This systematic review evaluated the effects of glucocorticoid with cyclophosphamide treatment for paraquat-induced lung fibrosis based on three randomized controlled trials with a total of 164 participants. The review found that patients receiving glucocorticoid with cyclophosphamide in addition to standard care had a lower risk of death at final follow-up compared to those receiving standard care alone, with a risk ratio of 0.72 (95% CI 0.59 to 0.89). Based on these findings, the authors concluded that glucocorticoid with cyclophosphamide may provide a beneficial treatment for patients with paraquat-induced lung fibrosis. However, they noted that the studies were small and one was of low quality, so the benefits need
This Cochrane review analyzed 13 randomized controlled trials involving 5,686 intensive care patients to compare outcomes for patients managed with or without a pulmonary artery catheter (PAC). The review found no significant differences in mortality, length of stay in the intensive care unit or hospital, or hospital costs between patients managed with or without a PAC. While PACs provide diagnostic information, the review concluded they did not significantly impact these important patient outcomes when used in general intensive care patients or high-risk surgery patients.
The review evaluated the effectiveness of ACE inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) for adults with early stage chronic kidney disease without diabetes. Four randomized controlled trials with 2,177 participants were included. Low to moderate quality evidence from two studies found that ACEi had no impact on mortality or cardiovascular events compared to placebo in people with stage 3 kidney disease. One study found no difference in risk of end-stage kidney disease between ACEi and placebo in people with eGFR >45 mL/min/1.74 m2. No published studies directly compared ARB to placebo. In summary, there is currently insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of ACEi or ARB for patients
This Cochrane review assessed the benefits and harms of non-surgical (chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy) versus surgical (oesophagectomy) treatment for people with esophageal cancer. The review included eight randomized controlled trials with a total of 1114 participants. The review found no difference in long-term mortality between chemoradiotherapy and surgery, but found higher long-term mortality with radiotherapy compared to surgery. The review also found no difference in long-term recurrence rates between non-surgical and surgical treatments. However, the evidence was of low to very low quality.
WHO Therapeutics and covid 19- living guidelineStefanus Nofa
Therapeutics and COVID-19: Living Guideline - World Health Organization (Launched 06 July 2021)
The evidence base for therapeuqcs for COVID-19 is increasing rapidly, and some treatments of proven benefit have emerged. Numerous randomized trials of many drugs are underway to further inform pracqce. This version of the WHO living guideline contains new informaqon and a recommendaqon on interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor blockers, including both tocilizumab and
sarilumab (1)(2)(3). Publication of the RECOVERY and REMAP-CAP trials addressing IL-6 receptor blockers as a potenqal treatment for COVID-19 triggered this recommendation.
Smoking cessation for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaGeorgi Daskalov
This review examines the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The review found evidence that a combination of psychosocial interventions (such as counseling and behavioral therapy) and pharmacological interventions (such as nicotine replacement therapy) is more effective for smoking cessation than no treatment or psychosocial interventions alone. However, the review concludes that there is insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions alone due to a lack of high-quality studies directly comparing psychosocial interventions to no treatment.
Smoking cessation for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaGeorgi Daskalov
This review examines the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The review found evidence that a combination of psychosocial interventions (such as counseling and behavioral therapy) and pharmacological interventions (such as nicotine replacement therapy) is more effective for smoking cessation than no treatment or psychosocial interventions alone. However, the review concludes that there is insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions alone due to a lack of high-quality studies directly comparing psychosocial interventions to no treatment.
Second or third additional chemotherapy drug for non-small cell lung cancer i...James Hilbert
This Cochrane review evaluated 65 randomized controlled trials with over 13,000 patients to determine the clinical benefit of adding additional chemotherapy drugs to treatment regimens for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. The review found that adding a second drug to a single-agent chemotherapy regimen improved tumor response rates and one-year survival rates. Adding a third drug to a two-drug chemotherapy regimen increased tumor response rates but did not improve one-year survival rates and was associated with higher toxicity.
Cochrane Review on local vs general anesthesia for carotid endarterectomysamirsharshar
This Cochrane review analyzes 14 randomized controlled trials involving over 4,500 carotid endarterectomy operations to compare outcomes of the procedures when performed under local versus general anesthesia. The review found no significant difference in the percentage of patients experiencing a stroke or death within 30 days between the two anesthesia types. Specifically, around 3% of patients experienced a stroke and 1% died within 30 days under both local and general anesthesia. The review concludes that either anesthesia technique is acceptable for carotid endarterectomy based on safety and that patient and surgeon preferences can guide the decision.
