This document provides an overview of key elements and devices used in poetry. It discusses rhythm, sound, imagery, form, and other poetic elements. Specific sound devices like rhyme, repetition, and alliteration are explained. Imagery is described as using words to create pictures or images through the five senses. Figures of speech like similes, metaphors, and personification are discussed as tools to create imagery. The document also covers poetic elements like lines, stanzas, voice, and mood. Examples of poems are provided to illustrate different concepts.

1. 1
 In poetry the sound
and meaning of words
are combined to
express feelings,
thoughts, and ideas.
 The poet chooses
words carefully.
 Poetry is usually
written in lines.

2. 2
Poetry Elements
 Rhythm
 Sound
 Imagery
 Form
Writers use many elements to create their
poems. These elements include:

3. 3
Rhythm
 Rhythm is the flow of the
beat in a poem.
 Gives poetry a musical
feel.
 Can be fast or slow,
depending on mood and
subject of poem.
 You can measure rhythm
in meter, by counting the
beats in each line.
 (See next two slides for
examples.)

4. 4
Sound
 Rhyme
 Repetition
 Alliteration
 Onomatopoeia
Writers love to use interesting sounds in
their poems. After all, poems are meant
to be heard. These sound devices include:

5. 5
Rhyme
 Rhymes are words that
end with the same sound.
(Hat, cat and bat rhyme.)
 Rhyming sounds don’t
have to be spelled the
same way. (Cloud and
allowed rhyme.)
 Rhyme is the most
common sound device in
poetry.

6. 6
Rhyming Patterns
 Poets can choose from
a variety of different
rhyming patterns.
 (See next four slides
for examples.)
 AABB – lines 1 & 2 rhyme
and lines 3 & 4 rhyme
 ABAB – lines 1 & 3 rhyme
and lines 2 & 4 rhyme
 ABBA – lines 1 & 4 rhyme
and lines 2 & 3 rhyme
 ABCB – lines 2 & 4 rhyme
and lines 1 & 3 do not
rhyme

7. 7
AABB Rhyming Pattern
Snow makes whiteness where it falls.
The bushes look like popcorn balls.
And places where I always play,
Look like somewhere else today.
By Marie Louise Allen
First Snow

8. 8
ABAB Rhyming Pattern
I love noodles. Give me oodles.
Make a mound up to the sun.
Noodles are my favorite foodles.
I eat noodles by the ton.
By Lucia and James L. Hymes, Jr.
Oodles of Noodles

9. 9
ABBA Rhyming Pattern
Let me fetch sticks,
Let me fetch stones,
Throw me your bones,
Teach me your tricks.
By Eleanor Farjeon
From “Bliss”

10. 10
ABCB Rhyming Pattern
The alligator chased his tail
Which hit him in the snout;
He nibbled, gobbled, swallowed it,
And turned right inside-out.
by Mary Macdonald
The Alligator

11. 11
Imagery
Five Senses
 Imagery is the use of words
to create pictures, or images,
in your mind.
 Appeals to the five senses:
smell, sight, hearing, taste
and touch.
 Details about smells, sounds,
colors, and taste create
strong images.
 To create vivid images
writers use figures of speech.

12. 12
Figures of Speech
 Figures of speech are
tools that writers use to
create images, or “paint
pictures,” in your mind.
 Similes, metaphors, and
personification are three
figures of speech that
create imagery.

13. 13
Simile 明喻
 A simile compares
two things using the
words “like” or “as.”
 Comparing one thing
to another creates a
vivid image.
The runner streaked like a cheetah.

14. 14
Metaphor 暗喻
 A metaphor compares
two things without using
the words “like” or “as.”
 Gives the qualities of
one thing to something
that is quite different.
The winter wind is a wolf
howling at the door.

15. 15
Personification 擬人化
 Personification gives
human traits and
feelings to things that
are not human – like
animals or objects.
The moon smiled down at
me.

16. 16
Lines and Stanzas
 Most poems are
written in lines.
 A group of lines in
a poem is called a
stanza.
 Stanzas separate
ideas in a poem.
They act like
paragraphs.
 This poem has two
stanzas.
March
A blue day
A blue jay
And a good beginning.
One crow,
Melting snow –
Spring’s winning!
By Eleanor Farjeon

17. 17
Voice
 Poet as speaker
 Human character in poem as speaker
 Object or animal as speaker
 More than one speaker
Hello!
Hi!
“Voice” is the speaker in a poem. The speaker
can be the poet himself or a character he created
in the poem. There can be one speaker or many
speakers.

