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Legal Influences
Do we have too many laws? Does the existence of so many laws
and regulations hinder or help American Business today. Feel
free to give examples of some “stupid” laws! Have fun with this
discussion!
Unions and Video Surfing!
Please go to You Tube, bing.com videos, or any Video sharing
web site and add the Key Word: "Unions”
Find a video that interests you of the thousands that are on the
net on any aspect on Unions
Watch the Video that you selected and take notes on what you
viewed.
1 In a paper of at least two and not more than three, double
spaced pages, no Title Page, tell me what video you viewed.
2 Make sure that you provide the Internet address and the Title
on what you viewed.
3 Explain what you viewed and what you learned.
4 You may supplement your viewing with any other information
or your opinion.
ENJOY YOUR SURFING!
Chapter 1
26. LO.4, 5 A question on a state income tax return asks the
taxpayer if he or she made any out-of-state Internet or mail-
order catalog purchases during the year. The question requires
a yes or no answer, and if the taxpayer answers yes, the amount
of such purchases is to be listed.
a. Does such an inquiry have any relevance to the
state income tax? If not, why is it being asked?
b. Your client, Harriet, wants to leave the question
unanswered. As the preparer of her return, how do your
respond?
36.LO.5 Assess the probability of an audit in each of the
following independent situations:
a. As a result of a jury trial, Linda was awarded $3.5
million because of job discrimination. The award included $3
million for punitive damages.
b. Mel operates a combination check-cashing
service and pawnshop.
c. Jayden, a self-employed trial lawyer, routinely files a
Schedule C (Form 1040) that, due to large dedcti8ons, reports
little (if any) profit from his practice.
d. Bernard is the head server at an upscale restaurant
and recently paid $1.8 million for a residence in an exclusive
gated community.
42.LO.5, 6 On a Federal income tax return filed five years ago,
any inadvertently omitted a large amount of gross income.
a. Andy seeks your advice as to whether the IRS is
barred from assessing additional income tax in the event he is
audited. What is your advice?
b. Would your advice differ if you were the person who
prepared the return in question? Explain.
c. Suppose Andy asks you to prepare his current year’s
return. Would you do so? Explain.
50. LO.7, 8 Discuss the probable justification for each of the
following aspects of the tax law:
a. A tax credit is allowed for amounts spent to furnish
care for minor children while the parents work.
b. Deductions for interest on home mortgage and
property taxes on personal residence.
c. The income splitting benefits of filing a joint return.
d. Gambling losses in excess of gambling gains.
e. Net operating losses of a current year can be carried
back to profitable years.
f. A taxpayer who sells property on an installment basis
can recognize gain on the sale over the period the payments are
received.
g. The exclusion from federal tax of certain interest
income from state and local bonds.
h. Prepaid income is taxed to the recipient in the year
received and not in the year it is earned.
53. LO.8 Edward leases real estate to Janet for a period of 20
years. Janet makes capital improvements to the property. When
the lease expires, Edward reclaims the property, including the
improvements made by Janet.
a. Under current law, at what point does Edward
recognize income as a result of Janet’s improvements?
b. Has the law in part (a) always been the rule?
c. What is the justification, in any, for the current rule?
Chapter 3
2. LO.1, 5, 8, 9 During the year, Addison is involved in the
following transactions. What are the possible Federal income
tax effects of these transactions>
a. Lost money gambling on a trip to a casino.
b. Helped pay for her neighbor Howie’s dental bills.
Howie is a good friend who is unemployed.
c. Received from the IRS a tax refund due to Addison’s
overpayment of last year’s Federal income taxes.
d. Paid a traffic ticket received while double parking to
attend a business meeting.
e. Contributed to the mayor’s reelection campaign. The
mayor had promised Addison to rezone some of her land.
f. Borrowed money forma bank to make a down
payment on an automobile.
g. Sold a houseboat and a camper on eBay. Both were
personal use items, and the gain from one offset the loss from
the other.
h. Her dependent Aunt Katherine died on June 3 of the
year.
i. Paid for Katherine’s funeral expenses.
j. Paid premiums on her dependent son’s life insurance
policy.
