This document provides an overview of local self-government in Japan. It discusses that local governments have constitutional autonomy and are comprised of prefectures and municipalities. Local governments have elected assemblies and chief executives. There are 47 prefectures and over 1,700 municipalities. Local governments are responsible for many services that directly impact residents like education, policing, fire services, and sanitation, accounting for over 65% of spending in these areas. Central and local governments share financial resources unevenly, with the central government providing most tax revenue but local governments funding many essential services.
Administrative structure of south korea.ubaid khan
South Korea has a centralized government with executive, legislative, and judicial branches that are separated into powers. It is made up of 17 first-tier administrative divisions including provinces, metropolitan cities, and special cities. The civil service system is based on grades and seniority, with recruitment only allowed at certain levels. Major government organizations include the Civil Service Commission and Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs. There are 10 government ministries and around 950,000 civil servants serving a population of 51 million people. Local governments have semi-autonomous executive and legislative bodies that are overseen by the central government.
This document discusses decentralization and the provincial council system in Sri Lanka. It defines decentralization and describes the three types: deconcentration, delegation, and devolution. It outlines the establishment of provincial councils in Sri Lanka in 1987 to resolve conflicts through power sharing and regional development. The councils have powers over subjects in List 1 (provincial), while the central government retains powers in List 2 (reserved). List 3 covers concurrent subjects. The document details the political and administrative structure of the councils, including governors, chief ministers, high courts, and finances. It concludes by noting shortcomings like dependence on central funding and lack of capacity or coordination, and recommending improvements like constitutional protections and new industries.
ABSTRACT : (This research aimed to discover: 1) the local taxes contribution per sector to the Local OwnSource Revenue (PAD ~Indonesian) of Tarakan City from 2010 to 2019; 2) the tax effort achievement level in
Tarakan City from 2010 to 2019; 3) the local taxes acceptance efficiency level in Tarakan City from 2010 to
2019; 4) the local taxes acceptance effectiveness level in Tarakan City from 2010 to 2019; 5) the local taxes
acceptance elasticity per sector in Tarakan City from 2010 to 2019.This research used the quantitative
descriptive method. The data used were from 2010 to 2019 data. The data used were secondary data. The
collected data were the official data from the Department of Management of Regional Revenue, Finance and
Assets (DPPKAD ~Indonesian) and the Statistics Central Agency (BPS ~Indonesian) of TarakanCity.The results
showed that the local taxes contribution to the PAD of Tarakan City from 2010 to 2019 was 43.3% each year.
However, by looking at the local taxes contribution per sector, the average taxes contribution was less than 1%
each year. The tax effort in Tarakan City was averagely 0.15% each year. The efficiency level of Tarakan City
averagely reached 4.87% each year. The effectiveness level of Tarakan City averagely was 96% each year. The
average elasticity level was 0.03% each year. The Elasticity Taxes for hotels was 1.23% in average, 1.09% for
restaurants in average, 5.02% for the severance Type-C in average, 99.43% for the underground water in
average, 50.34% for swifts’ nest in average, and 3.34% for the Acquisition Duty of Right on Land and Building
(BPHTB ~Indonesian); and less than 1% for other taxes sector elasticity.
KEYWORDS: Tax Effort, Efficiency, Effectiveness, Elasticity, Local Taxes, Local Own-Source Revenue.
This document discusses local government units in the Philippines. It defines decentralization and the three forms: devolution, deconcentration, and debureaucratization. It also outlines the three levels of local government - province, city/municipality, and barangay. The key differences between each level are defined, including their composition, officials, functions, and criteria for creation.
This document discusses the roles and expectations of veterinarians working in the Provincial Departments of Animal Production and Health in Sri Lanka. It provides background on the establishment of provincial councils and devolution of powers in Sri Lanka. The provincial departments are responsible for animal health, breeding, training, extension work and livestock projects. Veterinarians are expected to demonstrate responsibility, a positive attitude, strong work ethic, professionalism, integrity, adaptability, loyalty, self-confidence, be self-starters, and have a hunger to learn. The organizational structure of the provincial departments is also outlined.
This document outlines Georgia's proposed local self-governance system following decentralization reforms. It proposes a two-tier system with municipalities at the first level and regions at the second level. Municipalities would focus on local services while regions would handle cultural, social and economic development across municipalities. Key elements of the system like representative councils, executive bodies, budgets, and taxation are described. Potential weaknesses and strengths of the self-governance model are also discussed.
Strengthening Community Participation in Supporting the Oversight Function of...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT Implementation of local government encourages community participation. in encouraging
community participation, the Regional Government:convey information about the implementation of Regional
Government to the public . The aim of this research is to find out and analyze Strengthening Community
Participation in Supporting the Oversight Function of the Regional People's Legislative Assembly of North
Buton Regency in Legal Studies. The research method uses empirical legal research with a legal research
approach that analyzes and examines the workings of law in society. Conclusion Strengthening Community
Participation in Supporting the Oversight Function of the Regional People's Legislative Assembly of North
Buton Regency.Strengthening Through Means and Mechanisms for Monitoring Community Participation
Submission. Strengthening of integrated Public Participation Supervision Management System.Community
Courage is Required in Participating,Improvement of Community Political Culture The transactional political
culture of society influences the level of community participation in North Buton.
KEYWORDS : Participation, Supervision, North Buton
The role of local government in development involves administering basic services at the local level as delegated by national government. These include health, agriculture, infrastructure, and regulatory functions. Local governments generate revenue through taxes and shares of national taxes to fund their operations. While the Local Government Code of 1991 devolved many responsibilities and increased autonomy of local governments, issues remain such as inadequate funding, interference in personnel matters, and the need to further broaden tax bases and devolve additional powers and functions.
