This document provides an overview of ethics and discusses ethics in business and information technology. It defines ethics as a set of beliefs about right and wrong behavior within a society. Various philosophical approaches to ethics are described, including virtue ethics, deontology, utilitarianism, and situation ethics. The document also notes that business ethics has become increasingly important due to greater globalization and economic pressures. It discusses the concept of corporate social responsibility and provides approaches for making ethical decisions. Finally, it covers some common ethical issues that arise with information technology.
INTRODUCTION THINKING ETHICALLY A Framework for Moral Decisio.docxnormanibarber20063
INTRODUCTION:
THINKING ETHICALLY A Framework for Moral Decision Making
***This article updates several previous pieces from Issues in Ethics by Manuel Velasquez - Dirksen Professor of Business Ethics at Santa Clara University and former Center director - and Claire Andre, associate Center director. "Thinking Ethically" is based on a framework developed by the authors in collaboration with Center Director Thomas Shanks, S.J., Presidential Professor of Ethics and the Common Good Michael J. Meyer, and others. The framework is used as the basis for many programs and presentations at the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics.
TAKEN FROM: http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/framework.html
Moral issues greet us each morning in the newspaper, confront us in the memos on our desks, nag us from our children's soccer fields, and bid us good night on the evening news. We are bombarded daily with questions about the justice of our foreign policy, the morality of medical technologies that can prolong our lives, the rights of animals or perhaps the fairness of our children's teachers dealing with diverse students in their classrooms.
Dealing with these moral issues is often perplexing. How, exactly, should we think through an ethical issue? What questions should we ask? What factors should we consider?
WHAT IS ETHICS?
Simply stated, ethics refers to standards of behavior that tell us how human beings ought to act in the many situations in which they find themselves-as friends, parents, children, citizens, businesspeople, teachers, professionals, and so on.
According to The National Institute of Health: “Ethics seeks to determine what a person should do, or the best course of action, and provides reasons why. It also helps people decide how to behave and treat one another, and what kinds of communities would be good to live in.”
“Bioethics is a subfield of ethics that explores ethical questions related to the life sciences. Bioethical analysis helps people make decisions about their behavior and about policy questions that governments, organizations, and communities must face when they consider how best to use new biomedical knowledge and innovation”.
WHAT ETHICS IS NOT:
• Ethics is not the same as feelings. Feelings provide important information for our ethical choices. Some people have highly developed habits that make them feel bad when they do something wrong, but many people feel good even though they are doing something wrong. And often our feelings will tell us it is uncomfortable to do the right thing if it is hard.
Ethics is not religion. Many people are not religious, but ethics applies to everyone. Most religions do advocate high ethical standards but sometimes do not address all the types of problems we face.
• Ethics is not following the law. A good system of law does incorporate many ethical standards, but law can deviate from what is ethical. Law can become ethically corrupt, as some totalitarian regimes have made it..
A Framework for Thinking EthicallyThis document is designed as a.docxransayo
A Framework for Thinking Ethically
This document is designed as an introduction to thinking ethically. We all have an image of our better selves-of how we are when we act ethically or are "at our best." We probably also have an image of what an ethical community, an ethical business, an ethical government, or an ethical society should be. Ethics really has to do with all these levels-acting ethically as individuals, creating ethical organizations and governments, and making our society as a whole ethical in the way it treats everyone.What is Ethics?
Simply stated, ethics refers to standards of behavior that tell us how human beings ought to act in the many situations in which they find themselves-as friends, parents, children, citizens, businesspeople, teachers, professionals, and so on.
It is helpful to identify what ethics is NOT:
· Ethics is not the same as feelings. Feelings provide important information for our ethical choices. Some people have highly developed habits that make them feel bad when they do something wrong, but many people feel good even though they are doing something wrong. And often our feelings will tell us it is uncomfortable to do the right thing if it is hard.
· Ethics is not religion. Many people are not religious, but ethics applies to everyone. Most religions do advocate high ethical standards but sometimes do not address all the types of problems we face.
· Ethics is not following the law. A good system of law does incorporate many ethical standards, but law can deviate from what is ethical. Law can become ethically corrupt, as some totalitarian regimes have made it. Law can be a function of power alone and designed to serve the interests of narrow groups. Law may have a difficult time designing or enforcing standards in some important areas, and may be slow to address new problems.
