This document reviews literature on the effectiveness of injury prevention techniques in elite youth soccer. It examines studies that have investigated injury prevention programs, including the FIFA 11 program. While some studies found the FIFA 11 reduced injuries, others found no difference, possibly due to poor compliance. Combining prevention programs with education for coaches and parents showed better results. Future research should develop more sport-specific prevention exercises focusing on the lower body.
Prehabilitation and Improved Performance for AthletesTina Nguyen
A prehabilitation program to reduce the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. Researched and written as a final project upon gradate school.
Evaluation of the match external load in soccerFernando Farias
In modern soccer training control and regulation is regarded as a relevant
methodological procedure to optimize training adaptations to maximize match performance 1-
3
. Training progress is the result of the interplay of external and internal loads imposed on
players during training sessions 2
. Although physiological adaptations are mediated by
internal load functional variation the doses necessary for obtaining them are practically seized
monitoring training external load 4
. The recent exponential advancement of match analysis
systems such as multi-camera and Global Position System Technology has enabled the
evaluation of player’s external load during specific training in elite and sub-elite competitive
and recreational soccer
Prehabilitation and Improved Performance for AthletesTina Nguyen
A prehabilitation program to reduce the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. Researched and written as a final project upon gradate school.
Evaluation of the match external load in soccerFernando Farias
In modern soccer training control and regulation is regarded as a relevant
methodological procedure to optimize training adaptations to maximize match performance 1-
3
. Training progress is the result of the interplay of external and internal loads imposed on
players during training sessions 2
. Although physiological adaptations are mediated by
internal load functional variation the doses necessary for obtaining them are practically seized
monitoring training external load 4
. The recent exponential advancement of match analysis
systems such as multi-camera and Global Position System Technology has enabled the
evaluation of player’s external load during specific training in elite and sub-elite competitive
and recreational soccer
Effects of Wii versus traditional supervised exercise on the functional fitne...spastudent
Effects of Wii versus traditional supervised exercise on the functional fitness of moderately frail Chinese population- A Pilot Study
Nanyang Polytechnic
Physiotherapy
Critical analysis of unforced error of all India intervarsity tennis playersSports Journal
The purpose of this study was to analyze the unforced errors in the performances of Tennis players. For
the purpose of this study 26 male tennis players were selected who had participated in All India
Intervarsity Tennis (Men’s) championship held in Jiwaji University, Gwalior 2008-09. The following
measures were selected in analyzing the unforced error in Tennis; First serve, Second serve, Foot fault,
Fore hand drive fault, Back hand drive fault, Smash fault, Back hand slice and Fore hand slice. The tester
competency was evaluated together with the reliability of the tester by analyzing the performance of the
26 players of All India Intervarsity tennis (Men’s) championship. The data was collected for each
criterion measure by seen the match performance during the All India Intervarsity Tennis (Men’s)
championship. For the critical analysis of unforced error in the performance of All India Tennis players
‘t’-test was employed. The level of significance was set at 0.05.The finding of the study revealed that The
players of All India Intervarsity Tennis (Men) championship did not show any statistical significant
differences in unforced errors related to first service fault, second service fault, foot fault, forehand drive
fault, backhand drive fault, smash fault, backhand slice fault & forehand slice fault. This may be
attributed to the fact that they have comparatively same level of skill & technique and are playing in a
same competition.
Post exercise cold water immersion attenuates acute anabolic signallingFernando Farias
these two studies offer new and
important insights into how cold water immersion during
recovery from strength exercise affects chronic training
adaptations and some of the molecular mechanisms that
underpin such adaptations. Cold water immersion delayed
or inhibited satellite cell activity and suppressed the
activation of p70S6K after acute strength exercise. These
effects may have been compounded over time to diminish
the expected increases in muscle mass and strength as a
result of training. The results of these studies challenge the
notion that cold water immersion improves recovery after
exercise. Individuals who use strength training to improve
athletic performance, recover from injury or maintain
their health should therefore reconsider whether to use
cold water immersion as an adjuvant to their training.
