This document outlines an economic development strategy for Tunisia. It begins with an analysis of Tunisia's constrained economic system and the failure to conduct an economic transformation, noting that Tunisia's economy has been trapped in low productivity. It then discusses the need for an integrated development strategy with pillars including modernizing the state, building human capital and innovation, and ensuring social cohesion. Finally, it explores the opportunity of digital transformation to help unlock Tunisia's economic potential through leapfrogging to more advanced technologies. The overall aim is to develop a knowledge-based and inclusive economy through coordinated reforms and leveraging of new opportunities.
Capital flows management in emerging countries: Some lessons from the recent ...Mahmoud Sami Nabi
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- Some lessons from the CFM during the COVID-19 crisis
Capital flows management in emerging countries: Some lessons from the recent ...Mahmoud Sami Nabi
- International capital flows and economic development
- Rationale for the capital flows management (CFM)
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- Some lessons from the CFM during the COVID-19 crisis
Mike Nxele looks at the growth of Zimbabwe's telecommunications sector and provides policy options for future growth.
Presented at 'Moving Forward with Pro-poor Reconstruction in Zimbabwe' International Conference, Harare, Zimbabwe, (25 and 26 August 2009)
Global Information Technology Report 2014Elena Kvochko
The Global Information Technology Report 2014 features the latest results of the Networked Readiness Index, offering an overview of the current state of ICT readiness in the world. This year’s coverage includes a record number of 148 economies, accounting for over 98 percent of global GDP. In addition, it features a number of essays that inquire into the rewards and risks accruing from big data, an unprecedented phenomenon in terms of the volume, velocity, and variety of sources of the creation of new data. These essays also advise on the changes that organizations, both public and private, will need to adopt in order to manage, make sense of, and obtain economic and social value from this vast quantity of newly generated data. In addition, the Report presents a wealth of data, including detailed profiles for each economy covered and data tables with global rankings for the NRI’s 54 indicators.
Using Industry 4.0 Technologies to Enrich Manufacturing SMEs in EgyptNile University
This presentation is a Proposal of how Industry 4.0 technologies can enrich the manufacturing SMEs in Egypt by describing the potential, challenges, and recommendations for successful implementation.
Mike Nxele looks at the growth of Zimbabwe's telecommunications sector and provides policy options for future growth.
Presented at 'Moving Forward with Pro-poor Reconstruction in Zimbabwe' International Conference, Harare, Zimbabwe, (25 and 26 August 2009)
Global Information Technology Report 2014Elena Kvochko
The Global Information Technology Report 2014 features the latest results of the Networked Readiness Index, offering an overview of the current state of ICT readiness in the world. This year’s coverage includes a record number of 148 economies, accounting for over 98 percent of global GDP. In addition, it features a number of essays that inquire into the rewards and risks accruing from big data, an unprecedented phenomenon in terms of the volume, velocity, and variety of sources of the creation of new data. These essays also advise on the changes that organizations, both public and private, will need to adopt in order to manage, make sense of, and obtain economic and social value from this vast quantity of newly generated data. In addition, the Report presents a wealth of data, including detailed profiles for each economy covered and data tables with global rankings for the NRI’s 54 indicators.
Using Industry 4.0 Technologies to Enrich Manufacturing SMEs in EgyptNile University
This presentation is a Proposal of how Industry 4.0 technologies can enrich the manufacturing SMEs in Egypt by describing the potential, challenges, and recommendations for successful implementation.
UN Sustainable Development Goals 2016 - 30 : Sourcing funds from the private sector to fund infrastructural development projects in the developing economies.
This presentation highlights the state of S&T through the perspective of Science Governance, Industry and Education. This was used as a scene setting presentation for scenario planning session.
How Finance can help in the ASEAN integration. Integrated reporting explained.
I did this presentation a few months ago, but it is still as valid as it gets. Looking forward to how ASEAN learns from the wins and loses of the EU.