· Ethics is not following culturally accepted norms. Some cultures are quite ethical, but others become corrupt -or blind to certain ethical concerns (as the United States was to slavery before the Civil War). "When in Rome, do as the Romans do" is not a satisfactory ethical standard.
· Ethics is not science. Social and natural science can provide important data to help us make better ethical choices. But science alone does not tell us what we ought to do. Science may provide an explanation for what humans are like. But ethics provides reasons for how humans ought to act. And just because something is scientifically or technologically possible, it may not be ethical to do it.
Why Identifying Ethical Standards is Hard
There are two fundamental problems in identifying the ethical standards we are to follow:
1. On what do we base our ethical standards?
2. How do those standards get applied to specific situations we face?
If our ethics are not based on feelings, religion, law, accepted social practice, or science, what are they based on? Many philosophers and ethicists have helped us answer this critical question. They have suggested .
Question 1Discuss with your colleagues the following questions.docxssuser774ad41
Question 1
Discuss with your colleagues the following questions: What is Legality? Specifically how are employees and medical entities legally responsible in Health Service Organizations? Provide two specific real life case examples that you find on the internet or in the print media. Read the background articles but this discussion will take research beyond the above articles. Provide citation of authority to support your initial response to discussion questions. Peers are expected to demonstrate critical thinking in their questions related to the classmates' descriptions. Initial response to dicussion topic must be no later than midnight Thursday and then you must substantively respond to at least 2 classmate submissions no later than 6pm Sunday. See Discussion Requirements in Discussion topic entitled "
Discussion Expectations and Grading"
No duplication. Redundant primary posts will not be graded.
Lecture articles
http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/hospital-management-administration/13-legal-issues-for-hospitals-and-health-systems.html
[Legal issues facing health care professionals]
http://ijahsp.nova.edu/articles/Vol2num1/pdf/lazaro.pdf [ethical and legal analysis of health care case]
Background Readings for week 1 discussion 1
http://www.whitehouse.gov/our-government
[everyone should have a baseline understanding of the U.S. Government, specifically the Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches, and legal responsibilities of individuals and organizations from each of the three branches]
https://www.osha.gov/workers.html#6
[This government website outlines employer responsibilities under Occupational Health and Safety Administration federal law.]
http://healthsafety.etsu.edu/docs/Employee_Safety_Handbook.pdf
[This employee handbook identifies a number of state and federal obligations as it relates to employees. Pay special attention to the activities and programs on page 10 of this handbook.]
http://www.wha.org/data/sites/1/emergencyPrep/EthicalResp_HCLeadership_8-08.pdf
Question 2
Discuss with your colleagues 1.What are Ethics? 2. Where do they come from and who is responsible? 3. How do ethics apply to health care organizations and its employees? Provide two specific real life case examples that you find on the internet or in the print media. 4. Research a specific ethics issue applicable to health care organizations, discuss how it was handled, what ethics theory epitomizes the handling of the issue and how would you have handled the issue and which specific ethics theory would apply to your solution. [see below A Framework for Thinking Ethically to help with last question]
Read the background articles but this discussion will take research beyond the above articles. Provide citation of authority to support your initial response to conference questions. Peers are expected to demonstrate critical thinking in their questions related to the classmates' descriptions. Initial response to dicussion topic mu ...
INTRODUCTION THINKING ETHICALLY A Framework for Moral Decisio.docxnormanibarber20063
INTRODUCTION:
THINKING ETHICALLY A Framework for Moral Decision Making
***This article updates several previous pieces from Issues in Ethics by Manuel Velasquez - Dirksen Professor of Business Ethics at Santa Clara University and former Center director - and Claire Andre, associate Center director. "Thinking Ethically" is based on a framework developed by the authors in collaboration with Center Director Thomas Shanks, S.J., Presidential Professor of Ethics and the Common Good Michael J. Meyer, and others. The framework is used as the basis for many programs and presentations at the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics.
TAKEN FROM: http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/framework.html
Moral issues greet us each morning in the newspaper, confront us in the memos on our desks, nag us from our children's soccer fields, and bid us good night on the evening news. We are bombarded daily with questions about the justice of our foreign policy, the morality of medical technologies that can prolong our lives, the rights of animals or perhaps the fairness of our children's teachers dealing with diverse students in their classrooms.