How Small-Sided and Conditioned Games Enhance Acquisition of Movement and Dec...Fernando Farias
Such traditional methods provide a limited scope for
action variability in learners because a key aim of practitioners
is to decrease uncertainty of actions and rationalize decision-
making processes in training drills. Despite these reported bene-
fits, traditional utilization of practice drills has been criticized
because they neglect the active role of the performance envi-
ronment in shaping movement behavior and decision making
(10), sustaining a dysfunctional rupture in the performer-
environment relationship (cf. the concept of organismic asym-
metry in sports science (9)).
Outcome Expectancy Mediates the Relationship between Affective Response to Ph...Yue Liao
This study analyzed data from ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and accelerometer to explore social cognitive constructs as mediators of affective response to physical activity and subsequent physical activity levels. It was presented at the 2017 Society of Behavioral Medicine Annual Meeting in San Diego, California.
Performance Coach: Health Advocate for Enhancing Career Longevity of Special ...Krista Austin
This paper describes the need for coaching to improve resiliency of Special Operations Forces and discusses a means for evaluating readiness in military populaions.
A evidência apresentada sugere que a variação é um componente necessário do planejamento efetivo do treinamento. Apoiando essa perspectiva, outras pesquisas sugerem que a monotonia de treinamento elevado - que pode ser amplamente percebida como uma falta de variação20 - leva a uma maior incidência de síndromes de overtraining21, um mau desempenho e freqüência de infecções banais.22 Inversamente, as reduções na monotonia têm Tem sido associada a uma maior incidência de melhor desempenho pessoal 22, e os índices de monotonia têm sido defendidos como ferramentas benéficas de treinamento-regulação na elite rowing23 e no sprint24.
Effect of cold water immersion on skeletal muscle contractile properties in s...Fernando Farias
This study shows that repeated cold-water immersions (4
4 mins at 4-C) cause considerable alterations to muscle behavior. These alter-
ations signififiantly affect the state of muscles and their response capacity, partic-
ularly in relation to muscle stiffness and muscle contraction velocity.
Effects of Wii versus traditional supervised exercise on the functional fitne...spastudent
Effects of Wii versus traditional supervised exercise on the functional fitness of moderately frail Chinese population- A Pilot Study
Nanyang Polytechnic
Physiotherapy
Critical analysis of unforced error of all India intervarsity tennis playersSports Journal
The purpose of this study was to analyze the unforced errors in the performances of Tennis players. For
the purpose of this study 26 male tennis players were selected who had participated in All India
Intervarsity Tennis (Men’s) championship held in Jiwaji University, Gwalior 2008-09. The following
measures were selected in analyzing the unforced error in Tennis; First serve, Second serve, Foot fault,
Fore hand drive fault, Back hand drive fault, Smash fault, Back hand slice and Fore hand slice. The tester
competency was evaluated together with the reliability of the tester by analyzing the performance of the
26 players of All India Intervarsity tennis (Men’s) championship. The data was collected for each
criterion measure by seen the match performance during the All India Intervarsity Tennis (Men’s)
championship. For the critical analysis of unforced error in the performance of All India Tennis players
‘t’-test was employed. The level of significance was set at 0.05.The finding of the study revealed that The
players of All India Intervarsity Tennis (Men) championship did not show any statistical significant
differences in unforced errors related to first service fault, second service fault, foot fault, forehand drive
fault, backhand drive fault, smash fault, backhand slice fault & forehand slice fault. This may be
attributed to the fact that they have comparatively same level of skill & technique and are playing in a
same competition.
Post exercise cold water immersion attenuates acute anabolic signallingFernando Farias
these two studies offer new and
important insights into how cold water immersion during
recovery from strength exercise affects chronic training
adaptations and some of the molecular mechanisms that
underpin such adaptations. Cold water immersion delayed
or inhibited satellite cell activity and suppressed the
activation of p70S6K after acute strength exercise. These
effects may have been compounded over time to diminish
the expected increases in muscle mass and strength as a
result of training. The results of these studies challenge the
notion that cold water immersion improves recovery after
exercise. Individuals who use strength training to improve
athletic performance, recover from injury or maintain
their health should therefore reconsider whether to use
cold water immersion as an adjuvant to their training.
