Lena Levario was a former judge of the 204th District Court in Dallas County, Texas. She was accused of making racially biased statements and engaging in discriminatory conduct during her tenure as a judge.
Inquiry into Racially Biased Sentences.pdfNeelHope
Inquiry into racially biased sentences of African American defendants by former, disgraced Judge, Lena Levario, of Dallas County Texas
In a groundbreaking move, civil rights activists and legal experts have called for an inquisition into all African American drug sentences handed down in Lena Levario's 204th district court. The move comes after it was revealed that Judge Levario has a documented history of racial bias against African American defendants.
Lakoff, Language and Women’s Place” Thesis ’women’s la.docxmanningchassidy
Lakoff, “Language and Women’s Place”
Thesis: “’women’s language’ “submerges a woman’s personal identity, by denying her the means
of expressing herself strongly, on the one hand, and encouraging expressions that suggest
triviality in subject-matter and uncertainty about it; and, when a woman is being discussed, by
treating her as an object—sexual or otherwise—but never a serious person with individual
views” (48).
“Women experience discrimination in two ways: in the way they are taught to use language, and
in the way general language uses them” (46)
Methods:
Evidence:
Women are taught to use language differently than are men [Provide examples]
Lexicon (word choice): color terms: women use more nuanced terms, i.e. mauve
Weaker “meaningless particles” i.e. Oh dear v. Oh shit (51)
(52) adjectives: “Woman only” divine, lovely-If men use these, if denigrates them Significance?
Shows expectations and position of women are different from those of men; women expected to
be “ladylike”; (51) women are denied more forceful linguistic resources, which ‘reinforces’ men
’s position of strength in the real wold”
Also: (47) if girls aren’t allowed to speak strongly, they grow up to be women who cannot
express themselves forcefully or speak precisely.
These patterns show that women are in more marginalized positions in society, vis a vis men-
and these patterns reinforce those power inequities: women don’t want to use strong language
because reinforce negative stereotype that women are “too emotional”;
Syntax (grammar): Women use more tag question, don’t they?(55) avoids conflict; less assertive.
Use rising intonation (56): even with non-question? Speakers who do this not taken as seriously.
The language uses women differently than it uses men (i.e. talk about women differs than talk
about men) [Provide examples]
“lady”(59): sounds less serious than “woman” (like Romaine)
This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded or distributed
Asymmetric pairs (Romaine’s term): for linguistically equal terms, female pair is often
sexualized; female is referred to relation to the male, but vice versa
Naming: men more likely to be referred by their titles; “Ms” misfired (72)
Significance and Resonance [TO DO IN LECTURE]: Why does this matter? To what extent are
these trends still true today (and how would we know?). How does this work compare to our
previous course readings?
Women, especially women of color are marginalized; men also limited in emotional range
because of “toxic” or “hegemonic” masculinity
(75-76) “women”s lib movement: important to fight “right ” battles; i.e. point out asymmetries
“herstories;” not naming hurricanes only after women (this has changes)
For teachers: being aware of how they use language with students
Teachers of (foreign) language- be aware of social context in which language is embedded
Language make us participants in our own subjugation; even the subjugated can be (u.
Affidavit (prior in 2007 to 2011); Elena Meyers, acting illegally as court, as 'social servcies,' in crime from threats in 2000 (over 50 years with Genoese, Meyers at UD labs, all other college labs, to HSBC, citi Corp), with her, Robert Bush, direct banking, F Genovese in crime.
(Chapter 5 LatinosHispanics 175) (Compared to m.docxjoyjonna282
(
Chapter
5:
Latinos/Hispanics
175
) (
Compared to many other nations, the
monolingualism
of the majority of the U.S. population is uncommon. Multilingual countries include Canada, China, India, Ireland, New Zealand, and South Africa, among others. In areas that have no official multilingual po
licy, many of the population are nonetheless multilingual. For example, many Swiss speak English, French, Spanish, and German. Although there is no official language for the United States as a whole, twenty-three states have identified English as the offic
ial language. In three states, there are two official languages: Hawaii (English, Hawaiian), Louisiana (English, French), and New Mexico (English, Spanish).
Although bilingualism among Hispanics is a valuable asset, the
requirement
that employees speak Spa
nish can only be used for selection when it is a legitimate business necessity. In a case filed against a Houston, Texas, Mexican restaurant, the EEOC alleged that the company used speaking Spanish as a pretext for discriminatory employment practices, in v
iolation of Title VII.
68
The restaurant,
Ostioneria
Michoachan
, hired an African American male and a Vietnamese female as food servers, both of whom were well qualified.
Ostioneria's
management fired them after learning during their orientation that neithe
r of them spoke Spanish. Along with those two former servers, the EEOC included a class of non-Hispanic applicants whom the company had refused to hire because of their inability to speak Spanish. According to the EEOC, the requirement that its "servers sp
eak Spanish makes no sense, since its customers are quite diverse." As indicated by this case, employers must not use bilingualism to discriminate against otherwise qualified applicants when the job does not mandate it.
Racial Profiling, Police Misconduct
, and Differential Judicial Treatment against Hispanics
Racial profiling by law enforcement officers has received considerable attention in the media; 22 million people in the United States report that they have experienced profiling.
69
Racial profiling ha
s also been identified in Canada.
70
Profiling in the United States most frequently is directed
) (
6s
"EEOC Sues Houston Restaurant for Race and National Origin Discrimination."
http
://vAvw
.eeoc
.
gov
/
eeoc
/newsroom/release/9-30-
09b.cfm, accessed October 22, 2010.
69
Amnesty International (2004).
Threat and Humiliation: Racial Profiling, Domestic Security, and Human Rights in the U.S.
New York: Amnesty International USA.
70
Wortley, S., & Tanner, J. (2003). "Data, Denials, and Conf
usion: The Racial Profiling Debate in Toronto."
Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice,
45(3): 367-390;
Wortley
, S., & Tanner, J. (2005). "Inflammatory Rhetoric? Baseless Accusations? A Response to Gabor's Critique of Racial Profiling Researc
h in Canada."
Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice,
47(3): 581-609.
)
176 Examining Specific Groups and ...
Running Head Felony Disenfranchisement Laws A form of Racial Dis.docxcowinhelen
Running Head: Felony Disenfranchisement Laws: A form of Racial Discrimination against African Americans 39
Running Head: Felony Disenfranchisement Laws: A form of Racial Discrimination against African Americans
Table of Contents
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………..pg.4
Problem Formulation………………………………………………………………………..pg.5
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….pg.5
Problem Statement…………………………………………………………………………..pg.6
Research Question…………………………………………………………………………...pg.6
Independent/Dependent Variable…………………………………………………………...pg.7
Literature Review…………………………………………………………………………....pg.7
Research Design……………………………………………………………………………..pg.16
Methodology………………………………………………………………………………...pg.16
Sample Population…………………………………………………………………………..pg.17
Instrument…………………………………………………………………………………...pg.17
Reliability and Validity……………………………………………………………………..pg.18
Data Analysis and Findings…………………………………………………………………………………….pg.18
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..pg.19
Demographics………………………………………………………………………………..pg.19
Tables………………………………………………………………………………………...pg.21
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………pg.22
References……………………………………………………………………………………pg.23
Appendix……………………………………………………………………………………pg.26
Code Book…………………………………………………………………………………..pg.27
Abstract
This paper addresses the controversial topic of convicted criminal’s fundamental rights to vote due to felony disenfranchisement laws. America being the land of the free one would assume everyone could exercise his or her right to vote no matter the circumstances of criminal status or history. The study will clearly dissect and uncover reasonable truth regarding felony disenfranchisement laws and their possible racial discriminative attribute; the following are the objectives that this study sets out to achieve. To establish the relationship between felony disenfranchisement laws and racial discrimination. To determine whether the felony disenfranchisement laws should be repealed or amended they are subdivided into general objective and specific objectives. The disenfranchisement laws infringe upon convicted minorities more so than convicted whites to racially discriminate against a group of people. The mass incarceration of minorities is directly affected by the disenfranchisement laws preventing them to vote. Exploratory study uses quantitative data to emphasize the political marginalization of African Americans of Felony disenfranchisement laws and how they may be racially discriminatory against African Americans.