Keynote Speech III: Chinese Economic Slowdown and New Sources of Economic Dev...ssuserd649a2
Keynote Speech by Tony Fang (Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada) at the 1st International Workshop on the Chinese Development Model organized at IQS School of Management, Universitat Ramon Llull in Barcelona on July 8th, 2022
Inclusive development considers whether development progress is sufficiently widespread for the majority of a population to benefit
The World Bank has a particular focus on the economic capabilities, freedoms and resilience of the bottom 40 per cent of the World’s population and the relatively poor in individual countries.
Per capita incomes can rise but simultaneously there can also be an increase in the scale of relative poverty
The inter-generational nature of development progress also needs to be considered – i.e. creating an environment fit for future generations.
One of the defining debates in development economics is the extent to which state intervention enables inclusive growth or whether a dynamic private sector offers greater potential for lifting development progress.
The Discussion Paper of the Technology Innovation and Productivity Committee summarises the first six months of deliberations by the Committee and the priority recommendations from its five Working Groups viz; Labour Market Information System; Public Sector Efficiency; National Systems of Innovation; Small & Medium Enterprises; and Human Factors in the Workplace. The purpose of the Discussion Paper is to serve as a vehicle for consultations, debate and fine-tuning.
Tunisian Minister of Foreign Affairs and Former Head of the UN Commission on...Wesley Schwalje
A key challenge to knowledge-based economic development faced by Arab countries is weak innovation systems. We are honored to have had our research on Arab innovation systems cited by Dr. Mongi Hamdi, former Head, Science, Technology, and ICT at UNCTAD and Head of the Secretariat of the United Nations Commission on Science and Technology for Development (now Tunisian Minister of Foreign Affairs) in his address to the Arab Forum for Scientific Research and Sustainable Development.
"Productivity: Why it matters", by Catherine L. Mann, OECD Chief Economist and G20 Deputy, Global Dialogue on the Future of Productivity,: Towards an OECD productivity Network, 6-7 July 2015, Mexico.
Studies show investment in leadership
development yields results in financial
performance, talent attraction and
retention, organizational agility, and
employee productivity.
Similar to Libérer le potentiel économique de la Tunisie (20)
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how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
How to get verified on Coinbase Account?_.docxBuy bitget
t's important to note that buying verified Coinbase accounts is not recommended and may violate Coinbase's terms of service. Instead of searching to "buy verified Coinbase accounts," follow the proper steps to verify your own account to ensure compliance and security.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
2. 2
OUTLINE
1. A CONSTRAINED ECONOMIC SYSTEM
2. THE FAILURE TO CONDUCT THE ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION
3. THE NEED FOR AN INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY
4. DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION : THE LEAPFROGGING OPPORTUNITY
3. 3
What are the common international characteristics of high and sustained growth ?
Leadership
and
governance
Future
orientation
Efficient
functioning of
the markets
Macro-
economic
stability
Openess to
the global
economy
Sources : Commission on Growth and Development (2008)
Credible commitment to
growth; Inclusion with
capable administration.
Resources allocation
based on prices and
incentives.
Higher saving and
investments (physical and
human capital)
Knowledge transfer and
tapping into the global
marked demand
Low inflation. sustainable
public finances..
1. A CONSTRAINED ECONOMY
5. 5
▫ Creation of wealth: complex process requiring the conjunction of a multitude of factors:
Human
capital
Knowledge
R&D
Labor
Physical
capital
TALENT is a central ingredient in the production of
knowledge : …individuals who demonstrate
exceptional talent in their teenage years have an
irreplaceable ability to create new ideas over their
lifetime.
Talented individuals born in low- or middle-income
countries are systematically less likely to become
knowledge producers. (Ruchir Agarwal and Patrick
Gaule (2018), Invisible Geniuses: Could the Knowledge
Frontier Advance Faster? IMF WP/18/268)
6. 6
>> DISPERSED R&D WITH INSUFFICIENT IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY
▫ Tunisia’s rank in the Global Innovation Index deteriorated to 77th in 2016 (versus
59th position in 2012).
