This document discusses several lifestyle diseases including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, and osteoporosis. Some key points: - Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the US, with coronary heart disease and stroke being the top two killers. Risk factors include high blood pressure, cholesterol, smoking, and physical inactivity. - Cancer is the second leading cause of death. The most common cancers are lung, prostate, breast, and colorectal cancers. Risk factors include diet, smoking, sun exposure, and hereditary factors. - Diabetes affects how the body metabolizes carbohydrates and is linked to obesity and physical inactivity. Symptoms include frequent urination and thirst.

1. Lifestyle Diseases
Forrest Dolgener, Ph.D.
Professor
School Health, Physical Education
and Leisure Services

2. Cardiovascular Diseases Incidence
• High Blood Pressure - 50,000,000
• Coronary Heart Disease - 13,900,000
• Stroke - 4,000,000
• Rheumatic fever/heart disease - 1,800,000
• More than 1 in 5 males and females have
some form of CVD

3. Deaths from CVD
• Almost 1,000,000 deaths in 2005
– CAD is #1 cause of death in US
– Stroke is #3 cause of death in US
• ~ 40% of all deaths
• Since 1900, CVD has been the No. 1 killer in U.S
• More than 2,600 Americans die each day from
CVD
• CVD claims more lives than next 7 causes

4. Deaths from CVD
• Approximately half the deaths are females
and half are males
• 36% of deaths occur prematurely (before
age 75)
• If all forms of major cardiovascular disease
were eliminated, life expectancy would rise
by 10 years; If cancer were eliminated, life
expectancy would rise 3 years.

6. HEART

7. BLOOD
DISTRIBUTION
AT REST

10. Coronary Heart Disease
• Single largest killer of males and females
• Almost 500,000 deaths per year
• Half die within 1 hour of onset of symptoms
• In 48% of men and 63% of women who die
suddenly, there were no previous symptoms

11. Women and CHD
• Women suffer heart attacks an average 10
years later than men
• Since 1984, CVD has killed more women
than men
• 1 in 2 women will die from CVD; 1 in 26
will die from breast cancer.

12. Unalterable Risk Factors
• Age
• Gender
• Heredity

13. Alterable Risk Factors
• Sedentary Life Style
• High Blood Pressure
• High Blood Cholesterol
• Smoking
• Diabetes Mellitus

14. Heart Attack Warning Signs
• Chest Discomfort (angina pectoris)
• Discomfort in other areas of upper body
• Shortness of breath
• Cold sweat
• Nausea
• Light headedness

15. Cholesterol Types & Values
• Major cholesterol types
– High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
– Low Density Lipoportein (LDL)
– Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)
• Total Cholesterol = HLD + LDL + VLDL
– TC < 200 mg/dl
– LDL < 130 mg/dl

16. Risk Ratio (RR)
• RR = Total Cholesterol/HDL
– if RR > 4.0 = increased risk
– if RR < 4.0 = decreased risk
• You can lower your risk by either increasing
HDL or decreasing TC or both

17. Risk Ratio Example
• Total Cholesterol = 250 mg/dl
– HDL = 40 mg/dl
– RR = 250/40 = 6.25 (risky)
• Total Cholesterol = 250 mg/dl
– HDL = 65 mg/dl
– RR = 3.8 (good)

18. Lowering Your Cholesterol
• Consume less saturated fat in the diet
– eat lean meat and low fat dairyfoods
– eat less processed foods
– cook only with mono- or polyunsaturates
• Consume less cholesterol in the diet
– eat lean meat and low fat dairy foods
– use only vegetable oils (no tropical oils)

19. Hypertension
• Ideal pressure is < 120/80
• Hypertension is >140/90.
• Hypertension can be reduced by:
– Regular exercise program
– Reduced sodium intake
– Drugs

20. CEREBRAL INFARCTION AND
HEMORRHAGE
Infarction Hemorrhage

21. Stroke Warning Signs
• Sudden numbness or weakness of face, arm, leg,
especially on one side of body
• Sudden confusion, problems speaking or
understanding
• Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes
• Sudden loss of coordination, trouble walking,
dizzy
• Sudden severe headache with no known cause

22. Unalterable Stroke Risk Factors
• Age
• Heredity
• Race
• Gender
• Previous transient ischemic attack (TIA)

23. Alterable Stroke Risk Factors
• High Blood Pressure
• Smoking
• Diabetes Mellitus
• High Cholesterol
• Physical Inactivity
• Obesity
• Atrial fibrillation
• Carotid or peripheral artery disease

24. Cancer
• Second leading cause of death
• Prostate - 334,000 (99%)
• Breast - 180,200 (97%)
• Lung - 178,000 (14%)
• Colon & Rectum - 131,200 (61%)
• Testicular - 7,200 (91%)