This Cochrane review analyzed 13 randomized controlled trials involving 5,686 intensive care patients to compare outcomes for patients managed with or without a pulmonary artery catheter (PAC). The review found no significant differences in mortality, length of stay in the intensive care unit or hospital, or hospital costs between patients managed with or without a PAC. While PACs provide diagnostic information, the review concluded they did not significantly impact these important patient outcomes when used in general intensive care patients or high-risk surgery patients.
The review evaluated the effectiveness of ACE inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) for adults with early stage chronic kidney disease without diabetes. Four randomized controlled trials with 2,177 participants were included. Low to moderate quality evidence from two studies found that ACEi had no impact on mortality or cardiovascular events compared to placebo in people with stage 3 kidney disease. One study found no difference in risk of end-stage kidney disease between ACEi and placebo in people with eGFR >45 mL/min/1.74 m2. No published studies directly compared ARB to placebo. In summary, there is currently insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of ACEi or ARB for patients
This Cochrane review assessed the benefits and harms of non-surgical (chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy) versus surgical (oesophagectomy) treatment for people with esophageal cancer. The review included eight randomized controlled trials with a total of 1114 participants. The review found no difference in long-term mortality between chemoradiotherapy and surgery, but found higher long-term mortality with radiotherapy compared to surgery. The review also found no difference in long-term recurrence rates between non-surgical and surgical treatments. However, the evidence was of low to very low quality.
WHO Therapeutics and covid 19- living guidelineStefanus Nofa
Therapeutics and COVID-19: Living Guideline - World Health Organization (Launched 06 July 2021)
The evidence base for therapeuqcs for COVID-19 is increasing rapidly, and some treatments of proven benefit have emerged. Numerous randomized trials of many drugs are underway to further inform pracqce. This version of the WHO living guideline contains new informaqon and a recommendaqon on interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor blockers, including both tocilizumab and
sarilumab (1)(2)(3). Publication of the RECOVERY and REMAP-CAP trials addressing IL-6 receptor blockers as a potenqal treatment for COVID-19 triggered this recommendation.
Smoking cessation for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaGeorgi Daskalov
This review examines the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The review found evidence that a combination of psychosocial interventions (such as counseling and behavioral therapy) and pharmacological interventions (such as nicotine replacement therapy) is more effective for smoking cessation than no treatment or psychosocial interventions alone. However, the review concludes that there is insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions alone due to a lack of high-quality studies directly comparing psychosocial interventions to no treatment.
Smoking cessation for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaGeorgi Daskalov
This review examines the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The review found evidence that a combination of psychosocial interventions (such as counseling and behavioral therapy) and pharmacological interventions (such as nicotine replacement therapy) is more effective for smoking cessation than no treatment or psychosocial interventions alone. However, the review concludes that there is insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions alone due to a lack of high-quality studies directly comparing psychosocial interventions to no treatment.
Second or third additional chemotherapy drug for non-small cell lung cancer i...James Hilbert
This Cochrane review evaluated 65 randomized controlled trials with over 13,000 patients to determine the clinical benefit of adding additional chemotherapy drugs to treatment regimens for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. The review found that adding a second drug to a single-agent chemotherapy regimen improved tumor response rates and one-year survival rates. Adding a third drug to a two-drug chemotherapy regimen increased tumor response rates but did not improve one-year survival rates and was associated with higher toxicity.
Cochrane Review on local vs general anesthesia for carotid endarterectomysamirsharshar
This Cochrane review analyzes 14 randomized controlled trials involving over 4,500 carotid endarterectomy operations to compare outcomes of the procedures when performed under local versus general anesthesia. The review found no significant difference in the percentage of patients experiencing a stroke or death within 30 days between the two anesthesia types. Specifically, around 3% of patients experienced a stroke and 1% died within 30 days under both local and general anesthesia. The review concludes that either anesthesia technique is acceptable for carotid endarterectomy based on safety and that patient and surgeon preferences can guide the decision.