How Small-Sided and Conditioned Games Enhance Acquisition of Movement and Dec...Fernando Farias
Such traditional methods provide a limited scope for
action variability in learners because a key aim of practitioners
is to decrease uncertainty of actions and rationalize decision-
making processes in training drills. Despite these reported bene-
fits, traditional utilization of practice drills has been criticized
because they neglect the active role of the performance envi-
ronment in shaping movement behavior and decision making
(10), sustaining a dysfunctional rupture in the performer-
environment relationship (cf. the concept of organismic asym-
metry in sports science (9)).
Outcome Expectancy Mediates the Relationship between Affective Response to Ph...Yue Liao
This study analyzed data from ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and accelerometer to explore social cognitive constructs as mediators of affective response to physical activity and subsequent physical activity levels. It was presented at the 2017 Society of Behavioral Medicine Annual Meeting in San Diego, California.
Performance Coach: Health Advocate for Enhancing Career Longevity of Special ...Krista Austin
This paper describes the need for coaching to improve resiliency of Special Operations Forces and discusses a means for evaluating readiness in military populaions.
A evidência apresentada sugere que a variação é um componente necessário do planejamento efetivo do treinamento. Apoiando essa perspectiva, outras pesquisas sugerem que a monotonia de treinamento elevado - que pode ser amplamente percebida como uma falta de variação20 - leva a uma maior incidência de síndromes de overtraining21, um mau desempenho e freqüência de infecções banais.22 Inversamente, as reduções na monotonia têm Tem sido associada a uma maior incidência de melhor desempenho pessoal 22, e os índices de monotonia têm sido defendidos como ferramentas benéficas de treinamento-regulação na elite rowing23 e no sprint24.
Effect of cold water immersion on skeletal muscle contractile properties in s...Fernando Farias
This study shows that repeated cold-water immersions (4
4 mins at 4-C) cause considerable alterations to muscle behavior. These alter-
ations signififiantly affect the state of muscles and their response capacity, partic-
ularly in relation to muscle stiffness and muscle contraction velocity.
At Home and Office Storage Company, we have highly advanced, durable and quality home office storage units to protect your articles from dust, temperature and other particles.
Мы, фонд помощи хосписам «Вера», попробовали собрать под одной обложкой и справочную, и медицинскую информацию, которая поможет вам понять, осталось ли у вас еще время; и советы о помощи по организации похорон, и материалы, которые, как нам кажется, помогут вам пройти этот очень тяжелый период. Период расставания и горевания.
Все материалы этой брошюры готовились на основе вопросов, которые нам регулярно задают родственники пациентов. Нам бы очень хотелось, чтобы всё, что вы прочтете на этих страницах, стало для вас полезным и немного облегчило ваше бремя.
Hamstring injuries are among the most com-
mon non-contact injuries in sports. The Nordic hamstring
(NH) exercise has been shown to decrease risk by
increasing eccentric hamstring strength.
Objective: The Functional Movement Screening (FMS) measures the range of motion, balance, and stability in different situations.So performing exercises that increase the (FMS) scores may be helpful in reducing the number of exercise injuries. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess does TRX training reduce injury rates in futsal athletes, as measured by the Functional Movement Screening Test?
Methods: Twenty-four futsal players (CON mean age: 22.40 ± 1.24 years and INT Mean age: 2.44 ± 21.80 years, age range: 18-28) were randomly assigned to a CON (n = 12) or an INT (n = 12) group. The intervention group carried out three times a week over six weeks during the same period, the control group continued its routine training that includes futsal specialist training and Tactical training. Both groups performed functional movement screening before and after the exercise program. Paired t test was used to analyze the data via SPSS software at the significance level of P < 0.050.
Soccer, which has a large number of participants, has a high injury incidence that causes
both financial and time burdens. Therefore, knowledge about the epidemiology of soccer injuries
could allow sports-medicine professionals, such as physicians and physiotherapists, to direct their
work in specific preventive programs. Thus, our aim was to conduct an epidemiological survey of
injuries sustained by professional soccer players from the same team who participated in the Brazilian
championship premier league in 2009.
