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Similar to Linux full command_reference (20) Linux full command_reference1. i Introduction
LINUX COMPLETE
Command Reference
Compiled by J. Purcell
Red Hat Software, Inc.
201 West 103rd Street
Indianapolis, Indiana 46290
For more information on the Linux operating system and
Red Hat Software, Inc., check http://www.redhat.com.
2. COPYRIGHT © 1997 BY RED HAT SOFTWARE, INC.
FIRST EDITION
All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No
patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained
herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this
book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions.
Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the
information contained herein. For information, address Sams Publishing, 201
W. 103rd St., Indianapolis, IN 46290.
International Standard Book Number: 0-672-31104-6
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 97-66202
2000 99 98 97 4 3 2 1
Interpretation of the printing code: the rightmost double-digit number is the
year of the book’s printing; the rightmost single-digit, the number of the book’s
printing. For example, a printing code of 97-1 shows that the first printing of the
book occurred in 1997.
Composed in AGaramond and MCPdigital by Macmillan Computer Publishing
Printed in the United States of America
TRADEMARKS
All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service
marks have been appropriately capitalized. Sams Publishing cannot attest to the
accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded
as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark.
President Richard K. Swadley
Publisher and Director of Acquisitions Jordan Gold
Director of Product Development Dean Miller
Managing Editor Kitty Wilson Jarrett
Indexing Manager Johnna L. VanHoose
Director of Marketing Kelli S. Spencer
Associate Product Marketing Manager Jennifer Pock
Marketing Coordinator Linda Beckwith
Acquisitions Editor
Grace M. Buechlein
Development Editor
Brian Proffitt
Software Development Specialist
Jack Belbot
Production Editor
Kitty Wilson Jarrett
Kate Shoup Welsh
Copy Editors
Kimberly K. Hannel
Carolyn Linn
Kristine Simmons
Indexer
Christine L. Nelsen
Technical Reviewer
Bill Ball
Editorial Coordinators
Mandie Rowell
Katie Wise
Technical Edit Coordinator
Lynette Quinn
Editorial Assistants
Carol Ackerman
Andi Richter
Rhonda Tinch-Mize
Karen Williams
Cover Designer
Karen Ruggles
Book Designer
Ann Jones
Copy Writer
David Reichwein
Production Team Supervisor
Beth Lewis
Production Team
Erin Danielson, Bryan Flores,
DiMonique Ford, Julie Geeting,
Kay Hoskin, Christy M. Lemasters,
Tony McDonald, Darlena Murray,
Julie Searls, Sossity Smith
3. Overview
Part I
User Commands 2
Part II
System Calls 738
Part III
Library Functions 892
Part IV
Special Files 1064
Part V
File Formats 1104
Part VI
Games 1210
Part VII
Miscellaneous 1214
Part VIII
Administration and Privileged Commands 1258
Part IX
Kernel Reference Guide 1424
Index
4. Linux Complete Command Reference iv
Part I User Commands
Introduction ......................................................................................................... 2
addftinfo ............................................................................................................... 2
afmtodit ................................................................................................................ 2
ansi2knr ................................................................................................................ 4
anytopnm ............................................................................................................. 4
appres ................................................................................................................... 5
ar .......................................................................................................................... 5
arch ....................................................................................................................... 8
GNU as ................................................................................................................ 8
asciitopgm ........................................................................................................... 10
atktopbm ............................................................................................................ 10
bash .................................................................................................................... 11
bdftopcf .............................................................................................................. 47
beforelight ........................................................................................................... 47
biff ...................................................................................................................... 48
bioradtopgm ....................................................................................................... 48
bitmap, bmtoa, atobm ........................................................................................ 49
bmptoppm .......................................................................................................... 57
brushtopbm ........................................................................................................ 57
cal ....................................................................................................................... 58
cat ....................................................................................................................... 58
chattr .................................................................................................................. 59
chfn .................................................................................................................... 60
chgrp................................................................................................................... 61
chkdupexe ........................................................................................................... 61
chmod................................................................................................................. 61
chown ................................................................................................................. 62
chsh .................................................................................................................... 63
ci ......................................................................................................................... 64
cidentd ................................................................................................................ 69
cksum ................................................................................................................. 70
clear .................................................................................................................... 70
cmuwmtopbm .................................................................................................... 71
co ........................................................................................................................ 71
col ....................................................................................................................... 76
colcrt ................................................................................................................... 77
colrm .................................................................................................................. 77
column................................................................................................................ 78
comm.................................................................................................................. 78
5. v Introduction
convdate.............................................................................................................. 79
cp ........................................................................................................................ 80
cccp, cpp ............................................................................................................. 81
crontab................................................................................................................ 84
csplit ................................................................................................................... 85
ctags .................................................................................................................... 87
cu ........................................................................................................................ 88
cut ...................................................................................................................... 90
cvs ....................................................................................................................... 91
date ................................................................................................................... 106
dd ..................................................................................................................... 108
depmod, modprobe ........................................................................................... 109
df ...................................................................................................................... 112
dig .................................................................................................................... 113
dnsquery ........................................................................................................... 117
domainname ..................................................................................................... 119
dsplit ................................................................................................................. 119
du ..................................................................................................................... 120
editres ............................................................................................................... 121
elvis, ex, vi, view, input ..................................................................................... 126
elvprsv ............................................................................................................... 128
elvrec ................................................................................................................. 129
emacs ................................................................................................................ 130
emacstool .......................................................................................................... 134
etags .................................................................................................................. 135
expand .............................................................................................................. 137
find ................................................................................................................... 137
fitstopnm .......................................................................................................... 142
fmt .................................................................................................................... 143
fold ................................................................................................................... 143
free .................................................................................................................... 144
fsinfo ................................................................................................................. 145
fslsfonts ............................................................................................................. 145
fstobdf ............................................................................................................... 146
fstopgm ............................................................................................................. 147
ftp ..................................................................................................................... 147
fuser .................................................................................................................. 154
