The document discusses various aspects of office ergonomics, focusing on visual ergonomics and eye fatigue due to poor lighting conditions and monitor placement. It highlights the importance of maintaining proper luminance ratios to reduce visual discomfort and emphasizes the impact of lighting design on workspace aesthetics and employee well-being. Additionally, it explores how innovative lighting design can serve as a branding tool for companies, influencing both client perceptions and recruitment efforts.

2. Introduction to Office ergonomics
OfficeErgonomics by Jay Brand
http://spaceinc.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Office-Ergonomics.pdf
KnollResearchpaper HOLISTICERGONOMICS™FORTHE EVOLVINGNATUREOFWORK

3. VISUAL Ergonomics Eye fatigue
http://lup.lub.lu.se/record/4250125/file/4250134.pdf
Visual fatigue or eye fatigue
According to Watten (1994), “Visual fatigue is the
consequence of long-term, intense, visual near work,
commonly associated with complaints of a vague nature such
as discomfort localised in either the head or the eyes” (Watten,
1994, pp. 428-429). The USA National Research Council
defines visual fatigue as, “any subjective visual symptoms of
distress resulting from the use of one’s eyes” (National
Research Council Committee on Vision, 1983, p. 153).
If a visual task such as computer work is considerably
brighter than the surrounding visual field it
contributes to visual fatigue. The resolution and the readability
of a work task will also affect eye fatigue. Eye fatigue increases
if reflections and glare are present in the work area (
Anshel, 2005).
Eye fatigue and discomfort can be caused by the eyes having to
adjust and readjust to different near range
distances while working, which usually takes place
thousands of times a day when shifting between different
viewing distances (computer screen and paper manuscript) and
puts stress on the eye muscles (Yan et al., 2008). Eye fatigue
can also be caused by constant changes between
negative and positive polarity (dark or light
background) between different work tasks such as a visual
display unit (VDU) with a positive polarity and a dark keyboard
(Blehm et al., 2005, Cited by 409).
DOCTORAL DISSERTATION
by due permission of the Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Sweden.
To be defended at Stora Hörsalen, IKDC, Lund.
14th February at 10.15.

4. Getting the Luminance ratios correct
http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/measuring-light-levels
Luminance is the light
reflected off of surfaces
and measured in candelas per
square meter (cd/m2
), or
Nits (in imperial units).
Luminance is what we
perceive when looking at
a scene, or when using a
camera. The quality and
intensity of the light
that reaches our
eye does depend on the
material properties of
the surfaces (color,
reflectance, texture).
http://sci-hub.cc/10.1080/00140130500208414
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130500208414

5. Luminance Rule-of-thumb
http://www.fagerhult.com/Support-center/Light-planning/Instructions-for-planning-and-calculations1/Recommended-luminance-conditions/
In most lighting standards, the “famous” "1:3:10" rule of thumb is often quoted. The principle is based
on the idea that the luminance in the visual field of someone who's doing a static task, must remain in
reasonable ratios in order to prevent glaring situations caused by a heavy contrast, hence impairing visual
performances. It is recommended that luminance ratios do not exceed the following values:
•
3:1 or 1:3 between paper and VDU screen,
•
3:1 or 1:3 between the visual task (paper or screen) and the adjacent surfaces,
•
10:1 or 1:10 between the visual task and the non-adjacent surfaces.
The adjacent and non-adjacent surfaces can be delimited by two cones of 60 and 120 degrees
respectively, as shown on the image left.
This rule of thumb should not be used with the same rigour in any situation, though. The nature of the light source has a lot of impact on perception as well. A daylight and an artificial light
situation will not have the same effects on people. People are more likely to tolerate a higher level of glare in a daylit environment. It has been found that a strong correlation exists between
the preferred luminance ratios and the visual interest of a scene [Loe, 1994]. That is to say that the more interesting a scene is rated, the higher the tolerated luminance ratios will be. That
tends to prove that when we are sitting next to a window (biophilia hypothesis), we would rather tolerate a high amount of daylight and enjoy the view outside than drawn the blinds down
and use artificial lighting. We can also add that it seems that the experienced glare sensation is correlated with the nature of the task that is carried out.
http://www.new-learn.info/packages/clear/visual/people/performance/luminance_ratios.html

