
and that it is unclear as to whether he ever spoke.
Fridlund et al. (2012a) also argued that a closer examination
of the clips from Watson’s (1923) film in which Little Albert
appeared and the subsequent review of some newly obtained
medical records of Douglas Merritte revealed that Albert
was neurologically impaired at the time of the experiment.2
Fridlund et al.’s detailed analyses of Albert’s behavior in the
film clips suggested to them that Albert had substantial beha-
vioral and neurological deficits. A subsequent examination of
Douglas Merritte’s medical records was consistent with this
hypothesis in that they showed that Douglas suffered from con-
genital hydrocephalus. The records also indicated that Albert’s
experimental sessions occurred during periods when Douglas’s
medical condition was relatively stable. Fridlund et al. further
argued that there were ample sources of information available
30. Griggs 15
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to Watson that would have almost certainly made him aware of
Douglas’s medical condition. Thus, if Douglas Merritte were
Albert, then these new findings by Fridlund et al. not only con-
tradict Watson and Rayner’s assertion that Little Albert was
‘‘normal’’ and ‘‘healthy’’ but also lead to the conclusion that
Watson and Rayner would have almost certainly had to know
about Little Albert’s medical condition, raising even more seri-
ous ethical questions about the already ethically questionable
Little Albert experiment.
Albert Barger
Soon after the publication of Beck et al. (2009), some other
researchers outlined difficulties with the Douglas Merritte
hypothesis and argued that the Little Albert identity case was
far from closed and thus warranted further investigation
(Powell, 2010, 2011; Reese, 2010; but see Beck et al.’s rejoin-
der, 2010). For example, Powell (2011) pointed out a difficulty
with Beck et al.’s estimated timeline for when the initial base-
line session likely took place. The congruence of the reported
age of Albert and Douglas Merritte’s age at the time of the
baseline session was a critical component of Beck et al.’s case.
Powell found evidence that the baseline session could have
been delayed well beyond the time proposed by Beck et al.,
making Douglas older than Albert at that time. Another point
of contention involved a comment by Watson (1925) that
Albert was later adopted, but Douglas Merritte had remained
with his mother and had not been adopted.
31. Given such difficulties with the Douglas Merritte candidacy
and concerns about the weak evidence for Fridlund et al.’s
(2012a) claim that Little Albert had neurological impairments
and the profound ethical implications of this claim, Russell
Powell, Nancy Digdon, and Ben Harris decided to conduct their
own search for an alternative candidate for Little Albert. To aid
in the search, they enlisted the help of a professional genealo-
gist, Christopher Smithson. They began their search by further
investigating Pearl Barger, the foster mother for whom Beck
et al. (2009) found no evidence of a baby while she resided
at the hospital. Their first break came when they found a
genealogical document on the Internet on the history of the
Martinek family in Baltimore (Powell, Digdon, Harris, &
Smithson, 2014). It revealed that Charles Martinek married
Pearl Barger in 1921, that they had three children, one of whom
was named Albert, and that Charles preferred to use the name
Martin, which led to the discovery that Pearl Barger and
Charles Martin had a baby in 1919, 2 years before their mar-
riage. A search of U.S. census records revealed that Charles
Martin was living in Baltimore in 1940 with three children, the
oldest being William A., who was the same age as the unnamed
son born to the Martins in 1919. Then a search of more birth
and death certificates and the medical archives at Johns
Hopkins, which included the medical records of William A.
Barger and Douglas Merritte, led to more discoveries. Signifi-
cantly, William A.’s name was recorded in his medical file as
Albert Barger, thereby matching Little Albert’s name in the
experiment—Albert B. This agrees with his niece’s report that
although his given name was William Albert, he was typically
called Albert throughout his life (Digdon et al., 2014).
Powell et al. (2014) also found that Albert Barger, like Dou-
glas Merritte, was the correct age (8 months 26 days) to have
been Little Albert at the time of the initial baseline session. In
addition, Albert Barger was discharged from the hospital at the
32. age of 12 months 21 days, Little Albert’s age when the final
experimental session took place and when his mother removed
him from the hospital. Douglas Merritte’s medical file,
however,
indicated that he was discharged at 12 months 15 days of age,
about a week earlier than Albert Barger and younger than Little
Albert when he left the hospital. Of most significance, Powell
and his colleagues further learned that Albert Barger’s weight
at the time of the initial baseline session was very close to that
reported for Little Albert by Watson and Rayner (1920), 21
pounds 15 ounces versus 21 pounds, respectively. Douglas Mer-
ritte, however, only weighed 14 pounds 14 ounces at this time.
Douglas’s extremely low body weight also conflicts with Wat-
son and Rayner’s description of Little Albert as a healthy and
well-developed child.
Fridlund et al.’s (2012a) analysis of the clips with Little
Albert from Watson’s film led them to believe that Albert had
numerous behavioral and social deficits that were consistent
with neurological impairment resulting from hydrocephalus.