▫ Tunisia is relatively well positioned (45th) regarding "Human capital and research“.
▫ The country is bad ranked in terms of "university/industry research collaboration"
(107th), "knowledge absorption (103rd) "Market sophistication (123)" and "Business
sophistication " (107).
>> lack of an adequate and modern national ecosystem to favor innovation and
university/industry collaboration.
7. 7
‒ Failure to reallocate the production resources to high-return activities and escape the
low-productivity trap
‒ More than 50% of Tunisia's highly educated workers are employed in the public sector,
mainly in health and education. Around 16 % of employees of the private sector had a
high level of education.
‒ FDIs are concentrated in labor-intensive and low-value added activities (textile, tourism,
call centers) which do not require high skills (despite the presence of many foreign firms in
electronics, aerospace activities)
>>> A Tunisian economy trapped in the low-productivity level
8. 8
Sources: Economic Freedom Index 2021; Global Innovation Index 2021;
World Bank Logistic Performance Indicators 2018
57 54
50
45 42
30 33
28
23
14
73
22
87
40
29
21
27
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Economic
freedom
Property
Rights
Labor
Freedom
Investment
Freedom
Judicical
effectiveness
Financial
freedom
Customs
International
shipments
Logistic
competence
Business
sophistication
Human
capital
and
research
University/industry
research
collaboration
Domestic
credit
to
private
sector
(%GDP)
Financing
of
SMEs
Venture
capital
availability
Market
capitalization
(%GDP)
Insurance
premium
(/GDP)
Higher transactions costs and unfavourable ecosystem to favour an efficient/innovative driven growth…
Including insufficient development of the institutional environment and of the financial system
Restrcited foreign exchange transactions
Unfair fiscal regime
9. 9
Sources: Economic Freedom Index 2021; Global Competitiveness Report 2019
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
Financial
freedom
score
Tunisia Morocco Jordan
Egypt Kenya
A stationary unfree/underdeveloped financial system
i. Government regulation of financial services,
ii. State intervention in banks and other
financial firms through direct and indirect
ownership
iii. Government influence on the allocation of
credit
iv. Financial and capital market development
v. Openness to foreign competition.
Financial development comprises “factors, policies, and institutions that lead to effective financial intermediation
and markets, as well as deep and broad access to capital and financial services.” (WEF, Financial Development
Report,2012).
10. 10
2. THE FAILURE TO CONDUCT THE ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION
3,5
5,2
6,7
4,2
3,0 3,5
-1,9
4,0
3,0 2,9
1,1 1,0
1,9
2,6
0,9
-8,8
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
Real GDP Growth
Tunisia Lower Middle Income
21,1%
9,4%
4,6%
24,6%
17,5%
13,0%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20%
22%
24%
26%
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
Saving (% GDP) Investment (% GDP)
Investment & Saving
‒ Decrease of the growth potential : 5% in 2000 > 3.2 % in 2019 (OCDE, 2018).
‒ Firms investing in innovative products and services: 28% in 2013 > 14% in 2019.
‒ Productivity of the Tunisian firms : -4.5% in 2013 & -5.1% 2019 (World Bank, 2020).
12. 12
1,7%
5,2%
16,0%
36,6%
20,0%
-5,3%
5,1% 5,7%
9,0%
18,0%
16,4%
-1,0%
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
GDP growth (%) Inflation (%) Unemployment rate (%) External debt (%GDP) Domestic debt (%GDP) Overall Fiscal Balance
(%GDP)
Real average TFP : -1%
Simulated avearage
TFP 1.7% (2001-2010)
Source: Nabi (2021) "Tunisia after the 2011’s revolution: Economic deterioration
should. and could have been avoided." Journal of Policy Modeling
What if TFP evolved during 2011-2018 with the same average growth rate as in 2001-2010 ?