Problem Formulation
Introduction
The suspension of individual’s voting rights upon conviction is quite controversial as it appears to violate the fundamental right to vote. However, the most contentious issue arises when the felony disenfranchisement laws appear to discriminate against racial minorities. Numerous cases have been filed and heard regarding racial discrimination by the felony disenfranchisement laws and in alm ...
Inquiry into Racially Biased Sentences.pdfNeelHope
Inquiry into racially biased sentences of African American defendants by former, disgraced Judge, Lena Levario, of Dallas County Texas
In a groundbreaking move, civil rights activists and legal experts have called for an inquisition into all African American drug sentences handed down in Lena Levario's 204th district court. The move comes after it was revealed that Judge Levario has a documented history of racial bias against African American defendants.
Lakoff, Language and Women’s Place” Thesis ’women’s la.docxmanningchassidy
Lakoff, “Language and Women’s Place”
Thesis: “’women’s language’ “submerges a woman’s personal identity, by denying her the means
of expressing herself strongly, on the one hand, and encouraging expressions that suggest
triviality in subject-matter and uncertainty about it; and, when a woman is being discussed, by
treating her as an object—sexual or otherwise—but never a serious person with individual
views” (48).
“Women experience discrimination in two ways: in the way they are taught to use language, and
in the way general language uses them” (46)
Methods:
Evidence:
Women are taught to use language differently than are men [Provide examples]
Lexicon (word choice): color terms: women use more nuanced terms, i.e. mauve
Weaker “meaningless particles” i.e. Oh dear v. Oh shit (51)
(52) adjectives: “Woman only” divine, lovely-If men use these, if denigrates them Significance?
Shows expectations and position of women are different from those of men; women expected to
be “ladylike”; (51) women are denied more forceful linguistic resources, which ‘reinforces’ men
’s position of strength in the real wold”
Also: (47) if girls aren’t allowed to speak strongly, they grow up to be women who cannot
express themselves forcefully or speak precisely.
These patterns show that women are in more marginalized positions in society, vis a vis men-
and these patterns reinforce those power inequities: women don’t want to use strong language
because reinforce negative stereotype that women are “too emotional”;
Syntax (grammar): Women use more tag question, don’t they?(55) avoids conflict; less assertive.
Use rising intonation (56): even with non-question? Speakers who do this not taken as seriously.
The language uses women differently than it uses men (i.e. talk about women differs than talk
about men) [Provide examples]
“lady”(59): sounds less serious than “woman” (like Romaine)
This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded or distributed
Asymmetric pairs (Romaine’s term): for linguistically equal terms, female pair is often
sexualized; female is referred to relation to the male, but vice versa
Naming: men more likely to be referred by their titles; “Ms” misfired (72)
Significance and Resonance [TO DO IN LECTURE]: Why does this matter? To what extent are
these trends still true today (and how would we know?). How does this work compare to our
previous course readings?
Women, especially women of color are marginalized; men also limited in emotional range
because of “toxic” or “hegemonic” masculinity
(75-76) “women”s lib movement: important to fight “right ” battles; i.e. point out asymmetries
“herstories;” not naming hurricanes only after women (this has changes)
For teachers: being aware of how they use language with students
Teachers of (foreign) language- be aware of social context in which language is embedded
Language make us participants in our own subjugation; even the subjugated can be (u.
Affidavit (prior in 2007 to 2011); Elena Meyers, acting illegally as court, as 'social servcies,' in crime from threats in 2000 (over 50 years with Genoese, Meyers at UD labs, all other college labs, to HSBC, citi Corp), with her, Robert Bush, direct banking, F Genovese in crime.
(Chapter 5 LatinosHispanics 175) (Compared to m.docxjoyjonna282
(
Chapter
5:
Latinos/Hispanics
175
) (
Compared to many other nations, the
monolingualism
of the majority of the U.S. population is uncommon. Multilingual countries include Canada, China, India, Ireland, New Zealand, and South Africa, among others. In areas that have no official multilingual po
licy, many of the population are nonetheless multilingual. For example, many Swiss speak English, French, Spanish, and German. Although there is no official language for the United States as a whole, twenty-three states have identified English as the offic
ial language. In three states, there are two official languages: Hawaii (English, Hawaiian), Louisiana (English, French), and New Mexico (English, Spanish).
Although bilingualism among Hispanics is a valuable asset, the
requirement
that employees speak Spa
nish can only be used for selection when it is a legitimate business necessity. In a case filed against a Houston, Texas, Mexican restaurant, the EEOC alleged that the company used speaking Spanish as a pretext for discriminatory employment practices, in v
iolation of Title VII.
68
The restaurant,
Ostioneria
Michoachan
, hired an African American male and a Vietnamese female as food servers, both of whom were well qualified.
Ostioneria's
management fired them after learning during their orientation that neithe
r of them spoke Spanish. Along with those two former servers, the EEOC included a class of non-Hispanic applicants whom the company had refused to hire because of their inability to speak Spanish. According to the EEOC, the requirement that its "servers sp
eak Spanish makes no sense, since its customers are quite diverse." As indicated by this case, employers must not use bilingualism to discriminate against otherwise qualified applicants when the job does not mandate it.
Racial Profiling, Police Misconduct
, and Differential Judicial Treatment against Hispanics
Racial profiling by law enforcement officers has received considerable attention in the media; 22 million people in the United States report that they have experienced profiling.
69
Racial profiling ha
s also been identified in Canada.
70
Profiling in the United States most frequently is directed
) (
6s
"EEOC Sues Houston Restaurant for Race and National Origin Discrimination."
http
://vAvw
.eeoc
.
gov
/
eeoc
/newsroom/release/9-30-
09b.cfm, accessed October 22, 2010.
69
Amnesty International (2004).
Threat and Humiliation: Racial Profiling, Domestic Security, and Human Rights in the U.S.
New York: Amnesty International USA.
70
Wortley, S., & Tanner, J. (2003). "Data, Denials, and Conf
usion: The Racial Profiling Debate in Toronto."
Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice,
45(3): 367-390;
Wortley
, S., & Tanner, J. (2005). "Inflammatory Rhetoric? Baseless Accusations? A Response to Gabor's Critique of Racial Profiling Researc
h in Canada."
Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice,
47(3): 581-609.
)
176 Examining Specific Groups and ...
Running Head Felony Disenfranchisement Laws A form of Racial Dis.docxcowinhelen
Running Head: Felony Disenfranchisement Laws: A form of Racial Discrimination against African Americans 39
Running Head: Felony Disenfranchisement Laws: A form of Racial Discrimination against African Americans
Table of Contents
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………..pg.4
Problem Formulation………………………………………………………………………..pg.5
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….pg.5
Problem Statement…………………………………………………………………………..pg.6
Research Question…………………………………………………………………………...pg.6
Independent/Dependent Variable…………………………………………………………...pg.7
Literature Review…………………………………………………………………………....pg.7
Research Design……………………………………………………………………………..pg.16
Methodology………………………………………………………………………………...pg.16
Sample Population…………………………………………………………………………..pg.17
Instrument…………………………………………………………………………………...pg.17
Reliability and Validity……………………………………………………………………..pg.18
Data Analysis and Findings…………………………………………………………………………………….pg.18
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..pg.19
Demographics………………………………………………………………………………..pg.19
Tables………………………………………………………………………………………...pg.21
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………pg.22
References……………………………………………………………………………………pg.23
Appendix……………………………………………………………………………………pg.26
Code Book…………………………………………………………………………………..pg.27
Abstract
This paper addresses the controversial topic of convicted criminal’s fundamental rights to vote due to felony disenfranchisement laws. America being the land of the free one would assume everyone could exercise his or her right to vote no matter the circumstances of criminal status or history. The study will clearly dissect and uncover reasonable truth regarding felony disenfranchisement laws and their possible racial discriminative attribute; the following are the objectives that this study sets out to achieve. To establish the relationship between felony disenfranchisement laws and racial discrimination. To determine whether the felony disenfranchisement laws should be repealed or amended they are subdivided into general objective and specific objectives. The disenfranchisement laws infringe upon convicted minorities more so than convicted whites to racially discriminate against a group of people. The mass incarceration of minorities is directly affected by the disenfranchisement laws preventing them to vote. Exploratory study uses quantitative data to emphasize the political marginalization of African Americans of Felony disenfranchisement laws and how they may be racially discriminatory against African Americans.