In contrast, Digdon, Powell, and Harris’s (2014) analysis of
these clips suggested otherwise. For example, Fridlund et al.
claimed that Little Albert showed no signs of social referen-
cing, the tendency of infants to look toward caretakers when
confronted with novelty. However, according to Digdon
et al., there do appear to be some instances of what appears
to be mutual gaze between Albert and Watson. In addition,
Powell et al. (2014) contend that the selective nature of the film
clips may account for Fridlund et al.’s observation that Albert
seemed focused only on what was in front of him, with little
awareness of the people around him. As they pointed out, the
clips in Watson’s film were selected to show Albert’s reactions
to the stimuli presented to him rather than to the people near
him,
so off-task behaviors were likely not included in the film. Dig-
don et al. further pointed out that these 34 brief clips, averaging
33. only 9 s (SD ¼ 6 s) in length, cannot be considered a represen-
tative sample of Albert’s behavior and that it is certainly ques-
tionable that anyone could validly diagnose neurological
impairment from such a limited sample of behavior.3 Thus, in
their opinion, any appraisal of behavioral or neurological
deficits
from these film clips of Little Albert would, ‘‘at best, be highly
speculative.’’4 For more detail on Powell and his coinvestiga-
tors’ analysis of these film clips and why the clips comprise
an inadequate measure of Albert’s neurological status, see Dig-
don, Powell, and Harris (2014) and Powell et al. (2014).
If Albert Barger were Little Albert, what could be said about
Albert’s fate? Albert Barger lived a long life, dying in 2007 at
the age of 87.5 Did he grow up to have a fear of furry animals
and objects? Powell et al. (2014) were surprised when they first
learned from Barger’s niece that her uncle had an aversion (but
not a particularly strong one) to dogs and animals in general.
The aversion, however, appears to have been more of a dislike
16 Teaching of Psychology 42(1)
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of animals than a phobia, but that his aversion was at least par-
tially due to his conditioning experiences cannot be entirely
ruled out. In addition, according to Powell et al, Albert’s con-
ditioning experiences did not appear to have had any adverse
effects on his personality. Sadly, Albert Barger died before
anyone could tell him that it was highly likely that he was the
famous Little Albert in the psychological literature. As far as
his niece knows, her uncle was unaware of the experiment and
did not even know that his mother was once a wet nurse. Hence,
34. we will never know what his reaction would have been when
learning about the strong possibility that he was Little Albert.
However, when asked what her uncle would have thought
about all of this, his niece said that ‘‘he would have been
thrilled’’ (Bartlett, 2014, p. B10).
Epilogue
As pointed out by Powell et al. (2014), applying Occam’s razor
to this situation would indicate that Albert Barger is far more
likely to have been Little Albert. The evidence for Albert
Barger’s candidacy is more parsimonious than that for Douglas
Merritte. Albert Barger matches Little Albert on all of the key
attributes, so fewer assumptions are needed.
" His name matches the Albert B. name assigned to the
infant in Watson and Rayner’s study.
" His body weight at the time of the initial baseline phase
of the experiment matches Little Albert’s reported body
weight and his chubby appearance in Watson’s film
clips of the experiment.
" His age on the day he left the hospital was the same as
Little Albert’s age on that day.
" His general state of health as an infant matches that
described by Watson and Rayner (1920).
Douglas Merritte does not match Little Albert on any of these
key attributes and thus was likely not Little Albert. However,
according to Bartlett (2014), Beck, Fridlund, and Goldie, all
Merritte proponents, still believe Douglas Merritte was Little
Albert.6 In addition, as pointed out by Powell et al. (2014),
although the evidence that Albert Barger was Little Albert is
very strong, it is not entirely conclusive. For example, contrary
35. to Watson’s statement that Little Albert was adopted shortly
after he left by an out-of-town family (Watson, 1925), it
appears
that Albert Barger was not adopted. It is possible though that he
was informally adopted for a short time after leaving the
hospital
and then later reunited with his mother, perhaps after her and
Charles Martin married. In addition, it is possible that Watson
(1925) was wrong, and the Little Albert purported adoption was
just a myth because there is no corroborative evidence of such
an
adoption (Beck et al., 2010). Regardless, even though the Little
Albert saga has always had characters and plot, it has never had
a
credible conclusion. Perhaps now it does.
Finally, if Albert Barger were Little Albert, then Watson
was not guilty of the unethical, fraudulent behavior of know-
ingly using a neurologically impaired infant in his research.
This is very important because the story alleging such behavior
has already become widespread on the Internet (e.g., DeAnge-
lis, 2012). Hence, many psychology students have likely been
exposed to this story, which has now been shown to be very
unlikely. Given that there are already inaccuracy problems with
the coverage of the Little Albert experiment in introductory
psychology textbooks (see Griggs, 2014), getting the Little
Albert identity saga correctly described in our classrooms and
textbooks becomes of critical importance.
As a beginning point in doing so, I recommend that psychol-
ogy teachers and textbook authors use this article as a guide for
a careful examination of the articles cited here in preparing
their coverage of the search for Little Albert. This should help
to insure its accuracy. The obvious downside of inaccuracies in
the coverage of the Little Albert story is that students will be
36. misled into accepting the story as fact, and sadly, it seems that
students seldom question the stories that they are told (Burton,
2011). Thus, it is important to the psychological teaching com-
munity to identify inaccuracies in our lectures and textbooks,
so that they can be corrected and we as teachers and textbook
authors do not continue to ‘‘give away’’ false information about
our discipline. Hopefully, this article will help in achieving this
goal, at least with respect to the Little Albert saga.
Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The author declared no potential conflicts of interest with
respect to
the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Funding
The author received no financial support for the research,
authorship,
and/or publication of this article.
Notes
1. An article by Tom Bartlett in the Chronicle of Higher
Education
(2014) covers content similar to that in this article but in a less
for-
mal style without references. I highly recommend that
introductory
psychology teachers and textbook authors read Bartlett’s article
because it will serve as an excellent resource for their lecture
and
37. textbook coverage of the Little Albert story. The online version
at
http://chronicle.com/article/The-Search-for-Psychologys/146747
includes video footage of the Little Albert experiment and
several
historical photos related to the search for Little Albert.
2. The assessments of Little Albert’s behavior in the film by
Fridlund,
a clinical psychologist, and Goldie, a pediatric neurologist,
were
made before the discovery of Douglas Merritte’s medical
records,
but the evaluation by Waterman, a specialist in childhood
psycho-
pathology, was made after the discovery of Merritte’s medical
records (H. P. Beck, personal communication, August 12, 2014).
All three assessments were made independently, and Goldie’s
assessment was blind to Fridlund’s assessment just as
Waterman’s
assessment was blind to Fridlund and Goldie’s prior
assessments
and tentative hypotheses (Fridlund et al., 2012b).
38. 3. Although Digdon, Powell, and Harris (2014) and Powell et al.
(2014) described the film clips of Little Albert edited from Wat-
son’s (1923) film as 5 min in length and divided into three seg-
ments, Fridlund et al. (2012a) described the clips that they
Griggs 17
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analyzed as 4 min in length and divided into four segments. The
reason for these differences is presently unknown.
4. Fridlund et al. (2012a, pp. 21–22) claimed that signs of
Albert’s neu-
rological impairment may have eluded other viewers of
Watson’s
film because they were expecting to see the healthy, normal
baby that
Watson described repeatedly in his writings. But, as pointed out
by
Nancy Digdon, these expectancy effects on perception would
also
apply to the observations of viewers who believe that Albert is
39. neurologically impaired (N. Digdon, personal communication,
July
8, 2014). If viewers were led to think that Albert was
neurologically
impaired, then they would likely see signs of such impairment.
To
illustrate the power of such ‘‘expectancy effects,’’ Nancy
suggests the
following classroom demonstration, which involves showing the
Lit-
tle Albert film in class (free clips of this film are readily
available on
the Internet). Before presenting the film, give students a brief
handout
to prime one third of the class to expect Albert to be impaired,
another
third to expect Albert to be exceptionally well developed, and
the final
third with no prime. After the film, have students evaluate
Albert’s
developmental status. Differences in students’ appraisals of
Albert
should prompt a more general class discussion about the
subjectivity
40. of observations and why scientific approaches require …
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication
at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273339645
Psychology's Lost Boy: Will the Real Little Albert Please Stand
Up?
Article in Teaching of Psychology · January 2014
DOI: 10.1177/0098628314562668
CITATIONS
4
READS
1,369
1 author:
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University of Florida
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The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.
43. According to Jarrett (2008), psychology’s foundation as con-
veyed in its introductory textbooks is arguably not built of the-
ory but with the rock of classic experiments, such as the
Stanford Prison Experiment and Milgram’s obedience experi-
ments (see also Smyth, 2001a, 2001b). This article is concerned
with one of these classic experiments, Watson and Rayner’s
(1920) Little Albert experiment. More specifically, it is con-
cerned with the recent controversy about the true identity of the
infant subject of that study—Little Albert, ‘‘psychology’s lost
boy’’ (Beck, Levinson, & Irons, 2009). For decades, psycholo-
gists and psychology students have been intrigued by the mys-
tery of Albert’s identity, his fate, and whether there were
lasting effects of his fear-conditioning experiences.
Until recently, there were no evidentiary-based answers to
questions about Albert’s fate but rather only facetious ones,
such as ‘‘Albert is probably a successful furrier’’ (Murray,
1973, p. 5). This search for answers was made even more dif-
ficult because Watson, late in his life, burned all of his research
notes and papers, which may have included information about
Little Albert (Buckley, 1989). Now, however, there are two
competing evidentiary-based answers as to Albert’s iden-
tity—Douglas Merritte (Beck & Irons, 2011; Beck et al.,
2009; Beck, Levinson, & Irons, 2010; Fridlund, Beck, Goldie,
& Irons, 2012a, 2012b) and Albert Barger (Digdon, Powell, &
Harris, 2014; Digdon, Powell, & Smithson, 2014; Powell, Dig-
don, Harris, & Smithson, 2014). Because the supporting publi-
cations for each proposed Albert are so new, a discussion of
this identity debate is not available in current introductory text-
books. In fact, given the recency of the relevant publications,
Griggs (2014) found that less than 40% of the current introduc-
tory textbooks in his text sample even mentioned the first pro-
posed candidate, and only one text mentioned the possibility
that Albert was neurologically impaired at the time of the
44. experiment. In addition, given the 3-year revision cycle for
introductory textbooks (Griggs, 2006), it will be a few years
before the current set of introductory textbooks are able to
update their coverage of the Little Albert identity debate.