13. 13
The Tunisian Governance Indicators (2010-2018)
(ranges from 0 (lowest) to 100 (highest) rank)
Source: Data from the worldwide Governance Indicators,
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Regulatory Quality Government Effectiveness
Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism Voice and Accountability
14. 14
‒ Difficulties/inability in reaching a national consensus on the implementation of the necessary
economic reforms.
‒ Difficult coordination and dialogue between the multiple actors of the Tunisian economy
even within the executive.
‒ Lack of institutional capacity to conceive the details of the reforms (The Council of Economic
Analysis of the Presidency of the Government).
‒ Insufficient ability of the State to ensure that the planned objectives are met. The execution of
many planned public investment expenditures was not realized due to the limited
implementation capacity of the government.
Among the causes of the government’s weak effectiveness
15. 15
Acceptance
for the change
Ability to achieve
the change
Accountability
of the change
CHANGE SPACE
SOURCE: ANDREWS ET AL (2010)
‒ Conducting the reforms requires a change management approach where FAIRNESS and
TRUST in the State’s institutions are crucial.
Reforming the economy is a multidmensional process
17. 17
Institutions Politics
Economique Individuals
▫ Necessary to engage all Tunisians in a common national project
>> Social cohesion : a social cohesive country is not only
less vulnerable to conflicts and divisions but also takes
advantage from its diversity and builds its common identity.
>> “….bring people together around a common set of goals,
norms, rules and larger vision that, over time,
will encourage people to work together more constructively and peacefully”
(Kaplan and Freeman 2015, 27).
3. THE NEED FOR AN INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY
18. 18
Build a new social contract ensuring social progress and inclusiveness
Social contract: dynamic agreement between the state and the society on their mutual roles and
responsibilities (OECD/DAC ,2008).
State
Society
Elite will to channel the state’s resources
+
Capacity to fulfill social expectations
Expectations about the state’s role Capacity to provide public services and
secure revenue
>> The social contract shall includes social progress as an integral part of an inclusive development strategy .
>> Monitor the social progress through social performance indicators (SPIs)
19. 19
Current socio-economic
situation
Knowledge-based
and inclusive country
1. The revolution and the
post-revolution political
arena
2. Diagnosing the Tunisian
Economy
3. The economic reform’s
agenda and bottlenecks
8. Moving toward a knowledge-
based economy
4. Towards and integrated
development strategy
5. Unlocking Tunisia’s
economic potential
6. Daring new financial
channels for development
and social inclusion
7. Tunisia’s integration in the
global economy
20. 20
Enabling Innovative mechanisms
Leadership
&
Inclusive
institutions
Human
capital, R&D
& Innovation
Economic
management /
Financial
resources
Reengineering
the role of State
With a new social contract
Culture and religion
in favor of
development
Unlocking the
economic potential
Smart integration
in the global
economy
Modern
& efficient
State
Efficient
& innovative
market economy
Social
cohesion
Fair and modern
social contract
Social &
solidarity
economy
The pillars and engines/resources
of the suggested
development strategy
21. 21
Modern
& efficient
State
▫ Reengineering the government programs and setting of priorities.
▫ Systematic evaluation of the efficiency of public money.
▫ E-government to improve the quality of the public services.
▫ Ecosystem (open data and e-participation) for the (empowered)
citizens (individuals/civil society) to participate in the emergence of an
inclusive change process.
▫ Facilitate the emergence of new institutions which not only stimulate
dialogue and contribute to more social cohesion and (political and
economic) inclusiveness, but also those which develop creativity and
entrepreneurship.