g++.................................................................................................................... 155
g3topbm ........................................................................................................... 160
gawk ................................................................................................................. 161
6. Linux Complete Command Reference vi
gcal ................................................................................................................... 173
gcc, g++ ............................................................................................................. 174
gemtopbm ........................................................................................................ 201
geqn .................................................................................................................. 202
getlist ................................................................................................................ 206
getopt ................................................................................................................ 207
giftopnm ........................................................................................................... 208
gindxbib ............................................................................................................ 209
glookbib ............................................................................................................ 210
gnroff ................................................................................................................ 210
gouldtoppm ...................................................................................................... 211
gpic ................................................................................................................... 211
gprof ................................................................................................................. 216
grefer ................................................................................................................. 217
grep, egrep, fgrep .............................................................................................. 224
grephistory ........................................................................................................ 226
grodvi ............................................................................................................... 227
groff .................................................................................................................. 228
grog .................................................................................................................. 230
grops ................................................................................................................. 230
grotty ................................................................................................................ 235
gsoelim .............................................................................................................. 236
gtbl ................................................................................................................... 236
gtroff ................................................................................................................. 237
gzip, gunzip, zcatgzip, gunzip, zcat .................................................................... 248
gzexe ................................................................................................................. 252
head .................................................................................................................. 253
hexdump ........................................................................................................... 254
hipstopgm ......................................................................................................... 256
host ................................................................................................................... 257
hostid ................................................................................................................ 258
hostname .......................................................................................................... 259
hpcdtoppm v0.3 ................................................................................................ 260
httpd ................................................................................................................. 261
icontopbm ........................................................................................................ 262
ident ................................................................................................................. 262
ilbmtoppm ........................................................................................................ 263
imake ................................................................................................................ 264
imgtoppm ......................................................................................................... 267
inews ................................................................................................................. 267
info ................................................................................................................... 269
innconfval ......................................................................................................... 270
insmod .............................................................................................................. 271
install ................................................................................................................ 272
installit .............................................................................................................. 273
7. vii Introduction
ispell, buildhash, munchlist, findaffix, tryaffix, icombine, ijoin ......................... 274
join ................................................................................................................... 282
kill .................................................................................................................... 283
killall ................................................................................................................. 284
ksyms ................................................................................................................ 284
last .................................................................................................................... 285
lbxproxy ............................................................................................................ 286
ld ...................................................................................................................... 287
lispmtopgm ....................................................................................................... 292
lkbib ................................................................................................................. 292
ln ...................................................................................................................... 293
lndir .................................................................................................................. 294
locate ................................................................................................................ 295
logger ................................................................................................................ 295
login .................................................................................................................. 296
look ................................................................................................................... 297
lpq .................................................................................................................... 298
lpr ..................................................................................................................... 299
lprm .................................................................................................................. 301
lptest ................................................................................................................. 302
ls, dir, vdir ......................................................................................................... 303
lsattr .................................................................................................................. 304
lsmod ................................................................................................................ 305
lynx ................................................................................................................... 306
macptopbm ....................................................................................................... 309
make ................................................................................................................. 310
makedepend ...................................................................................................... 312
makestrs ............................................................................................................ 314
mattrib .............................................................................................................. 315
mbadblocks ....................................................................................................... 316
mcd................................................................................................................... 316
mcookie ............................................................................................................ 317
mcopy ............................................................................................................... 317
md5sum ............................................................................................................ 318
mdel .................................................................................................................. 318
mdeltree ............................................................................................................ 319
mdir .................................................................................................................. 319
merge ................................................................................................................ 320
mesg.................................................................................................................. 321
mformat ............................................................................................................ 321
mgrtopbm ......................................................................................................... 322
mkdir ................................................................................................................ 323
mkdirhier .......................................................................................................... 323
mkfifo ............................................................................................................... 323
mkmanifest ....................................................................................................... 324
8. Linux Complete Command Reference viii
mknod .............................................................................................................. 325
mlabel ............................................................................................................... 325
mmd ................................................................................................................. 326
mmount ............................................................................................................ 326
mmove .............................................................................................................. 327
more ................................................................................................................. 327
mrd ................................................................................................................... 329
mread ................................................................................................................ 329