Administrative structure of south korea.ubaid khan
South Korea has a centralized government with executive, legislative, and judicial branches that are separated into powers. It is made up of 17 first-tier administrative divisions including provinces, metropolitan cities, and special cities. The civil service system is based on grades and seniority, with recruitment only allowed at certain levels. Major government organizations include the Civil Service Commission and Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs. There are 10 government ministries and around 950,000 civil servants serving a population of 51 million people. Local governments have semi-autonomous executive and legislative bodies that are overseen by the central government.
This document discusses decentralization and the provincial council system in Sri Lanka. It defines decentralization and describes the three types: deconcentration, delegation, and devolution. It outlines the establishment of provincial councils in Sri Lanka in 1987 to resolve conflicts through power sharing and regional development. The councils have powers over subjects in List 1 (provincial), while the central government retains powers in List 2 (reserved). List 3 covers concurrent subjects. The document details the political and administrative structure of the councils, including governors, chief ministers, high courts, and finances. It concludes by noting shortcomings like dependence on central funding and lack of capacity or coordination, and recommending improvements like constitutional protections and new industries.
ABSTRACT : (This research aimed to discover: 1) the local taxes contribution per sector to the Local OwnSource Revenue (PAD ~Indonesian) of Tarakan City from 2010 to 2019; 2) the tax effort achievement level in
Tarakan City from 2010 to 2019; 3) the local taxes acceptance efficiency level in Tarakan City from 2010 to
2019; 4) the local taxes acceptance effectiveness level in Tarakan City from 2010 to 2019; 5) the local taxes
acceptance elasticity per sector in Tarakan City from 2010 to 2019.This research used the quantitative
descriptive method. The data used were from 2010 to 2019 data. The data used were secondary data. The
collected data were the official data from the Department of Management of Regional Revenue, Finance and
Assets (DPPKAD ~Indonesian) and the Statistics Central Agency (BPS ~Indonesian) of TarakanCity.The results
showed that the local taxes contribution to the PAD of Tarakan City from 2010 to 2019 was 43.3% each year.
However, by looking at the local taxes contribution per sector, the average taxes contribution was less than 1%
each year. The tax effort in Tarakan City was averagely 0.15% each year. The efficiency level of Tarakan City
averagely reached 4.87% each year. The effectiveness level of Tarakan City averagely was 96% each year. The
average elasticity level was 0.03% each year. The Elasticity Taxes for hotels was 1.23% in average, 1.09% for
restaurants in average, 5.02% for the severance Type-C in average, 99.43% for the underground water in
average, 50.34% for swifts’ nest in average, and 3.34% for the Acquisition Duty of Right on Land and Building
(BPHTB ~Indonesian); and less than 1% for other taxes sector elasticity.
KEYWORDS: Tax Effort, Efficiency, Effectiveness, Elasticity, Local Taxes, Local Own-Source Revenue.
This document discusses local government units in the Philippines. It defines decentralization and the three forms: devolution, deconcentration, and debureaucratization. It also outlines the three levels of local government - province, city/municipality, and barangay. The key differences between each level are defined, including their composition, officials, functions, and criteria for creation.
This document discusses the roles and expectations of veterinarians working in the Provincial Departments of Animal Production and Health in Sri Lanka. It provides background on the establishment of provincial councils and devolution of powers in Sri Lanka. The provincial departments are responsible for animal health, breeding, training, extension work and livestock projects. Veterinarians are expected to demonstrate responsibility, a positive attitude, strong work ethic, professionalism, integrity, adaptability, loyalty, self-confidence, be self-starters, and have a hunger to learn. The organizational structure of the provincial departments is also outlined.
This document outlines Georgia's proposed local self-governance system following decentralization reforms. It proposes a two-tier system with municipalities at the first level and regions at the second level. Municipalities would focus on local services while regions would handle cultural, social and economic development across municipalities. Key elements of the system like representative councils, executive bodies, budgets, and taxation are described. Potential weaknesses and strengths of the self-governance model are also discussed.
Strengthening Community Participation in Supporting the Oversight Function of...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT Implementation of local government encourages community participation. in encouraging
community participation, the Regional Government:convey information about the implementation of Regional
Government to the public . The aim of this research is to find out and analyze Strengthening Community
Participation in Supporting the Oversight Function of the Regional People's Legislative Assembly of North
Buton Regency in Legal Studies. The research method uses empirical legal research with a legal research
approach that analyzes and examines the workings of law in society. Conclusion Strengthening Community
Participation in Supporting the Oversight Function of the Regional People's Legislative Assembly of North
Buton Regency.Strengthening Through Means and Mechanisms for Monitoring Community Participation
Submission. Strengthening of integrated Public Participation Supervision Management System.Community
Courage is Required in Participating,Improvement of Community Political Culture The transactional political
culture of society influences the level of community participation in North Buton.
KEYWORDS : Participation, Supervision, North Buton
The role of local government in development involves administering basic services at the local level as delegated by national government. These include health, agriculture, infrastructure, and regulatory functions. Local governments generate revenue through taxes and shares of national taxes to fund their operations. While the Local Government Code of 1991 devolved many responsibilities and increased autonomy of local governments, issues remain such as inadequate funding, interference in personnel matters, and the need to further broaden tax bases and devolve additional powers and functions.
DEBT MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS: A CASE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES IN MASHONALA...ectijjournal
The thrust of study was to examine the impact of debt finance on performance of local authorities in relation to Zimbabwe government local authorities, in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe. The research adopted the mixed research methodology. Primary data was collected using interviews and questionnaires. The study’s major findings were that debt finance was used for improvement of refuse collection and water reticulation system. The major challenges faced by local authorities were poor debt management, lack of commitment on debt management and poor staff training on debt finance procedures. The study also revealed that debt finance contribute 90% of major projects being implemented by local authorities The study recommended that Ministry of local Government should provide assistance in form debt finance training procedures basing on cost of debt and rate of return.