Dealing with these moral issues is often perplexing. How, exactly, should we think through an ethical issue? What questions should we ask? What factors should we consider?
WHAT IS ETHICS?
Simply stated, ethics refers to standards of behavior that tell us how human beings ought to act in the many situations in which they find themselves-as friends, parents, children, citizens, businesspeople, teachers, professionals, and so on.
According to The National Institute of Health: “Ethics seeks to determine what a person should do, or the best course of action, and provides reasons why. It also helps people decide how to behave and treat one another, and what kinds of communities would be good to live in.”
“Bioethics is a subfield of ethics that explores ethical questions related to the life sciences. Bioethical analysis helps people make decisions about their behavior and about policy questions that governments, organizations, and communities must face when they consider how best to use new biomedical knowledge and innovation”.
WHAT ETHICS IS NOT:
• Ethics is not the same as feelings. Feelings provide important information for our ethical choices. Some people have highly developed habits that make them feel bad when they do something wrong, but many people feel good even though they are doing something wrong. And often our feelings will tell us it is uncomfortable to do the right thing if it is hard.
Ethics is not religion. Many people are not religious, but ethics applies to everyone. Most religions do advocate high ethical standards but sometimes do not address all the types of problems we face.
• Ethics is not following the law. A good system of law does incorporate many ethical standards, but law can deviate from what is ethical. Law can become ethically corrupt, as some totalitarian regimes have made it..
A Framework for Thinking EthicallyThis document is designed as a.docxransayo
A Framework for Thinking Ethically
This document is designed as an introduction to thinking ethically. We all have an image of our better selves-of how we are when we act ethically or are "at our best." We probably also have an image of what an ethical community, an ethical business, an ethical government, or an ethical society should be. Ethics really has to do with all these levels-acting ethically as individuals, creating ethical organizations and governments, and making our society as a whole ethical in the way it treats everyone.What is Ethics?
Simply stated, ethics refers to standards of behavior that tell us how human beings ought to act in the many situations in which they find themselves-as friends, parents, children, citizens, businesspeople, teachers, professionals, and so on.
It is helpful to identify what ethics is NOT:
· Ethics is not the same as feelings. Feelings provide important information for our ethical choices. Some people have highly developed habits that make them feel bad when they do something wrong, but many people feel good even though they are doing something wrong. And often our feelings will tell us it is uncomfortable to do the right thing if it is hard.
· Ethics is not religion. Many people are not religious, but ethics applies to everyone. Most religions do advocate high ethical standards but sometimes do not address all the types of problems we face.
· Ethics is not following the law. A good system of law does incorporate many ethical standards, but law can deviate from what is ethical. Law can become ethically corrupt, as some totalitarian regimes have made it. Law can be a function of power alone and designed to serve the interests of narrow groups. Law may have a difficult time designing or enforcing standards in some important areas, and may be slow to address new problems.
· Ethics is not following culturally accepted norms. Some cultures are quite ethical, but others become corrupt -or blind to certain ethical concerns (as the United States was to slavery before the Civil War). "When in Rome, do as the Romans do" is not a satisfactory ethical standard.
· Ethics is not science. Social and natural science can provide important data to help us make better ethical choices. But science alone does not tell us what we ought to do. Science may provide an explanation for what humans are like. But ethics provides reasons for how humans ought to act. And just because something is scientifically or technologically possible, it may not be ethical to do it.
Why Identifying Ethical Standards is Hard
There are two fundamental problems in identifying the ethical standards we are to follow:
1. On what do we base our ethical standards?
2. How do those standards get applied to specific situations we face?
If our ethics are not based on feelings, religion, law, accepted social practice, or science, what are they based on? Many philosophers and ethicists have helped us answer this critical question. They have suggested .
Question 1Discuss with your colleagues the following questions.docxssuser774ad41
Question 1
Discuss with your colleagues the following questions: What is Legality? Specifically how are employees and medical entities legally responsible in Health Service Organizations? Provide two specific real life case examples that you find on the internet or in the print media. Read the background articles but this discussion will take research beyond the above articles. Provide citation of authority to support your initial response to discussion questions. Peers are expected to demonstrate critical thinking in their questions related to the classmates' descriptions. Initial response to dicussion topic must be no later than midnight Thursday and then you must substantively respond to at least 2 classmate submissions no later than 6pm Sunday. See Discussion Requirements in Discussion topic entitled "
Discussion Expectations and Grading"
No duplication. Redundant primary posts will not be graded.