It is the purpose of this article to provide an up-to-date dis-
cussion of the debate to be used as a cornerstone resource by
psychology teachers (and textbook authors) for their classroom
presentations on (or textbook coverage of) the Little Albert
identity saga.1 My synopses of the searches that identified the
two candidates only provide the highlights of each search. For
the full details, the cited references should be consulted. Hence,
this article should be used as an advance organizer for reading
the articles relevant to this debate. The two Albert candidates
will be discussed separately, but some comparison of the evi-
dence for the two candidates will be provided in the discussion
of the second candidate, Albert Barger. I will discuss Douglas
Merritte first because the articles advancing his candidacy were
published first.
Before discussing either candidate, I need to preface these
discussions with some general background material important
to solving this almost 100-year-old cold case. It concerns the
foundation from which the search for Albert began. Watson and
Rayner’s (1920) published account of the Little Albert experi-
ment, a movie that Watson made of his research with infants
1 Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville,
FL, USA
Corresponding Author:
Richard A. Griggs, 4515 Breakwater Row West, Jacksonville,
FL 32225, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Teaching of Psychology
2015, Vol. 42(1) 14-18
45. ª The Author(s) 2014
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which included some footage of the Little Albert experiment
(Watson, 1923), and the personal information that Watson pro-
vided about Albert in other accounts of the experiment (e.g.,
Watson & Watson, 1921) comprised the foundation for the
search. However, it is important to note that there were
inconsis-
tencies in Watson’s various accounts of the experiment, further
complicating the search for Albert (Harris, 1979; Samelson,
1980). It is also important to note that Albert was referred to
as ‘‘Albert B.’’ in the experiment. Whether this was a pseudo-
nym or Albert’s actual name was not known. In addition, the
fact
that Albert’s mother was a wet nurse at the Harriet Lane Home
for Invalid Children, a pediatric facility at Johns Hopkins,
where
the experiment was conducted, is critical to the search. Albert
and his mother lived at the Harriet Lane Home at the time of the
experiment. The Phipps Clinic where Watson and Rayner con-
ducted their research was located next to the Harriet Lane Home
(Fridlund et al., 2012a). This then is the starting point for Hall
Beck and his fellow researchers in their search for the identity
of Albert that culminated with their proposal that Douglas Mer-
ritte was Little Albert.
46. Douglas Merritte
Goaded by student questions about the fate of Little Albert, Hall
Beck became determined to try to find answers (Beck et al.,
2009). A search of the Johns Hopkins archives led to the
discovery
of a series of memos exchanged between Watson and the
school’s
president. These memos allowed Beck to determine that the first
part of the experiment was likely done in late November or
early
December in 1919. Using the age of Albert at the time of this
part
of the experiment (given in Watson & Rayner, 1920), Beck
deter-
mined that Albert was born between March 2 and March 16 in
1919. The next step was to try to identify Albert’s mother.
A check of the Johns Hopkins census of 1920 by Sharman
Levinson, one of Beck’s coinvestigators, revealed that three
women were listed as ‘‘foster mothers’’—Pearl Barger, Ethel
Carter, and Arvilla Merritte—and it seemed plausible that the
title of foster mother would encompass being a wet nurse. Beck
and his research team then spent hundreds of hours checking
various types of records, such as birth, death, and marriage
records, to determine whether any of these three women had
given birth to a boy in March 1919 (Beck et al., 2009). Ethel
Carter was eliminated because she was an African American
and Albert appears to have been Caucasian. Pearl Barger (who
was of particular interest because the B. in Albert B. could very
plausibly have stood for Barger) was eliminated because no
evidence that she had a child was found. However, it was dis-
covered that Arvilla Merritte had given birth to a boy on March
9, 1919, and that both mother and son had lived together on the
Johns Hopkins campus. Next, a genealogical search revealed
47. that two of Arvilla’s grandchildren were currently living in
Maryland. Gary Irons, one of the grandchildren, confirmed that
his grandmother had worked at the Harriet Lane Home and had
given birth to a son named Douglas Merritte. Thus, Arvilla
would probably still have been lactating and able to serve as
a wet nurse at the time of the Little Albert experiment.
A problematic aspect of these findings concerned the name
that Watson and Rayner assigned to their infant subject, Albert
B. The American Psychological Association did not have an
ethics code at the time of the Little Albert experiment so there
was no need for confidentiality and the use of pseudonyms for
experimental subjects. Watson and Rayner named their infant
subject Albert B. and not Douglas M. However, a conversation
with Charles Brewer, an expert on John Watson, provided Beck
and his colleagues with at least a tenable explanation of why
the infant in the study might have been named Albert B.
According to Brewer, it could have been an instance of Wat-
son’s playful use of names. Watson’s mother and maternal
grandmother were very religious, and Watson was named John
Broadus in honor of a prominent Baptist minister, John Albert
Broadus (Beck et al., 2009). Hence, Watson possibly may have
playfully derived Albert B. from John Albert Broadus.