Problem Formulation
Introduction
The suspension of individual’s voting rights upon conviction is quite controversial as it appears to violate the fundamental right to vote. However, the most contentious issue arises when the felony disenfranchisement laws appear to discriminate against racial minorities. Numerous cases have been filed and heard regarding racial discrimination by the felony disenfranchisement laws and in alm ...
unequal under law
unequal
under
law
RACE
IN THE
WAR
ON
DRUGS
DORIS MARIE PROVINE
contents
Acknowledgments and Dedication vii
Introduction i
one Racial Discrimination in the Eyes of the Law 15
two Race in America's First War on Drugs 37
three Negro Cocaine Fiends, Mexican Marijuana Smokers, and Chinese Opium
Addicts: The Drug Menace in Racial Relief 63
four Congress on Crack: How Race-Neutral Language Hides Racial Meaning 91
five The Racial Impact of the War on Drugs: How Government Coped 120
six Racial Justice: The Courts Consider Sentencing Disparities 140
epilogue 162
notes 16q
references 179
index 197
acknowledgements and dedication
Many people have been involved in the creation of this small book, in part
because it took such a long time to write! Along the way, I benefited from the
insights of people who have been close to the struggle for more equitable and
humane U.S. drug policy. I am grateful for the help of Rodney Cahill, Judge
Richard Conaboy, Michael Gelacak, Gary Goldberg, Paul Hofer, Keenan Keller,
Marc Mauer, Barbara Meirhoefer, Andrea Smith, and Nkechi Taifa.
Generous colleagues who read and commented upon all or portions of this
manuscript include: Kitty Calavita, Ellen Cohn, Josefina Figueira- McDonough,
Roy Flemming, David Greenberg, Julie Horney, Mary and Peter Katzenstein,
Richard Lempert, Lynn Mather, Elizabeth Mertz, Suzanne Mettler, Kristen
Monroe, Ruth Peterson, Helen Quan (HQ), Carroll Seron, Rogers Smith, and
Marjorie Zatz.
Arizona State University School of Justice & Social Inquiry provided an ideal
venue to complete this research, not just because of the encouragement my
colleagues offered, but because of their inspiring commitment to the study of
justice. They will recognize their influence by some of the arguments I make in
this book, and by my frequent citations to their work. Various graduate students
were very helpful in digging out obscure sources and making suggestions. I am
grateful to Francine Banner, Gregory Broberg, Michael Coyle, Amy Gay,
Rosalie Gonzales, and William Parkin.
I also want to thank John Tryneski, Rodney Powell, and two anonymous
reviewers for all their help in getting this manuscript to become a book. For John
and me, this is our third book. The University of Chicago Press has been a
terrific organization with which to be associated during my entire academic
career.
I owe a very special debt to my sons, Charles and Stuart Provine, and to my
husband, Michael Shelton. Charlie was always willing to read a draft, fix a
problem with my computer, or help me resolve any difficulty I faced in turning
ideas into prose. Without his help, another year might have passed before this
book appeared. Stuart offered regular and welcome encouragement every step of
the way, as well as many good ...
Sp
en
ce
r
G
ra
nt
/P
ho
to
lib
ra
ry
/G
et
ty
Im
ag
es
Learning Objectives
• Understand the concepts of “race” and “ethnicity” as social constructs.
• Analyze evidence about racial inequality and social class in relation to crime.
• Analyze evidence about racial differences in rates of victimization.
• Analyze evidence regarding racial inequality and incarceration rates.
• Explore how the War on Drugs contributes to racial discrimination in the criminal justice system.
• Examine crack cocaine and marijuana law enforcement in context of racial discrimination.
• Critically analyze the connections between race and the death penalty.
• Examine empirical evidence on the issue of racial profiling.
• Examine empirical evidence on the issue of immigration and crime rates.
Crime, Race, and Ethnicity
4
coL82305_04_c04_091-122.indd 91 7/5/13 4:18 PM
Section 4.1 Race and the Criminal Justice System CHAPTER 4
In April of 2012, law enforcement in Oklahoma arrested one of the region’s foremost drug kingpins. In the home of the alleged drug kingpin, police seized four pounds of marijuana, $276,000 in cash, and two firearms: a revolver and a semiautomatic pistol.
Police believe that the defendant is the “mastermind” (Perez, 2012, p. 1) of a drug-dealing
organization that supplies approximately 40% of the marijuana markets in Oklahoma and
three nearby states: Missouri, Kansas, and Arkansas. The suspect, drug kingpin Darlene
Mayes, is a White grandmother with thinning silver hair who appears to be in her 60s or
70s. Thus she has been dubbed the “Granny Drug Kingpin” (Perez, 2012).
Studies suggest that when asked to picture a drug dealer, overwhelmingly the American
public visualizes a young man of color (Burston, Jones, & Roberson-Sanders, 1995). How-
ever, evidence from this chapter will demonstrate that drug use and drug crime spans
racial and ethnic groups and that all racial groups seem to commit drug crime in similar
rates. Whether broaching issues of drug crime, or any other type of crime, issues of per-
ception, race, and criminality are central in the study of criminology.
4.1 Race and the Criminal Justice System
The American criminal justice system disproportionately impacts people of color, and this disproportionate impact by race is often dramatic and consistent at nearly every level of the system. Research demonstrates that members of poor, disenfranchised
groups receive harsher treatment in all phases of the criminal justice system: They are
more likely to be stopped, investigated, arrested, charged, put on trial, found guilty, and
sent to prison (Tonry, 2011). The disproportionate involvement in the system is cumula-
tive. Police are more likely to arrest someone who has a prior record, prosecutors are more
likely to charge someone who has previously been arrested or spent time in jail. A judge
is more likely to convict and incarcerate a defendant rather than offer probation to some-
one who has .
Running head PHILOSOPHIES & RULINGS1Running Head PHILO.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: PHILOSOPHIES & RULINGS 1
Running Head: PHILOSOPHIES & RULINGS 2
Supreme Court Philosophies and Rulings
Deanna Havens
Professor Alero Afejuku
Constitutional & Judicial Processes/CRJ514
Date:
Supreme Court Philosophies and Rulings
The eighth amendment to the constitution of United States, states that neither shall excessive bail be required, nor imposition of excessive fines, nor infliction of cruel and unusual punishment. Bail becomes excessive when set at a higher figure than a reasonable amount calculated to guarantee the appearance of the defendant at trial. The intention of excessive fines section is to limit fines only payable to and imposed by the government. However, it is applicable to cases on civil forfeiture. The amendment on cruel and unusual punishment prohibits entirely some punishments and forbids other punishments which are excessive in comparison to the crime or to the perpetrator’s competence.
The Warren Court (1953-1969), best and earliest decision on criminal law was the case of Robinson v. California (Powe, 2000). Robinson was arrested by a police officer under California law because the officer claimed that Robinson was an addict of narcotics and so Robinson was sentenced to imprisonment of 90 days. According to the Warren Court, this was a violation to the eighth amendment as the court made an assumption that addiction to narcotics is an illness and hence sentencing a person due to that is similar to forbidding the status of being ill. This language made observers to predict that a constitutionalized act that would forbid the punishment of narcotics addicts for its sale and possession, would be adopted by the court. Conversely, this was different in the Powell v. Texas case near the end of the era of the court. Powell was convicted for being an alcoholic because he was found in public drunk despite the fact that he argued that he was not able to stop himself from drinking and going out in public. He further argued that being punished for that act is similar to punishing his alcoholism disease. Justice Marshall’s opinion was that Powell was being punished for the act of being drunk while in public. It appears, therefore, that the eighth amendment of the court forbids only the punishment of propensity and pure status.