6. GLARE
Comparison of two daylighting designs. The one on the left has a
relatively small window in a room with low surface reflectances, resulting in
inadequate illumination, a gloomy appearance, and a propensity for discomfort
glare. The one on the right, having larger window areas and higher surface
reflectances, is brighter and less prone to glare.
http://what-when-how.com/energy-engineering/daylighting-energy-engineering/
http://danieloverbey.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/methodologies-for-glare-analysis.html
Placing monitor in front of a window and
sitting facing the window is a classic glare case
where eye gets fatigued due to too large
differences in luminance in one's visual field
(background too bright). The opposite happens
when you look at a bright monitor in totally dark
room (too dim background)

7. Lighting Schemes Example
http://www.slideshare.net/LEDucationNYC/task-surround-ambient-lighting:
Indirect+direct
T5 fluorescentfixture
INDIVIDUAL Preferences
for each workstation

8. Lighting Specs CCT and CRI
http://hometronicslifestyles.com/2015/06/24/picking-the-right-led-color-temperature/
COLOR RENDERING INDEX (CRI)
A number between 1 and 100 used to describe the ability of a
lamp to accurately render all the colors in the lighted
space. For example, a CRI of 80 or above normally indicates
that the source has good color properties; it would not
significantly distort or diminish the color of the object
being illuminated.
http://www.ies.org/lighting/science/color.cfm
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/why-cri-cct-important-emily-lu
9 | 65
CCT = 65xx KCRI = 9x
lighting.philips.co.uk
9 | 40
CCT = 40xx KCRI = 9x
osram.com

9. Lighting Specs CCT and CRI
https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/15268 http://lib.tkk.fi/Diss/2011/isbn9789526042497/
http://elec.aalto.fi/en/current/current_archive/news/2011-10-14/

10. Lighting Specs CCT and CRI EXTRA!→
'World’s first Smart Spectrometer’
(Based on intuitive platform of apps on iOS & Android
like Spectrum Genius Mobile)
http://light-union.com/lp/
If you feel adventurous, you can try the super
high temperature 'circadian' lighting from Philips
or Osram
http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/lamps/fluorescent-lamps-and-starters/tl5/master-tl5-activiva
Osram 880 Skywhite,
http://www.ledvance.no/media/resource/hires/333507/skywhite-en.pdfhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748730415575432
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000000329
https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep27754

11. Lighting Specs dynamic CCT
Kruithof diagram The Kruithof curve describes a region of illuminance levels and
color temperatures that are often viewed as comfortable or pleasing to an observer. For
example, natural daylight has a color temperature of 6500 K and an illuminance of about
104 to 105 lux. This color temperature–illuminance pair results in natural color
rendition, but if viewed at a low illuminance, would appear bluish. At typical indoor
office illuminance levels of about 400 lux, pleasing color temperatures are lower
(between 3000 and 6000 K), and at typical home illuminance levels of about 75 lux,
pleasing color temperatures are even lower (between 2400 and 2700 K).
In other words, during daytime nice to have higher CCT (cooler) lighting
whereas late in the evening lower CCT (warmer, more yellow) lighting is on
average perceived as more pleasant.
In practice, you can mix different light sources to the
office, and operate the warmer ones if staying late in the
office.
https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.24.00A907
Lighting designers, luminaire manufacturers, and end users have become familiar with the effects
that can be achieved by dynamic white lighting. The market is now ready to accept tunable-white
lighting products capable of supporting even more varied effects. Some products have already
been successfully realized. Other aspects need to come fully into place, such as the realization
that dynamic lighting offers quantifiable benefits for applications in retail, healthcare, hospitality,
commercial, and education. Control options for tunable white can be simplified with
improvements such as BLE mesh, and intuitive controls are the key to enabling this exciting
technology to deliver its full potential.
ledsmagazine.com
http://darcawards.com/architectural/emergency-department-dynamic-lighting-usa/