10. LO.2, 3, 5 David is age 78, is a widower, and is being
claimed as a dependent by this son. How does this situation
affect the follow?
a. David’s own individual filing requirement.
b. David’s personal exemption.
c. The standard deduction allowed to David.
d. The availability of any additional standard deduction.
21. LO.4, 5 Comment on the availability of head-of-household
filing status in each of the following independent situations.
a. Al lives alone but maintains the household of his
parents. In July, the parents use their savings to purchase a
Lexus automobile for $62,000.
b. Bree maintains a home in which she and her father
lives. The father then enters a nursing facility for treatment for
a mental illness.
c. Chloe a single parent maintains a home in which she
and Dean, Chloe’s unmarried son, live. Dean, age 18, earns
$5,000 from a part-time job.
d. Assume the same facts as in (c), except that Dean is
age 19, not 18.
e. Chee is married and maintains a household in which
he and his dependent stepson live.
f. Evie lives alone but maintains the household where
her dependent daughter Zoe lives.
g. Frank maintains a household that includes Georgia,
an unrelated friend who qualifies as his dependent.
29. LO.1, 8 Compute Emily’s 2014 taxable income on the
basis of the following information. Her filing status is single.
Salary
$85,000
Interest income from bonds issued by Xerox
1,100
Alimony payments received
6,000
Contribution to traditional IRA
5,500
Gift from parents
25,000
Capital gain from stock investment, held for 7 months
2,000
Amount lost in football office pool (sports gambling is
illegal where Emily lives)
500
Number of potential dependents (two cousins, who live in
Canada) ?
Age 40
46. LO.5, 6, 9 Roy and Brandi are engaged and plan to get
married. Roy is a full-time student and earns $9,000 from a
part-time job. With this income, student loans, savings, and
nontaxable scholarships, he is self-supporting. For the year,
Brandi is employed and reports $61,000 in wages. How much
Federal income tax, if any, can Brandi save if she and Roy
marry in 2014 and file a joint return?
Chapter 4
6. LO.2, 3 On December 29, 2014, an employee received a
$5,000 check from her employer’s client. The check was
payable to the employer. The employee did not remit the funds
to the employer until December 30, 2014. The employer
deposited the check on December 31, 2014, but the bank did not
credit the employer’s bank account until January 2, 2015. When
is the cash basis employer required to include the $5,000 in
gross income?
28. LO.1, 2, 5 Harper is considering three alternative
investments of $10,000. Assume that the taxpayer is in the 28%
marginal tax bracket for ordinary income and 15% for
qualifying capital gains in all tax years. The selected
investment will be liquidated at the end of five years. The
alternatives are:
a. A taxable corporate bond yielding 5% before tax and
the interest can be reinvested at 5% before tax.
B. A Series EE bond that will have a maturity value of
$12,200 (a 4% before-tax rate of return).
c. Land that will increase in value.
The gain on the land will be classified and taxed as a long-term
capital gain. The income from the bonds is taxed as ordinary
income. How much must the land increase in value to yield a
greater after-tax return than either of the bonds?
Given: Compound amount of $1 and compound value of
annuity payments at the end of five years:
Interest Rate $1 compounded for 5 years $1
Annuity compounded
for 5 years
5% $1.28 $5.53
4% 1.22 5.42
3.6% 1.19 5.37
41. LO.2, 3 Troy a cash basis taxpayer, is employed by Eagle
Corporation, also a cash basis taxpayer. Tory is a full-time
employee of the corporation and receives a salary of $60,000
per year. He also receives a bonus equal to 10% of all
collections from clients he serviced during the year. Determine
the tax consequences of the following events to the corporation
and to Troy:
a. On December 31, 2014, troy was visiting a customer.
The customer gave troy a $10,000 check payable to the
corporation for appraisal services Troy preformed during 2014.
Troy did not deliver the check to the corporation until January
2015.
b. The facts are the same as in (a), except that the
corporation is an accrual basis taxpayer and Troy deposited the
check on December 31, but the bank did not add the deposit to
the corporation’s account until January 2015.
c. The facts are the same as is (a), except that the
customer told Troy to hold the check until January 2015 when
the customer could make a bank deposit that would cover the
check.