Presentation on Myanmar Governance System, Comprehensive National Development...Wunna Htun
I have uploaded a presentation which is focusing on Understanding of contemporary Myanmar Governance System, National Comprehensive Development Plan and Union Budgeting Process.
Enjoy ......
DEBT MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS: A CASE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES IN MASHONALA...ECTIJ
The thrust of study was to examine the impact of debt finance on performance of local authorities in relation to Zimbabwe government local authorities, in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe. The
research adopted the mixed research methodology. Primary data was collected using interviews and
questionnaires. The study’s major findings were that debt finance was used for improvement of refuse collection and water reticulation system. The major challenges faced by local authorities were poor debt
management, lack of commitment on debt management and poor staff training on debt finance procedures. The study also revealed that debt finance contribute 90% of major projects being implemented by local
authorities The study recommended that Ministry of local Government should provide assistance in form
debt finance training procedures basing on cost of debt and rate of return.
How People Participate in Governance in the PhilippinesBerean Guide
The document outlines how citizens in the Philippines can participate in governance through elections that allow them to vote for national, regional, and local government officials. It also describes how non-government organizations and people's organizations can work with elected officials on projects and provide sectoral representation on local boards and councils related to areas like education, health, development, and peace and order.
This presentation discusses local fiscal administration in the Philippines. It defines local fiscal administration and outlines its scope, including revenue generation, allocation and utilization, and other aspects. It discusses the legal basis of local fiscal administration per the constitution and relevant laws. The institutional framework and organization of local fiscal administration are presented, including the roles of national government agencies, local government units at the provincial, city, and municipal levels, and their mandatory and optional offices. Policies of fiscal and monetary policy are briefly introduced. Realities facing local fiscal administration like dependence on central government funds and lack of coordination are also noted.
The document provides an overview of the Public Financial Management Act (PFMA) and Municipal Financial Management Act (MFMA) of South Africa. It discusses key aspects of each act, including that the PFMA provides a framework for accounting officer functions and roles, while the MFMA takes a more instructive approach. It also outlines the roles and responsibilities of various entities under the acts, such as National and Provincial Treasuries, municipal councils, mayors, municipal managers, and chief financial officers. The presentation aims to modernize municipal finance management and promote better governance.
The document provides an overview of the Public Financial Management Act (PFMA) and Municipal Financial Management Act (MFMA) of South Africa. It discusses that the PFMA provides the framework for accounting officer functions and roles, while the MFMA takes a more instructive approach. It also outlines the key roles and responsibilities of various entities under the financial governance framework, including municipal councils, the executive mayor, municipal manager, and chief financial officer.
Municipalities in India have existed since 1687 with the formation of the first municipal corporations. The 74th constitutional amendment in 1993 provided municipalities constitutional status and strengthened urban local governance. There are different types of urban local bodies - municipal corporations, municipalities, town area committees, notified area committees, cantonment boards, and special purpose agencies. Municipal bodies are responsible for functions like urban planning, provision of services, and management of development. However, they still face issues like limited autonomy, lack of financial resources, weak governance, and inadequate urban planning.
Local governments in the Philippines comprise the foundations of public authority and include provinces, municipalities, cities, and barangays, with provinces being the largest political unit. Provinces, municipalities, and cities each have their own elected and appointive officials and governing bodies like the provincial board and municipal council that carry out functions related to lawmaking, budgeting, and administration. The smallest local units are the over 41,000 barangays that make up municipalities and cities.
PPG Q4-W1D2- LGU-Roles, Functions, and Organization.pptxCerelinaMestiola3
The document discusses local government units in the Philippines, including provinces and municipalities. Provinces are the largest political units and have powers like acquiring property and entering contracts. They are classified based on average income and elect governors, vice governors, and provincial board members. Municipalities are smaller public corporations that elect mayors, vice mayors, and councilors. They are also classified by income. The document outlines the roles and functions of provincial and municipal governments.
Functions of the national and county governments in kenyaMichael Jumba
The document summarizes the functions of the national and county governments in Kenya following the 2010 constitution that established a devolved system of governance. It outlines that the national government is responsible for 34 functions including foreign affairs, defense, monetary policy, education policy while county governments have 14 functions such as agriculture, county health services, county transport, and ensuring community participation in governance. The purpose of delineating these functions between the two levels of government is to distribute responsibilities, but many Kenyans remain unaware of this separation of powers.
This document discusses the forms and concepts of decentralization in local governments. It identifies the three main forms as: devolution, which is the transfer of powers to lower level local governments like municipalities; deconcentration, which is the transfer of functions to lower administrative units designated by the central office while final authority remains with the central government; and debureaucratization, which is the transfer of certain powers to non-governmental organizations. It then goes on to define key terms related to local governments like definitions of provinces, cities, municipalities and their structures.
The economic growth of districts/cities in North Sumatra is relatively more lower
than other regions. This research found that financial decisions have a great influence
on economic growth. Local government budget determines economic growth. While
Local government budget allocates focus for routine expenditure rather than
development expenditure, so economic growth going to decrease. The study also found
that the economic environment, legal environment, political environment and social
environment determine financial decisions in a local government. Besides that the
results of the study conclude the political environment influences economic growth
while the economic environment, legal and social environment does not affect economic
growth.
The document discusses institutional set-up and planning processes in India at various levels - state, district, metropolitan, and regional. It outlines the following key points:
1) Most states have Town and Country Planning Departments but they are often headed by non-planners, resulting in delays and lack of vision.
2) Around 85,000-90,000 planners will be needed across India to adequately staff planning processes at various levels.