The Warren Court never issued any decision that interpreted the clause on excessive fines nor concerning cases that challenged lengthy prison sentences. The court heard the case of Oyler v. Boles that challenged which offenders are to be charged under the law on habitual offenders. The court stated that the constitutionality on the laws of habitual offender was not open to stern challenge. In the case of Spencer v. Texas, the court allowed the inclusion of previous crimes in the indictment of habitual offenders. The conclusion of the court was that juries are trustworthy to not reflect the previous crimes as to the innocence or guilt of the current offence. The court was a ...
17 USC § 107 Limitations on Exclusive Rights – FAIR USE
Kamala Harris' Bio and/or Biography – Do you know this HOUSE NEGRO?
In our pursuit of the OVERTHROW of the United States’ DESPOTISM Government Regime, we intend to seek the PROSECUTION of these House Negroes (i.e. some of which are LAWYERS). Please NOTE “HOW Many” were EDUCATED under WHITE INSTITUTIONS!
While the AGE REQUIREMENT is 25 Years Old to serve as a United States SENATOR and/or REPRESENTATIVE, as of 2017, the AGE RANGE for the House Negroes Serving is BETWEEN 40 – 88 Years Old!
This is SIGNIFICANT because the House Negroes Placed in the United States Congress are those who GREW UP in the Heart of the CIVIL RIGHTS Movement and EXPERIENCED the BRUTAL Murders/Killings of Civil Rights Leaders as Medgar Evers, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. Therefore, MAKING them EASY PREY to be CONTROLLED by THREATS and FEAR on their Lives and their Family Members MADE by WHITE Jews/Zionists and WHITE Supremacists!
Help BRING these HOUSE NEGROES to JUSTICE for the ROLES they have PLAYED in the TERRORIST/RACIST/DISCRIMINATORY Practices of the United States’ DESPOTISM Government Regime!
This House Negro had a DUTY and OBLIGATION to NOTIFY the Public/World of the Illegal/Unlawful Occupation of the DESPOT presently CONTROLLING and RUNNING the United States’ DESPOTISM Government Regime!
Moreover, the THREATS made (if any) by WHITE Jews/Zionists and WHITE Supremacists AGAINST them and/or their Family Members, Friends, etc.
11
Criminal Justice: Racial discrimination
Student’s Name:
Institutional Affiliation:
Instructor’s Name:
Course Code:
Due Date:
Racial discrimination
Abstract
When there is justice in society, every person feels satisfied with the way legal actions are carried out in the community. Unfortunately, there are several instances of racial discrimination in the United States. Most of the racial discrimination in the United States ate directed towards black people. Although everyone is required to have equal treatment in the United States, achieving zero discrimination has always been difficult.
Understanding racial discrimination in the USA is vital as it makes it easy for one to identify ways to eliminate the criminal injustices resulting from racial discrimination. This will be essential since it will help to eliminate racial discrimination in the criminal justice system.
Introduction
When there is justice in society, every person feels satisfied with the way legal actions are carried out in society. The criminal justice community is when people are not discriminated against based on their skin color. Laws applicable are carried out uniformly such that every person is treated equally. When the laws are applied equally to every individual, it increases the trust in the criminal justice system. However, when there are biases in applying the laws, the criminal justice system becomes compromised. According to Kovera (2019), there are many disparities in the criminal justice system as black people are discriminated against by police officers based on their race. As a result, black people suffer more as compared to white people when they violate similar laws.
There is a lot of disparity in the criminal justice system of the United States. Many people suffer as a result of racial discrimination in the United States. People are discriminated against a lot in the administration of the policies. According to Donnel (2017), there is racial inequality in how criminal justice is carried out in policymaking. The criminal justice system discriminates against people based on their race. For example, police officers harass black people for minor mistakes which white people are left to walk freely even after making similar mistakes. Black people suffer because of the color of their skin.
Hypothesis/Problem Statement/Purpose Statement
Racial discrimination affects the outcomes of the criminal justice system adversely. How does racial discrimination affect the judicial criminal justice system? The study aims to identify ways in which criminal justice racial discrimination is practiced in the United States. It will also provide insights on the racial discrimination cases, which are helpful in the development of policies that can be helpful in the elimination of racial discrimination in society hence promoting equality among the citizens.
Literature Review and Definitions included in the research
According to Hinton, Henderson, and Reed (2018), there is mu ...
11
Criminal Justice: Racial discrimination
Student’s Name:
Institutional Affiliation:
Instructor’s Name:
Course Code:
Due Date:
Racial discrimination
Abstract
When there is justice in society, every person feels satisfied with the way legal actions are carried out in the community. Unfortunately, there are several instances of racial discrimination in the United States. Most of the racial discrimination in the United States ate directed towards black people. Although everyone is required to have equal treatment in the United States, achieving zero discrimination has always been difficult.
Understanding racial discrimination in the USA is vital as it makes it easy for one to identify ways to eliminate the criminal injustices resulting from racial discrimination. This will be essential since it will help to eliminate racial discrimination in the criminal justice system.
Introduction
When there is justice in society, every person feels satisfied with the way legal actions are carried out in society. The criminal justice community is when people are not discriminated against based on their skin color. Laws applicable are carried out uniformly such that every person is treated equally. When the laws are applied equally to every individual, it increases the trust in the criminal justice system. However, when there are biases in applying the laws, the criminal justice system becomes compromised. According to Kovera (2019), there are many disparities in the criminal justice system as black people are discriminated against by police officers based on their race. As a result, black people suffer more as compared to white people when they violate similar laws.
There is a lot of disparity in the criminal justice system of the United States. Many people suffer as a result of racial discrimination in the United States. People are discriminated against a lot in the administration of the policies. According to Donnel (2017), there is racial inequality in how criminal justice is carried out in policymaking. The criminal justice system discriminates against people based on their race. For example, police officers harass black people for minor mistakes which white people are left to walk freely even after making similar mistakes. Black people suffer because of the color of their skin.
Hypothesis/Problem Statement/Purpose Statement
Racial discrimination affects the outcomes of the criminal justice system adversely. How does racial discrimination affect the judicial criminal justice system? The study aims to identify ways in which criminal justice racial discrimination is practiced in the United States. It will also provide insights on the racial discrimination cases, which are helpful in the development of policies that can be helpful in the elimination of racial discrimination in society hence promoting equality among the citizens.
Literature Review and Definitions included in the research
According to Hinton, Henderson, and Reed (2018), there is mu ...
Running head PUBLIC OPINION OF POLICE BY DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS .docxcharisellington63520
Running head: PUBLIC OPINION OF POLICE BY DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS 1
PUBLIC OPINION OF POLICE BY DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS 6
Cylvania Allen Pringle
8/11/2015
CJA/344
Public Opinion of Police by Different Ethnic Groups
Dr. Joycelyn Ballard
Public Opinion of Police by Different Ethnic Groups
I. Introduction
Researchers and policy makers have constantly shown immense interest in how different ethnic groups perceive the police. Of utmost importance is how different ethnic groups experience face to face interactions with those individuals in legal authority especially the police. Such interactions can help researchers and policy makers understand the perceptions different ethnic groups might have towards the police and how these perceptions can influence the prevalence of crime in a jurisdiction (Huo & Tyler, 2000).
The fact that ethnic groups differ in how they perceive the police is already well known. However, what is boggling the researchers interested in this interaction is whether these differences can be attributed to different perceptions of how these individuals were treated, different outcomes of their interaction with the police, or different expectations of fair treatment based on their culture and values?
II. Review of Literature
One thing that remains clear throughout the entire research process is that people view perceptions of fair treatment as more important than getting a favorable outcome from the entire experience. People of all ethnic groups generally form positive impressions, perceptions and attitudes to legal authorities and the decisions made if they feel that they have been dealt with in a fair manner which does not demean them or make them feel discriminated against. This is known as the procedural justice effect, one of the patterns of responses recognized in law circles (Davis, 2000).
