Early life events in behavioral sciences prenatal life Physical influences exposure to infectious agents drugs use/abuse  Psychological influences : stress-related increase in maternal corticosteroid production, resulting in reduced fetal androgen secretion

1. Life Events

2. Prenatal life

3. Physical influences
1. exposure to infectious agents
2. drugs use/abuse
stress-related increase in maternal
corticosteroid production, resulting in
reduced fetal androgen secretion
Psychological influences

4. Birth

5. 1. Usually joyful
2. Normal delivery / Cesarean section

6. Premature birth and infant mortality
1. Premature birth puts a child at risk for a variety of
health problems, including physical and intellectual
disability, as well as emotional, behavioral, and
learning problems.

7. The Apgar score
1. A-appearance (color)
2. P-pulse (heartbeat)
3. G-grimace (reflex irritability)
4. A-activity (muscle tone)
5. R-respiration

10. Postpartum reactions
 Women usually recover quickly from childbirth and
have immediate and positive responses to their
newborn infants.
 However, some have an emotional state referred to
as the postpartum blues or baby blues
 Usually lasts for a few days after birth

11. INFANCY:
01

12. BIRTH TO 18 MONTHS
1. Attachment of the infant to the parent.
2. Between the ages of 4 and 6 months, a child
begins to show special responsiveness to his
mother.

13. 1. After a child has formed a strong attachment to his
mother, he typically begins to show a reaction
known as stranger anxiety.
2. Whereas the child at 5 months was tolerant of
being picked up by a stranger, the same child at 9
months will not tolerate this familiarity. Instead, he
protests loudly and attempts to withdraw from the
stranger.

14. 1. During the first months of life, objects and people
that leave the child's line of sight essentially cease
to exist for him. Toward the end of the first year,
the child begins to understand that such objects
and people continue to exist, even if out of view.

15. Characteristics
1. A newborn infant is born with reflexes and instincts
necessary for survival.
2. He will move his head in the direction of the nipple
or anything else that touches his cheek (the rooting
reflex) in order to suck and obtain nourishment (the
sucking reflex), and he will grip any object put into
his palm (the palmar grasp reflex).

16. 1. Although these reflexes have obvious survival
benefits the benefits of other reflexes, such as the
Moro reflex, where the limbs extend when the
childs startled, and the Babinski reflex, which
involves dorsi-flexion of the toes when the sole of
the foot is stroked, are obscure.

20. THE
TODDLER
YEARS
18 MONTHS
to 3 YEARS

21. Attachment and separation
1. During the second year of life, the child begins the
process of separation from that person to become
an autonomous individual.
2. At about age 18 months, child moves away but
then quickly returns to mother for comfort and
reassurance

22. 1. At about age 2 years, while not yet independent,
child asserts by being negative, and "no" becomes
his favorite word.

23. 1. Toddlers like to be in the company of other children
but do not yet play with others in a cooperative
fashion. Rather, play at this age takes the form of
parallel play, that is, playing next to but not
reciprocally with other children.

25. Milestones
at 3 years

26. 1. Can spend a few hours away from mother in the
care of other adults.
2. bowel and bladder control training, usually began
at about age 2 years, is completed by age 3 years.
3. encopresis (soiling) and enuresis (wetting) cannot
be diagnosed until the child is 4 and 5 years old,
respectively

27. Three-year-old children also now have a sense of
gender identity.
Children older than 3 years who believe they are
really of the opposite gender or are unhappy
with their physiological sex may ultimately be
diagnosed with gender identity disorder

28. THE PRESCHOOL CHILD
(3 TO 6 YEARS )
1. some independence from mother (care giver) but
still strongly attached to her.
2. Birth of Sibling > jealousy or sibling rivalry
3. This emotion, competing with the child's natural
feelings of affection for the infant, may lead him to
hug the baby too tightly or kiss it too forcefully.
(parents need to be present when the preschooler
and the baby are together)

29. 1. Between the ages of 2 and 4 years, the child's
vocabulary increases rapidly.
2. Some of this newly acquired vocabulary may not
please the parents.

32. 1. Preschool children have an active fantasy life
2. May have imaginary friend
3. The ability to play cooperatively with other real-life
children, such as waiting for a turn in board games,
usually starts at around age 4

34. Milestones
at 6 years

35. 1. development of the child's conscience and sense of
morality.
2. At this age, the child learns that lying is also wrong
and that one should tell the truth. Morality and
empathy increase further during the school-age
years
3. begins to understand the finality of death.

36. AUTISM SPECTRUM &
RELATED DISORDERS
1. Failure to acquire reciprocal social interactions and
communication skills such as language, despite
normal hearing.
2. Restricted range of interests
3. Repetitive behaviors
4. Sometime leads to lifelong problems in social and
occupational functioning

37. 1. No cure
2. Behavioral therapy
3. Educational programs to increase social,
communicative, and self-care skills.
a. To increase the child's level of functioning and
decrease behavior problems like self-injury.
AUTISM SPECTRUM &
RELATED DISORDERS

38. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Deficits in socialization and severe problems with
language and communication.
They do not play imaginative games or use toys
normally, they do not point a finger to direct
interest toward something, and they typically show
active resistance to alterations in their environment.

39. 1. Sometime repetitive behavior
2. Some children with ASD have unusual abilities
such as memory or calculation skills, which are
referred to as savant skills.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

40. 1. No psychological or social causes of ASD have
been identified. Rather, its etiology is believed to
be biological
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)