18. 18
Mood
 Mood is the atmosphere, or
emotion, in the poem
created by the poet.
 Can be happy, angry, silly,
sad, excited, fearful or
thoughtful.
 Poet uses words and
images to create mood.
 Author’s purpose helps
determine mood.

19. Vocabulary
1. rhyming (adj.) 關於押韻的
There are some rhyming dictionaries on the Internet for
you to look up rhyming words.
rhyme (vi.) (vt.) 押韻；使押韻
The word “December” rhymes with the word “remember.”
Connie rhymed the word “June” with “moon” in her song.
 rhyme (n.) [C,U] 韻文；押韻
I heard a boy singing the rhyme, “Rain, rain, go away.
Come again another day. Little Johnny wants to play.”
Shakespeare wrote many famous love poems in rhyme.
19

20. Vocabulary
2. poetry (n.) [U] a collection of poems, arranged in short
lines that have certain beats and rhymes, using images,
symbols, and some literary devices 詩；詩歌（總稱）
Our English teacher asked us to read more novels and
poetry in English.
poem (n.) [C] 詩
On Valentine’s Day, people may send a card with a love
poem to someone they love.
20

21. Vocabulary
3. twinkle (vi.) to shine with a light that goes on and off
On our small farm, you can see fireflies twinkle like stars
on summer nights.
4. wonder (vt.) (vi.) to think about something that one wants
to know 想知道；疑惑
I wonder if you would like to come to my birthday party.
Some young people who wonder about their future will
ask their parents or teachers for advice and help.
21

22. 22
• wonder (n.) 奇蹟 , 驚嘆 , 驚奇
The sight of the Grand Canyon filled them with wonder.
The boys gazed in wonder at the shiny Ferrari.
• wonderful (adj.) 奇妙的
It's a wonderful painting. I love the richness of the
colors.
1. sb. + wonder + what/who/when/why/where/if/whether…
I wonder what we can do to help the homeless.
I wonder if you could give me some information about
places to visit in the area?
2. No wonder (that) … 不意外地，…
No wonder you're hungry; you didn't have any
breakfast.

23. Vocabulary
5. diamond (n.) [C,U] a very hard and bright stone of great
value, often used in jewelry 鑽石
Many large diamonds are found in Africa but sold in
countries around the world.
Diamond is the hardest stone on earth.
♠ Spades ♥ Hearts
♣ Clubs ♦ Diamonds
23

24. 24

25. Vocabulary
6. magic (n.) [U] a strange power that makes something
impossible become real 魔法
After taking the medicine, he felt much better. It did work
like magic.
magic (adj.) 魔術的
Uncle Joe performed a magic trick that made all the kids
laugh happily.
magical (adj.) 奇妙的
We can never forget that magical night when we watched
many shooting stars crossing the sky.
25
• magician (n.) 魔術師

26. 26

27. Vocabulary
7. pleasant (adj.) enjoyable and lovely 令人愉悅的
Cindy has a beautiful voice, and her singing is pleasant to
the ear.
please (vt.) (vi.) 使高興；取悅
Although she really wanted to be a writer, Fiona took a
degree in law just to please her parents.
Jenny is easy to please; just buy her a cup of coffee and
she will be happy.
27

28. 28
• pleased (adj.) 愉悅的 , 高興的
We're so pleased that you're able to come to the
wedding.
I'm really pleased with your work this term.
I'm pleased to hear you're feeling better.
• pleasure (n.) 愉快 , 令人高興的事
It’s my/a pleasure.

29. Vocabulary
8. sound (n.) [C,U] something you hear 聲音
Students are asked not to make a sound when they
are taking an English listening test.
Sound travels faster in water than in air.
sound (vi.) 聽起來
It sounds like a good idea to have a birthday pool
party.
29
• sound (adj.) 健全的 , 完好的
After three days of searching for them, the hikers were found
safe and sound.

30. Vocabulary
9. poet (n.) [C] a person who writes poems 詩人
Li Po, a well-known Chinese poet, wrote many poems
that are still loved by a lot of people today.
poetic (adj.) 詩歌的；詩意的
To win Julie’s love, Leo wrote a poetic love song for
her.
I've always admired his poetic use of language.
30

31. Vocabulary
10. encourage (vt.) to make people feel confident and
believe in themselves 鼓勵；打氣
Jason is interested in cooking, and his teacher
encourages him to be a cook in the future.
encouragement (n.) [U] 鼓勵
Cathy always gives me lots of encouragement when I
feel sad.
encouraging (adj.) 鼓舞人心的；令人振奮的
Mom always says some encouraging words to me
when I feel like giving up.
31
• encouraged (adj.)