mren ................................................................................................................. 329
mtest ................................................................................................................. 330
mtools ............................................................................................................... 330
mtvtoppm ......................................................................................................... 333
mtype................................................................................................................ 333
mv .................................................................................................................... 334
mwrite .............................................................................................................. 335
namei ................................................................................................................ 335
newaliases .......................................................................................................... 336
newgrp .............................................................................................................. 336
nl ...................................................................................................................... 337
nlmconv ............................................................................................................ 338
nm .................................................................................................................... 339
nntpget ............................................................................................................. 340
objcopy ............................................................................................................. 341
objdump ........................................................................................................... 342
oclock ............................................................................................................... 344
od ..................................................................................................................... 345
passwd .............................................................................................................. 346
paste .................................................................................................................. 347
pbmclean .......................................................................................................... 348
pbmfilters .......................................................................................................... 348
pbmlife ............................................................................................................. 352
pbmmake .......................................................................................................... 353
pbmmask .......................................................................................................... 353
pbmpscale ......................................................................................................... 354
pbmreduce ........................................................................................................ 355
pbmtext ............................................................................................................ 355
pbmto10x ......................................................................................................... 356
pbmto4425 ....................................................................................................... 357
pbmtoascii ........................................................................................................ 357
pbmtoatk .......................................................................................................... 358
pbmtobg ........................................................................................................... 358
pbmtocmuwm .................................................................................................. 358
pbmtoepsi ......................................................................................................... 359
pbmtoepson ...................................................................................................... 359
pbmtog3 ........................................................................................................... 360
9. ix Introduction
pbmtogem ........................................................................................................ 360
pbmtogo ........................................................................................................... 360
pbmtoicon ........................................................................................................ 361
pbmtolj ............................................................................................................. 361
pbmtoln03 ........................................................................................................ 362
pbmtolps ........................................................................................................... 362
pbmtomacp ....................................................................................................... 363
pbmtomgr ......................................................................................................... 363
pbmtopgm ........................................................................................................ 364
pbmtopi3 .......................................................................................................... 364
pbmtopk ........................................................................................................... 364
pbmtoplot ......................................................................................................... 365
pbmtoptx .......................................................................................................... 366
pbmtox10bm .................................................................................................... 366
pbmtoxbm ........................................................................................................ 367
pgmtoybm ........................................................................................................ 367
pbmtozinc ......................................................................................................... 367
pbmupc ............................................................................................................ 368
pcxtoppm .......................................................................................................... 368
pfbtops .............................................................................................................. 369
pgmbentley ....................................................................................................... 369
pgmcrater .......................................................................................................... 370
pgmedge ........................................................................................................... 371
pgmenhance ...................................................................................................... 371
pgmhist ............................................................................................................. 372
pgmkernel ......................................................................................................... 372
pgmnoise .......................................................................................................... 373
pgmnorm .......................................................................................................... 373
pgmoil .............................................................................................................. 374
pgmramp .......................................................................................................... 374
pgmtexture ........................................................................................................ 375
pgmtofs ............................................................................................................. 376
pgmtolispm ....................................................................................................... 376
pgmtopbm ........................................................................................................ 377
pgmtoppm ........................................................................................................ 378
pi1toppm .......................................................................................................... 378
pi3topbm .......................................................................................................... 379
picttoppm ......................................................................................................... 379
pjtoppm ............................................................................................................ 381
pktopbm ........................................................................................................... 381
pnmalias ............................................................................................................ 381
pnmarith ........................................................................................................... 382
pnmcat .............................................................................................................. 383
pnmcomp ......................................................................................................... 383
pnmconvol ........................................................................................................ 384
10. Linux Complete Command Reference x
pnmcrop ........................................................................................................... 385
pnmcut ............................................................................................................. 385
pnmdepth ......................................................................................................... 385
pnmenlarge ....................................................................................................... 386
pnmfile ............................................................................................................. 386
pnmflip ............................................................................................................. 387
pnmgamma ....................................................................................................... 387
pnmhistmap ...................................................................................................... 388
pnmindex .......................................................................................................... 388
pnminvert ......................................................................................................... 389
pnmmargin ....................................................................................................... 389
pnmnlfilt ........................................................................................................... 390
pnmnoraw ........................................................................................................ 391
pnmpad ............................................................................................................ 392
pnmpaste .......................................................................................................... 392
pnmrotate ......................................................................................................... 393
pnmscale ........................................................................................................... 393
pnmshear .......................................................................................................... 394
pnmsmooth ...................................................................................................... 395
pnmtile ............................................................................................................. 395
pnmtoddif ......................................................................................................... 396
pnmtofits .......................................................................................................... 396