12. Lighting Specs fluorescent ballast frequency
http://sci-hub.cc/10.1080/001401398186928
However, when the light was powered by the conventional ballasts, individuals with high critical flicker
fusion frequency (CFF) responded with a pronounced attenuation of EEG a waves, and an increase in
speed and decrease in accuracy of performance. These results may be understood in terms of
heightened arousal in the central nervous system in response to the pronounced light modulation
caused by the conventional ballasts. In order to alleviate this potential stress source, it is
recommended that fluorescent lighting be powered by electronic high-frequency ballasts
of good quality
I hope that there are no horrible
fluorescent fixtures left from the
past with magnetic ballast and the
100 Hz flicker problem coupled with
the auditory buzz coming from the
fixture :D
http://sci-hub.cc/10.1016/j.concog.2014.02.006
The Flicker Tester
app for iPhone from
Viso Systems for the
first time makes it
possible to measure
flickering coming
from LED light
sources
http://www.visosystems.com/products/flicker-tester/
Bad quality LED light sources can flicker too

13. Fixture examples direct+indirect
Suspendedlinear fluorescent(T5tube) direct + indirect
Indirect is bounced from wall
giving uniform and glare-free
ambient light
Direct goes straight down to
workspace giving surround light
http://www.cooperindustries.com/content/public/en/lighting/products/suspended_linear_direct_indirect.html
45% of light indirect, and 55%
of direct, the 'effectiveness'
of indirect light depends on
the reflectivity of the
ceiling then
http://www.fagerhult.com/Products/Closs/Closs-Delta-DirectIndirect/

14. Fixture examples Task Lighting
Illuminate individual workspace
Individual preferences then: color temperature, intensity,
whether to be on the desk wasting space or on the floor,
clipped to something, etc.

15. Fixture examples accent Lighting for features
Highlight features of the space.
In typical apartments and offices,
the only features to be highlighted
are the walls that can be
illuminated from above close to the
wall

16. Wall Washers vs Grazing light
Vertical illuminance
erco.com
http://www.erco.com/guide/designing-with-light/lighting-interior-spaces-1848/en_us/ “Special moodlighting”
up (shown)/downlight
Bring out the texture of the brick, and
illuminate the peripheral vision of
'laptop workers', see the “1:3:10” rule
inslide5. lighttalk.via-verlag.com
http://www.archlighting.com/projects/
wallwashing-and-wall-grazing_o

17. Wall Washers vs Grazing light
Technical details
http://www.1stoplighting.com/content/FAQrecessedlighting/info.aspx
https://ezzatbaroudi.wordpress.com/2015/03/07/ldg-2-lighting-design-guide-for-vertical-surfaces/
Dynamic
gobo patterns
withsoftware
control

18. Vertical Illuminance Explained by Erco
ERCO DIALux Plug-in
Tosupplementtheonlineplug-in
technology(iDrop),ERCOalso
providesthecurrentDIALuxPlug-In
asacompletepackage.Forfurther
informationongratislightingdesign
softwareDIALux,pleasegoto:
www.dial.de
Simulatewith DIALUX
https://www.dial.de/en/home/
https://youtu.be/jwjUe6Ihr_k

21. Lighting fixture providers
https://www.dial.de/en/dialux/partners/
https://youtu.be/p969JoKG7zE

22. Fixture providers way too many in practice
professional fixtures can be quite expensive. With proper budget, you can
always let professional lighting designer to help you constrain the choices

23. Lighting controls
Digital controls – Easy todefine programmable states
such as 'daytime', 'evening', 'eventlighting',etc.
“Machine Learning Lighting” By using 60-100 hours of
automatic learning, on full lighting, Helvar’s new smart Active+ driver
utilises the Active + sense which is connected directly to the
luminaire. The Active+ driver and Active+ sense work together
learning about the surrounding environment, detecting change in
lightingconditionsfrom other luminairesand light sources.
led-professional.com/products/led-driver-ics-modules
https://www.nicolaudie.com/en/home-show.htm
openlighting.org
http://www.chromateq.com/
http://www.archlighting.com/industry/reports/the-future-is-in-lighting-controls_o