This review analyzed 6 studies with a total of 375 participants comparing the effectiveness of alginate dressings to other wound dressings for healing diabetic foot ulcers. The review found no significant differences between alginate dressings and basic wound contact dressings or foam dressings in the number of ulcers healed. There was also no significant difference found between a silver hydrocolloid dressing and an alginate dressing. All studies had short follow-up periods of 6 to 12 weeks and small sample sizes. The review concluded that there is currently no evidence that alginate dressings are more effective for healing diabetic foot ulcers than other dressings.
EFSA paper on monitoring procedures at slaughterhousesHarm Kiezebrink
The objective of this review was to summarize the currently available data describing the sensitivity and specificity of indicators of unconsciousness and death in the following stun-kill methods and species combinations:
1) Penetrative captive bolt for bovine animals
2) Head-only electrical stunning for pigs
3) Head-only electrical stunning for sheep and goats
4) Electrical waterbath for poultry (chickens and turkeys)
5) Carbon dioxide at high concentration for pigs
6) All authorized gas methods to slaughter chickens and turkeys (carbon dioxide at high concentration, carbon dioxide in two phases, carbon dioxide associated with inert gases and inert gases alone)
7) Slaughter without stunning for bovine animals
8) Slaughter without stunning for sheep and goats
9) Slaughter without stunning for chickens and turkeys
The reference tests for unconsciousness and death were to have been measured using electroencephalography (EEG). The definition of unconsciousness and death based on EEG were not specified, and the definition used by authors was reported. The index tests of interest were a variety of indicators requested by the funding agency such as no corneal reflex and immediate collapse.
The index tests differed by stun-kill methods and species combination. A comprehensive search identified 22 publications contained 24 species-stun/kill method combinations.
No studies explicitly reported the sensitivity and specificity of the indicators in conscious and unconscious animals. Many studies reported the proportion of stunned animals with indicators, rather than the proportion of unconscious or conscious animals at a set time point with the indicators. Such data could not be translated into sensitivity and specificity.
Other studies reported the average time to occurrence of an indicator or average time to cessation of the indicators. Such data cannot be translated into sensitivity and specificity estimates without knowledge of the joint distributions.
This document provides clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia from The Endocrine Society. It was developed by an international task force using the GRADE framework to formulate evidence-based recommendations. The guidelines cover evaluating the cause of hyperprolactinemia, managing drug-induced cases, treating prolactinomas in nonpregnant and pregnant patients, and addressing resistant or malignant prolactinomas. The task force created strong and weak recommendations based on the available evidence to provide guidance to healthcare professionals in diagnosing and managing hyperprolactinemia.
This review analyzed 21 trials involving 3454 children with hypertension. The trials evaluated different classes of antihypertensive medications including angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and beta-blocker/thiazide combinations. The review found low-quality evidence that angiotensin receptor blockers and beta-blockers modestly lower systolic blood pressure compared to placebo. There was no clear evidence of a dose-response relationship or effect on diastolic blood pressure. The medications appeared safe in the short term, though longer-term outcomes were not reported. Overall, the evidence for pharmacological treatment of hypertension in children is limited.
Linezolid versus vancomycin MIC assay for the treatment of infections caused ...AditiSurjeet07
This study compared the efficacy and safety of linezolid versus vancomycin for the treatment of MRSA infections in Japanese patients. One hundred patients received linezolid and 51 received vancomycin. At the end of therapy, clinical success rates were higher for linezolid than vancomycin (63% vs 50%), and microbiological eradication rates were also higher for linezolid (79% vs 30%). Adverse events like anemia and thrombocytopenia were more common with linezolid. The authors concluded that linezolid was as effective as vancomycin for treating MRSA infections and may be more effective at achieving microbiological eradication, though it had more hematological
This document summarizes 100 impact case studies that demonstrate the benefits of research funded by the UK's National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) over its first 10 years. It is organized into 10 thematic sections. The case studies show how NIHR-funded research has: 1) brought medical advances to patients through new treatments and technologies; 2) supported world-leading research with global impact; and 3) helped make the UK's health and care system more effective. The full report provides more detailed write-ups of each case study.
This review analyzed 7 randomized controlled trials that evaluated the use of intravenous magnesium sulfate for treating acute asthma exacerbations in the emergency department. The studies involved a total of 665 patients. The review found that magnesium sulfate appears to be safe and may provide additional bronchodilation benefits for patients presenting with severe acute asthma, as shown by improved pulmonary function testing results. However, for all patients with acute asthma, the review did not find clear evidence that magnesium sulfate routinely reduces admission to the hospital or significantly improves outcomes beyond standard treatments.