pnmtops............................................................................................................ 397
pnmtorast ......................................................................................................... 398
pnmtosgi ........................................................................................................... 398
pnmtosir ........................................................................................................... 399
pnmtotiff .......................................................................................................... 399
pnmtoxwd ........................................................................................................ 400
ppm3d .............................................................................................................. 400
ppmbrighten ..................................................................................................... 401
ppmchange ....................................................................................................... 401
ppmdim ............................................................................................................ 402
ppmdist............................................................................................................. 402
ppmdither ......................................................................................................... 403
ppmflash ........................................................................................................... 404
ppmforge .......................................................................................................... 404
ppmhist............................................................................................................. 408
ppmmake .......................................................................................................... 408
ppmmix ............................................................................................................ 408
ppmnorm.......................................................................................................... 409
ppmntsc ............................................................................................................ 409
ppmpat ............................................................................................................. 410
ppmquant ......................................................................................................... 411
ppmquantall...................................................................................................... 412
ppmqvga ........................................................................................................... 412
11. xi Introduction
ppmrelief .......................................................................................................... 413
ppmshift ........................................................................................................... 413
ppmspread ........................................................................................................ 414
ppmtoacad ........................................................................................................ 414
ppmtobmp ........................................................................................................ 416
ppmtogif ........................................................................................................... 416
ppmtoicr ........................................................................................................... 417
ppmtoilbm ........................................................................................................ 418
ppmtomap ........................................................................................................ 419
ppmtomitsu ...................................................................................................... 420
ppmtopcx .......................................................................................................... 421
ppmtopgm ........................................................................................................ 421
ppmtopi1 .......................................................................................................... 422
ppmtopict ......................................................................................................... 422
ppmtopj ............................................................................................................ 423
ppmtopjxl ......................................................................................................... 424
ppmtopuzz ........................................................................................................ 424
ppmtorgb3 ........................................................................................................ 425
ppmtosixel ........................................................................................................ 425
ppmtotga .......................................................................................................... 426
ppmtouil ........................................................................................................... 427
ppmtoxpm ........................................................................................................ 427
ppmtoyuv ......................................................................................................... 428
ppmtoyuvsplit ................................................................................................... 428
pr ...................................................................................................................... 429
ps ...................................................................................................................... 430
psbb .................................................................................................................. 433
psidtopgm ......................................................................................................... 433
pstopnm............................................................................................................ 434
pstree ................................................................................................................ 435
psupdate ........................................................................................................... 436
qrttoppm .......................................................................................................... 436
quota ................................................................................................................. 437
ranlib ................................................................................................................ 437
rasttopnm ......................................................................................................... 438
rawtopgm .......................................................................................................... 439
rawtoppm ......................................................................................................... 439
rcp .................................................................................................................... 440
rcs ..................................................................................................................... 441
rcsclean ............................................................................................................. 443
rcsdiff ................................................................................................................ 445
rcsfreeze ............................................................................................................ 446
rcsintro ............................................................................................................. 447
rcsmerge ............................................................................................................ 449
rdist .................................................................................................................. 451
12. Linux Complete Command Reference xii
reconfig ............................................................................................................. 454
ref ..................................................................................................................... 455
reset .................................................................................................................. 456
resize ................................................................................................................. 456
rev ..................................................................................................................... 457
rgb3toppm ........................................................................................................ 457
rlog ................................................................................................................... 458
rlogin ................................................................................................................ 460
rm ..................................................................................................................... 461
rmdir ................................................................................................................ 462
rmmod .............................................................................................................. 462
rnews ................................................................................................................ 463
rpcgen ............................................................................................................... 464
rsh ..................................................................................................................... 466
rstart ................................................................................................................. 467
rstartd ............................................................................................................... 468
rup .................................................................................................................... 472
rusers ................................................................................................................ 472
rwall .................................................................................................................. 473
rwho ................................................................................................................. 474
script ................................................................................................................. 474
sed .................................................................................................................... 475
sessreg ............................................................................................................... 480
setterm .............................................................................................................. 482
sgitopnm ........................................................................................................... 483
shar ................................................................................................................... 484
shlock................................................................................................................ 487
showrgb ............................................................................................................ 488
shrinkfile ........................................................................................................... 488
sirtopnm ........................................................................................................... 488
size .................................................................................................................... 489
sldtoppm ........................................................................................................... 490
smproxy ............................................................................................................ 491
sort .................................................................................................................... 492