The next phase of the search began with a fortuitous discovery
of an old trunk with contents from Arvilla Merritte’s life (Beck
et al., 2009). Among the contents was a portrait of Douglas
when
an infant. A comparison of a photograph of this portrait and
some
enlarged stills that Beck made of Little Albert from Watson’s
movie of the experiment followed. This comparison of images
did
not reveal anything substantive, making it clear that a more
thor-
ough, expert biometric analysis was warranted. A subsequent
48. bio-
metric analysis, however, only led to the conclusion that the
photograph and stills could be of the same person. Although the
visual and biometric comparisons ruled out a definitive
identifica-
tion of Albert, Beck et al. (2009) argued that these photographic
data in conjunction with their other findings of 10 attributes
shared by Little Albert and Douglas Merritte, such as living
with
his mother at the Harriet Lane Home at the time of the
experiment
and that Douglas was the same age as Albert when the initial
base-
line data were collected, strongly supported their hypothesis
that
Douglas was Albert.
If Douglas Merritte were Little Albert, then what would that
tell us about Albert’s fate? Sadly, Douglas Merritte died from
hydrocephalus in 1925 at the age of 6. How he acquired it could
not be determined by Beck et al. (2009), but they speculated
that
he had contracted meningitis. Fridlund, Beck, Goldie, and Irons
(2012a) later reported that Douglas’s nephew was not sure if
Douglas was ever able to walk during his short, illness-laden
life
and that it is unclear as to whether he ever spoke.
Fridlund et al. (2012a) also argued that a closer examination
of the clips from Watson’s (1923) film in which Little Albert
appeared and the subsequent review of some newly obtained
medical records of Douglas Merritte revealed that Albert
was neurologically impaired at the time of the experiment.2
Fridlund et al.’s detailed analyses of Albert’s behavior in the
film clips suggested to them that Albert had substantial beha-
49. vioral and neurological deficits. A subsequent examination of
Douglas Merritte’s medical records was consistent with this
hypothesis in that they showed that Douglas suffered from con-
genital hydrocephalus. The records also indicated that Albert’s
experimental sessions occurred during periods when Douglas’s
medical condition was relatively stable. Fridlund et al. further
argued that there were ample sources of information available
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to Watson that would have almost certainly made him aware of
Douglas’s medical condition. Thus, if Douglas Merritte were
Albert, then these new findings by Fridlund et al. not only con-
tradict Watson and Rayner’s assertion that Little Albert was
‘‘normal’’ and ‘‘healthy’’ but also lead to the conclusion that
Watson and Rayner would have almost certainly had to know
about Little Albert’s medical condition, raising even more seri-
ous ethical questions about the already ethically questionable
Little Albert experiment.
Albert Barger
Soon after the publication of Beck et al. (2009), some other
researchers outlined difficulties with the Douglas Merritte
hypothesis and argued that the Little Albert identity case was
far from closed and thus warranted further investigation
(Powell, 2010, 2011; Reese, 2010; but see Beck et al.’s rejoin-
der, 2010). For example, Powell (2011) pointed out a difficulty
with Beck et al.’s estimated timeline for when the initial base-
line session likely took place. The congruence of the reported
age of Albert and Douglas Merritte’s age at the time of the
50. baseline session was a critical component of Beck et al.’s case.
Powell found evidence that the baseline session could have
been delayed well beyond the time proposed by Beck et al.,
making Douglas older than Albert at that time. Another point
of contention involved a comment by Watson (1925) that
Albert was later adopted, but Douglas Merritte had remained
with his mother and had not been adopted.
Given such difficulties with the Douglas Merritte candidacy
and concerns about the weak evidence for Fridlund et al.’s
(2012a) claim that Little Albert had neurological impairments
and the profound ethical implications of this claim, Russell
Powell, Nancy Digdon, and Ben Harris decided to conduct their
own search for an alternative candidate for Little Albert. To aid
in the search, they enlisted the help of a professional genealo-
gist, Christopher Smithson. They began their search by further
investigating Pearl Barger, the foster mother for whom Beck
et al. (2009) found no evidence of a baby while she resided
at the hospital. Their first break came when they found a
genealogical document on the Internet on the history of the
Martinek family in Baltimore (Powell, Digdon, Harris, &
Smithson, 2014). It revealed that Charles Martinek married
Pearl Barger in 1921, that they had three children, one of whom
was named Albert, and that Charles preferred to use the name
Martin, which led to the discovery that Pearl Barger and
Charles Martin had a baby in 1919, 2 years before their mar-
riage. A search of U.S. census records revealed that Charles
Martin was living in Baltimore in 1940 with three children, the
oldest being William A., who was the same age as the unnamed
son born to the Martins in 1919. Then a search of more birth
and death certificates and the medical archives at Johns
Hopkins, which included the medical records of William A.
Barger and Douglas Merritte, led to more discoveries. Signifi-
cantly, William A.’s name was recorded in his medical file as
Albert Barger, thereby matching Little Albert’s name in the
experiment—Albert B. This agrees with his niece’s report that
51. although his given name was William Albert, he was typically
called Albert throughout his life (Digdon et al., 2014).
Powell et al. (2014) also found that Albert Barger, like Dou-
glas Merritte, was the correct age (8 months 26 days) to have
been Little Albert at the time of the initial baseline session. In
addition, Albert Barger was discharged from the hospital at the
age of 12 months 21 days, Little Albert’s age when the final
experimental session took place and when his mother removed
him from the hospital. Douglas Merritte’s medical file,
however,
indicated that he was discharged at 12 months 15 days of age,
about a week earlier than Albert Barger and younger than Little
Albert when he left the hospital. Of most significance, Powell
and his colleagues further learned that Albert Barger’s weight
at the time of the initial baseline session was very close to that
reported for Little Albert by Watson and Rayner (1920), 21
pounds 15 ounces versus 21 pounds, respectively. Douglas Mer-
ritte, however, only weighed 14 pounds 14 ounces at this time.