The document is the third edition of the International Standards for Tuberculosis Care (ISTC), which provides standards and guidelines for tuberculosis diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It was developed by an expert committee with support from USAID and WHO. The third edition updates the standards based on recent WHO guidelines and incorporates feedback from an international review process.
Aversive smoking for smoking cessation (review)Georgi Daskalov
This review evaluated the effectiveness of aversive smoking techniques for smoking cessation. Aversive smoking pairs smoking with unpleasant stimuli to reduce cravings. The review found that rapid smoking, which requires taking a puff every 6-10 seconds, may help smokers quit compared to a control, but the evidence is inconclusive due to methodological issues in studies. Other aversive methods did not show effectiveness. There was borderline evidence that more aversive methods may help quitting more than less aversive methods, but the evidence is uncertain. Further research is needed to determine if rapid smoking or varying levels of aversiveness can effectively help smokers quit smoking.
An Overview Of International Literature From Cystic Fibrosis Registries. Part...Arlene Smith
This document summarizes a journal article that reviews studies from cystic fibrosis patient registries related to disease incidence, genetics, microbiology, pregnancy, clinical complications, lung transplantation, and other topics. The summary discusses key findings from registry studies on disease incidence rates that vary significantly between countries and regions. Studies on genetics examine genotype-phenotype correlations and the predictive value of CFTR mutations. Papers on microbiology describe the clinical relevance of different pathogens. Studies on clinical complications discuss the prevalence of issues like haemoptysis and diabetes. Papers on lung transplantation focus on models to improve transplant candidate selection and factors linked to post-transplant survival.
This document is the preface to the Toxicologist's Pocket Handbook. It provides background on the author, Michael J. Derelanko, and the purpose and contents of the handbook. The handbook aims to provide a concise yet comprehensive toxicology reference source in a portable format. It contains selected tables and figures from the larger CRC Handbook of Toxicology on topics such as laboratory animals, acute/chronic toxicology, and dermal toxicology. Acknowledgments are provided for contributors to the original CRC handbook.
This Cochrane review examines 8 randomized controlled trials comparing continuous versus intermittent beta-agonists for acute asthma. The review found that continuous beta-agonist treatment was associated with a 32% reduction in hospital admissions compared to intermittent treatment. Patients receiving continuous treatment also demonstrated small but statistically significant improvements in lung function tests. Continuous treatment was generally well-tolerated with no significant differences in side effects compared to intermittent treatment. The review concludes that current evidence supports the use of continuous beta-agonists in the emergency department for patients with severe acute asthma.
This Cochrane review evaluated the effectiveness and safety of 5-FU topical treatment for genital warts in non-immunocompromised individuals. The review included 6 trials with 988 patients comparing 5-FU to placebo, meta-cresol-sulfonic acid, podophylin, CO2 laser, 5-FU + INFα-2a, and combination treatments. The review found that 5-FU showed better cure rates than placebo, meta-cresol-sulfonic acid, and podophylin. There were no differences in treatment failure between 5-FU and CO2 laser. Poorer results were seen for 5-FU compared to 5-FU + INFα-2a (high
This document discusses pneumonia in elderly patients, with a focus on aspiration pneumonia. It makes three key points:
1) Pneumonia in the elderly is primarily caused by aspiration pneumonia, which involves inhaling oropharyngeal contents due to dysphagia or swallowing problems. Aspiration pneumonia accounts for around 70% of pneumonia cases in elderly patients.
2) Common pathogens in elderly pneumonia are similar to those that cause pneumonia in adults, with Streptococcus pneumoniae being the most frequent. However, anaerobic bacteria and oral microbes also play an important role in aspiration pneumonia cases.
3) Effective management of pneumonia in the elderly requires both antibiotic treatment and measures to address dys
American Dietetic Association._ Elliott, Laura_ McCallum, Paula Davis_ Molsee...MarthyRavello1
This document provides an overview of the second edition of "The Clinical Guide to Oncology Nutrition" published by the American Dietetic Association. It discusses topics covered in the guide including cancer statistics, screening methods, changes in metabolism from cancer and cancer treatment, diet and cancer prevention, medical nutrition therapy, nutrition support, management of side effects, complementary therapies, nutrition for survivors and in palliative care, and clinical management in oncology settings. The guide serves as a comprehensive reference for dietitians and other health professionals working in oncology.