It is a well-known fact that the minority ethnic groups usually have bad experiences at the hands of the police. In a multi-cultural country such as the US, the minorities including the Latinos and the African Americans have negative perceptions towards the police as well as negative experiences with the same. These ethnic minorities report that their members constantly face unfair treatment, harassment and at times violation of their human rights at the hands of the police officers.
III. Discussion
They argue that there is discrimination on the part of the police forces based on race. It is a well observed fact that individuals who belong to ethnic groups that are less integrated into the political structure or less efficacious are less inclined to voluntarily indulge with the police as compared to those individuals who come from ‘superior’ ethnic backgrounds (Davis, 2000).
This perception of discrimination can lead to lower rates of compliance amongst the members of these ethnic communities. There is usually a high level of tension that characterizes the relati.
The Pennsylvania Prison Society recently assembled a panel of criminal justice experts, victim-advocates, treatment providers, former offenders and family members. The panel’s goal is to protect the public, reduce the prison population, support victims, rehabilitate offenders, and safely reintegrate ex-offenders into society by encouraging policies that are evidence-based, practical, fiscally responsible, humane, and legally defensible. These include education and prevention programs, risk-based assessments, treatment programs, and halfway or permanent housing for registered sex offenders.
Many of the panel’s findings are contrary to public opinion.
Since county judges are elected in Illinois through a partisan process, the party identification of a judge undoubtedly affects the partisan composition of the court, and as a result, its tendency to make liberal or conservative decisions. The aforementioned findings support the long time and widely held theory that Democratic judges rule more favorably to Plaintiff, and Republican judges rule more favorably to Defendant in personal injury lawsuits. Moreover, the findings from this original research point to the importance of conducting further research on the impact of partisanship on county courts, as well as tort reform in personal injury litigation more specifically.
Results from the study are found on pages 21 through 28.
Wegdromen tijdens een wellnessmomentje (of meerdere) op vakantie, dat wil toch iedereen? Bij Soof Retreats is het mogelijk! Op ons kleinschalige vakantiepark Soof Heuvelrug kun je een huisje met hottub boeken.
https://www.soofretreats.nl/huisje-met-hottub-nederland
Project Manager dalla Progettazione alla Gestione Web.pdfNeelHope
Mi chiamo Antonio Giannella, sono un project manager con oltre 20 anni di esperienza nel mondo della gestione e sviluppo di progetti web. Con un background solido, arricchito da un Master al MIP, Politecnico di Milano e oltre 400 progetti gestiti con elevata complessità. Offro un servizio unico e personalizzato di gestione progetti web. Oltre all’attività di Project manager negli anni ho sviluppato diverse competenze trasversali quali: Posizionamento SEO, Google Advertising, Ecommerce, Vendere su Amazon, Content Marketing e molto altro.
Affidati ad un Project Manager con competenze 360° Nella gestione del team e delle attività di Digital Marketing.
Prenota Appuntamento: https://www.antoniogiannella.com/project-manager/
unequal under law
unequal
under
law
RACE
IN THE
WAR
ON
DRUGS
DORIS MARIE PROVINE
contents
Acknowledgments and Dedication vii
Introduction i
one Racial Discrimination in the Eyes of the Law 15
two Race in America's First War on Drugs 37
three Negro Cocaine Fiends, Mexican Marijuana Smokers, and Chinese Opium
Addicts: The Drug Menace in Racial Relief 63
four Congress on Crack: How Race-Neutral Language Hides Racial Meaning 91
five The Racial Impact of the War on Drugs: How Government Coped 120
six Racial Justice: The Courts Consider Sentencing Disparities 140
epilogue 162
notes 16q
references 179
index 197
acknowledgements and dedication
Many people have been involved in the creation of this small book, in part
because it took such a long time to write! Along the way, I benefited from the
insights of people who have been close to the struggle for more equitable and
humane U.S. drug policy. I am grateful for the help of Rodney Cahill, Judge
Richard Conaboy, Michael Gelacak, Gary Goldberg, Paul Hofer, Keenan Keller,
Marc Mauer, Barbara Meirhoefer, Andrea Smith, and Nkechi Taifa.
Generous colleagues who read and commented upon all or portions of this
manuscript include: Kitty Calavita, Ellen Cohn, Josefina Figueira- McDonough,
Roy Flemming, David Greenberg, Julie Horney, Mary and Peter Katzenstein,
Richard Lempert, Lynn Mather, Elizabeth Mertz, Suzanne Mettler, Kristen
Monroe, Ruth Peterson, Helen Quan (HQ), Carroll Seron, Rogers Smith, and
Marjorie Zatz.
Arizona State University School of Justice & Social Inquiry provided an ideal
venue to complete this research, not just because of the encouragement my
colleagues offered, but because of their inspiring commitment to the study of
justice. They will recognize their influence by some of the arguments I make in
this book, and by my frequent citations to their work. Various graduate students
were very helpful in digging out obscure sources and making suggestions. I am
grateful to Francine Banner, Gregory Broberg, Michael Coyle, Amy Gay,
Rosalie Gonzales, and William Parkin.
I also want to thank John Tryneski, Rodney Powell, and two anonymous
reviewers for all their help in getting this manuscript to become a book. For John
and me, this is our third book. The University of Chicago Press has been a
terrific organization with which to be associated during my entire academic
career.
I owe a very special debt to my sons, Charles and Stuart Provine, and to my
husband, Michael Shelton. Charlie was always willing to read a draft, fix a
problem with my computer, or help me resolve any difficulty I faced in turning
ideas into prose. Without his help, another year might have passed before this
book appeared. Stuart offered regular and welcome encouragement every step of
the way, as well as many good ...
Sp
en
ce
r
G
ra
nt
/P
ho
to
lib
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ry
/G
et
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Learning Objectives
• Understand the concepts of “race” and “ethnicity” as social constructs.
• Analyze evidence about racial inequality and social class in relation to crime.
• Analyze evidence about racial differences in rates of victimization.
• Analyze evidence regarding racial inequality and incarceration rates.
• Explore how the War on Drugs contributes to racial discrimination in the criminal justice system.
• Examine crack cocaine and marijuana law enforcement in context of racial discrimination.
• Critically analyze the connections between race and the death penalty.
• Examine empirical evidence on the issue of racial profiling.
• Examine empirical evidence on the issue of immigration and crime rates.
Crime, Race, and Ethnicity
4
coL82305_04_c04_091-122.indd 91 7/5/13 4:18 PM
Section 4.1 Race and the Criminal Justice System CHAPTER 4
In April of 2012, law enforcement in Oklahoma arrested one of the region’s foremost drug kingpins. In the home of the alleged drug kingpin, police seized four pounds of marijuana, $276,000 in cash, and two firearms: a revolver and a semiautomatic pistol.
Police believe that the defendant is the “mastermind” (Perez, 2012, p. 1) of a drug-dealing
organization that supplies approximately 40% of the marijuana markets in Oklahoma and
three nearby states: Missouri, Kansas, and Arkansas. The suspect, drug kingpin Darlene
Mayes, is a White grandmother with thinning silver hair who appears to be in her 60s or
70s. Thus she has been dubbed the “Granny Drug Kingpin” (Perez, 2012).
Studies suggest that when asked to picture a drug dealer, overwhelmingly the American
public visualizes a young man of color (Burston, Jones, & Roberson-Sanders, 1995). How-
ever, evidence from this chapter will demonstrate that drug use and drug crime spans
racial and ethnic groups and that all racial groups seem to commit drug crime in similar
rates. Whether broaching issues of drug crime, or any other type of crime, issues of per-
ception, race, and criminality are central in the study of criminology.
4.1 Race and the Criminal Justice System
The American criminal justice system disproportionately impacts people of color, and this disproportionate impact by race is often dramatic and consistent at nearly every level of the system. Research demonstrates that members of poor, disenfranchised
groups receive harsher treatment in all phases of the criminal justice system: They are
more likely to be stopped, investigated, arrested, charged, put on trial, found guilty, and
sent to prison (Tonry, 2011). The disproportionate involvement in the system is cumula-
tive. Police are more likely to arrest someone who has a prior record, prosecutors are more
likely to charge someone who has previously been arrested or spent time in jail. A judge
is more likely to convict and incarcerate a defendant rather than offer probation to some-
one who has .