Training Load and Fatigue Marker Associations with Injury and IllnessFernando Farias
This paper provides a comprehensive review of the litera-
ture that has reported the monitoring of longitudinal
training load and fatigue and its relationship with injury
and illness. The current findings highlight disparity in the
terms used to define training load, fatigue, injury and ill-
ness, as well as a lack of investigation of fatigue and
training load interactions. Key stages of training and
competition where the athlete is at an increased risk of
injury/illness risk were identified. These included periods
of training load intensification, accumulation of training
load and acute change in load. Modifying training load
during these periods may help reduce the potential for
injury and illness.
Surrogacy and transnational adoption are very honorable and noble .docxmabelf3
Surrogacy and transnational adoption are very honorable and noble choices to help those who cannot have children or are incapable of doing so. According to the Vice video, surrogacy has become a global spread in many countries and often not done ethically due to different countries laws. This is especially apparent in India where it is much cheaper to get a surrogate than paying for one in the U.S.
Prospective parents put off by the rigor of traditional adoptions are bypassing that system by producing babies of their own-often using an egg donor from one country, a sperm donor from another, and a surrogate who will deliver in a third country to make what some industry participants call a World Baby. Because this is a global business, laws are vague and can conflict from country to country. Communication between all three parties of the business can be very difficult at times because everyone might live in a different country. This makes it hard to make sure the if parents or the surrogate is responsible since there is little information exchanged. A background check would provide valuable information about everyone to know that they are not dangerous. I think one potential solution to this business so that it isn’t as sketchy, is to shift our areas of interest to countries that have background checks available while staggering the impregnant dates to minimize abortions. Having background checks also would provide valuable information about everyone to know that they are not dangerous.
International adoption can be challenging at times, but very rewarding. It can be useful for people who cannot have a child or want to give a child a better life. It can also be much cheaper and faster to adopt one from another country because there are less regulations and specific laws in other countries. I think adoption in general is an important thought to consider for potential future parents. There are thousands of children who grow up in a foster home who don’t get the help and resources they need. I have a friend who was adopted by parents in the U.S., but she was originally from Vietnam. They were able to give her a better life and the resources she needed to grow. However, while adopting internationally has it’s pros, its cons would be that after taking them away from their own country, they might take away the child’s sense of identity or the culture they came from. This can potentially affect a child’s future self identity and make them feel out of place being in a different country with a different race of people.
Whether it’s adoption or surrogacy, people need to be aware of the the risky business behind it. Since most of these cases are done internationally, a background check is one of the most important things to do. Without a proper background check, it could increase the chance of a child being raised by irresponsible parents and continue to throw away another human life. Surrogacy is a sensitive and risky business that needs to be handled.
Accrington Stanley FC Youth Team Injury Audit and Pre season planning power p...Tony Tompos
Accrington Stanley FC Youth Team Injury Audit and Pre season planning power point courtesy of data collected from www.benchmark54.com and 'Fitness in Soccer (Van Winckel,2014).
Accrington Stanley FC Youth Team Injury Audit and Pre season planning power p...
LITERARY REVIEW
1. To Investigate The Effectiveness Of
Injury Prevention Techniques In Elite
Youth Soccer
B00053157
Roisin Galvin
Department of Business
School of Business & Humanities
Institute of Technology, Blanchardstown
Dublin 15
Word Limit for Assignment: 1,500 words Actual Word Count: 1,411
Sports Management and Coaching
Power StrengthSpeed
09/03/15
3. Literary Review
B000053157 3
Introduction
This report will review the current literature that relates to the effectiveness of injury
prevention methodsin elite youth soccer. As part of this, several studies which have been
conducted on injury prevention will be assessed. Findings from this research study will be
presented throughout the report and concluded at the end. The various methods of injury
prevention will be analyzed and a best practice approach will be suggested
(recommendationssection). The recommendationssectionwillalsohighlightanygapsinthe
field and areas which need to be researched further.