Lecture articles
http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/hospital-management-administration/13-legal-issues-for-hospitals-and-health-systems.html
[Legal issues facing health care professionals]
http://ijahsp.nova.edu/articles/Vol2num1/pdf/lazaro.pdf [ethical and legal analysis of health care case]
Background Readings for week 1 discussion 1
http://www.whitehouse.gov/our-government
[everyone should have a baseline understanding of the U.S. Government, specifically the Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches, and legal responsibilities of individuals and organizations from each of the three branches]
https://www.osha.gov/workers.html#6
[This government website outlines employer responsibilities under Occupational Health and Safety Administration federal law.]
http://healthsafety.etsu.edu/docs/Employee_Safety_Handbook.pdf
[This employee handbook identifies a number of state and federal obligations as it relates to employees. Pay special attention to the activities and programs on page 10 of this handbook.]
http://www.wha.org/data/sites/1/emergencyPrep/EthicalResp_HCLeadership_8-08.pdf
Question 2
Discuss with your colleagues 1.What are Ethics? 2. Where do they come from and who is responsible? 3. How do ethics apply to health care organizations and its employees? Provide two specific real life case examples that you find on the internet or in the print media. 4. Research a specific ethics issue applicable to health care organizations, discuss how it was handled, what ethics theory epitomizes the handling of the issue and how would you have handled the issue and which specific ethics theory would apply to your solution. [see below A Framework for Thinking Ethically to help with last question]
Read the background articles but this discussion will take research beyond the above articles. Provide citation of authority to support your initial response to conference questions. Peers are expected to demonstrate critical thinking in their questions related to the classmates' descriptions. Initial response to dicussion topic mu ...
Ethical issues in biotechnology and related areas.
For soft copy of this document please feel free to contact us on info@biotechsupportbase.com or snjogdand@gmail.com
This presentation is all about the Ethical Frameworks or Moral Framework which helps us to determine how to solve a problem that might occur from our moral judgement and issues.
Service learning program
Service learning program
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Service learning program
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Service learning program
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Ethical issues in biotechnology and related areas.
For soft copy of this document please feel free to contact us on info@biotechsupportbase.com or snjogdand@gmail.com
This presentation is all about the Ethical Frameworks or Moral Framework which helps us to determine how to solve a problem that might occur from our moral judgement and issues.
Service learning program
Service learning program
Service learning program
Service learning program
Service learning program
Service learning program
Service learning program
Service learning program
Service learning program
Service learning program
Service learning program
Service learning program
Service learning program
Service learning program
Service learning program
Service learning program
Service learning program
Service learning program
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. *
Nowadays, as we know that, information
technology becomes the famous things in the
world because most of technology makes our
work become clear and it is very useful to the
people in order to manage or do something. It is
very unique of information technology like mobile
device, computer, and so on because it is variety
of used to the people directly make the people
life more comfortable.
3. *L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S
As you read this MODULE, consider the following questions:
1. What is ethics, and why is it important to act
according to a code of ethics?
2. Why is business ethics becoming increasingly
important?
3. What are organizations doing to improve their
business ethics?
4. What is corporate social responsibility?
5 What approach can you take to ensure ethical
decision making?
5. Every society forms a set of rules that creates
the limitations of commonly recognized
behavior. These rules are often expressed in
statements about how people should perform,
and the individual rules fit together to form the
moral code by which a society lives.
Unfortunately, the different rules often have
contradictions, and people are sometimes
uncertain about which rule to follow.
6. The term morality refers to social conventions
about right and wrong that are so widely
shared that they become the basis for an
established consensus. However, individual
views of what behavior is moral may vary by
age, cultural group, ethnic background,
religion, life experiences, education, and
gender.
7. *
Ethics is a set of beliefs about right and
wrong behavior within a society. Ethical
behavior conforms to generally accepted
norms—many of which are almost universal.
However, although nearly everyone would
agree that certain behaviors—such as lying
and cheating—are unethical.
8. At its simplest, ethics is a system of moral
principles. They affect how people make
decisions and lead their lives. Ethics is
concerned with what is good for individuals
and society and is also described as moral
philosophy.