3) Districts are proposed as the primary planning region due to their administrative structure and inclusion of rural and urban areas. Metropolitan areas crossing multiple districts require coordinated regional planning.
4) Various laws like the Coastal Regulation Zone Notification and Special Economic Zone
The need for decentralization is to empower municipal bodies administratively and financially to ensure efficient delivery of municipal services like basic infrastructure. Some key objectives are devolving powers to local tiers of government and empowering them.
This document discusses corruption and anti-corruption measures in Japan. It provides an overview of the Japan Citizen's Ombudsman Association, which uses tools like disclosure of information and citizen audit requests and lawsuits to monitor local governments. The association has grown to over 85 organizations and 6,000 members nationwide. It also discusses some of the association's investigations over the years that have uncovered illegal expenditures and corruption. The challenges ahead are ensuring continuous monitoring to maintain a corruption-free system and realizing true democracy.
Presentation by Julie Topoleski, CBO’s Director of Labor, Income Security, and Long-Term Analysis, at the 16th Annual Meeting of the OECD Working Party of Parliamentary Budget Officials and Independent Fiscal Institutions.
FT author
Amanda Chu
US Energy Reporter
PREMIUM
June 20 2024
Good morning and welcome back to Energy Source, coming to you from New York, where the city swelters in its first heatwave of the season.
Nearly 80 million people were under alerts in the US north-east and midwest yesterday as temperatures in some municipalities reached record highs in a test to the country’s rickety power grid.
In other news, the Financial Times has a new Big Read this morning on Russia’s grip on nuclear power. Despite sanctions on its economy, the Kremlin continues to be an unrivalled exporter of nuclear power plants, building more than half of all reactors under construction globally. Read how Moscow is using these projects to wield global influence.
Today’s Energy Source dives into the latest Statistical Review of World Energy, the industry’s annual stocktake of global energy consumption. The report was published for more than 70 years by BP before it was passed over to the Energy Institute last year. The oil major remains a contributor.
Data Drill looks at a new analysis from the World Bank showing gas flaring is at a four-year high.
Thanks for reading,
Amanda
Was this forwarded to you?
If you’re a Premium FT subscriber, sign up here to get this newsletter delivered straight to your inbox.
Sent Tuesdays and Thursdays.
Not a Premium subscriber?
Take out a subscription, or upgrade from standard.
New report offers sobering view of the energy transition
Every year the Statistical Review of World Energy offers a behemoth of data on the state of the global energy market. This year’s findings highlight the world’s insatiable demand for energy and the need to speed up the pace of decarbonisation.
Here are our four main takeaways from this year’s report:
Fossil fuel consumption — and emissions — are at record highs
Countries burnt record amounts of oil and coal last year, sending global fossil fuel consumption and emissions to all-time highs, the Energy Institute reported. Oil demand grew 2.6 per cent, surpassing 100mn barrels per day for the first time.
Meanwhile, the share of fossil fuels in the energy mix declined slightly by half a percentage point, but still made up more than 81 per cent of consumption.
DEBT MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS: A CASE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES IN MASHONALA...ectijjournal
The thrust of study was to examine the impact of debt finance on performance of local authorities in relation to Zimbabwe government local authorities, in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe. The research adopted the mixed research methodology. Primary data was collected using interviews and questionnaires. The study’s major findings were that debt finance was used for improvement of refuse collection and water reticulation system. The major challenges faced by local authorities were poor debt management, lack of commitment on debt management and poor staff training on debt finance procedures. The study also revealed that debt finance contribute 90% of major projects being implemented by local authorities The study recommended that Ministry of local Government should provide assistance in form debt finance training procedures basing on cost of debt and rate of return.
Presentation on Myanmar Governance System, Comprehensive National Development...Wunna Htun
I have uploaded a presentation which is focusing on Understanding of contemporary Myanmar Governance System, National Comprehensive Development Plan and Union Budgeting Process.
Enjoy ......
DEBT MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS: A CASE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES IN MASHONALA...ECTIJ
The thrust of study was to examine the impact of debt finance on performance of local authorities in relation to Zimbabwe government local authorities, in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe. The
research adopted the mixed research methodology. Primary data was collected using interviews and
questionnaires. The study’s major findings were that debt finance was used for improvement of refuse collection and water reticulation system. The major challenges faced by local authorities were poor debt
management, lack of commitment on debt management and poor staff training on debt finance procedures. The study also revealed that debt finance contribute 90% of major projects being implemented by local
authorities The study recommended that Ministry of local Government should provide assistance in form
debt finance training procedures basing on cost of debt and rate of return.
How People Participate in Governance in the PhilippinesBerean Guide
The document outlines how citizens in the Philippines can participate in governance through elections that allow them to vote for national, regional, and local government officials. It also describes how non-government organizations and people's organizations can work with elected officials on projects and provide sectoral representation on local boards and councils related to areas like education, health, development, and peace and order.
This presentation discusses local fiscal administration in the Philippines. It defines local fiscal administration and outlines its scope, including revenue generation, allocation and utilization, and other aspects. It discusses the legal basis of local fiscal administration per the constitution and relevant laws. The institutional framework and organization of local fiscal administration are presented, including the roles of national government agencies, local government units at the provincial, city, and municipal levels, and their mandatory and optional offices. Policies of fiscal and monetary policy are briefly introduced. Realities facing local fiscal administration like dependence on central government funds and lack of coordination are also noted.
The document provides an overview of the Public Financial Management Act (PFMA) and Municipal Financial Management Act (MFMA) of South Africa. It discusses key aspects of each act, including that the PFMA provides a framework for accounting officer functions and roles, while the MFMA takes a more instructive approach. It also outlines the roles and responsibilities of various entities under the acts, such as National and Provincial Treasuries, municipal councils, mayors, municipal managers, and chief financial officers. The presentation aims to modernize municipal finance management and promote better governance.