Douglas’s extremely low body weight also conflicts with Wat-
son and Rayner’s description of Little Albert as a healthy and
well-developed child.
Fridlund et al.’s (2012a) analysis of the clips with Little
Albert from Watson’s film led them to believe that Albert had
numerous behavioral and social deficits that were consistent
with neurological impairment resulting from hydrocephalus.
In contrast, Digdon, Powell, and Harris’s (2014) analysis of
these clips suggested otherwise. For example, Fridlund et al.
claimed that Little Albert showed no signs of social referen-
cing, the tendency of infants to look toward caretakers when
confronted with novelty. However, according to Digdon
et al., there do appear to be some instances of what appears
to be mutual gaze between Albert and Watson. In addition,
Powell et al. (2014) contend that the selective nature of the film
52. clips may account for Fridlund et al.’s observation that Albert
seemed focused only on what was in front of him, with little
awareness of the people around him. As they pointed out, the
clips in Watson’s film were selected to show Albert’s reactions
to the stimuli presented to him rather than to the people near
him,
so off-task behaviors were likely not included in the film. Dig-
don et al. further pointed out that these 34 brief clips, averaging
only 9 s (SD ¼ 6 s) in length, cannot be considered a represen-
tative sample of Albert’s behavior and that it is certainly ques-
tionable that anyone could validly diagnose neurological
impairment from such a limited sample of behavior.3 Thus, in
their opinion, any appraisal of behavioral or neurological
deficits
from these film clips of Little Albert would, ‘‘at best, be highly
speculative.’’4 For more detail on Powell and his coinvestiga-
tors’ analysis of these film clips and why the clips comprise
an inadequate measure of Albert’s neurological status, see Dig-
don, Powell, and Harris (2014) and Powell et al. (2014).
If Albert Barger were Little Albert, what could be said about
Albert’s fate? Albert Barger lived a long life, dying in 2007 at
the age of 87.5 Did he grow up to have a fear of furry animals
and objects? Powell et al. (2014) were surprised when they first
learned from Barger’s niece that her uncle had an aversion (but
not a particularly strong one) to dogs and animals in general.
The aversion, however, appears to have been more of a dislike
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of animals than a phobia, but that his aversion was at least par-
53. tially due to his conditioning experiences cannot be entirely
ruled out. In addition, according to Powell et al, Albert’s con-
ditioning experiences did not appear to have had any adverse
effects on his personality. Sadly, Albert Barger died before
anyone could tell him that it was highly likely that he was the
famous Little Albert in the psychological literature. As far as
his niece knows, her uncle was unaware of the experiment and
did not even know that his mother was once a wet nurse. Hence,
we will never know what his reaction would have been when
learning about the strong possibility that he was Little Albert.
However, when asked what her uncle would have thought
about all of this, his niece said that ‘‘he would have been
thrilled’’ (Bartlett, 2014, p. B10).
Epilogue
As pointed out by Powell et al. (2014), applying Occam’s razor
to this situation would indicate that Albert Barger is far more
likely to have been Little Albert. The evidence for Albert
Barger’s candidacy is more parsimonious than that for Douglas
Merritte. Albert Barger matches Little Albert on all of the key
attributes, so fewer assumptions are needed.
" His name matches the Albert B. name assigned to the
infant in Watson and Rayner’s study.
" His body weight at the time of the initial baseline phase
of the experiment matches Little Albert’s reported body
weight and his chubby appearance in Watson’s film
clips of the experiment.
" His age on the day he left the hospital was the same as
Little Albert’s age on that day.
" His general state of health as an infant matches that
described by Watson and Rayner (1920).
54. Douglas Merritte does not match Little Albert on any of these
key attributes and thus was likely not Little Albert. However,
according to Bartlett (2014), Beck, Fridlund, and Goldie, all
Merritte proponents, still believe Douglas Merritte was Little
Albert.6 In addition, as pointed out by Powell et al. (2014),
although the evidence that Albert Barger was Little Albert is
very strong, it is not entirely conclusive. For example, contrary
to Watson’s statement that Little Albert was adopted shortly
after he left by an out-of-town family (Watson, 1925), it
appears
that Albert Barger was not adopted. It is possible though that he
was informally adopted for a short time after leaving the
hospital
and then later reunited with his mother, perhaps after her and
Charles Martin married. In addition, it is possible that Watson
(1925) was wrong, and the Little Albert purported adoption was
just a myth because there is no corroborative evidence of such
an
adoption (Beck et al., 2010). Regardless, even though the Little
Albert saga has always had characters and plot, it has never had
a
credible conclusion. Perhaps now it does.
Finally, if Albert Barger were Little Albert, then Watson
was not guilty of the unethical, fraudulent behavior of know-
ingly using a neurologically impaired infant in his research.