spctoppm .......................................................................................................... 494
split ................................................................................................................... 494
spottopgm ......................................................................................................... 495
sputoppm .......................................................................................................... 495
sq ...................................................................................................................... 496
startx ................................................................................................................. 496
strings ............................................................................................................... 498
strip .................................................................................................................. 499
subst ................................................................................................................. 500
sum ................................................................................................................... 501
SuperProbe ....................................................................................................... 501
13. xiii Introduction
tac ..................................................................................................................... 503
tail .................................................................................................................... 504
talk .................................................................................................................... 505
tcal .................................................................................................................... 506
telnet ................................................................................................................. 507
tfmtodit ............................................................................................................ 513
tftp .................................................................................................................... 514
tgatoppm .......................................................................................................... 515
tifftopnm .......................................................................................................... 515
tin, rtin, cdtin, tind ........................................................................................... 516
tload .................................................................................................................. 533
top .................................................................................................................... 533
touch ................................................................................................................ 536
tr ....................................................................................................................... 536
tset, reset ........................................................................................................... 539
tsort .................................................................................................................. 542
twm .................................................................................................................. 542
txt2gcal ............................................................................................................. 558
ul ...................................................................................................................... 558
unexpand .......................................................................................................... 559
uniq .................................................................................................................. 560
unshar ............................................................................................................... 560
updatedb ........................................................................................................... 561
uptime .............................................................................................................. 562
userlist ............................................................................................................... 563
uucp .................................................................................................................. 563
uuencode .......................................................................................................... 565
uustat ................................................................................................................ 566
uux.................................................................................................................... 569
uuxqt ................................................................................................................ 572
w....................................................................................................................... 573
wall ................................................................................................................... 574
wc ..................................................................................................................... 574
whereis .............................................................................................................. 575
write .................................................................................................................. 576
x11perf.............................................................................................................. 577
x11perfcomp ..................................................................................................... 585
xargs .................................................................................................................. 586
xauth ................................................................................................................. 587
xbmtopbm ........................................................................................................ 592
xcmsdb.............................................................................................................. 592
xclock ................................................................................................................ 593
xclipboard ......................................................................................................... 595
xconsole ............................................................................................................ 597
xcutsel ............................................................................................................... 598
14. Linux Complete Command Reference xiv
xdm .................................................................................................................. 599
xdpyinfo ............................................................................................................ 614
Xf86_Accel ....................................................................................................... 614
XF86_Mono ..................................................................................................... 624
XF86_SVGA .................................................................................................... 627
XF86_VGA16 .................................................................................................. 631
xf86config ......................................................................................................... 633
xfd .................................................................................................................... 633
XFree86 ............................................................................................................ 636
xfs ..................................................................................................................... 641
xhost ................................................................................................................. 643
xieperf ............................................................................................................... 645
ximtoppm ......................................................................................................... 654
xinetd ................................................................................................................ 655
xinit .................................................................................................................. 664
xkill ................................................................................................................... 666
xlogo ................................................................................................................. 667
xlsatoms ............................................................................................................ 668
xlsclients ............................................................................................................ 669
xlsfonts .............................................................................................................. 670
xmag ................................................................................................................. 671
xmkmf .............................................................................................................. 672
xmodmap .......................................................................................................... 672
xon .................................................................................................................... 676
xpmtoppm ........................................................................................................ 677
xprop ................................................................................................................ 677
xrdb .................................................................................................................. 681
xrefresh ............................................................................................................. 684
Xserver .............................................................................................................. 685
xset .................................................................................................................... 690
xsetroot ............................................................................................................. 693
xsm ................................................................................................................... 694
xsmclient ........................................................................................................... 698
xstdcmap ........................................................................................................... 699
xterm ................................................................................................................ 700
Xvfb .................................................................................................................. 717
xvidtune ............................................................................................................ 719
xvminitoppm .................................................................................................... 720
xwd ................................................................................................................... 721
xwdtopnm ........................................................................................................ 722
xwininfo ............................................................................................................ 722
xwud ................................................................................................................. 725
ybmtopbm ........................................................................................................ 726
ytalk .................................................................................................................. 727
yuvplittoppm .................................................................................................... 730