32. Vocabulary
11. attention (n.) [U] an interest or a thought one gives to
something by looking at or listening to it 注意力；關注
The teacher encourages his students to pay more
attention to international news.
12. pattern (n.) [C] 模式
These children’s poems are written in a simple rhyming
pattern, so they are easy to read and learn.
32
• patterned (adj.) with a design made from repeated
lines, shapes, or colors on the surface:
patterned wallpaper

33. Vocabulary
13. whole (n.) [C] (usually sing.) something as a complete
and single unit 全部；全體
The farmer will only sell his farm as a whole.
whole (adj.) 完整的 (=entire)
Judy bought the whole farm and turned it into a
beautiful garden, open to all.
33
• On the whole (adv. phr.) generally
Your work, on the whole, is quite good.
• the whole of sth. (=all of sth.)
The whole of the school had come to the fair.

34. 34

35. Vocabulary
35
• wholehearted (adj.) 全心全意的
The plan was given wholehearted support.
• wholesale (adj.) 批發的
wholesale prices

36. 36
whole VS all 1. I studied the whole day.
2. I studied all day.
1.定冠詞與所有格位置的不同
all + (the/ 所有格 ) + N. ： all my friends
the/ 所有格 + whole + N. ： the whole world
2. 意思的不同
all 是指「全部」，所有的東西；而 whole 是指「整個」，
整件事、一個完整的東西。
(1) I studied all day.→ 我整天都在讀書。中間有休息，讀
一讀，休息一下，再讀一讀，再休息一下。
(2)I studied the whole day. → 我一整天不斷地讀書。這代
表中間完全沒有休息，一直一直讀。

37. Vocabulary
14. appreciate (vt.) to enjoy something by carefully
examining it 欣賞 ; 重視 ; 領會 , 了解 ; 感激
You may learn to appreciate the beauty of English
poetry from nursery rhymes.
I appreciate that it's a difficult decision for you to make.
37
注意： appreciate 當感激的用法
(1)appreciate + V-ing/N
We really appreciate all the help you gave us last weekend.
I appreciate your making the effort to come.
(2) 受詞不可為「人」

38. Vocabulary
 appreciation (n.) [U] 欣賞 ; 感激
Ben is interested in modern art and is now taking a
class on art appreciation.
He took them to a restaurant to show his appreciation
for letting him stay.
38
• show/express/display one’s appreciation of/for …
對…表達感激之情

40. Vocabulary
15. beauty (n.) [U] the quality that makes people, places, or
things look attractive 美；美麗 ; 美人
We sat by the window and enjoyed the beauty of the
mountains.
40

41. Vocabulary
16. create (vt.) to make something new 創造
J.K. Rowling has created many interesting stories in the
Harry Potter series.
creation (n.) [U] 創造
The beauty of Nature is God’s creation.
creative (adj.) 有創意的
With many creative ideas, Walt Disney created Mickey
Mouse and Disneyland.
41

42. Vocabulary
17. melody (n.) [C] a song or a piece of music 歌曲；曲調
Amy was singing a melody that she created on her own.
18. brighten (vt.) to make something full of light 使⋯⋯變得
明亮
Bill painted the wall light green to brighten up the living
room.
42
• bright (adj.) 明亮的 ; 顏色鮮豔的 ; 聰明的 ;
The lights are too bright in here; they're hurting my eyes.
He said hello and I felt my face turn bright red.
They are bright children, always asking questions.

43. Vocabulary
19. chilly (adj.) unpleasantly cold 寒冷的
On a chilly winter night, the boy built a fire to warm himself.
43
• chill (v.) 變冷 , 使降溫 ; 放輕鬆 (n.) 寒冷 ; 害怕的
感覺
I've put the beer in the fridge to chill..
There was a chill in the air this morning.
The violence used against the students sent a chill
through the whole country.

44. 44

45. Do you like poems? Have you ever read a poem in
English? Try this one.
Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star
Twinkle, twinkle, little star,
How I wonder what you are.
Up above the world so high,
Like a diamond in the sky.
Twinkle, twinkle, little star,
How I wonder what you are.
—Jane Taylor* (1783-1824)—
45

46. 46
How 引導的強調句型 ( 如何 + 形容詞 / 副詞 )
How + a(an) + 單數可數名詞 + S. + V.
How + many/much/little/few + 複數或不可數名詞 + S. + V.
How + adv. + S. + V.
How blue the sky is!
How quickly you walk!
What 引導的強調句型 ( 什麼 + 名詞 )
What + a(an) + 單數可數名詞 + S. + V.
What + 複數或不可數名詞 + S. + V.
What a lovely day (it is)!
What a silly thing to do!
What hardworking students you are!