The document provides an overview of the Public Financial Management Act (PFMA) and Municipal Financial Management Act (MFMA) of South Africa. It discusses that the PFMA provides the framework for accounting officer functions and roles, while the MFMA takes a more instructive approach. It also outlines the key roles and responsibilities of various entities under the financial governance framework, including municipal councils, the executive mayor, municipal manager, and chief financial officer.
Municipalities in India have existed since 1687 with the formation of the first municipal corporations. The 74th constitutional amendment in 1993 provided municipalities constitutional status and strengthened urban local governance. There are different types of urban local bodies - municipal corporations, municipalities, town area committees, notified area committees, cantonment boards, and special purpose agencies. Municipal bodies are responsible for functions like urban planning, provision of services, and management of development. However, they still face issues like limited autonomy, lack of financial resources, weak governance, and inadequate urban planning.
Local governments in the Philippines comprise the foundations of public authority and include provinces, municipalities, cities, and barangays, with provinces being the largest political unit. Provinces, municipalities, and cities each have their own elected and appointive officials and governing bodies like the provincial board and municipal council that carry out functions related to lawmaking, budgeting, and administration. The smallest local units are the over 41,000 barangays that make up municipalities and cities.
PPG Q4-W1D2- LGU-Roles, Functions, and Organization.pptxCerelinaMestiola3
The document discusses local government units in the Philippines, including provinces and municipalities. Provinces are the largest political units and have powers like acquiring property and entering contracts. They are classified based on average income and elect governors, vice governors, and provincial board members. Municipalities are smaller public corporations that elect mayors, vice mayors, and councilors. They are also classified by income. The document outlines the roles and functions of provincial and municipal governments.
Functions of the national and county governments in kenyaMichael Jumba
The document summarizes the functions of the national and county governments in Kenya following the 2010 constitution that established a devolved system of governance. It outlines that the national government is responsible for 34 functions including foreign affairs, defense, monetary policy, education policy while county governments have 14 functions such as agriculture, county health services, county transport, and ensuring community participation in governance. The purpose of delineating these functions between the two levels of government is to distribute responsibilities, but many Kenyans remain unaware of this separation of powers.
This document discusses the forms and concepts of decentralization in local governments. It identifies the three main forms as: devolution, which is the transfer of powers to lower level local governments like municipalities; deconcentration, which is the transfer of functions to lower administrative units designated by the central office while final authority remains with the central government; and debureaucratization, which is the transfer of certain powers to non-governmental organizations. It then goes on to define key terms related to local governments like definitions of provinces, cities, municipalities and their structures.
The economic growth of districts/cities in North Sumatra is relatively more lower
than other regions. This research found that financial decisions have a great influence
on economic growth. Local government budget determines economic growth. While
Local government budget allocates focus for routine expenditure rather than
development expenditure, so economic growth going to decrease. The study also found
that the economic environment, legal environment, political environment and social
environment determine financial decisions in a local government. Besides that the
results of the study conclude the political environment influences economic growth
while the economic environment, legal and social environment does not affect economic
growth.
The document discusses institutional set-up and planning processes in India at various levels - state, district, metropolitan, and regional. It outlines the following key points:
1) Most states have Town and Country Planning Departments but they are often headed by non-planners, resulting in delays and lack of vision.
2) Around 85,000-90,000 planners will be needed across India to adequately staff planning processes at various levels.
3) Districts are proposed as the primary planning region due to their administrative structure and inclusion of rural and urban areas. Metropolitan areas crossing multiple districts require coordinated regional planning.
4) Various laws like the Coastal Regulation Zone Notification and Special Economic Zone
The need for decentralization is to empower municipal bodies administratively and financially to ensure efficient delivery of municipal services like basic infrastructure. Some key objectives are devolving powers to local tiers of government and empowering them.
This document discusses corruption and anti-corruption measures in Japan. It provides an overview of the Japan Citizen's Ombudsman Association, which uses tools like disclosure of information and citizen audit requests and lawsuits to monitor local governments. The association has grown to over 85 organizations and 6,000 members nationwide. It also discusses some of the association's investigations over the years that have uncovered illegal expenditures and corruption. The challenges ahead are ensuring continuous monitoring to maintain a corruption-free system and realizing true democracy.
Presentation by Julie Topoleski, CBO’s Director of Labor, Income Security, and Long-Term Analysis, at the 16th Annual Meeting of the OECD Working Party of Parliamentary Budget Officials and Independent Fiscal Institutions.
FT author
Amanda Chu
US Energy Reporter
PREMIUM
June 20 2024
Good morning and welcome back to Energy Source, coming to you from New York, where the city swelters in its first heatwave of the season.
Nearly 80 million people were under alerts in the US north-east and midwest yesterday as temperatures in some municipalities reached record highs in a test to the country’s rickety power grid.
In other news, the Financial Times has a new Big Read this morning on Russia’s grip on nuclear power. Despite sanctions on its economy, the Kremlin continues to be an unrivalled exporter of nuclear power plants, building more than half of all reactors under construction globally. Read how Moscow is using these projects to wield global influence.
Today’s Energy Source dives into the latest Statistical Review of World Energy, the industry’s annual stocktake of global energy consumption. The report was published for more than 70 years by BP before it was passed over to the Energy Institute last year. The oil major remains a contributor.
Data Drill looks at a new analysis from the World Bank showing gas flaring is at a four-year high.
Thanks for reading,
Amanda
Was this forwarded to you?
If you’re a Premium FT subscriber, sign up here to get this newsletter delivered straight to your inbox.
Sent Tuesdays and Thursdays.
Not a Premium subscriber?
Take out a subscription, or upgrade from standard.