42. LO3, 4 Faye, Gary, and Heidi each have a one-third interest
in the capital and profits of the FGH Partnership. Each partner
had a capital account of $50,000 at the beginning of the tax
year. The partnership profits for the tax year were $270,000.
Changes in their capital accounts during the tax year were as
follows:
Faye
Gary
Heidi
Total
Beginning Balance
$50,000
$50,000
$50,000
$150,000
Withdrawals
(20,000)
(35,000)
(10,000)
(65,000)
Additional contributions
0
0
5,000
5,000
Allocation of profits
90,000
90,000
90,000
270,000
Ending balance
$120,000
$105,000
$135,000
$360,000
In arriving at the $270,000 of partnership profits, the
partnership deducted $2,400 ($800 for each partner) in
premiums paid for group term life insurance on the partners.
Faye and Gary are 39 years old, and Heidi is 35 years old.
Other employees are also eligible for group term life insurance
equal to their annual salary. These premiums of $10,000 have
been deducted in calculating the partnership profits of
$270,000. Compare each partner’s gross income from the
partnership for the tax year.
47. LO.4, 5 Roy decides to buy a personal residence and goes to
the bank for a $150,000 loan. The bank tells him that he can
borrow the funds @ 4% if his father will guarantee the debt.
Roy’s father, Hal, owns a $150,000 CD currently yielding 3.5%.
The Federal rat is 3%. Hal agrees to either of the following:
* Roy borrows from the bank with Hal’s guarantee to the
bank
* Cash in the CD (with no penalty) and lend Roy the funds
at 2% interest.
Hal is in the 33% marginal tax bracket. Roy, whose only source
of income is his salary, is in the 15% marginal tax bracket. The
interest Roy pays on the mortgage will be deductible by him.
Which option will maximize the family’s after-tax wealth?
Chapter 5
17. LO.2, 5 Wilbur has been offered a job at a salary that would
put him in the 25% marginal tax bracket. In addition to his
salary, he would receive health insurance coverage. Another
potential employer does not offer health insurance but has
agreed to match the first offer on an after-tax and insurance
basis. The cost of health insurance comparable to that provided
by the other potential employer is $9,000 per year. How much
more in salary must the second potential employer pay so that
Wilbur’s financial status will be the same under both offers?
25. LO.3 Dolly is a cash basis taxpayer. In 2014, she filed her
2013 South Carolina income tax return and received a $2,200
refund. Dolly took the standard deduction on her 2013 Federal
income tax return, but will itemize her deductions in 2014.
Molly, a cash basis taxpayer, also filed her 2013 South Carolina
income tax return in 2014 and received a $600 refund. Molly
has $12,000 in itemized deductions on her 2013 Federal income
tax return, but will take the standard deduction in 2014. How
does the tax benefit rule apply to Dolly’s and Molly’s
situations? Explain.
35. LO.2 Adrian was awarded an academic scholarship to State
University for the 2014-2015 academic year. He received
$6,500 in August and $7,200 in December 2014. Adrian had
enough personal savings to pay all expenses as they came due.
Adrian’s expenditures for the relevant period were as follows:
Tuition, August 2014 $3,700
Tuition, January 2015 3,750
Room and board
Aug-Dec 2014 2,800
Jan-May 2015 2,500
Books and educational supplies
Aug-Dec 2014 1,000
Jan-May 2015 1,200
Determine the effect on Adrian’s gross income for 2014 and
2015.
40. LO.2, 5 Mauve Corporation has a group hospitalization
insurance plan that has a $200 deductible amount for hospital
visits and a $15 deductible for doctor visits and prescriptions.
The deductible portion paid by employees who have children
has become substantial for some employees. The company is
considering adopting a medical reimbursement plan or a flexible
benefits plan to cover the deductible amounts. Either of these
plans can be tailored to meet the needs of the employees. What
are the cost considerations to the employer that should be
considered in choosing between these plans?
57. LO.4, 5 Fran, who is in the 35% tax bracket, recently
collected $100,000 on a life insurance police she carried on her
father. She currently owes $120,000 on her personal residence
and $120,000 on business property. National Bank holds the
mortgage on both pieces of property and has agreed to accept
$100,000 in complete satisfaction of either mortgage. The
interest rate on the mortgages is 8%, and both mortgages are
payable over 10 years. What would be the tax consequences of
each of the following alternatives assuming that Fran currently
deducts the mortgage interest on her tax return?
a. Retire the mortgage on the residence.
b. Retire the mortgage on the business property.