24. Event & Space design as branding tool
You might want to use your space to host meetups and talks which in turn will get many people
coming to your space that are not familiar with your startup, and this is a good choice for you to
marketyour brandto them.
HELPING TO GROW THE UK’S DIGITAL ECONOMY
via data-driven products (e.g. blockchain), Internet of
Things, artificial intelligence & machine learning and
augmented/virtual reality.
https://www.digitalcatapultcentre.org.uk/
https://www.meetup.com/London-Machine-Learning-Meet
up/events/234729995/
https://www.ahl.com/culture | Machine learningand reinforcement
learningquantitative finance:synergisticeffectswiththe meetup topic
“The London, UK” case study where a lot of accelerators and companies allow
people to organize events in their space leading to increased brand awareness.
https://thinkrise.com/london.html, RiseLondon and Seldon
co-hostingaTensorflowmeetupin afintechaccelerator.
Brought to you by Luba Elliott @elluba

26. Lighting+Space aesthetic vocabulary
Boringofficeboring culture?
Hard to attract employees with this
sort of officeat current tech startup
culture
Newgeneration
Waitsandexpectsnon-boringwork,andone
component thereforsomepeopleare 'cool'and
functionalspaces

27. Office design as recruiting tool
“Ironically, the company with the most viewed offices is not exactly a
startup: it’s WeWork, a large network of coworking spaces in the US and
Europe.”
thenextweb.com/insider/2015/09/05/officelovin-tech-startup-offices-new-hiring-tools
http://www.inc.com/young-entrepreneur-council/5-reasons-your-office-design-really-does-matter.html
“Do office space aesthetics actually have an impact on companies and their people? Or are we just caught
up in a temporary fad, the "Nordictrack of the working world"? While I agree the battle of the coolest
workspacehasgottenoutofhand(caseinpoint, lickableelevator wallpaper),your officedesignmatters.“
1.Yourteamspendsalotoftimethere.
2.ProspectivetalentwillGoogleyourcompany.
3.Your clientshaveexpectations.
4.Itspeakstoyourvalues.
5.Purposefuldesignsupportsapurpose-drivenculture.
https://hbr.org/2016/05/7-factors-of-great-office-design
TechStartupsTurntoOfficeDesignsasRecruitingTool-Bloomberg

28. Lighting & Space design as visual branding tool
Most likely, visitors coming to your conference room for business meeting won't be conscious
about your lighting design, but they will have an unconscious perception of the space. This may or
may not affecttheir perception of youas a business.
BuyingLight: The
ImportanceofLighting
Designin Retail
08/04/15byTheLightLab
thelightlab.com
lighting.philips.com/main/systems/system-areas/retail-and-hospitalit
y
A FOCUSONIMPROVING LIGHT QUALITYCONSISTENT WITH
BRAND AND CONSUMEREXPECTATIONSFORA LUXURYRETAIL
ENVIRONMENT WASA PRIMARYPROJECT OBJECTIVE.
http://www.ledlightsheet.co.uk/case_st
udy/jimmy-choo-selfridges.php
10retailerswhoareusinglight tobolstertheirbrands
http://luxreview.com/article/2015/06/branding-with-light
The use of light as a branding tool deepens a brand
strategy.Itisawayfor brandstoputtogether thefinalpiece
of a jigsaw where lighting accentuates the visual aspects
ofcompanymeaning
http://www.michaelgrubbstudio.com/2016/09/light-and-branding/
designcurial.com,byMihalyBartha
Two brands that use lighting in a particularly
consistent way are Apple and Louis Vuitton (see
below), two quite different companies that
approach lighting in vastly different ways.