New report offers sobering view of the energy transition
Every year the Statistical Review of World Energy offers a behemoth of data on the state of the global energy market. This year’s findings highlight the world’s insatiable demand for energy and the need to speed up the pace of decarbonisation.
Here are our four main takeaways from this year’s report:
Fossil fuel consumption — and emissions — are at record highs
Countries burnt record amounts of oil and coal last year, sending global fossil fuel consumption and emissions to all-time highs, the Energy Institute reported. Oil demand grew 2.6 per cent, surpassing 100mn barrels per day for the first time.
Meanwhile, the share of fossil fuels in the energy mix declined slightly by half a percentage point, but still made up more than 81 per cent of consumption.
Disampaikan pada FGD Kepmen Pertahanan tentang Organisasi Profesi JF Analis Pertahanan Negara
Jakarta, 20 Juni 2024
Dr. Tri Widodo W. Utomo, SH. MA.
Deputi Bidang Kajian Kebijakan dan Inovasi Administrasi Negara LAN RI
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Sponsor a Child for Education & Food.pptxSERUDS INDIA
Every year there are many generous people across the world who wanna help needy children with everything they need. The statistics say that donations worth education and food for more than 500 million children get every year
Donate Us:
https://serudsindia.org/sponsor-a-child-india-2021-kurnool/
#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donatefoodforchildren, #foodforchildren, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool
Presentation by Rebecca Sachs and Joshua Varcie, analysts in CBO’s Health Analysis Division, at the 13th Annual Conference of the American Society of Health Economists.
1. Local Self-Government inJapan
Atsuro SASAKI
Director-General for Policy Coordination,
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Japan
May 2014
2. Contents
1
1. Overview of Local Self-Government in Japan
2.Local Government in Japan: Prefectures and
Municipalities
3. Organs and Organization of Local Governments
4. Local Finance System in Japan
5. Decentralization Reform
4. Outline ofLocalSelf-GovernmentinJapan
3
◼ Local self-government is a constitutional right. Central and local governments
have different judicial personalities. The functions of local self-government and
the relations between central and local governments are stipulated in the Local
Autonomy Act.
◼ Local governments have assemblies comprised of publicly elected members
(direct election by residents). They approve budgets and have legislative power
within the confines of the law.
◼ Execution of administration is carried out by chief executives of local
governments (governors, mayors) publicly elected by residents.
- Execution of administration of the central government is carried out under a
parliamentary cabinet system.
- An administrative commission system has been adopted in such fields as education and
law enforcement.
◼ Local governments are comprised of two layers: prefectures and municipalities.
- Japan applies a single nation system, not a federation system.
- 47 prefectures, 1,719 municipalities as of April 1, 2013
6. 500 km
Local Government inJapan: Locations
Prefectures (47)
Municipalities (1,719)
Cities (789)
Towns (746)
Villages (184)
Special wards (23)
5
Local
7. Local Government NumbersandBreakdowns
Type Number Population (largest to smallest)
Prefectures 47 "To" (1) 13,159,388 (Tokyo)
"Do," “Fu," “Ken" (46) 9,048,331 (Kanagawa) - 588,667 (Tottori)
Municipalities 1,719 Cities
(789)
Designated
cities
(shitei-toshi)
(20)
3,688,773 (Yokohama) - 709,584 (Okayama)
Core cities
(chukaku-
shi) (41)
609,040 (Funabashi) - 279,127 (Hakodate)
Special
case cities
(40)
561,506 (Kawaguchi) - 197,449 (Tottori)
Other
(686)
580,053 (Hachioji) - 4,387 (Utashinai)
Towns (746) 50,442 (Fuchu) - 1,246 (Hayakawa)
Villages (184) 53,857 (Takizawa) - 201 (Aogashima)
Special wards
(in Tokyo)
23 877,138 (Setagaya) - 47,115 (Chiyoda)
Notes: Numbers of local governments and their breakdowns as of April 1, 2013.
Populations are based on the results of the Preliminary Sample Tabulation of the 2010 Population
Census of Japan.
6
8. 3. ORGANSANDORGANIZATIONOF
LOCALGOVERNMENTS
7
- Organs of Local Government
-Relationship between the Chief Executive and
the Assembly
- Organization of Local Governments
-Relations between Central and Local
Governments for Administrative Functions
- Trends in Number of Local Public Personnel
9. Organs of Local Government
8
◼ Assembly: Legislative organ
The number of local assembly members is determined by ordinance
(The 2011 revision of the Local Autonomy Act eliminates limits by population size.)
The term of office of local assembly members is 4 years
Candidates for election of assembly members must be residents and at least 25
years old
Voters for election of assembly members must be residents and at least 20 years old
The major authorities of the local assembly are creating, amending, and repealing
ordinances, approving budgets, authorizing the settlement of accounts, making
motions of no confidence against the chief executive, etc.
Regular sessions are held 4 times a year. Ad-hoc sessions take place as necessary.
◼ Chief executive: Executive organ
The term of office is 4 years
Candidates for election of chief executives must be at least 30 years old for
prefectural governors, 25 years old for municipal mayors
Voters for election of chief executives must be residents and at least 20 years old
The major authorities of the chief executive are enacting regulations, submitting bills,
implementing budgets, etc.
10. Relationship between the Chief Executive and the
Assembly (Dual Representation)
9
Executive organ Legislative organ
Right to submit bills
Conflict of opinions between
chief executive and assembly
• Exceptional action by chief executive
• Reconsideration
•Motion of no confidence against the chief
executive/dissolution of the assembly
Ways to
resolve conflict
Right to inspect
Chief executive
Assembly
Direct election by residents Direct election by residents
Resolutions
11. Organization of Local Governments
◼ Executive organs include boards of education, election administration commissions,
personnel commissions, etc. as well as prefectural governors or municipal mayors.