15. xv Introduction
yuvtoppm ......................................................................................................... 731
zcmp, zdiff ........................................................................................................ 731
zeisstopnm ........................................................................................................ 732
zforce ................................................................................................................ 732
zgrep ................................................................................................................. 733
zmore ................................................................................................................ 733
znew.................................................................................................................. 734
Part II System Calls
intro .................................................................................................................. 738
exit .................................................................................................................... 739
accept ................................................................................................................ 740
access ................................................................................................................ 741
acct ................................................................................................................... 742
adjtimex ............................................................................................................ 742
alarm ................................................................................................................. 744
bdflush .............................................................................................................. 744
bind .................................................................................................................. 745
brk, sbrk ............................................................................................................ 746
cacheflush ......................................................................................................... 746
chdir, fchdir ...................................................................................................... 747
chmod, fchmod ................................................................................................. 748
chown, fchown ................................................................................................. 749
chroot ............................................................................................................... 750
clone ................................................................................................................. 751
close .................................................................................................................. 752
connect ............................................................................................................. 752
dup, dup2 ......................................................................................................... 753
execve ................................................................................................................ 754
fcntl .................................................................................................................. 755
fdatasync ........................................................................................................... 756
flock .................................................................................................................. 757
fork, vfork ......................................................................................................... 758
fsync ................................................................................................................. 758
getdents ............................................................................................................ 759
getdomainname, setdomainname ...................................................................... 760
getdtablesize ...................................................................................................... 760
getgid, getegid ................................................................................................... 761
getgroups, setgroups .......................................................................................... 761
gethostid, sethostid ........................................................................................... 762
gethostname, sethostname ................................................................................. 763
getitimer, setitimer ............................................................................................ 763
getpagesize ........................................................................................................ 765
getpeername ...................................................................................................... 765
getpid, getppid .................................................................................................. 766
getpriority, setpriority ....................................................................................... 766
16. Linux Complete Command Reference xvi
getrlimit, getrusage, setrlimit ............................................................................. 767
getsid ................................................................................................................ 768
getsockname...................................................................................................... 769
getsockopt, setsockopt ....................................................................................... 769
gettimeofday, settimeofday ................................................................................ 772
getuid, geteuid .................................................................................................. 773
idle .................................................................................................................... 774
ioctl ................................................................................................................... 774
ioperm .............................................................................................................. 788
iopl ................................................................................................................... 788
ipc ..................................................................................................................... 789
kill .................................................................................................................... 790
killpg ................................................................................................................. 790
link ................................................................................................................... 791
listen ................................................................................................................. 792
llseek ................................................................................................................. 793
lseek .................................................................................................................. 793
mkdir ................................................................................................................ 794
mknod .............................................................................................................. 795
mlock ................................................................................................................ 796
mlockall ............................................................................................................ 797
mmap, munmap ............................................................................................... 799
modify_ldt ........................................................................................................ 800
get_kernel_syms, create_module, init_module, delete_module ......................... 800
mount, umount ................................................................................................ 802
mprotect ........................................................................................................... 804
mremap ............................................................................................................ 805
msgctl ............................................................................................................... 806
msgget............................................................................................................... 807
msgop ............................................................................................................... 808
msync ............................................................................................................... 811
munlock ............................................................................................................ 811
munlockall ........................................................................................................ 812
nanosleep .......................................................................................................... 813
nice ................................................................................................................... 814
oldfstat, oldlstat, oldstat, oldolduname, olduname ............................................ 814
open, creat ........................................................................................................ 815
outb, outw, outl, outsb, outsw, outsl ................................................................. 816
pause ................................................................................................................. 817
personality ........................................................................................................ 817
phys .................................................................................................................. 818
pipe ................................................................................................................... 818
profil ................................................................................................................. 819
ptrace ................................................................................................................ 820
quotactl ............................................................................................................. 821
17. xvii Introduction
read ................................................................................................................... 822
readdir .............................................................................................................. 823
readlink ............................................................................................................. 823
readv, writev ...................................................................................................... 824
reboot ............................................................................................................... 825
recv, recvfrom, recvmsg ..................................................................................... 826
rename .............................................................................................................. 828
rmdir ................................................................................................................ 829
sched_get_priority_max, sched_get_priority_min ............................................. 830
sched_rr_get_interval ........................................................................................ 831
sched_setparam, sched_getparam ...................................................................... 832
sched_setscheduler, sched_getscheduler ............................................................ 833
sched_yield ....................................................................................................... 835
select, FD_CLR, FD_ISSET, FD_SET, FD_ZERO......................................... 835