INSTITUTIONAL LEADERSHIP
A Tunisian Development Institute
NATIONAL SOLIDARITY
INSTITUTION
Coordination & raising funds
INDEPENDENT PUBLIC ASSETS
MANAGEMENT COMPANY Special
investment vehicle
22. INCLUSION
EFFICIENCY
INNOVATION
22
Digital capital : source of ~1/3
of global GDP growth :
Intangible digital assets (2/3)
Tangible digital capital (1/3)
Digital economy contribution
to World GDP :
> 15.5% (2016)
> 25% (2026)
4. DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION : THE LEAPFROGGING OPPORTUNITY
Human
capital
Knowledge &
R&D
Labor
Physical
capital
Sources: “The Digital Dividends”). Rossotto et al. (2018).; McKinsey (2013); World Development Report (2016)
Exports of ICT services in total exports
increased from 6.1% in 2010 to 9.2% in 2017.
Tunisia’s top ICT occupations (Online Labour
Index):
> Software development and technology
> Creative and multimedia
> Sales and marketing support
23. ‒ Improved financial development and better access to loans are highliy correlated woth the availability of the
recent digital technolgies in MENA.
J
ordan
M
orocco
O
man
S
audi
Arabia
T
urkey
A
lgeria
B
ahrain
Egypt
K
uwait
I
ran
L
ebanon
Q
atar
Tunisia
U
nited
Arab
Emirates
Y
emen
y = 0,98x + 5,12
R² = 0,73
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Financial
Market
Development
&
Ease
of
access
to
loans
(Rank
over
155)
Availability of last technologies
23
Source : Nabi (2018)
24. 24
Source : BIS (2021)
Source : Nabi (2018)
Jordanie
Maroc
Oman
Arabie
Saoudite
Turquie
Algerie
Bahrein
Iran
Kuwait
Liban
Qatar
Tunise
EAU
Egypte
R² = 0,6271
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Efficiency
in
using
public
funds
and
level
of
irrigular
payments
and
bribes
(Rank
over
155
countries)
Availability of last technologies (rank)
‒Digital technologies/payments are highly correlaed with efficient use of public funds and less corruption/informality.
25. More channels/tools for social & financial inclusion
‒ Emergence of alternative vectors and modes of finance: APIs (Application Programs
Interfaces); Digital Wallets; Maturing of the mobile money infrastructure; Distributed
Ledger Technologies (blockchain) >> crowdfunding platforms, P2P loans, online
markets, cryptocurrencies and crypto assets.
Improved efficiency of the financial intermediation &the financial markets
‒ Cryptography, Biometric, smart contracts >> Automatic transactions, Security Identity
protection.
Innovative Fintech solutions
‒ Big data on individuals and firms, advances in artificial intelligence; machine learning;
predictive analytics >> innovative tools for Investment advice (robots), Credit
decisions, Fraud detection, Asset trading.
>> Acceleration of the investment in Fintech : from 9 billions USD in 2010 to 25 billions USD in
2016 and 120 billions dollars (1/3 of the world finance of venture capital) in 2018. 25
The digital disruption of the financial system
26. ‒ High penetration of the mobile phone : ~ 70 % of the 20% the most poor of the developing countries
have mobile phones (>clean water and electricity) :
• M-payment: payment services via the mobile phone/device > Sub-Saharan Africa: In 2017, 21%
of adults with an e-money/m-money account (x2 relatively to 2014) .
• Money transfers (domestic and remittances)
• M-banking: access to financial services via the mobile channel. In 2018, there was 866 million of M-
banking accounts (300 millions in 2014) operated by 272 institutions among 90 countries (GSMA,
2019).
‒ Positive and significant correlation between the adoption digital financial services
& i) Women participation in the labor market; ii) unemployment in the developing countries
(Lederman, 2019).
‒ DFS played an important role during the COVID-19 crisis:
• Rapid support of the vulnerable groups
• Extension of the social protection systems 26
The mobile financial services : efficient tool of financial inclusion of the rural population of developing
countries
27. ‒ Acceleration of the crowdfunding since the global financial crisis of 2008-2009 in reaction to
the difficulties of fund raising by the firms in seed stage .
► From 16,2 milliards USD (2014) to 34 milliards USD (2015) [ P2P Lending (25 Billion
USD) + Reward and Donation (5.5 Billion USD) + Equity (2.5 Billion USD)].