◼ Deputy governors and deputy mayors (with 4-year terms of office) are appointed by
governors and mayors with the consent of their assemblies. Subordinate departments and
divisions are established to execute various duties.
1
0
Enterprise Bureau
10
Governor Deputy Governor
General Affairs
Department
Planning Department
Public Enterprise
Manager
Living and
Environment
Department
Health and Welfare
Department
Industry, Commerce and
Labor Dept.
Agriculture, Forestry and
Fisheries Dept.
Public Works
Department
Accounts
Department
Enterprise Bureau
Board of Education
Election
Administration
Commission
Personnel
Commission
Public Safety
Commission
Local Labor
Relations Board
Auditor
Superintendent
Police Commissioner
Chief of Municipal Police
Administrative organization
of prefecture (example)
Mayor Deputy Mayor
General Affairs
Division
Taxation Division
Public Enterprise
Manager
Community Services
Division
Commerce and
Tourism Division
Agriculture Division
Health and Welfare
Division
Construction Division
Fire Department
Headquarters
Board of Education
Election
Administration
Commission
Personnel
Commission
(Equity Commission)
Agricultural
Commission
Fixed Assets
Assessment
Examination
Commission
Auditor
Superintendent
Administrative organization
of municipality (example)
Accounts Division
12. Public works Education Welfare Other
Central
government
- Expressways
-National roads
(designated sections)
- Universities (national
university corporations)
- Pension - Defense
- Diplomacy
- Currency
Local
governments
Prefectures
-National roads (other
sections)
- Prefectural roads
- High schools
- Management of
elementary & junior high
school personnel
- Public health centers - Police
Municipalities
- Urban planning, etc.
- Municipal roads
-Elementary & junior high
schools
-Kindergartens & day
care
- Garbage disposal
- Care & welfare
- Fire services
- Resident registry
11
Relations between Central and Local Governments
for Administrative Functions (Examples)
13. Welfare
369,623 people
(13.4%)
Education
1,047,884 people
(37.9%)
Police
283,353 people
(10.2%)
Fire services
(5.7%)
158,460 people
Public corporation
accounting
363,347 people
(13.1%)
All local
governments
2,768,913 people
General
administration,
excluding welfare
546,246 people
(19.7%)
General
administration
General
administration
915,869 people
(33.1%)
Trends in Number of Local Public Personnel
Number of personnel across all local
governments by division (as of April 1, 2012)
Trends in number of local public personnel
12
(単位:千人)
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24(年
)
Trends in number of local public personnel (1994-2012)
3,282
3,278
3,274 3,267
3,249
3,232
3,204
3,172
3,144
3,117
3,084
3,042
2,998
2,951
2,899
2,855
2,814
2,789
2,769
2,700
Education, police,
fire services, welfare
1,859,320 people
(67.1%)
2,760
2,820
2,880
2,940
3,000
3,060
3,120
3,180
3,240
3,300
Units:
thousands
of people
Down 510,000 people
(16%)
14. Trends in Number of Personnel by Division
260.0
250.0
240.0
230.0
220.0
210.0
200.0
190.0
180.0
170.0
160.0
150.0
140.0
130.0
120.0
110.0
100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
■ Police (111.6)
* Fire services (108.9)
○ Public corporations (85.0)
◇ Total personnel (84.4)
▲ Education (81.8)
●General administration
(78.0)
* General
administration
dedicated to disaster
prevention (246.7)
Special support schools (121.6)
Compulsory education (83.6)
Food service centers (40.9)
Welfare offices (142.3)
13
Child consultation centers (159.6)
General affairs (83.1)
Planning and development (72.9)
Sanitation (59.0)
(Indexed to 1994 (=100))
15. 4. LOCAL FINANCE SYSTEM IN
JAPAN
14
- Ratios of Central and Local Governments in Expenditures
-Allocation of Financial Resources between Central and Local
Governments
- Local Revenue Resources
- Mechanism of Local Allocation Tax
- State of Expenditures by Disaster-Struck Local Governments
16. Ratios of Central and Local
Governments in Expenditures
15
◼ Between central and local
governments expenditures, the
ratio of local government
expenditure is higher for
government services that more
directly affect local residents.
For instance, in terms of safe
and secure region-building, local
governments cover nearly 80%
of police and fire expenditures.
Other expenditures with a high
local government ratio include
sanitation and school education,
both of which are deeply
connected to people's everyday
lives.
Ratios of Central and Local Governments
in Main Expenditures by Purpose
(final expenditure basis) (FY2011)
Local Central
Sanitation expenses
School education expenses
Judicial, police,
and fire service expenses
Social education expenses,
etc.
Public welfare expenses
(excluding pension
expenses)
Debt services
Land development
expenses
Land conservation expenses
Commercial and industrial
expenses
Disaster recovery expenses,
etc.
Defense expenses
Agriculture, forestry, and
fishery expenses
Housing expenses, etc.
Onkyu pension expenses
Pension expenses (of public
welfare expenses)
General administration
expenses, etc.
Other
17. ◼ The ratio of central government to local government in tax revenue is the opposite of the
ratio in expenditure. There is a wide gap between allocation of financial recourses and
expenditure.
16
(FY2011)
Central : Local
55 : 45
Central expenditure
(net total basis)
(68.5 trillion yen) 41.6%
Local expenditure
(net total basis)
(96.2 trillion yen) 58.4%
Taxes paid by the public
(Total amount of taxes = 78.7 trillion yen)
National taxes
(43.6 trillion yen)
55.4%
Local taxes
(35.1 trillion yen)
44.6%
Services provided to the public
Total amount of central & local governments expenditures (net total) = 164.7 trillion yen
Local
allocation tax
National
treasury
disbursements 42 : 58
Allocation of Financial Resources
between Central and Local Governments
18. Local Revenue Resources
◼ The revenue of local governments comes mainly from local taxes
(about 30%), local allocation tax, national treasury disbursements, and
local bonds, in that order.