The literature being evaluated focuses on the demographic of boys and girlsaged between
eightandeighteen.Bothsexeswere includedtodistinguishhow the populationscompare in
terms of the injuries suffered and the type of injuries being presented.
Itiswidelyacknowledgedintheliteraturethat injurypreventionmethodsare notaseffective
with adult populations as their injuries may have been present for a prolonged periodand
they have fully developed bodies and movement patterns (gait) which are consequently
difficult to modify or influence. This concept is supported by Van Beijsterveldt et al., (2012)
who recorded no differences between the number of injuries recorded between the
intervention team who were completing an injury prevention programme and the control
team who were completing training as usual.
Injury Occurrence
Price et al.,(2005) foundthat a playersuffersonaverage 1.3 injuriesperseasonandmisses
approximately twenty- four days of training and competition per injury. This poses a
substantial problem for youth teams, it has been hypothesized that athletes must practice
for at least three hours a day for ten years to achieve maximum skill development. This
benchmark may be unattainable as Price et al., (2005) found that on average players were
“missing 6% of their development time” due to injury.
4. Literary Review
B000053157 4
Injury Prevention Programmes
Three studies examined the effect implementing the FIFA 11 programme had on injury
prevention. The three studies were as follows Van Beijsterveldt et al., (2010) , Junge et al.,
(2010) and Steffen et al., (2007). The FIFA 11 was developed as a structured warm up
programme targeting the most commonly occurring soccer injuries (ankle, knee,groin and
hamstring strains). Although all three studies implemented the identical prevention
programmed the differences in results were substantial.
Junge et al., (2010) found that “teams who performed the FIFA 11 had an 11.5% lower
incidence of match injuriesand a 25.3% lower incidence of training injuries”. Contrary to
these findingsVanBeijsterveldtetal.,(2010) recordednodifferencesininjuriesbetween the
prevention and control group.
Compliance withthe FIFA 11exerciseswasextremelypoorinall threeof the aforementioned
studies:60%,64% and57% respectively.Thismeansthatthe mostcompliantteamrepeated
the FIFA 11 in only 64% of their total training sessions.
However in all three studies the fair play component of the programme was not included.
Thisrepresentsamajorflawseeingasthe fairplayadvice includedinformationpertainingto
the rulesof the sport, ethical playand acceptable behavior.Thisfairplay advice couldhave
further reduced injuries as it would have impacted the athletes’ behaviors’ in training and
matches.
Thispoorcompliance recordedinthese studiescouldbe attributedtoinsufficientmotivation
and education programmes.
In the study conductedbySteffenetal.,(2007) considerable effortswere made tomotivate
the intervention teams to include the exercise programme as part of their standardized
warm- up routine. The team were given balance mats and brochures outlining the
programme however compliance was still remarkably low at 57%.
Soligard et al., (2010) found that players with high compliance to the injury prevention
exercises had a 35% lower risk of injury. Coaches who had previously utilized injury
prevention training coached teams with a 46% lower risk of injury.
5. Literary Review
B000053157 5
These findingsare complimentedby Kiani etal., (2010) who combinedan injuryprevention
programme withaneducationworkshopforthe athletes’parents.Thisinterventionresulted
in a 94% adherence to the injury prevention programme.
Stress and Recovery
Brink et al., (2010) examined the relationship between stress and injury occurrence. This
study states that physical stress is related to traumatic injuries. Brink et al., (2010) noted
that “when athletes experience stressful situations, psychosocial stress contributes to their
response”. The consequences of this increased stress are augmented muscle tension, a
narrowing of the visual field and a reduced attention span. In light of these findings it is
appropriate toask whymore teamsare not usingthe RPE scalesas well asdailytrainingand
psychological stress logs in order to identify players who may be at risk of developing an
injury.
Coaches’ Behaviours and Education
Barnettetal.,(2014) notedthatthe injurypreventionworkshopincreasedcoaches’attitudes
toward conducting a programme at the beginning of the practice and improving player
cutting and landing technique. The injury prevention programme workshop increased
coaches’attitudestowardconductinga numberof preventionexercisesbefore trainingand
matches. The injury prevention programme workshop also increased coaches’ intent to
implementaprogramme nextseason.Howeverthe studyalsofoundthat this “highlevel of
coach intentto introduce an anteriorcruciate ligamentpreventionprogramme intotraining
does not translate into effective implementation”.