This is very important because the story alleging such behavior
has already become widespread on the Internet (e.g., DeAnge-
lis, 2012). Hence, many psychology students have likely been
exposed to this story, which has now been shown to be very
unlikely. Given that there are already inaccuracy problems with
the coverage of the Little Albert experiment in introductory
psychology textbooks (see Griggs, 2014), getting the Little
Albert identity saga correctly described in our classrooms and
55. textbooks becomes of critical importance.
As a beginning point in doing so, I recommend that psychol-
ogy teachers and textbook authors use this article as a guide for
a careful examination of the articles cited here in preparing
their coverage of the search for Little Albert. This should help
to insure its accuracy. The obvious downside of inaccuracies in
the coverage of the Little Albert story is that students will be
misled into accepting the story as fact, and sadly, it seems that
students seldom question the stories that they are told (Burton,
2011). Thus, it is important to the psychological teaching com-
munity to identify inaccuracies in our lectures and textbooks,
so that they can be corrected and we as teachers and textbook
authors do not continue to ‘‘give away’’ false information about
our discipline. Hopefully, this article will help in achieving this
goal, at least with respect to the Little Albert saga.
Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The author declared no potential conflicts of interest with
respect to
the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Funding
The author received no financial support for the research,
authorship,
and/or publication of this article.
Notes
1. An article by Tom Bartlett in the Chronicle of Higher
Education
(2014) covers content similar to that in this article but in a less
for-
56. mal style without references. I highly recommend that
introductory
psychology teachers and textbook authors read Bartlett’s article
because it will serve as an excellent resource for their lecture
and
textbook coverage of the Little Albert story. The online version
at
http://chronicle.com/article/The-Search-for-Psychologys/146747
includes video footage of the Little Albert experiment and
several
historical photos related to the search for Little Albert.
2. The assessments of Little Albert’s behavior in the film by
Fridlund,
a clinical psychologist, and Goldie, a pediatric neurologist,
were
made before the discovery of Douglas Merritte’s medical
records,
but the evaluation by Waterman, a specialist in childhood
psycho-
pathology, was made after the discovery of Merritte’s medical
records (H. P. Beck, personal communication, August 12, 2014).
All three assessments were made independently, and Goldie’s
57. assessment was blind to Fridlund’s assessment just as
Waterman’s
assessment was blind to Fridlund and Goldie’s prior
assessments
and tentative hypotheses (Fridlund et al., 2012b).
3. Although Digdon, Powell, and Harris (2014) and Powell et al.
(2014) described the film clips of Little Albert edited from Wat-
son’s (1923) film as 5 min in length and divided into three seg-
ments, Fridlund et al. (2012a) described the clips that they
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analyzed as 4 min in length and divided into four segments. The
reason for these differences is presently unknown.
4. Fridlund et al. (2012a, pp. 21–22) claimed that signs of
Albert’s neu-
rological impairment may have eluded other viewers of
Watson’s
film because they were expecting to see the healthy, normal
baby that
58. Watson described repeatedly in his writings. But, as pointed out
by
Nancy Digdon, these expectancy effects on perception would
also
apply to the observations of viewers who believe that Albert is
neurologically impaired (N. Digdon, personal communication,
July
8, 2014). If viewers were led to think that Albert was
neurologically
impaired, then they would likely see signs of such impairment.
To
illustrate the power of such ‘‘expectancy effects,’’ Nancy
suggests the
following classroom demonstration, which involves showing the
Lit-
tle Albert film in class (free clips of this film are readily
available on
the Internet). Before presenting the film, give students a brief
handout
to prime one third of the class to expect Albert to be impaired,
another
third to expect Albert to be exceptionally well developed, and
the final
59. third with no prime. After the film, have students evaluate
Albert’s
developmental status. Differences in students’ appraisals of
Albert
should prompt a more general class discussion about the
subjectivity
of observations and why scientific approaches require …
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Whatever Happened to Little Albert?
Article in American Psychologist · February 1979
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.34.2.151
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62. ABSTRACT: John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner's
1920 conditioning of the infant Albert B. is a well-
known piece of social science folklore. Using pub-
lished sources, this article reviews the study's actual
procedures and its relationship to Watson's career and
work. The article also presents a history of psycholo-
gists' accounts of the Albert study, focusing on the
study's distortion by Watson himself, general textbook
authors, behavior therapists, and most recently, a
prominent learning theorist. The author proposes pos-
sible causes for these distortions and analyzes the
Albert study as an example of myth making in the
history of psychology.
Almost 60 years after it was first reported, Watson
and Rayner's (1920) attempted conditioning of
the infant Albert B. is one of the most widely
cited experiments in textbook psychology. Under-
graduate textbooks of general, developmental, and
abnormal psychology use Albert's conditioning to
illustrate the applicability of classical conditioning
to the development and modification of human
emotional behavior. More specialized books focus-
ing on psychopathology and behavior therapy (e.g.,
Eysenck, 1960) cite Albert's conditioning as an ex-
perimental model of psychopathology (i.e., a rat
phobia) and often use Albert to introduce a dis-
cussion of systematic desensitization as a treat-
ment of phobic anxiety.
Unfortunately, most accounts of Watson and
Rayner's research with Albert feature as much
fabrication and distortion as they do fact. From
information about Albert himself to 'the basic ex-
perimental methods and results, no detail of the
63. original study has escaped misrepresentation in the
telling and retelling of this bit of social science
folklore.