47. 47
「間接問句」： wh- 疑問詞 + 主詞 + ( 助動詞 ) + 動詞
例句：你介意告訴我你為何離開上一個工作嗎？
Do you mind telling me?
Why did you leave your last job?
用「間接問句」併成一句時：
Do you mind telling me why you left your last job ？
I wonder what you are.

48. Isn’t this a song? Yes, but it is also a poem. We can also
call it a nursery rhyme, a kind of short poem or song that is
written for children. Nursery rhymes are easily remembered,
even by young children. This is not only because they are
short but also because they rhyme. Rhyming is the magic that
makes poems and songs so pleasant to the ear. And because
we enjoy their sounds, we learn to read them easily.
48
• call + O. + OC.
His real name is Jonathan, but they've always called him Johnny.

49. Writing rhymes is a kind of wordplay. It is not only a job for
poets; in fact, it is a game for everyone. And if you want to try it by
yourself, you are encouraged to read more poems first. When you
read them, remember to pay special attention to the rhyming
words. Here is another one for you to enjoy.
I Heard a Bird Sing
I heard a bird sing
In the dark of December
A magical thing
And sweet to remember.
“We are nearer to Spring
Than we were in September,”
I heard a bird sing
In the dark of December.
—Oliver Herford (1863-1935)—
49

50. Did you enjoy listening for the rhyming words? And did
you notice their pattern? Unlike “Twinkle, Twinkle, Little
Star,” this poem rhymes in every other line.
However, don’t forget to read the poem as a whole in
order to appreciate its beauty. With a few simple words, the
poet creates a beautiful picture. Just imagine this: on a cold
winter night, a bird is singing a sweet melody to tell
everyone that spring is coming. And this good news is just
like magic. It not only brightens up the world but also warms
people’s hearts on such a dark and chilly night.
Poetry is beautiful. With rhymes, it is more fun. Would
you like to read more poems or even create poems of your
own?
50
listen for. 留心聽…
Annie will come in any moment ； we are all listening for her
footsteps ．
such + a/an + 單數名詞
That's such a good film.

51. 51
forget
+ to VR
忘記做某件事 (事情還未做)
He forgot to close the window. (忘記關窗戶)
+ V-ing
忘記做過某件事 (已經做過)
He forgot closing the window. (忘記自己有關窗戶)
─ ─ 窗戶「已關好」，
只
是自己
卻
忘記自己有關罷了。
remember
+ to VR
記得
去
做某件事 (事情還未做)
Please remember to write a letter. (記得
去
寫一封信)
+ V-ing
記得做過某件事 (已經做過)
I remember writing a letter. (記得自己已寫了一封信)
stop
+ to VR
停下來
去
做某件事
He stops to smoke. (停下來
去
吸
菸)
─ ─ 不管他現在在做什麼，馬上停止，「改
去
做抽菸」
動
作
；也就是說「還沒
吸
菸」。
+ V-ing
停止做某件事
He stops smoking. (停止
吸
菸)
─ ─ 「停止
吸
菸」這個動
作
。

52. Examples
1. This is not only because they are short
but also because they rhyme.
2. It not only brightens up the world but
also warms people’s hearts on such a
dark and chilly night.
3. Not only Ken but also Peter will go to
the party.
課本
句型
Sentence
Pattern I..
I. not only...but also...

53. 對等連接詞就像一個吊秤，兩邊東西的詞性結構要一樣才會平衡喔！
因此所接的 A 、 B 兩項必須是詞性、結構上相同的字詞、片語或子句
。
補充
A 、 B 詞性 範例
名詞
• Shelly loves not only music
but also good food.
形容詞
• Dan is not only tired but
also hungry.
副詞
• Young people not only in the
U.S. but also in Taiwan
enjoy fast food and cold
drinks.

54. 補充
A 、 B 詞性 範例
動詞
• Kevin not only lent his
neighbor some money but also
helped him build the house.
名詞子句
• The police found out not only
where the jewels had been
hidden but also who had
stolen them.
副詞子句
• Jamie plays the piano not only
when he is in a good mood but
also when he feels sad and
depressed.

55. 2. not only...but also... 連接兩個動作時，前後時態
必須一致。
• He not only painted the walls in the kitchen but
also repaired the sink.
另外，若用於連接兩個主詞時，因為重點在 B ，
故其後動詞要和 but also 後的主詞（即 B ）一
致。
• Not only you but also your brother has to help
clean the garden.
補充

56. Practice A
Combine the following sentences using “not
only...but also....” The first one has been done
for you.
課本
練習
1. Sam ordered pizza.
Sam ordered spaghetti, too.
→ Sam ordered not only pizza but also spaghetti.