29. Office design Intro
http://www.inc.com/mona-patel/the-key-to-a-co
ol-startup-office-design-it-yourself.html
GoogleVenturesStartupLab|Howcaninspiringofficeenvironmentsimprovecollaboration,innovationand
employeewell-being?JoinGoogle'sglobalRealEstate&WorkplaceServicesTeamtodiscussthesetopicsand
more.TheysharedatafromGoogle'sownresearchandevenahistoricaltour ofGoogle's https://youtu.be/j0wM_NIXUYYWhogetsexcitedaboutpizzaandcokeanymore?

31. Office design Biophilic design
The term biophilia,stemming fromtheGreek rootsmeaning loveof
life,wascoinedbythesocialpsychologist Erich Fromm.
The concept of biophilia implies that humans hold a biological
need for connection with nature onphysical, mental, and social
levels, and that this connection affects our personal well-being,
productivity, and societal relationships. Whether one is engaging
with nature by walking through a park, by interacting with animals, or
simply by having a view of greenery from one’s home or place of
work, biophilia has many applications that help transform mundane
settingsintostimulating environments.
https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/the-economics-of-biophilia/
https://workdesign.com/2015/05/how-biophilia-reduces-workplace-stress-and-drives-productivity/
KEY MESSAGES
2. Across theworld, a thirdofall
respondents report that the design of
anoffice wouldaffecttheirdecision
to work for that organization, presenting
biophilic design as an important
consideration for those companies that
want to attractandrecruitthe
best employees.
http://architecturenow.co.nz/articles/the-global-impact-of-biophilic-design-in-the-workplace/

32. http://da.velux.com/ar-LB/Documents/PDFs/DA15_complete.pdf

33. Office Lighting Daylighting, aesthetics and energy savings #1
usgbc.org/sites/default/files/OR10_Daylighting%20Bias%20and%20Biophilia.pdf
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.06.001
Human responsived
aylightinginoffi
ces:a gaze-driven
approachfor dyna
mic discomfortgla
reassessmentSareyKhanie,Mandana
Advisors: Andersen,Marilyne;
Wienold,Jan
Lausanne:EPFL,2015
In the 1984 Science article “View through aWindow mayInfluence Recovery from Surgery,” Roger Ulrich,
now a professor of architecture as well as a co-founding director of the Center for Health Systems and
Design at Texas A&M University, reported that surgery patients in rooms that had windows facing trees
recovered 8.5 percent faster and took fewer analgesics than did those patients whose view was a brick
wall.
http://www.archlighting.com/technology/the-benefits-of-natural-light_o

34. Office Lighting Daylighting, aesthetics and energy savings #2
Lightpipe
http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ci-ic/article/v16n1-10
http://www.oobject.com/category/light-pipe-archi
tecture/
Dynamiclighting with sensors
http://www.glumac.com/sustainability/design-strategies/optimized-d
aylighting/
DaylightingCalculations
http://docs.agi32.com/AGi32/Content/daylighting/Daylighting_Overview.htm
DynamicFacades
http://www.sunproject.com/sustainable-design/energy-da
ylight-management
Responsive
'smart'facades
http://architizer.com/blog/8-impo
ssibly-dynamic-facades-that-were-
actually-built/
DaylightingCalculationsforparametricdesign
http://www.diva-for-rhino.com/index.html

36. Not only about lighting fixtures & Sources
Think about the surfaces | paint 'too dark' surfaces
Dark brick walls work in certain settings but not necessarily in startup settings where people want
to work. You could save dark brick for recreational break space to create visually interesting
space.
DARKMOOD
GRUNGYHYBRID
LIGHT/DARK LIGHTMOOD
Toosombrealready? Toolightandflat?
No contrast

38. Painting brick
http://www.designmom.com/2014/01/the-treehouse-whitewashed-bricks-tutorial/
https://uk.pinterest.com/explore/brick-fireplace-remodel/

39. Painting brick High reflectance with BaSO4
http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article
=1010&context=cpl_techniquesinstruments
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/AO.7.002289
Make white even 'whiter'
White gives spectrally flat, but not necessarily
'mirror-like' perfect reflectance (quantified as
reflectancefactor, ). Barium Sulfate can be
mixed with traditional paint to increase
reflectancevalue.