Which alternative should Fran select?
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  • 1. Legal Influences Do we have too many laws? Does the existence of so many laws and regulations hinder or help American Business today. Feel free to give examples of some “stupid” laws! Have fun with this discussion! Unions and Video Surfing! Please go to You Tube, bing.com videos, or any Video sharing web site and add the Key Word: "Unions” Find a video that interests you of the thousands that are on the net on any aspect on Unions Watch the Video that you selected and take notes on what you viewed. 1 In a paper of at least two and not more than three, double spaced pages, no Title Page, tell me what video you viewed. 2 Make sure that you provide the Internet address and the Title on what you viewed. 3 Explain what you viewed and what you learned. 4 You may supplement your viewing with any other information or your opinion. ENJOY YOUR SURFING! Chapter 1 26. LO.4, 5 A question on a state income tax return asks the taxpayer if he or she made any out-of-state Internet or mail- order catalog purchases during the year. The question requires
  • 2. a yes or no answer, and if the taxpayer answers yes, the amount of such purchases is to be listed. a. Does such an inquiry have any relevance to the state income tax? If not, why is it being asked? b. Your client, Harriet, wants to leave the question unanswered. As the preparer of her return, how do your respond? 36.LO.5 Assess the probability of an audit in each of the following independent situations: a. As a result of a jury trial, Linda was awarded $3.5 million because of job discrimination. The award included $3 million for punitive damages. b. Mel operates a combination check-cashing service and pawnshop. c. Jayden, a self-employed trial lawyer, routinely files a Schedule C (Form 1040) that, due to large dedcti8ons, reports little (if any) profit from his practice. d. Bernard is the head server at an upscale restaurant and recently paid $1.8 million for a residence in an exclusive gated community. 42.LO.5, 6 On a Federal income tax return filed five years ago, any inadvertently omitted a large amount of gross income. a. Andy seeks your advice as to whether the IRS is barred from assessing additional income tax in the event he is audited. What is your advice? b. Would your advice differ if you were the person who prepared the return in question? Explain. c. Suppose Andy asks you to prepare his current year’s return. Would you do so? Explain. 50. LO.7, 8 Discuss the probable justification for each of the following aspects of the tax law: a. A tax credit is allowed for amounts spent to furnish care for minor children while the parents work.
  • 3. b. Deductions for interest on home mortgage and property taxes on personal residence. c. The income splitting benefits of filing a joint return. d. Gambling losses in excess of gambling gains. e. Net operating losses of a current year can be carried back to profitable years. f. A taxpayer who sells property on an installment basis can recognize gain on the sale over the period the payments are received. g. The exclusion from federal tax of certain interest income from state and local bonds. h. Prepaid income is taxed to the recipient in the year received and not in the year it is earned. 53. LO.8 Edward leases real estate to Janet for a period of 20 years. Janet makes capital improvements to the property. When the lease expires, Edward reclaims the property, including the improvements made by Janet. a. Under current law, at what point does Edward recognize income as a result of Janet’s improvements? b. Has the law in part (a) always been the rule? c. What is the justification, in any, for the current rule? Chapter 3 2. LO.1, 5, 8, 9 During the year, Addison is involved in the following transactions. What are the possible Federal income tax effects of these transactions> a. Lost money gambling on a trip to a casino. b. Helped pay for her neighbor Howie’s dental bills. Howie is a good friend who is unemployed. c. Received from the IRS a tax refund due to Addison’s overpayment of last year’s Federal income taxes. d. Paid a traffic ticket received while double parking to attend a business meeting. e. Contributed to the mayor’s reelection campaign. The mayor had promised Addison to rezone some of her land.