57. 課本
練習
2. Julie will invite her classmates to her
birthday party.
Julie will invite her neighbors to her
birthday party, too.
→__________________________________
_________________________________
______________________________
3. You have to do the dishes.
Your younger brother has to do the
dishes, too.
→__________________________________
_______________________________

58. 課本
練習
4. Sandy has watched all the Harry Potter
movies.
Sandy has read all the Harry Potter novels,
too.
→________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
5. The police asked the thief what he stole
from the shop.
The police asked the thief why he did it,
too.
→________________________________
________________________________
________________________________

59. Examples
1. I heard a bird sing.
2. Mom watched the baby sleep beside her.
3. The small café is a good place to listen
to the pianist playing old favorites.
課本
句型
II.
see
smell
watch
hear
feel
listen to...
+ O +
VR
V-ing
Sentence
Pattern
II..

60. (1) 以 VR 為受詞補語時，強調動作發生的「事實」、
整個活動或事件「從頭到尾的過程」。
• I saw Kerry walk across the street.
→ 我看到 Kerry 穿越馬路的整個過程。
(2) 以 V-ing 為受詞補語時，強調動作仍在進行、尚未
結束，或動作之反覆性。
• I saw Kerry walking across the street.
→ 我看到 Kerry 時，她正走在馬路中，所以我知道她正
穿越馬路。
2. 受詞若與受詞補語間的關係為「被動」時，受詞補
語則用過去分詞。
• Laura saw her daughter awarded the first place
medal.
• We saw Macbeth performed by a drama club last
week.
補充

61. 3. 另外，感官動詞由主動語態改為被動語態時
，受詞補語的原形動詞必須改為 to VR ，但
V-ing 則繼續沿用。
• Someone saw Fiona run up the stairs with
tears in her eyes.
→ Fiona was seen to run up the stairs with
tears in her eyes.
• Someone heard Debby shouting for joy in
her room thirty minutes ago.
→ Debby was heard shouting for joy in her
room thirty minutes ago.
補充

62. 4. 其他用法補充：
(1) S + find/leave/keep + O + OC （ V-
ing/p.p./adj. ）
find 在此意為「發現、覺得」； leave 為「
造成某種結局、使……處於某種狀態」；
keep 為「保持某種狀態」。 V-ing 表主動
、進行； p.p. 表被動、感到……的； adj.
則表受詞的特色、狀態。
補充

63. Example:
補充
Detective:
What did you see last night when you
were here?
Witness
A:
I saw a man walk over to the lady and
talk to her in a loud voice.
Detective: What did you see?
Witness
B:
When I walked by this area, I saw the
lady lying on the ground in a pool of
blood.
Detective: Did you see anything special?
Witness
C:
I saw something burning and also heard
these two people arguing loudly.

64. Practice A
Rewrite the sentences using
“see/smell/watch/hear/feel/listen to... + O + VR/V-ing”
and the key words given. The first one has been done
for you.
課本
練習
1. On her way home, Lisa saw.... (A boy fell off his
bike.)
→On her way home, Lisa saw a boy fall off his bike.

65. 課本
練習
2. While Mom was driving me to school this
morning, I saw.... (Peter was waiting for
the bus.)
→_______________________________
______________________________
3. Last night, I heard.... (Someone cried for
help.) But when I looked out, I didn’t see
anything.
→_______________________________
______________________________

66. 課本
練習
4. While Pam was watching TV in the living
room, she smelled.... (Something was
burning in the kitchen.)
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________________________________
________________________________
5. Sally was sleeping when the earthquake hit
last night. She then woke up and felt....
(The bed was shaking.)
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________________________________
________________________________

67. 課本
練習
6. On Christmas Day, my family goes to
church and listens to.... (People sing
Christmas carols there.)
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________________________________
________________________________

68. 68
1 2 3 4 5 6
When
Christmas New
Year’s
Eve
Tomb
Sweeping
Festival
Moon
Festival
Valentine’s
Day
Halloween
Where In the
prison
At the
airport
In
Hogwarts
On Mars Under the
sea
In heaven
Who Minions College
students
Dogs that
talk
Disney
princess
Wizards and
witches
Aliens
Ending Hugs Fights Laughter Dances Tears Love

69. 69

70. 70

71. 71

72. 72

73. 73

74. 74