Running head PHILOSOPHIES & RULINGS1Running Head PHILO.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: PHILOSOPHIES & RULINGS 1
Running Head: PHILOSOPHIES & RULINGS 2
Supreme Court Philosophies and Rulings
Deanna Havens
Professor Alero Afejuku
Constitutional & Judicial Processes/CRJ514
Date:
Supreme Court Philosophies and Rulings
The eighth amendment to the constitution of United States, states that neither shall excessive bail be required, nor imposition of excessive fines, nor infliction of cruel and unusual punishment. Bail becomes excessive when set at a higher figure than a reasonable amount calculated to guarantee the appearance of the defendant at trial. The intention of excessive fines section is to limit fines only payable to and imposed by the government. However, it is applicable to cases on civil forfeiture. The amendment on cruel and unusual punishment prohibits entirely some punishments and forbids other punishments which are excessive in comparison to the crime or to the perpetrator’s competence.
The Warren Court (1953-1969), best and earliest decision on criminal law was the case of Robinson v. California (Powe, 2000). Robinson was arrested by a police officer under California law because the officer claimed that Robinson was an addict of narcotics and so Robinson was sentenced to imprisonment of 90 days. According to the Warren Court, this was a violation to the eighth amendment as the court made an assumption that addiction to narcotics is an illness and hence sentencing a person due to that is similar to forbidding the status of being ill. This language made observers to predict that a constitutionalized act that would forbid the punishment of narcotics addicts for its sale and possession, would be adopted by the court. Conversely, this was different in the Powell v. Texas case near the end of the era of the court. Powell was convicted for being an alcoholic because he was found in public drunk despite the fact that he argued that he was not able to stop himself from drinking and going out in public. He further argued that being punished for that act is similar to punishing his alcoholism disease. Justice Marshall’s opinion was that Powell was being punished for the act of being drunk while in public. It appears, therefore, that the eighth amendment of the court forbids only the punishment of propensity and pure status.
The Warren Court never issued any decision that interpreted the clause on excessive fines nor concerning cases that challenged lengthy prison sentences. The court heard the case of Oyler v. Boles that challenged which offenders are to be charged under the law on habitual offenders. The court stated that the constitutionality on the laws of habitual offender was not open to stern challenge. In the case of Spencer v. Texas, the court allowed the inclusion of previous crimes in the indictment of habitual offenders. The conclusion of the court was that juries are trustworthy to not reflect the previous crimes as to the innocence or guilt of the current offence. The court was a ...
17 USC § 107 Limitations on Exclusive Rights – FAIR USE
Kamala Harris' Bio and/or Biography – Do you know this HOUSE NEGRO?
In our pursuit of the OVERTHROW of the United States’ DESPOTISM Government Regime, we intend to seek the PROSECUTION of these House Negroes (i.e. some of which are LAWYERS). Please NOTE “HOW Many” were EDUCATED under WHITE INSTITUTIONS!
While the AGE REQUIREMENT is 25 Years Old to serve as a United States SENATOR and/or REPRESENTATIVE, as of 2017, the AGE RANGE for the House Negroes Serving is BETWEEN 40 – 88 Years Old!
This is SIGNIFICANT because the House Negroes Placed in the United States Congress are those who GREW UP in the Heart of the CIVIL RIGHTS Movement and EXPERIENCED the BRUTAL Murders/Killings of Civil Rights Leaders as Medgar Evers, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. Therefore, MAKING them EASY PREY to be CONTROLLED by THREATS and FEAR on their Lives and their Family Members MADE by WHITE Jews/Zionists and WHITE Supremacists!
Help BRING these HOUSE NEGROES to JUSTICE for the ROLES they have PLAYED in the TERRORIST/RACIST/DISCRIMINATORY Practices of the United States’ DESPOTISM Government Regime!
This House Negro had a DUTY and OBLIGATION to NOTIFY the Public/World of the Illegal/Unlawful Occupation of the DESPOT presently CONTROLLING and RUNNING the United States’ DESPOTISM Government Regime!
Moreover, the THREATS made (if any) by WHITE Jews/Zionists and WHITE Supremacists AGAINST them and/or their Family Members, Friends, etc.
11
Criminal Justice: Racial discrimination
Student’s Name:
Institutional Affiliation:
Instructor’s Name:
Course Code:
Due Date:
Racial discrimination
Abstract
When there is justice in society, every person feels satisfied with the way legal actions are carried out in the community. Unfortunately, there are several instances of racial discrimination in the United States. Most of the racial discrimination in the United States ate directed towards black people. Although everyone is required to have equal treatment in the United States, achieving zero discrimination has always been difficult.
Understanding racial discrimination in the USA is vital as it makes it easy for one to identify ways to eliminate the criminal injustices resulting from racial discrimination. This will be essential since it will help to eliminate racial discrimination in the criminal justice system.
Introduction
When there is justice in society, every person feels satisfied with the way legal actions are carried out in society. The criminal justice community is when people are not discriminated against based on their skin color. Laws applicable are carried out uniformly such that every person is treated equally. When the laws are applied equally to every individual, it increases the trust in the criminal justice system. However, when there are biases in applying the laws, the criminal justice system becomes compromised. According to Kovera (2019), there are many disparities in the criminal justice system as black people are discriminated against by police officers based on their race. As a result, black people suffer more as compared to white people when they violate similar laws.
There is a lot of disparity in the criminal justice system of the United States. Many people suffer as a result of racial discrimination in the United States. People are discriminated against a lot in the administration of the policies. According to Donnel (2017), there is racial inequality in how criminal justice is carried out in policymaking. The criminal justice system discriminates against people based on their race. For example, police officers harass black people for minor mistakes which white people are left to walk freely even after making similar mistakes. Black people suffer because of the color of their skin.
Hypothesis/Problem Statement/Purpose Statement
Racial discrimination affects the outcomes of the criminal justice system adversely. How does racial discrimination affect the judicial criminal justice system? The study aims to identify ways in which criminal justice racial discrimination is practiced in the United States. It will also provide insights on the racial discrimination cases, which are helpful in the development of policies that can be helpful in the elimination of racial discrimination in society hence promoting equality among the citizens.
Literature Review and Definitions included in the research
According to Hinton, Henderson, and Reed (2018), there is mu ...
11
Criminal Justice: Racial discrimination
Student’s Name:
Institutional Affiliation:
Instructor’s Name:
Course Code:
Due Date:
Racial discrimination
Abstract
When there is justice in society, every person feels satisfied with the way legal actions are carried out in the community. Unfortunately, there are several instances of racial discrimination in the United States. Most of the racial discrimination in the United States ate directed towards black people. Although everyone is required to have equal treatment in the United States, achieving zero discrimination has always been difficult.
Understanding racial discrimination in the USA is vital as it makes it easy for one to identify ways to eliminate the criminal injustices resulting from racial discrimination. This will be essential since it will help to eliminate racial discrimination in the criminal justice system.
Introduction
When there is justice in society, every person feels satisfied with the way legal actions are carried out in society. The criminal justice community is when people are not discriminated against based on their skin color. Laws applicable are carried out uniformly such that every person is treated equally. When the laws are applied equally to every individual, it increases the trust in the criminal justice system. However, when there are biases in applying the laws, the criminal justice system becomes compromised. According to Kovera (2019), there are many disparities in the criminal justice system as black people are discriminated against by police officers based on their race. As a result, black people suffer more as compared to white people when they violate similar laws.
There is a lot of disparity in the criminal justice system of the United States. Many people suffer as a result of racial discrimination in the United States. People are discriminated against a lot in the administration of the policies. According to Donnel (2017), there is racial inequality in how criminal justice is carried out in policymaking. The criminal justice system discriminates against people based on their race. For example, police officers harass black people for minor mistakes which white people are left to walk freely even after making similar mistakes. Black people suffer because of the color of their skin.