► France : from 152 millions EUR (2014) to 628.8 millions EUR (2016).
‒ Contribution of crowdfunding to the developing countries’ economies :
► Improve the access to finance to the MSMEs.
► Contribute to the emergence of new generation of innovative entrepreneurs and the
financing of R&D
► Support the access to the global markets by provide trade financing (exporters).
► Enabling financial channels for social solidarity and charity
Sources: KPMG, 2017; Nabi, 2019 ; WorldBank, 2015; http://crowdexpert.com/crowdfunding-industry-statistics
Acceleration of the crowdfunding’s contribution to better access to finance for individuals and
MSMEs especially in developing countries
22
28. Tunisia’s Strategic Plan for Digital Economy (2016-2020)
‒ Guarantee social Inclusion and reducing digital disparities
‒ Promoting the “digital” culture
‒ E-Government
‒ Job creation, entrepreneurship and Innovation
‒ Improve enterprise competitiveness
‒ Transition Tunisia’s economy to encompass all things Digital
July 2020: Vision for the “Plan National Stratégique 2025”
‒ Prosperous, democratic and inclusive Tunisia
‒ A creative economy through innovation and talents
‒ Affordable and cashless digital services
‒ Client-centred E-administration
‒ Smart and modern cities
>> START-UP ACT
23
Ambition, strategic plans and many digital transformation projects are there since many years..
‒ Système d’information « Amen »,
‒ SI Cnam -Smart Card,
‒ Registre National des Entreprises,
‒ Identification Unique du Citoyen,
Interopérabilité des SI (connected -Gov),
‒ Cloud Computing National,
‒ ERP (SI) de l'Etat,
‒ Justice connectée,
‒ Edunet 10,
‒ Gestion électronique des
correspondances, Code du numérique,
‒ Aménagement numérique du territoire,
‒ Loi cybercriminalité
Smart Capital / Caisse des Dépôts et Consignations
(CDC) ANAVA Fund of Fund (200 millions EUR) to
strengthen the role of VC in financing Startups' growth.
29. Recommended priority actions to unlock the potential of
the Tunisian digital economy
Governance
of the digital
strategy
Digital
sector
(H)
Digital
compe-
tences
Digital
financial
services
Digital
platforms
Innovative
digital
entrepreneu
rship and
R&D
Source : MTCEN & DECA (2020)
24
1. Optimize the governance of the digital strategy (Priority : High)
2. Reinforcing the competitiveness of the digital sector (Priority : High)
3. Developing and retaining the digital competences (Priority : Very high)
4. Accelerating the developing of the digital financing services (Priority
: Very high)
5. Favouring the emergence of digital platforms (Priority : High)
6. Favouring the digital entrepreneurship and R&D (Priority : Moderate)
The maturity of the Tunisian digital economy is still far (2.4) from the
international frontier (5)
30. 30
Digital Financial services (2.6) are still weakly used in tunisia
‒ Financial inclusion strategy (2018-2022) with a digital financial services axis.
‒ DFS played an important role during the COVID-19 crisis:
► Rapid support of the vulnerable groups ,
► extension of the social protection systems : emergence of the digital portfolio.
‒ Willing of the CBT to develop the digital payment and fintech ecosystem (regulatory sandbox, de-cashing,
interoperability, G2P).
‒ Main constraints :
i) Unsuffisient development of the legal framework.
ii) Limited and expensive offers.
iii) Luck of trust.
iv) Resistance to change.
31. 31
Sources : Gévaudan et Lederman (2020) & BIS (2021)
% population endowed
with banking account,
% population having
realized a digital
payment transaction
using a payment card.
% population having
realized m-payment or
prepaid card.
37%
19%
2%
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Ln (GDP) per capita, PPP (current USD)
32. 32
"Tunisia is well positioned to become a regional champion in
innovation and entrepreneurship if it recognizes the potential
of young aspiring businesswomen and businessmen.”
Thank you
msaminabi@ept.ucar.tn