Fisioterapia respiratoria toracica en neuminias en adultos.pdfJavierManriqueSoto1
This review analyzed 6 randomized controlled trials with 434 participants to evaluate the effectiveness of chest physiotherapy for pneumonia in adults. The review found that chest physiotherapy did not improve mortality or cure rates compared to no treatment or placebo. However, osteopathic manipulative treatment and positive expiratory pressure reduced the duration of hospital stay compared to no treatment. Additionally, positive expiratory pressure reduced fever duration and osteopathic manipulative treatment reduced intravenous and total antibiotic treatment duration compared to placebo or no treatment. The review was limited by the small number and size of included studies.
This review evaluated the effectiveness of Chinese medicinal herbs for treating influenza. Two small studies with 1012 total participants were included. One study found that Ganmao capsules were more effective than amantadine at reducing influenza symptoms and speeding recovery. The other study found no significant differences between E Shu You and ribavirin for treating influenza or adverse reactions. However, the evidence was deemed too weak to support or reject the use of Chinese herbs due to the poor methodological quality of the included studies. Larger, higher quality studies are still needed.
[] Molecular cancer_therapeutics_strategies_for_d(book_zz.org)Hoàng Lê
This document is the table of contents for a book titled "Molecular Cancer Therapeutics: Strategies for Drug Discovery and Development". It lists the titles and authors of each chapter in the book. The book contains 8 chapters that cover topics such as cancer genetics, RNA interference, tissue arrays, protein transduction strategies, drug screening assay development, and gene microarray technologies for cancer drug discovery. The table of contents provides a high-level overview of the topics and contributors included in this book on molecular cancer therapeutics.
Papel de la Vitamina K en la prevención de los embolismosHospital Guadix
Reviews en las que se analizan el papel de la vitamina K frente a otros tratamientos en la prevención de los embolismos cerebrales y sintéticos en pacientes con y sin fabricación auricular
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
This review analyzed 6 studies with a total of 375 participants comparing the effectiveness of alginate dressings to other wound dressings for healing diabetic foot ulcers. The review found no significant differences between alginate dressings and basic wound contact dressings or foam dressings in the number of ulcers healed. There was also no significant difference found between a silver hydrocolloid dressing and an alginate dressing. All studies had short follow-up periods of 6 to 12 weeks and small sample sizes. The review concluded that there is currently no evidence that alginate dressings are more effective for healing diabetic foot ulcers than other dressings.
EFSA paper on monitoring procedures at slaughterhousesHarm Kiezebrink
The objective of this review was to summarize the currently available data describing the sensitivity and specificity of indicators of unconsciousness and death in the following stun-kill methods and species combinations:
1) Penetrative captive bolt for bovine animals
2) Head-only electrical stunning for pigs
3) Head-only electrical stunning for sheep and goats
4) Electrical waterbath for poultry (chickens and turkeys)
5) Carbon dioxide at high concentration for pigs
6) All authorized gas methods to slaughter chickens and turkeys (carbon dioxide at high concentration, carbon dioxide in two phases, carbon dioxide associated with inert gases and inert gases alone)
7) Slaughter without stunning for bovine animals
8) Slaughter without stunning for sheep and goats
9) Slaughter without stunning for chickens and turkeys
The reference tests for unconsciousness and death were to have been measured using electroencephalography (EEG). The definition of unconsciousness and death based on EEG were not specified, and the definition used by authors was reported. The index tests of interest were a variety of indicators requested by the funding agency such as no corneal reflex and immediate collapse.
The index tests differed by stun-kill methods and species combination. A comprehensive search identified 22 publications contained 24 species-stun/kill method combinations.
No studies explicitly reported the sensitivity and specificity of the indicators in conscious and unconscious animals. Many studies reported the proportion of stunned animals with indicators, rather than the proportion of unconscious or conscious animals at a set time point with the indicators. Such data could not be translated into sensitivity and specificity.
Other studies reported the average time to occurrence of an indicator or average time to cessation of the indicators. Such data cannot be translated into sensitivity and specificity estimates without knowledge of the joint distributions.