The term is derived from the Greek
word ethos which can mean custom, habit,
character or disposition.
9. Ethics covers the following dilemmas:
*how to live a good life
*our rights and responsibilities
*the language of right and wrong
*moral decisions - what is good and bad?
10. *
Philosophers have several answers to this
question:
*God and religion
*Human conscience
*the example of good human beings
*a desire for the best for people in each unique
situation
*political power
*God-based ethics - supernaturalism
11. Supernaturalism makes ethics
inseparable from religion. It teaches that
the only source of moral rules is God. So,
something is good because God says it is,
and the way to lead a good life is to do
what God wants.
12. Intuitionism
*Intuitionists think that good and bad are
real objective properties that can't be
broken down into component parts.
Something is good because it's good; its
goodness doesn't need justifying or
proving.
13. Consequentialism
*This is the ethical theory that most non-religious
people think they use every day. It bases morality
on the consequences of human actions and not on
the actions themselves. Consequentialism teaches
that people should do whatever produces the
greatest amount of good consequences.
14. Virtue ethics
*Virtue ethics looks at virtue or moral character,
rather than at ethical duties and rules, or the
consequences of actions. Virtue ethics is
particularly concerned with the way individuals live
their lives, and less concerned in assessing
particular actions. It develops the idea of good
actions by looking at the way virtuous people
express their inner goodness in the things that they
do.
15. Situation ethics
*Situation ethics rejects prescriptive rules
and argues that individual ethical
decisions should be made according to the
unique situation. Rather than following
rules the decision maker should follow a
desire to seek the best for the people
involved. There are no moral rules or
rights - each case is unique and deserves a
unique solution.
16. *
*Ethics is concerned with other people.
*At the heart of ethics is a concern about
something or someone other than ourselves
and our own desires and self-interest.
*Ethics is concerned with other people's
interests, with the interests of society, with
God's interests, with "ultimate goods", and so
on.
17. Virtue Ethics is particularly concerned with the moral
character of human beings.
Searching for the source of right and wrong. At times
in the past some people thought that ethical problems
could be solved in one of two ways:
*by discovering what God wanted people to do
*by thinking rigorously about moral principles and
problems
18. *
A person who acts with integrity acts in
accordance with a personal code of principles.
One approach to acting with integrity—one of the
cornerstones of ethical behavior—is to extend to
all people the same respect and consideration
that you expect to receive from others.
19. *
When a person says "murder is bad" what are
they doing?
That's the sort of question that only a
philosopher would ask, but it's actually a very
useful way of getting a clear idea of what's going
on when people talk about moral issues.
The different 'isms' regard the person uttering
the statement as doing different things.
20. Moral realism
*Moral realism is based on the idea that
there are real objective moral facts or
truths in the universe. Moral statements
provide factual information about those
truths.
21. Subjectivism
*Subjectivism teaches that moral judgments are
nothing more than statements of a person's
feelings or attitudes, and that ethical statements
do not contain factual truths about goodness or
badness. In more detail: subjectivists say that
moral statements are statements about the
feelings, attitudes and emotions that that
particular person or group has about a particular
issue.
22. Emotivism
*Emotivism is the view that moral claims are no more than
expressions of approval or disapproval. This sounds like
subjectivism, but in emotivism a moral statement
doesn't provide information about the speaker's
feelings about the topic but expresses those feelings.
23. Prescriptivism
*Prescriptivists think that ethical statements are
instructions or recommendations. So, if I say
something is good, I'm recommending you to do it,
and if I say something is bad, I'm telling you not to do
it.
24. *
*Morals are one’s personal beliefs about right and
wrong, while the term ethics describes standards or
codes of behavior expected of an individual by a
group (nation, organization, profession) to which an
individual belongs.
*For example, the ethics of the law profession demand
that defense attorneys defend an accused client to the
best of their ability, even if they know that the client is
guilty of the most heinous and morally objectionable
crime one could imagine.
25. Law is a system of rules that tells us what we
can and cannot do. Laws are enforced by a set
of institutions (the police, courts, law-making
bodies). Legal acts are acts that conform to the
law. Moral acts conform to what an individual
believes to be the right thing to do. Laws can
proclaim an act as legal, although many people
may consider the act immoral—for example,
abortion.
27. Ethics has risen to the top of the business
agenda because the risks associated with
inappropriate behavior have increased, both
in their likelihood and in their potential
negative impact. Several trends have
increased the likelihood of unethical
behavior.