  • 4. f. Borrowed money forma bank to make a down payment on an automobile. g. Sold a houseboat and a camper on eBay. Both were personal use items, and the gain from one offset the loss from the other. h. Her dependent Aunt Katherine died on June 3 of the year. i. Paid for Katherine’s funeral expenses. j. Paid premiums on her dependent son’s life insurance policy. 10. LO.2, 3, 5 David is age 78, is a widower, and is being claimed as a dependent by this son. How does this situation affect the follow? a. David’s own individual filing requirement. b. David’s personal exemption. c. The standard deduction allowed to David. d. The availability of any additional standard deduction. 21. LO.4, 5 Comment on the availability of head-of-household filing status in each of the following independent situations. a. Al lives alone but maintains the household of his parents. In July, the parents use their savings to purchase a Lexus automobile for $62,000. b. Bree maintains a home in which she and her father lives. The father then enters a nursing facility for treatment for a mental illness. c. Chloe a single parent maintains a home in which she and Dean, Chloe’s unmarried son, live. Dean, age 18, earns $5,000 from a part-time job. d. Assume the same facts as in (c), except that Dean is age 19, not 18. e. Chee is married and maintains a household in which he and his dependent stepson live. f. Evie lives alone but maintains the household where her dependent daughter Zoe lives. g. Frank maintains a household that includes Georgia, an unrelated friend who qualifies as his dependent.
  • 5. 29. LO.1, 8 Compute Emily’s 2014 taxable income on the basis of the following information. Her filing status is single. Salary $85,000 Interest income from bonds issued by Xerox 1,100 Alimony payments received 6,000 Contribution to traditional IRA 5,500 Gift from parents 25,000 Capital gain from stock investment, held for 7 months 2,000 Amount lost in football office pool (sports gambling is illegal where Emily lives) 500 Number of potential dependents (two cousins, who live in Canada) ? Age 40 46. LO.5, 6, 9 Roy and Brandi are engaged and plan to get married. Roy is a full-time student and earns $9,000 from a part-time job. With this income, student loans, savings, and nontaxable scholarships, he is self-supporting. For the year, Brandi is employed and reports $61,000 in wages. How much Federal income tax, if any, can Brandi save if she and Roy marry in 2014 and file a joint return? Chapter 4 6. LO.2, 3 On December 29, 2014, an employee received a $5,000 check from her employer’s client. The check was payable to the employer. The employee did not remit the funds to the employer until December 30, 2014. The employer deposited the check on December 31, 2014, but the bank did not credit the employer’s bank account until January 2, 2015. When
  • 6. is the cash basis employer required to include the $5,000 in gross income? 28. LO.1, 2, 5 Harper is considering three alternative investments of $10,000. Assume that the taxpayer is in the 28% marginal tax bracket for ordinary income and 15% for qualifying capital gains in all tax years. The selected investment will be liquidated at the end of five years. The alternatives are: a. A taxable corporate bond yielding 5% before tax and the interest can be reinvested at 5% before tax. B. A Series EE bond that will have a maturity value of $12,200 (a 4% before-tax rate of return). c. Land that will increase in value. The gain on the land will be classified and taxed as a long-term capital gain. The income from the bonds is taxed as ordinary income. How much must the land increase in value to yield a greater after-tax return than either of the bonds? Given: Compound amount of $1 and compound value of annuity payments at the end of five years: Interest Rate $1 compounded for 5 years $1 Annuity compounded for 5 years 5% $1.28 $5.53 4% 1.22 5.42 3.6% 1.19 5.37 41. LO.2, 3 Troy a cash basis taxpayer, is employed by Eagle Corporation, also a cash basis taxpayer. Tory is a full-time employee of the corporation and receives a salary of $60,000 per year. He also receives a bonus equal to 10% of all collections from clients he serviced during the year. Determine the tax consequences of the following events to the corporation and to Troy: a. On December 31, 2014, troy was visiting a customer.