◼ Revenue resources that have no specified use, such as local taxes
and local allocation tax, are called general revenue resources.
Revenue breakdown (FY2011)
17
Local
taxes
Local
allocation tax
Special
local grants
Local
transfer tax
National treasury
disbursements
Local
bonds
Other
Prefectural
disbursements
Other revenue resources
General revenue resources
Net total
Municipalities
Prefectures
Note: National treasury disbursements include Special Grants for Traffic Safety Countermeasures and Grants for
Municipalities Where National Facilities, etc., for Specified Purposes are Located.
19. Local Tax Revenue Breakdown
Planned budget/local finance amounts for FY2013
Individual municipal
inhabitant tax
34.9%
7.0259 trillion yen
Individual prefectural
inhabitant tax
30.9%
4.8535 trillion yen
Corporate municipal
inhabitant tax
8.9%
1.7836 trillion yen
2 local corporate taxes
30.6%
4.7874 trillion yen
Local
consumption tax
17.0%
2.6650trillion yen
Fixed asset tax
42.3%
8.5058 trillion yen
City planning tax
6.0%
Automobile tax
9.9%
1.5497 trillion yen
Light oil delivery tax
5.9%
0.9233 trillion yen
Other
7.9%
1.1988 trillion yen 1.6156 trillion yen
Other
5.7%
0.9037 trillion yen
0 5000
0
10000
0
15000
0
20000
0
市町村税
道府県税
10 trillionyen 20 trillionyen
5 trillionyen 15 trillion
yen
Prefectural
tax
18
Municipal
tax
20. Mechanism of Local Allocation Tax
19
1) The local allocation tax is an intrinsic revenue resource shared by local
governments in order to adjust imbalances in tax revenue among local
governments and to guarantee revenue resources so that local governments in
every region can provide a consistent level of administrative services.
(Revenue resource adjustment function, revenue resource guarantee
function)
2) Like the local tax collected by local governments, the local allocation tax is a
general revenue resource that local governments are free to use as they decide.
3) The total amount of the local allocation tax is determined in accordance with an
estimate of the standard revenue and expenditures for local public finance as a
whole, based on fixed ratios for 5 national taxes.
4) In FY2011, the Special Local Allocation Tax for Recovery from the Earthquake
Disaster was created in order for disaster-affected local governments to cover the
full amount of local government responsibility for recovery and reconstruction
projects and lost local tax revenues in response to the Great East Japan
Earthquake.
21. Example: Prefecture N
- Population:2,160,000
- Number of prefectural government employees: 27,156
(general administration: 5,187; education: 17,971; police: 3,848; etc.)
- Number of prefectural assembly seats: 58
- Revenues: 872.2 billion yen; expenditures: 857.1 billion yen (FY2011)
20
22. Example: City H
- Population:240,000
- Number of municipal government employees: 2,119
- Number of municipal assembly seats:36
-Revenues: 108.8 billion yen; expenditures:104.6 billion yen
(FY2011)
21
23. Example: Prefecture M (Disaster-Struck Area)
- Population: 2,330,000
- Number of prefectural government employees: 27,619
(general administration: 4,751; education: 18,222; police: 4,493; etc.)
- Number of prefectural assembly seats: 59
- Revenues: 1,987.9 billion yen; expenditures: 1,827.8 billion yen (FY2012)
22
Main expenditures by purpose (billions of yen) General administration
expenses
Disaster recovery
expenses
Public welfare
expenses
Sanitation expenses
Labor expenses
Agriculture, forestry,
and fishery expenses
Commercial and
industrial expenses
Civil engineering
work expenses
Police expenses
Education expenses
25. First Phase of Decentralization Reform
June 1993: The Resolution on the Promotion of Decentralization Reform was unanimously
adopted in both houses of the Diet.
July 1999: The Comprehensive Decentralization Act was promulgated.
・
Clarification of the respective roles of central and local governments (changing the
hierarchical relationship between the central and local governments to an equal and cooperative
one)
・
Abolishment of the system of delegated functions (an administrative system in which the
central government delegates some of its authorities to the publicly elected chief executives of local
governments, placing them as organs of the central government within a scope of delegated
authority)
・
Reexamination of the central government's involvement in local government (classification +
dispute management procedures)
・
Promotion of the devolution of authority (from central to prefectural, from prefectural to
municipal)
・
Reexamination of requirements to set up organizations (abolishment/relaxation of setup
obligations for auxiliary organs and personnel)
Examined by the Committee for the Promotion of Decentralization 24
26. Promotion of Consolidation of Municipalities
25
To establish the foundation for
administration and public finance...
Consolidation of municipalities
March 31, 1999: 3,232 entities
March 31, 2006: 1,844 entities
January 1, 2013: 1,719 entities
27. Second Phase of Decentralization Reform (1)
26
-Reexamination of obligations and
conditions legally mandated by central
government expansion of authority to
issue ordinances
-Transfer of administration/authority from
central to local government, etc.
-Transfer of authority from prefectures to
municipalities
28. Second Phase of Decentralization Reform (2)
27
-Legal establishment of a Forum for
Deliberation between Central Government
and Local Governments
-Reexamination of the legal system in
each field, 4 times in 3 years
May 2011: First package bill
August 2011: Second package bill
June 2013: Third package bill
March 2014: Fourth package bill draft
submitted at the Diet
29. Decentralization: Future Issues
- Expansion/consolidation of local tax resources
+
National treasury contribution reforms
-Changing from proposing recommendations
from the central government to inviting proposals
from the local governments
Examined by the Advisory Council on
Decentralization Reform 28