It is of concern to note that 52% of coaches strongly disagreed with the statement below
“ I wouldbe willingtohave myteamperformananterior cruciate ligamentinjuryprevention
programme if the programme required fifteen minutes of practice time”
These findingsare of particularconcern as Kiani et al. (2010) foundthat “femalesare seven
timesmore likelytosufferanACL injurycomparedto theirmale counterparts”.This type of
6. Literary Review
B000053157 6
injury often presents long term consequences including an insufficient recovery and
secondary osteoarthritis of the knee.
The study conducted by Soligard et al., (2010) included a number of feedback phone calls
between the researchers and coaches. These were standardized telephone interviews used
to assess coaches attitudes and beliefs. However this may have led to the production of
unreliable data as coaches may have suffered from “groupthink” or perhaps they were not
honest when relaying their answers to the researchers. To overcome this, the researchers
couldhave implementedanumberof anonymousfeedbackformswhere coacheswouldfeel
more inclined to provide their honest opinions of the study. This study also presented an
unexpectedresultasfouroutof the tenteamswithlow compliance presentednoinjuriesat
all.This can be put downto luckas thisfindinggoesagainstthe acceptedtheoriesoninjury
prevention.
There may have been a placebo effect present in several of the studies. Coaches of the
control group may have unknowingly included exercises from the FIFA 11 in the training
sessions, this is extremely likely as the researchers attended less control group training
sessions ( and therefore the researchers didn’t record the content of the control groups
training sessions) as the aim of the various studies was to reduce injury in the prevention
group.
7. Literary Review
B000053157 7
Conclusion and Recommendations
This literature review has presentedsome of the merits of implementing the FIFA 11 injury
preventionprogramme.Junge etal.,(2010) foundthat playerswhoperformed“the 11” had
an 11.5% lowerincidence of match injuriesanda 25.3% lowerincidence of traininginjuries.
These findingswerealsorestrictedbyintrinsicfactorssuchasthe motivationof the athletes’,
compliance with the programme and the coaches’ education and attitude towards injury
prevention.
Howeverthesefindingsare compromisedbythe factthatthe exercisesare notsportspecific.
Onlythree of the exercisesincludesoccerspecificmovements,these exercisesare the cross-
country skiing, plyometrics and bounding.
The remaining eight exercises included mainly throwing exercises which focus on the
muscles of the upper body. The inclusion of these exercises are not justified as Kiani et
al.,(2010) recordedthat “80% of soccer injuriesoccurinthe lowerextremities”.The FIFA 11
injurypreventionprogramme therefore ismore suitedtoathleteswhoplaythrowingsports
such as handball and basketball, where movements such as chest passes, sideways bench
and figure of eights are frequently seen.
There appears to be broad support for combining an injury prevention programme withan
educationprogramme forboththe coachesand the parentsof the athletes.Future research
shouldbuildonKiani etal.,(2010) findingsandintroduce arevisedFIFA 11injuryprevention
programme whichfocusesonsports specificlowerbodyexercisessuchassquats andlunges.
8. Literary Review
B000053157 8
References
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Barnett, S.F, Register- Mihalik, J, and Padua, D.A. 2014. High Levels Of Coach Intent To
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Brink,M.S,Visscher,C,Arends,S,andZwerver,J.2010. MonitoringStressAndRecovery:New
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Junge, A, Lamprecht, M and Stamm, H. 2010. Countrywide Campaign To Prevent Soccer
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Kiani, A, Hellquist, E, Ahlqvist, K, and Gedeborg, R. 2010. Prevention Of Soccer Related Knee
Injuries In Teenaged Girls. American Medical Association, 170, pp. 43-49.
Price, R.J, Hawkins, R.D, Hulse, M.J and Hodson, A. 2004. The Football Association Medical
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Van Beijsterveldt,A.M,VanDe Port I.G.L, Krist,M.R and Schmikli,S.M.2012 EffectivenessOf
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