semctl ................................................................................................................ 837
semget ............................................................................................................... 839
semop ............................................................................................................... 840
send, sendto, sendmsg ....................................................................................... 842
setfsgid .............................................................................................................. 843
setfsuid .............................................................................................................. 844
setgid ................................................................................................................ 845
setpgid, getpgid, setpgrp, getpgrp ...................................................................... 845
setregid, setegid ................................................................................................. 846
setreuid, seteuid ................................................................................................ 847
setsid ................................................................................................................. 848
setuid ................................................................................................................ 848
setup ................................................................................................................. 849
shmctl ............................................................................................................... 849
shmget .............................................................................................................. 851
shmop ............................................................................................................... 853
shutdown .......................................................................................................... 855
sigaction, sigprocmask, sigpending, sigsuspend .................................................. 855
signal ................................................................................................................. 857
sigblock, siggetmask, sigsetmask, sigmask .......................................................... 858
sigpause ............................................................................................................. 858
sigreturn ............................................................................................................ 859
sigvec ................................................................................................................ 860
socket ................................................................................................................ 860
socketcall ........................................................................................................... 862
socketpair .......................................................................................................... 862
stat, fstat, lstat ................................................................................................... 863
statfs, fstatfs ....................................................................................................... 865
stime ................................................................................................................. 866
swapon, swapoff ................................................................................................ 866
symlink ............................................................................................................. 867
18. Linux Complete Command Reference xviii
sync ................................................................................................................... 869
sysctl ................................................................................................................. 869
sysfs ................................................................................................................... 871
sysinfo ............................................................................................................... 871
syslog ................................................................................................................ 872
termios, tcgetattr, tcsetattr, tcsendbreak, tcdrain, tcflush, tcflow, cfgetospeed,
cfgetispeed, cfsetispeed, cfsetospeed, tcgetpgrp, tcsetpgrp ............................... 874
time .................................................................................................................. 878
times ................................................................................................................. 878
truncate, ftruncate ............................................................................................. 879
umask ............................................................................................................... 880
uname ............................................................................................................... 880
none.................................................................................................................. 881
afs_syscall, break, gtty, lock, mpx, prof, quotactl, stty, ustat .............................. 881
unlink ............................................................................................................... 882
uselib ................................................................................................................ 883
ustat .................................................................................................................. 883
utime, utimes .................................................................................................... 884
vhangup ............................................................................................................ 885
vm86 ................................................................................................................ 885
wait, waitpid ..................................................................................................... 886
wait3, wait4 ...................................................................................................... 888
write.................................................................................................................. 889
Part III Library Functions
Intro ................................................................................................................. 892
abort ................................................................................................................. 892
abs .................................................................................................................... 892
acos ................................................................................................................... 893
acosh ................................................................................................................. 893
alloca ................................................................................................................. 894
asin ................................................................................................................... 894
asinh ................................................................................................................. 895
assert ................................................................................................................. 895
atan ................................................................................................................... 896
atan2 ................................................................................................................. 896
atanh ................................................................................................................. 897
atexit ................................................................................................................. 897
atof ................................................................................................................... 898
atoi .................................................................................................................... 898
atol .................................................................................................................... 899
bcmp................................................................................................................. 899
bcopy ................................................................................................................ 900
bsearch .............................................................................................................. 900
bcmp, bcopy, bzero, memccpy, memchr, memcmp, memcpy, memfrob, memmem,
memmove, memset......................................................................................... 901
19. xix Introduction
htonl, htons, ntohl, ntohs ................................................................................. 901
bzero ................................................................................................................. 902
catgets ............................................................................................................... 902
catopen, catclose ............................................................................................... 903
ceil .................................................................................................................... 904
clientlib ............................................................................................................. 904
clock ................................................................................................................. 905
closedir .............................................................................................................. 905
confstr ............................................................................................................... 906
copysign ............................................................................................................ 907
cos .................................................................................................................... 907
cosh .................................................................................................................. 908
crypt ................................................................................................................. 908
ctermid ............................................................................................................. 909
asctime, ctime, gmtime, localtime, mktime ....................................................... 909
difftime ............................................................................................................. 911
div ..................................................................................................................... 911
drand48, erand48, lrand48, nrand48, mrand48, jrand48, srand48,
seed48, lcong48 .............................................................................................. 912
drem ................................................................................................................. 913
ecvt, fcvt ........................................................................................................... 913
erf, erfc .............................................................................................................. 914
execl, execlp, execle, exect, execv, execvp ........................................................... 914
errno ................................................................................................................. 916
exit .................................................................................................................... 917
exp, log, log10, pow .......................................................................................... 917
expm1, log1p .................................................................................................... 918
fabs ................................................................................................................... 919
fclose ................................................................................................................. 919