Hypothesis/Problem Statement/Purpose Statement
Racial discrimination affects the outcomes of the criminal justice system adversely. How does racial discrimination affect the judicial criminal justice system? The study aims to identify ways in which criminal justice racial discrimination is practiced in the United States. It will also provide insights on the racial discrimination cases, which are helpful in the development of policies that can be helpful in the elimination of racial discrimination in society hence promoting equality among the citizens.
Literature Review and Definitions included in the research
According to Hinton, Henderson, and Reed (2018), there is mu ...
Running head PUBLIC OPINION OF POLICE BY DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS .docxcharisellington63520
Running head: PUBLIC OPINION OF POLICE BY DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS 1
PUBLIC OPINION OF POLICE BY DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS 6
Cylvania Allen Pringle
8/11/2015
CJA/344
Public Opinion of Police by Different Ethnic Groups
Dr. Joycelyn Ballard
Public Opinion of Police by Different Ethnic Groups
I. Introduction
Researchers and policy makers have constantly shown immense interest in how different ethnic groups perceive the police. Of utmost importance is how different ethnic groups experience face to face interactions with those individuals in legal authority especially the police. Such interactions can help researchers and policy makers understand the perceptions different ethnic groups might have towards the police and how these perceptions can influence the prevalence of crime in a jurisdiction (Huo & Tyler, 2000).
The fact that ethnic groups differ in how they perceive the police is already well known. However, what is boggling the researchers interested in this interaction is whether these differences can be attributed to different perceptions of how these individuals were treated, different outcomes of their interaction with the police, or different expectations of fair treatment based on their culture and values?
II. Review of Literature
One thing that remains clear throughout the entire research process is that people view perceptions of fair treatment as more important than getting a favorable outcome from the entire experience. People of all ethnic groups generally form positive impressions, perceptions and attitudes to legal authorities and the decisions made if they feel that they have been dealt with in a fair manner which does not demean them or make them feel discriminated against. This is known as the procedural justice effect, one of the patterns of responses recognized in law circles (Davis, 2000).
It is a well-known fact that the minority ethnic groups usually have bad experiences at the hands of the police. In a multi-cultural country such as the US, the minorities including the Latinos and the African Americans have negative perceptions towards the police as well as negative experiences with the same. These ethnic minorities report that their members constantly face unfair treatment, harassment and at times violation of their human rights at the hands of the police officers.
III. Discussion
They argue that there is discrimination on the part of the police forces based on race. It is a well observed fact that individuals who belong to ethnic groups that are less integrated into the political structure or less efficacious are less inclined to voluntarily indulge with the police as compared to those individuals who come from ‘superior’ ethnic backgrounds (Davis, 2000).
This perception of discrimination can lead to lower rates of compliance amongst the members of these ethnic communities. There is usually a high level of tension that characterizes the relati.
The Pennsylvania Prison Society recently assembled a panel of criminal justice experts, victim-advocates, treatment providers, former offenders and family members. The panel’s goal is to protect the public, reduce the prison population, support victims, rehabilitate offenders, and safely reintegrate ex-offenders into society by encouraging policies that are evidence-based, practical, fiscally responsible, humane, and legally defensible. These include education and prevention programs, risk-based assessments, treatment programs, and halfway or permanent housing for registered sex offenders.
Many of the panel’s findings are contrary to public opinion.
Since county judges are elected in Illinois through a partisan process, the party identification of a judge undoubtedly affects the partisan composition of the court, and as a result, its tendency to make liberal or conservative decisions. The aforementioned findings support the long time and widely held theory that Democratic judges rule more favorably to Plaintiff, and Republican judges rule more favorably to Defendant in personal injury lawsuits. Moreover, the findings from this original research point to the importance of conducting further research on the impact of partisanship on county courts, as well as tort reform in personal injury litigation more specifically.
Results from the study are found on pages 21 through 28.
Wegdromen tijdens een wellnessmomentje (of meerdere) op vakantie, dat wil toch iedereen? Bij Soof Retreats is het mogelijk! Op ons kleinschalige vakantiepark Soof Heuvelrug kun je een huisje met hottub boeken.
https://www.soofretreats.nl/huisje-met-hottub-nederland
Project Manager dalla Progettazione alla Gestione Web.pdfNeelHope
Mi chiamo Antonio Giannella, sono un project manager con oltre 20 anni di esperienza nel mondo della gestione e sviluppo di progetti web. Con un background solido, arricchito da un Master al MIP, Politecnico di Milano e oltre 400 progetti gestiti con elevata complessità. Offro un servizio unico e personalizzato di gestione progetti web. Oltre all’attività di Project manager negli anni ho sviluppato diverse competenze trasversali quali: Posizionamento SEO, Google Advertising, Ecommerce, Vendere su Amazon, Content Marketing e molto altro.
Affidati ad un Project Manager con competenze 360° Nella gestione del team e delle attività di Digital Marketing.
Prenota Appuntamento: https://www.antoniogiannella.com/project-manager/
Om naar het paradijselijke eiland te komen neem je het vliegtuig. Gemiddeld vlieg je vanaf Nederland in maximaal 10 uur met een directe vlucht naar Bonaire. Het tropische eiland Bonaire kan bereikt worden door middel van diverse internationale en lokale luchtvaartmaatschappijen afkomstig uit Europa en Noord-Amerika.
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Wiser Market offers proactive online brand protection services worldwide. Whether you wish to fight counterfeiting, protect your domain name, prevent trademark, copyright and brand infringements or combat gray market selling and knockoffs, Wiser Market is your partner in countering online threats and protecting your brand’s revenue, profitability, reputation, customer service and brand trust. We defend your brand so you can grow your business. Visit us at https://www.wisermarket.com/
Low-code backend to build modern apps. Store and query relational data on the cloud. Make it accessible over GraphQL and REST with a scalable, open-source backend.
Firebase alternative, Backend as a Service, Mobile Backend as a Service, Low Code Backend, Heroku Alternatives, Open Source Firestore
https://www.back4app.com/
Beleef een onvergetelijke vakantie voor het hele gezin bij Camping Heidepark! Onze charme camping ligt in de prachtige natuur van Overijssel. Op slechts een kwartiertje rijden ligt het gezellige centrum van Hellendoorn.
https://www.heidepark.nl/camping-hellendoorn
Stel je voor: je ontwaakt op een stralende ochtend in je luxe vakantiehuis met privé zwembad en start de dag met een verfrissende duik, omringd door absolute rust. De waterdruppels glinsteren, je voelt de zon op je huid en beleeft het buitenleven van Rolde.
https://roodewoud.bookingexperts.website/vakantiehuis-prive-zwembad
Spanish Library is a series of books designed for Beginners in Spanish. The Text is DUAL LANGUAGE, Spanish and English on every page.
Download app: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.us.jk.spanishlibrary
Дайте можливість нашим екскурсіям стати ключем до таємниць Риму, де антична велич завжди буде на вас чекати, розкриваючись через призму наших цікавих розповідей.
Securing Your Business: A Comprehensive Guide to Managed Security ServicesNeelHope
There are several key benefits to using managed security services for your business. First, managed security services providers (MSSPs) can help improve threat detection and response times.
https://blackswan-cybersecurity.com/mssp_top250/
Global Greening and Trillion Trees Initiative for better reforestation and re...NeelHope
The Global Greening Project and future organization was founded many years ago as the main project of the Greening Deserts and Trillion Trees Initiative. The founder published many articles, innovative ideas and papers about the regreening and reforestation movement. GlobalGreening.org is and will be the main platform in the future, also for the development organization. The project is linked to Greening Deserts developments such as the global Greening Camps. It has long been a private initiative as part of the Trillion Trees Project. The Global Greening Institution wants to build an additional platform for Southern Europe and Africa, including the Drought Research Institute with its online platform DroughtResearch.com.