28. First, for many organizations, greater
globalization has created a much more
complex work environment that spans
diverse cultures and societies, making it
more difficult to apply principles and codes
of ethics consistently.
29. Second, in today’s difficult and uncertain
economic climate, organizations are
extremely challenged to maintain revenue
and profits. Some organizations are sorely
tempted to resort to unethical behavior to
maintain profits.
30. *
*Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is the
concept that an organization should act ethically
by taking responsibility for the impact of its
actions on the environment, the community, and
the welfare of its employees.
*Setting CSR goals encourages an organization
to achieve higher moral and ethical standards.
31. Supply chain sustainability is a component of
CSR that focuses on developing and maintaining a
supply chain that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their needs. Supply chain
sustainability takes into account such issues as fair
labor practices, energy and resource conservation,
human rights, and community responsibility. Many
IT equipment manufacturers have made supply
chain sustainability a priority.
33. We are all faced with difficult decisions in
our work and in our personal life. Most of
us have developed a decision-making
process that we execute automatically,
without thinking about the steps we go
through.
34. For many of us, the process generally follows the steps:
Gather and analyze facts.
Make no assumptions.
Identify stakeholders affected by the decision.
Involve others, including stakeholders, in brainstorming.
What laws, guidelines, policies, and principles apply?
What is the impact on you, your organization, and other stakeholders?
Evaluate alternatives based on multiple criteria.
Develop and execute an implementation plan.
Provide leadership to overcome resistance to change.
Evaluate results against selected success criteria.
Were there any unintended consequences?
35. Utilitarian Approach
*The utilitarian approach to ethical decision-
making states that you should choose the
action or policy that has the best overall
consequences for all people who are directly
or indirectly affected. The goal is to find the
single greatest good by balancing the
interests of all affected parties.
36. Fairness Approach
*The fairness approach focuses on how
fairly actions and policies distribute
benefits and burdens among people
affected by the decision. The guiding
principle of this approach is to treat all
people the same.
37. Common Good Approach
*The common good approach to decision
making is based on a vision of society as a
community whose members work together
to achieve a common set of values and
goals. Examples include an effective
education system, a safe and efficient
transportation system, and accessible and
affordable health care.
39. The growth of the Internet, the ability to
capture and store vast amounts of
personal data, and greater reliance on
information systems in all aspects of life
have increased the risk that information
technology will be used unethically.
40. Here are some examples that raise public
concern about the ethical use of information
technology:
*Many employees have their email and
Internet access monitored while at work,
as employers struggle to balance their
need to manage important company
assets and work time with employees’
desire for privacy and self-direction.
41. *Millions of people have downloaded music and
movies at no charge and in apparent violation of
copyright laws at tremendous expense to the
owners of those copyrights. Organizations contact
millions of people worldwide through unsolicited
email (spam) as an extremely low-cost marketing
approach.
*Hackers break into databases of financial and
retail institutions to steal customer information,
then use it to commit identity theft—opening new
accounts and charging purchases to unsuspecting
victims.
42. *Students around the world have been
caught downloading material from the
Web and plagiarizing content for their
term papers.
*Web sites plant cookies or spyware on
visitors’ hard drives to track their online
purchases and activities.
43. Two fundamental tenets.
*First, the general public does not understand the
critical importance of ethics as it applies to IT, as
too much emphasis has been placed on technical
issues.
*The second tenet is that in the business world,
important decisions are too often left to the
technical experts. General business managers
must assume greater responsibility for these
decisions, but to do so they must be able to make
broad-minded, objective decisions based on
technical savvy, business know-how, and a sense
of ethics.
44. The goals of this is to educate people about
the tremendous impact of ethical issues in the
successful and secure use of information
technology; to motivate people to recognize
these issues when making business
decisions; and to provide tools, approaches,
and useful insights for making ethical
decisions.
Despite its obvious common-sense appeal, consequentialism turns out to be a complicated theory, and doesn't provide a complete solution to all ethical problems.
Good people as well as good actions. Ethics is not only about the morality of particular courses of action, but it's also about the goodness of individuals and what it means to live a good life.
If a person did this properly, they would be led to the right conclusion. Modern thinkers often teach that ethics leads people not to conclusions but to 'decisions'.