There has recently been a revival of interest
in Watson's conditioning research and theorizing
(e.g., MacKenzie, 1972; Seligman, 1971; Weimer
& Palermo, 1973; Samelson, Note 1), and in the
mythology of little Albert (Cornwell & Hobbs,
1976; Larson, 1978; Prytula, Oster, & Davis,
1977). However, there has yet to be a complete
examination of the methodology and results of the
Vol. 34, No. 2, 151-160
Albert study and of the process by which the
study's details have been altered over the years.
In the spirit of other investigations of classic
studies in psychology (e.g., Ellenberger, 1972;
Parsons, 1974) it is time to examine Albert's con-
ditioning in light of current theories of learning.
It is also time to examine how the Albert study
has been portrayed over the years, in the hope of
discovering how changes in psychological theory
have affected what generations of psychologists
have told each other about Albert.
The Experiment
As described by Watson and Rayner (1920), an
experimental study was undertaken to answer three
questions: (1) Can an infant be conditioned to
fear an animal that appears simultaneously with
a loud, fear-arousing sound? ( 2 ) Would such fear
transfer to other animals or to inanimate objects?
(3) How long would such fears persist? In at-
tempting to answer these questions, Watson and
64. Rayner selected an infant named Albert B., whom
they described as "healthy," and "stolid and un-
emotional" (p. 1). At approximately 9 months
of age, Albert was tested and was judged to show
no fear when successively observing a number of
live animals (e.g., a rat, a rabbit, a dog, and a
monkey), and various inanimate objects (e.g.,
cotton, human masks, a burning newspaper). He
was, however, judged to show fear whenever a
long steel bar was unexpectedly struck with a claw
hammer just behind his back.
Two months after testing Albert's apparently
unconditioned reactions to various stimuli, Watson
and Rayner attempted to condition him to fear a
Preparation of this article was aided by the textbook
and literature searches of Nancy Kinsey, the helpful com-
ments of Mike Wessels, and the bibliographic assistance
of Cedric Larson. The author also thanks Bill Wood-
ward and Ernest Hilgard for their comments on earlier
versions of this work.
Requests for reprints should be sent to Ben Harris,
Box 368, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York 12601.
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST • FEBRUARY 1979 • 151
Copyright 1979 by the American Psychological Association,
Inc.
0003-066X/79/3402-01Sl$00.75
white rat. This was done by presenting a white
rat to Albert, followed by a loud clanging sound
65. (of the hammer and steel bar) whenever Albert
touched the animal. After seven pairings of the
rat and noise (in two sessions, one week apart),
Albert reacted with crying and avoidance when
the rat was presented without the loud noise.
In order to test the generalization of Albert's
fear response, 5 days later he was presented with
the rat, a set of familiar wooden blocks, a rabbit,
a short-haired dog, a sealskin coat, a package of
white cotton, the heads of Watson and two assist-
ants (inverted so that Albert could touch their
hair), and a bearded Santa Glaus mask. Albert
seemed to show a strong fear response to the rat,
the rabbit, the dog, and the sealskin coat; a "nega-
tive" response to the mask and Watson's hair; and
a mild response to the cotton. Also, Albert played
freely with the wooden blocks and the hair of
Watson's assistants.
After an additional 5 days, Watson recondi-
tioned Albert to the rat (one trial, rat paired with
noise) and also attempted to condition Albert di-
rectly to fear the previously presented rabbit (one
trial) and dog (one trial). When the effects of
this procedure were tested in a different, larger
room, it was found that Albert showed only a
slight reaction to the rat, the dog, and the rabbit.
Consequently, Watson attempted "to freshen the
reaction to the rat" (p. 9) by presenting it with
the loud noise. Soon after this, the dog began to
bark loudly at Albert, scaring him and the experi-
menters and further confounding the experiment.
To answer their third question concerning the
permanence of conditioned responses over time,
66. Watson and Rayner conducted a final series of
tests on Albert after 31 days of neither condition-
ing nor extinction trials. In these tests, Albert
showed fear when touching the Santa Claus mask,
the sealskin coat, the rat, the rabbit, and the dog.
At the same time, however, he initiated contact
with the coat and the rabbit, showing "strife be-
tween withdrawal and the tendency to manipulate"
(Watson & Rayner, 1920, p. 10). Following these
final tests, Albert's mother removed him from the
hospital where the experiment had been conducted.
(According to their own account, Watson and
Rayner knew a month in advance the day that
Albert would no longer be available to them.)
The Context of Watson and
Rayner's Study
What was the relationship of the Albert experi-
ment to the rest of Watson's work? On a per-
sonal level, this work was the final published
project of Watson's academic career, although he
supervised a subsequent, related study of the de-
conditioning of young children's fears '(M. C.
Jones, 1924a, 1924b). From a theoretical per-
spective, the Albert study provided an empirical
test of a theory of behavior and emotional de-
velopment that Watson had constructed over a
number of years.
Although Watson had publicly declared himself
a "behaviorist" in early 1913, he apparently did
not become interested in the conditioning of motor
and autonomic responses until late 1914, when he
read a French edition of Bekhterev's Objective
Psychology (see Hilgard & Marquis, 1940). By