We provide treatment for many health conditions such as lower back pain, neck & shoulder pain, wear & tear, tennis elbow, headaches, migraines, car accidents injuries, sports related injuries and more.
https://www.ultimasportsandspine.com/
Sid Gandotra is an Entrepreneur, Founder, Digital Marketing Consultant, Creator of Sit Down with Sid podcast on YouTube and Real Estate Salesperson in NYC.
http://sidgandotra.com/
1daywall is an innovative temporary wall company that specializes in installation of temporary walls to maximize living and office spaces.
https://1daywall.com/
Monsieur Bachir Barchi is an individual entrepreneur who has been in business for 37 years and also evolves in the real estate sector.
https://bachirbarchi.com/
Bachir BARCHI holds a mandate in the company SCIBSM and SCI VILLENEUVE. SCIBSM and SCI VILLENEUVE are both civil companies, which corresponds to rental of land and other real estate.
https://bachirbarchi.com/
Vibration testing fixtures the vibration testing blindspotNeelHope
Presentation at A2LA Tech Forum 2021 by Paragon Systems Testing to answer the why we perform vibration tests, what we need to perform a vibration test, ISO 17025 definition of equipment, how vibration fixture affects a vibration test result and vibration fixture blind spot
https://paragonsystems.net/testing-services/vibration-fixtures-manufacturer/
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La transidentité, un sujet qui fractionne les FrançaisIpsos France
Ipsos, l’une des principales sociétés mondiales d’études de marché dévoile les résultats de son étude Ipsos Global Advisor “Pride 2024”. De ses débuts aux Etats-Unis et désormais dans de très nombreux pays, le mois de juin est traditionnellement consacré aux « Marches des Fiertés » et à des événements festifs autour du concept de Pride. A cette occasion, Ipsos a réalisé une enquête dans vingt-six pays dressant plusieurs constats. Les clivages des opinions entre générations s’accentuent tandis que le soutien à des mesures sociétales et d’inclusion en faveur des LGBT+ notamment transgenres continue de s’effriter.
Johnny Depp Long Hair: A Signature Look Through the Yearsgreendigital
Johnny Depp, synonymous with eclectic roles and unparalleled acting prowess. has also been a significant figure in fashion and style. Johnny Depp long hair is a distinctive trademark among the various elements that define his unique persona. This article delves into the evolution, impact. and cultural significance of Johnny Depp long hair. exploring how it has contributed to his iconic status.
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Introduction
Johnny Depp is an actor known for his chameleon-like ability to transform into a wide range of characters. from the eccentric Captain Jack Sparrow in "Pirates of the Caribbean" to the introspective Edward Scissorhands. His long hair is one constant throughout his evolving roles and public appearances. Johnny Depp long hair is not a style choice but a significant aspect of his identity. contributing to his allure and mystique. This article explores the journey and significance of Johnny Depp long hair. highlighting how it has become integral to his brand.
The Early Years: A Budding Star with Signature Locks
1980s: The Rise of a Young Heartthrob
Johnny Depp's journey in Hollywood began in the 1980s. with his breakout role in the television series "21 Jump Street." During this time, his hair was short, but it was already clear that Depp had a penchant for unique and edgy styles. By the decade's end, Depp started experimenting with longer hair. setting the stage for a lifelong signature.
1990s: From Heartthrob to Icon
The 1990s were transformative for Johnny Depp his career and personal style. Films like "Edward Scissorhands" (1990) and "Benny & Joon" (1993) saw Depp sporting various hair lengths and styles. But, his long, unkempt hair in "What's Eating Gilbert Grape" (1993) began to draw significant attention. This period marked the beginning of Johnny Depp long hair. which became a defining feature of his image.
The Iconic Roles: Hair as a Character Element
Edward Scissorhands (1990)
In "Edward Scissorhands," Johnny Depp's character had a wild and mane that complemented his ethereal and misunderstood persona. This role showcased how long hair Johnny Depp could enhance a character's depth and mystery.
Captain Jack Sparrow: The Pirate with Flowing Locks
One of Johnny Depp's iconic roles is Captain Jack Sparrow from the "Pirates of the Caribbean" series. Sparrow's long, dreadlocked hair symbolised his rebellious and unpredictable nature. The character's look, complete with beads and trinkets woven into his hair. was a collaboration between Depp and the film's costume designers. This style became iconic and influenced fashion trends and Halloween costumes worldwide.
Other Memorable Characters
Depp's long hair has also been featured in other roles, such as Ichabod Crane in "Sleepy Hollow" (1999). and Roux in "Chocolat" (2000). In these films, his hair added a layer of authenticity and depth to his characters. proving that Johnny Depp with long hair is more than a style—it's a storytelling tool.
Off-Screen Influenc
From Stress to Success How Oakland's Corporate Wellness Programs are Cultivat...Kitchen on Fire
Discover how Oakland's innovative corporate wellness initiatives are transforming workplace culture, nurturing the well-being of employees, and fostering a thriving environment. From comprehensive mental health support to flexible work arrangements and holistic wellness workshops, these programs are empowering individuals to navigate stress effectively, leading to increased productivity, satisfaction, and overall success.
Is your favorite ring slipping and sliding on your finger? You're not alone. Must Read this Guide on What To Do If Your Ring Is Too Big as shared by the experts of Andrews Jewelers.
What Makes Candle Making The Ultimate Bachelorette CelebrationWick & Pour
The above-discussed factors are the reason behind an increasing number of millennials opting for candle making events to celebrate their bachelorette. If you are in search of any theme for your bachelorette then do opt for a candle making session to make your celebration memorable for everyone involved.
30 Manipulation Techniques to be a smart person in society (1).pdf
Lena Levario Racist judge.pdf
1. A study shows, Dallas County, Texas Judge Lena Levario, for years, has used her
court as a mechanism to exercise racism against African Americans with
disproportionate prison sentences
I was sentenced to a 30 year prison sentence for a first offense. The sentencing judge was Lena
Levario, who has a history of documented racial discrimination against black defendants.
Lena Levario was a former judge of the 204th District Court in Dallas County, Texas. She was
accused of making racially biased statements and engaging in discriminatory conduct during her
tenure as a judge.
The accusations came to light in 2014 when she presided over a case involving a defendant
named Sir Royce Bivins. During the trial, Judge Levario made comments that were perceived as
racially insensitive by the defense attorneys and the defendant's family. She referred to Mr.
Bivins as "you people" and made comments about his hairstyle, which were interpreted as
racially motivated.
The defense attorneys filed a motion asking for her recusal from the case, citing her conduct as
evidence of racial bias. In response to the motion, Judge Levario denied any racial bias and
claimed that her comments were not intended to be racially charged. She argued that her
comments were taken out of context and that she had been misunderstood.
The motion for recusal was ultimately granted by another judge, and Judge Levario was
removed from the case. However, the incident sparked a larger debate about racial biases and
discrimination within the judicial system.
It was reported that Judge Levario had a history of making similar comments and exhibiting
similar behavior in other cases. Overall, Judge Lena Levario was accused of making racially
biased comments and engaging in discriminatory conduct during her tenure as a judge in Dallas
County, Texas.
Her conduct during the Bivins trial led to her recusal from the case and sparked a larger debate
about racial biases within the judicial system. According to a legal analysis of Texas district
court data conducted by the non-profit organization, The Sentencing Project, there exist
significant racial disparities in the sentencing of drug offenses between white and African
American defendants. The analysis found that African American defendants are more likely to
receive harsher sentences compared to their white counterparts, even when controlling for
factors such as prior criminal history and the type of drug offense. The study analyzed data from
over 200,000 felony drug cases in Texas district courts from 2007-2016. The analysis revealed
that African American defendants were more likely to be sentenced to prison, and for longer
periods of time than white defendants, with African American defendants receiving sentences
that were on average 13% longer than those of white defendants.
2. Additionally, the study found that African jAmerican defendants were more likely to receive
longer sentences for drug offenses, even when the quantity of drugs involved in the offense was
the same as that of white defendants. The study also revealed that disparities in sentencing
were more pronounced in counties with larger African American populations.
These findings raise concerns about the fairness and impartiality of the criminal justice system,
as they suggest that African American defendants in Texas may be subject to racial bias in the
sentencing process for drug offenses. Further research and reforms may be needed to address
these disparities and ensure that all defendants are treated fairly and equitably in the criminal
justice system.