This document provides clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia from The Endocrine Society. It was developed by an international task force using the GRADE framework to formulate evidence-based recommendations. The guidelines cover evaluating the cause of hyperprolactinemia, managing drug-induced cases, treating prolactinomas in nonpregnant and pregnant patients, and addressing resistant or malignant prolactinomas. The task force created strong and weak recommendations based on the available evidence to provide guidance to healthcare professionals in diagnosing and managing hyperprolactinemia.
This review analyzed 21 trials involving 3454 children with hypertension. The trials evaluated different classes of antihypertensive medications including angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and beta-blocker/thiazide combinations. The review found low-quality evidence that angiotensin receptor blockers and beta-blockers modestly lower systolic blood pressure compared to placebo. There was no clear evidence of a dose-response relationship or effect on diastolic blood pressure. The medications appeared safe in the short term, though longer-term outcomes were not reported. Overall, the evidence for pharmacological treatment of hypertension in children is limited.
Linezolid versus vancomycin MIC assay for the treatment of infections caused ...AditiSurjeet07
This study compared the efficacy and safety of linezolid versus vancomycin for the treatment of MRSA infections in Japanese patients. One hundred patients received linezolid and 51 received vancomycin. At the end of therapy, clinical success rates were higher for linezolid than vancomycin (63% vs 50%), and microbiological eradication rates were also higher for linezolid (79% vs 30%). Adverse events like anemia and thrombocytopenia were more common with linezolid. The authors concluded that linezolid was as effective as vancomycin for treating MRSA infections and may be more effective at achieving microbiological eradication, though it had more hematological
This document summarizes 100 impact case studies that demonstrate the benefits of research funded by the UK's National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) over its first 10 years. It is organized into 10 thematic sections. The case studies show how NIHR-funded research has: 1) brought medical advances to patients through new treatments and technologies; 2) supported world-leading research with global impact; and 3) helped make the UK's health and care system more effective. The full report provides more detailed write-ups of each case study.
This review analyzed 7 randomized controlled trials that evaluated the use of intravenous magnesium sulfate for treating acute asthma exacerbations in the emergency department. The studies involved a total of 665 patients. The review found that magnesium sulfate appears to be safe and may provide additional bronchodilation benefits for patients presenting with severe acute asthma, as shown by improved pulmonary function testing results. However, for all patients with acute asthma, the review did not find clear evidence that magnesium sulfate routinely reduces admission to the hospital or significantly improves outcomes beyond standard treatments.
The document is the third edition of the International Standards for Tuberculosis Care (ISTC), which provides standards and guidelines for tuberculosis diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It was developed by an expert committee with support from USAID and WHO. The third edition updates the standards based on recent WHO guidelines and incorporates feedback from an international review process.
Aversive smoking for smoking cessation (review)Georgi Daskalov
This review evaluated the effectiveness of aversive smoking techniques for smoking cessation. Aversive smoking pairs smoking with unpleasant stimuli to reduce cravings. The review found that rapid smoking, which requires taking a puff every 6-10 seconds, may help smokers quit compared to a control, but the evidence is inconclusive due to methodological issues in studies. Other aversive methods did not show effectiveness. There was borderline evidence that more aversive methods may help quitting more than less aversive methods, but the evidence is uncertain. Further research is needed to determine if rapid smoking or varying levels of aversiveness can effectively help smokers quit smoking.
An Overview Of International Literature From Cystic Fibrosis Registries. Part...Arlene Smith
This document summarizes a journal article that reviews studies from cystic fibrosis patient registries related to disease incidence, genetics, microbiology, pregnancy, clinical complications, lung transplantation, and other topics. The summary discusses key findings from registry studies on disease incidence rates that vary significantly between countries and regions. Studies on genetics examine genotype-phenotype correlations and the predictive value of CFTR mutations. Papers on microbiology describe the clinical relevance of different pathogens. Studies on clinical complications discuss the prevalence of issues like haemoptysis and diabetes. Papers on lung transplantation focus on models to improve transplant candidate selection and factors linked to post-transplant survival.
This document is the preface to the Toxicologist's Pocket Handbook. It provides background on the author, Michael J. Derelanko, and the purpose and contents of the handbook. The handbook aims to provide a concise yet comprehensive toxicology reference source in a portable format. It contains selected tables and figures from the larger CRC Handbook of Toxicology on topics such as laboratory animals, acute/chronic toxicology, and dermal toxicology. Acknowledgments are provided for contributors to the original CRC handbook.