  • 7. The customer gave troy a $10,000 check payable to the corporation for appraisal services Troy preformed during 2014. Troy did not deliver the check to the corporation until January 2015. b. The facts are the same as in (a), except that the corporation is an accrual basis taxpayer and Troy deposited the check on December 31, but the bank did not add the deposit to the corporation’s account until January 2015. c. The facts are the same as is (a), except that the customer told Troy to hold the check until January 2015 when the customer could make a bank deposit that would cover the check. 42. LO3, 4 Faye, Gary, and Heidi each have a one-third interest in the capital and profits of the FGH Partnership. Each partner had a capital account of $50,000 at the beginning of the tax year. The partnership profits for the tax year were $270,000. Changes in their capital accounts during the tax year were as follows: Faye Gary Heidi Total Beginning Balance $50,000 $50,000 $50,000 $150,000 Withdrawals (20,000) (35,000) (10,000) (65,000) Additional contributions
  • 8. 0 0 5,000 5,000 Allocation of profits 90,000 90,000 90,000 270,000 Ending balance $120,000 $105,000 $135,000 $360,000 In arriving at the $270,000 of partnership profits, the partnership deducted $2,400 ($800 for each partner) in premiums paid for group term life insurance on the partners. Faye and Gary are 39 years old, and Heidi is 35 years old. Other employees are also eligible for group term life insurance equal to their annual salary. These premiums of $10,000 have been deducted in calculating the partnership profits of $270,000. Compare each partner’s gross income from the partnership for the tax year. 47. LO.4, 5 Roy decides to buy a personal residence and goes to the bank for a $150,000 loan. The bank tells him that he can borrow the funds @ 4% if his father will guarantee the debt. Roy’s father, Hal, owns a $150,000 CD currently yielding 3.5%. The Federal rat is 3%. Hal agrees to either of the following: * Roy borrows from the bank with Hal’s guarantee to the bank * Cash in the CD (with no penalty) and lend Roy the funds at 2% interest. Hal is in the 33% marginal tax bracket. Roy, whose only source of income is his salary, is in the 15% marginal tax bracket. The
  • 9. interest Roy pays on the mortgage will be deductible by him. Which option will maximize the family’s after-tax wealth? Chapter 5 17. LO.2, 5 Wilbur has been offered a job at a salary that would put him in the 25% marginal tax bracket. In addition to his salary, he would receive health insurance coverage. Another potential employer does not offer health insurance but has agreed to match the first offer on an after-tax and insurance basis. The cost of health insurance comparable to that provided by the other potential employer is $9,000 per year. How much more in salary must the second potential employer pay so that Wilbur’s financial status will be the same under both offers? 25. LO.3 Dolly is a cash basis taxpayer. In 2014, she filed her 2013 South Carolina income tax return and received a $2,200 refund. Dolly took the standard deduction on her 2013 Federal income tax return, but will itemize her deductions in 2014. Molly, a cash basis taxpayer, also filed her 2013 South Carolina income tax return in 2014 and received a $600 refund. Molly has $12,000 in itemized deductions on her 2013 Federal income tax return, but will take the standard deduction in 2014. How does the tax benefit rule apply to Dolly’s and Molly’s situations? Explain. 35. LO.2 Adrian was awarded an academic scholarship to State University for the 2014-2015 academic year. He received $6,500 in August and $7,200 in December 2014. Adrian had enough personal savings to pay all expenses as they came due. Adrian’s expenditures for the relevant period were as follows: Tuition, August 2014 $3,700 Tuition, January 2015 3,750 Room and board Aug-Dec 2014 2,800
  • 10. Jan-May 2015 2,500 Books and educational supplies Aug-Dec 2014 1,000 Jan-May 2015 1,200 Determine the effect on Adrian’s gross income for 2014 and 2015. 40. LO.2, 5 Mauve Corporation has a group hospitalization insurance plan that has a $200 deductible amount for hospital visits and a $15 deductible for doctor visits and prescriptions. The deductible portion paid by employees who have children has become substantial for some employees. The company is considering adopting a medical reimbursement plan or a flexible benefits plan to cover the deductible amounts. Either of these plans can be tailored to meet the needs of the employees. What are the cost considerations to the employer that should be considered in choosing between these plans? 57. LO.4, 5 Fran, who is in the 35% tax bracket, recently collected $100,000 on a life insurance police she carried on her father. She currently owes $120,000 on her personal residence and $120,000 on business property. National Bank holds the mortgage on both pieces of property and has agreed to accept $100,000 in complete satisfaction of either mortgage. The interest rate on the mortgages is 8%, and both mortgages are payable over 10 years. What would be the tax consequences of each of the following alternatives assuming that Fran currently deducts the mortgage interest on her tax return? a. Retire the mortgage on the residence. b. Retire the mortgage on the business property. Which alternative should Fran select?