25. Early Warning Signs
• C - Change in bowel or bladder habits
• A - A sore throat that does not heal
• U - Unusual bleeding or discharge
• T - Thickening or lump
• I - Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
• O - Obvious change in wart or mole
• N - Nagging cough or hoarseness

26. Risk Factors
• Heredity
• Nutrition
– high fat
– low vegetables & fruits (anti-oxidants, fiber)
• Smoking
• Environment
• Sedentary Lifestyle

27. Causes of Skin Cancer
• Total amount of sun received
• Acute overexposure (sunburn)
• Most receive 80% of exposure by age 18
• 1 in 7 will develop some form of skin
cancer in their lifetime

28. Tanning
• Tanning is the skin’s normal response to UV
light
• Tanning is protective reaction to prevent
further injury
• Tanning does not prevent skin cancer

29. Factors Determining UV Level
• UV light is greater today than in the past
due to reduction in ozone layer
• The following increase UV light:
– Altitude
– Proximity to the equator
– Less cloud cover

30. Risk Factors for Skin Cancer
• Genetics
– Northern European heritage
– Fair skin
• Environment
– Geography
– Sun Exposure

31. Types of Skin Cancer
• Basal Cell Carcinoma
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma
• Melanoma

32. Basal Cell Carcinoma
• Most common form of cancer
• Occurs in basal cells at the bottom of the
epidermis
• Occurs most often in males
• Occurs on most exposed areas: face, ears,
neck, scalp, shoulders, back
• Rarely does it go deeper than epidermis and
metastasize

33. Basal Cell Carcinoma

34. Basal Cell Carcinoma

35. Basal Cell Carcinoma

36. Squamous Cell Carcinoma
• Occurs in outer most cells of epidermis
• Second most common form of skin cancer
• Usually confined to epidermis but will
eventually penetrate the underlying tissues
and can metastasize.
• Most often occurs on exposed areas like
basal cell carcinoma.

37. Squamous Cell Carcinoma

38. Squamous Cell Carcinoma

39. Melanoma
• Arises in melanocytes
• Most serious form of skin cancer
• Most rapidly increasing from of cancer
• Penetrates and metastasizes quickly
• Successful treatment dependent on early
diagnosis.

40. Melanoma

41. Preventing Skin Cancer
• Minimize exposure to sun between hours of
10:00 am and 3:00 pm
• Apply SPF-15 sunscreen or higher when
exposed
• Wear protective clothing & sun glasses
• Avoid UV radiation from tanning beds
• Protect your children!!
• Examine skin head to toe every 3 months

42. Clinical Screenings
TEST Gender AGE Freq.
Sigmoidoscopy M & F >50 3-5
Fecal Blood M & F >50 yearly
Digital Rectal M & F >40 yearly
Prostate & PSA M >50 yearly
Mammography F 40? 1-2
Pap Test F >18 yearly

43. Top 10 Ways to Avoid Cancer
• Don’t smoke or chew
• Check your house for radon
• Perform regular BSE and TSE
• Females get annual pap test
• Get regular clinical screenings when age
appropriate

44. Top 10 Continued
• Avoid sunburns
• Eat lots of vegetables
• Eat low fat
• Eat moderate protein
• Exercise

45. Diabetes Mellitus
• Abnormal carbohydrate metabolism due to
lack of insulin or decreased insulin
sensitivity
• Type I - insulin-dependent (IDDM)
• Type II - non-insulin dependent (NIDDM)

46. Symptoms of Diabetes
• Thirst
• Fatigue & Weakness
• Weight Loss
• Hunger
• Overeating
• Blurred Vision

47. Risk Factors for Diabetes
• Heredity
• Age
• Obesity
• Physical Inactivity

48. 1
1.1
1.73
3
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Relative
Risk
<23 23-24.4 24.5-26.4 >26.4
Body Mass Index
Diabetes Risk and Obesity

49. Benefits of Exercise
• Helps control weight
• Has an insulin-like effect
• May reduce the requirement for insulin

50. Osteoporosis
• Disease characterized by low bone mass
and deterioration of bone tissue
• Increases rate of bone fractures and skeletal
abnormalities

51. Factors Affecting
Peak Bone Mass
• Heredity
• Mechanical
• Gender
• Nutrition
• Endocrine

52. Risk Factors for Osteoporosis
• Age
• Gender
• Race
• Skeletal structure
• Menopause/menstrual history
• Lifestyle
• Family history
• Medications & Diseases

53. Bone Mass and Activity
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
%
Sedentary
Control
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