clearerr, feof, ferror, fileno ................................................................................. 919
fflush, fpurge ..................................................................................................... 920
ffs ...................................................................................................................... 921
fgetgrent ............................................................................................................ 921
fgetpwent .......................................................................................................... 922
floor .................................................................................................................. 923
fmod ................................................................................................................. 923
fnmatch ............................................................................................................ 924
fopen, fdopen, freopen ...................................................................................... 924
fpathconf, pathconf ........................................................................................... 925
fread, fwrite ....................................................................................................... 926
frexp .................................................................................................................. 927
fgetpos, fseek, fsetpos, ftell, rewind .................................................................... 927
ftime ................................................................................................................. 928
ftok ................................................................................................................... 929
ftw .................................................................................................................... 930
20. Linux Complete Command Reference xx
gcvt ................................................................................................................... 930
getcwd, get_current_dir_name, getwd ............................................................... 931
getdirentries ...................................................................................................... 931
getenv ............................................................................................................... 932
getgrent, setgrent, endgrent ............................................................................... 932
getgrnam, getgrgid ............................................................................................ 933
getlogin, cuserid ................................................................................................ 934
getmntent, setmntent, addmntent, endmntent, hasmntopt ............................... 935
getnetent, getnetbyaddr, getnetbyname, setnetent, endnetent ........................... 936
getopt ................................................................................................................ 937
getpass ............................................................................................................... 940
getprotoent, getprotobyname, getprotobynumber, setprotoent, endprotoent .... 941
getpw ................................................................................................................ 942
getpwent, setpwent, endpwent .......................................................................... 943
getpwnam, getpwuid ......................................................................................... 944
fgetc, fgets, getc, getchar, gets, ungetc ............................................................... 944
getservent, getservbyname, getservbyport, setservent, endservent ....................... 945
getusershell, setusershell, endusershell ............................................................... 946
getutent, getutid, getutline, pututline, setutent, endutent, utmpname ............... 947
getw, putw ........................................................................................................ 948
glob, globfree .................................................................................................... 949
hosts_access, hosts_ctl ....................................................................................... 950
hcreate, hdestroy, hsearch .................................................................................. 951
hypot ................................................................................................................ 953
index, rindex ..................................................................................................... 953
inet_aton, inet_addr, inet_network, inet_ntoa, inet_makeaddr, inet_lnaof,
inet_netof ....................................................................................................... 953
infnan ............................................................................................................... 954
initgroups .......................................................................................................... 955
inndcomm ........................................................................................................ 956
insque, remque .................................................................................................. 957
isalnum, isalpha, isascii, isblank, iscntrl, isdigit, isgraph, islower, isprint,
ispunct, isspace, isupper, isxdigit ..................................................................... 957
isatty ................................................................................................................. 958
isinf, isnan, finite .............................................................................................. 959
j0, j1, jn, y0, y1, yn ........................................................................................... 959
killpg ................................................................................................................. 960
labs ................................................................................................................... 960
ldexp ................................................................................................................. 961
ldiv .................................................................................................................... 961
lgamma ............................................................................................................. 962
libinn ................................................................................................................ 962
libpbm .............................................................................................................. 966
libpgm .............................................................................................................. 969
libpnm .............................................................................................................. 970
21. xxi Introduction
libppm .............................................................................................................. 973
localeconv ......................................................................................................... 974
longjmp ............................................................................................................ 975
lfind, lsearch ...................................................................................................... 975
calloc, malloc, free, realloc ................................................................................. 976
mblen ................................................................................................................ 977
mbstowcs .......................................................................................................... 977
mbtowc ............................................................................................................. 978
memccpy .......................................................................................................... 978
memchr ............................................................................................................ 979
memcmp........................................................................................................... 979
memcpy ............................................................................................................ 980
memfrob ........................................................................................................... 980
memmem.......................................................................................................... 981
memmove ......................................................................................................... 981
memset ............................................................................................................. 982
mkfifo ............................................................................................................... 982
mkstemp ........................................................................................................... 983
mktemp ............................................................................................................ 983
modf ................................................................................................................. 984
asctime, ctime, difftime, gmtime, localtime, mktime ......................................... 984
tzset .................................................................................................................. 986
on_exit .............................................................................................................. 988
opendir ............................................................................................................. 989
parsedate ........................................................................................................... 989
perror ................................................................................................................ 990
popen, pclose .................................................................................................... 991
printf, fprintf, sprintf, snprintf, vprintf, vfprintf, vsprintf, vsnprintf .................. 992
psignal .............................................................................................................. 996
putenv ............................................................................................................... 996
putpwent .......................................................................................................... 997
fputc, fputs, putc, putchar, puts ........................................................................ 997
qio .................................................................................................................... 998
qsort ................................................................................................................ 1000
raise ................................................................................................................ 1000
rand, srand ...................................................................................................... 1001
random, srandom, initstate, setstate ................................................................ 1001
readdir ............................................................................................................ 1002
readv, writev .................................................................................................... 1003
realpath ........................................................................................................... 1004
Re_comp, re_exec ........................................................................................... 1005
regcomp, regexec, regerror, regfree .................................................................. 1005
remove ............................................................................................................ 1007
res_query, res_search, res_mkquery, res_send, res_init, dn_comp,
dn_expand .................................................................................................... 1008