This Cochrane review examines 8 randomized controlled trials comparing continuous versus intermittent beta-agonists for acute asthma. The review found that continuous beta-agonist treatment was associated with a 32% reduction in hospital admissions compared to intermittent treatment. Patients receiving continuous treatment also demonstrated small but statistically significant improvements in lung function tests. Continuous treatment was generally well-tolerated with no significant differences in side effects compared to intermittent treatment. The review concludes that current evidence supports the use of continuous beta-agonists in the emergency department for patients with severe acute asthma.
This Cochrane review evaluated the effectiveness and safety of 5-FU topical treatment for genital warts in non-immunocompromised individuals. The review included 6 trials with 988 patients comparing 5-FU to placebo, meta-cresol-sulfonic acid, podophylin, CO2 laser, 5-FU + INFα-2a, and combination treatments. The review found that 5-FU showed better cure rates than placebo, meta-cresol-sulfonic acid, and podophylin. There were no differences in treatment failure between 5-FU and CO2 laser. Poorer results were seen for 5-FU compared to 5-FU + INFα-2a (high
This document discusses pneumonia in elderly patients, with a focus on aspiration pneumonia. It makes three key points:
1) Pneumonia in the elderly is primarily caused by aspiration pneumonia, which involves inhaling oropharyngeal contents due to dysphagia or swallowing problems. Aspiration pneumonia accounts for around 70% of pneumonia cases in elderly patients.
2) Common pathogens in elderly pneumonia are similar to those that cause pneumonia in adults, with Streptococcus pneumoniae being the most frequent. However, anaerobic bacteria and oral microbes also play an important role in aspiration pneumonia cases.
3) Effective management of pneumonia in the elderly requires both antibiotic treatment and measures to address dys
American Dietetic Association._ Elliott, Laura_ McCallum, Paula Davis_ Molsee...MarthyRavello1
This document provides an overview of the second edition of "The Clinical Guide to Oncology Nutrition" published by the American Dietetic Association. It discusses topics covered in the guide including cancer statistics, screening methods, changes in metabolism from cancer and cancer treatment, diet and cancer prevention, medical nutrition therapy, nutrition support, management of side effects, complementary therapies, nutrition for survivors and in palliative care, and clinical management in oncology settings. The guide serves as a comprehensive reference for dietitians and other health professionals working in oncology.
Fisioterapia respiratoria toracica en neuminias en adultos.pdfJavierManriqueSoto1
This review analyzed 6 randomized controlled trials with 434 participants to evaluate the effectiveness of chest physiotherapy for pneumonia in adults. The review found that chest physiotherapy did not improve mortality or cure rates compared to no treatment or placebo. However, osteopathic manipulative treatment and positive expiratory pressure reduced the duration of hospital stay compared to no treatment. Additionally, positive expiratory pressure reduced fever duration and osteopathic manipulative treatment reduced intravenous and total antibiotic treatment duration compared to placebo or no treatment. The review was limited by the small number and size of included studies.
This review evaluated the effectiveness of Chinese medicinal herbs for treating influenza. Two small studies with 1012 total participants were included. One study found that Ganmao capsules were more effective than amantadine at reducing influenza symptoms and speeding recovery. The other study found no significant differences between E Shu You and ribavirin for treating influenza or adverse reactions. However, the evidence was deemed too weak to support or reject the use of Chinese herbs due to the poor methodological quality of the included studies. Larger, higher quality studies are still needed.
[] Molecular cancer_therapeutics_strategies_for_d(book_zz.org)Hoàng Lê
This document is the table of contents for a book titled "Molecular Cancer Therapeutics: Strategies for Drug Discovery and Development". It lists the titles and authors of each chapter in the book. The book contains 8 chapters that cover topics such as cancer genetics, RNA interference, tissue arrays, protein transduction strategies, drug screening assay development, and gene microarray technologies for cancer drug discovery. The table of contents provides a high-level overview of the topics and contributors included in this book on molecular cancer therapeutics.
Papel de la Vitamina K en la prevención de los embolismosHospital Guadix
Reviews en las que se analizan el papel de la vitamina K frente a otros tratamientos en la prevención de los embolismos cerebrales y sintéticos en pacientes con y sin fabricación auricular
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.