Invited by Institutum Iurisprudentiae, Academia Sinica (Taiwan), Prof. Emanuele Conte (Roma Tre, EHESS) gives the lecture "Legal Arguments: The Medieval Origin of a European Invention" in the College of Law, National Taiwan University on May 8th, 2015.
Palesa Sedibe's curriculum vitae provides information about her personal details, tertiary qualification from Boston Business College in Wealth Management, educational background graduating from Zinikeleni Secondary School in 2007, and work experience as a Call Centre Agent from 2009 to 2009 and currently as a Distribution Support Administrator at Old Mutual since 2010. References are also provided from her current manager and colleague at Old Mutual.
Ryan Williams is a licensed physical therapist seeking a challenging position utilizing his 15 years of experience. He holds a Doctor of Physical Therapy degree from Chatham College and a Bachelor's of Science in Exercise Physiology from West Virginia University. Williams has worked in various physical therapy settings including home health, long-term care facilities, outpatient clinics, and hospitals. He has a strong record of client satisfaction and was awarded "Employee of the Year" at his previous position.
Reporte Diario Bursátil del 04 de Julio del 2016Grupo Coril
Mercado Local
Los principales índices de la bolsa de Lima culminaron con ganancias en un contexto de estabilización del dólar, y el cierre de los mercados en EE.UU por el feriado del Día de la Independencia. Los sectores que impulsaron al alza a los índices de la bolsa local fueron Minería (+0.95%), Servicios (+0.31%) y Consumo (+0.16%). Bajo este escenario, se negoció un monto de $ 5.93 MM en 539 operaciones.
Mercados Globales
Asia
Las principales bolsas de Asia cerraron en terreno positivo, en una sesión marcada por un bajo volumen de negociaciones por el feriado en EE.UU. La bolsa china subió tras el repunte de los commodities por expectativas de un mayor estímulo por parte de Pekín, en tanto, la bolsa japonesa cerró su sexta sesión al alza por crecientes expectativas de que los bancos centrales realicen movimientos para contrarrestar la inestabilidad en los mercados provocada por el Brexit.
Europa
Las bolsas europeas cedieron terreno ante las nuevas dudas que han vuelto a formarse en torno a la salida del Reino Unido de la Unión Europea; en particular, la bolsa de Londres cerró a la baja ante el retroceso de las empresas del sector construcción luego que el PMI del sector cayera en junio, que representó la maro caída del sector en siete años. En el mercado de divisas, el euro no sufrió mayores modificaciones en una jornada tranquila por el cierre de Wall Street.
Estados Unidos
La bolsa de Nueva York permaneció cerrada durante toda la jornada de hoy, debido a la celebración local por el "Día de la Independencia". En lo que resta de la semana se publicarán las minutas de la última reunión del Comité Federal de Mercado Abierto (FOMC, en inglés) del mes de junio, así como el informe mensual de empleo en los EE.UU.
Tipo de cambio
El tipo de cambio cayó marginalmente en medio de una oferta de dólares de AFP's, que fue contrarrestada por una compra del BCRP por $ 58 MM para evitar una mayor depreciación del dólar. En la sesión, la divisa se negoció en un rango entre S/. 3.282 y S/. 3.288.
Gracias a ello, el dólar se ha elevado en 3.43 % en los últimos doce meses, y acumula una caída de 3.75% en lo que respecta al año 2016.
Commodities
El petróleo Brent bajó su cotización por mayores expectativas de un aumento en las extracciones de Canadá y Nigeria, pese a los ataques a yacimientos petrolíferos que han asolado a este último, que habían limitado su producción. Por otro lado, el oro se incrementó luego de que inversionistas de China asumieran posiciones cortas en el metal precioso; mientras que la plata tocó nuevos máximos en dos años.
Este documento presenta el programa del 47o Certamen Coral de Tolosa que tendrá lugar entre el 17 de octubre y el 1 de noviembre. Incluye información sobre los conciertos, horarios y abesbatzas participantes en las modalidades de polifonía, folklore y coros infantiles. El acto de clausura y entrega de premios será el 1 de noviembre en el Teatro Leidor.
Palesa Sedibe's curriculum vitae provides information about her personal details, tertiary qualification from Boston Business College in Wealth Management, educational background graduating from Zinikeleni Secondary School in 2007, and work experience as a Call Centre Agent from 2009 to 2009 and currently as a Distribution Support Administrator at Old Mutual since 2010. References are also provided from her current manager and colleague at Old Mutual.
Ryan Williams is a licensed physical therapist seeking a challenging position utilizing his 15 years of experience. He holds a Doctor of Physical Therapy degree from Chatham College and a Bachelor's of Science in Exercise Physiology from West Virginia University. Williams has worked in various physical therapy settings including home health, long-term care facilities, outpatient clinics, and hospitals. He has a strong record of client satisfaction and was awarded "Employee of the Year" at his previous position.
Reporte Diario Bursátil del 04 de Julio del 2016Grupo Coril
Mercado Local
Los principales índices de la bolsa de Lima culminaron con ganancias en un contexto de estabilización del dólar, y el cierre de los mercados en EE.UU por el feriado del Día de la Independencia. Los sectores que impulsaron al alza a los índices de la bolsa local fueron Minería (+0.95%), Servicios (+0.31%) y Consumo (+0.16%). Bajo este escenario, se negoció un monto de $ 5.93 MM en 539 operaciones.
Mercados Globales
Asia
Las principales bolsas de Asia cerraron en terreno positivo, en una sesión marcada por un bajo volumen de negociaciones por el feriado en EE.UU. La bolsa china subió tras el repunte de los commodities por expectativas de un mayor estímulo por parte de Pekín, en tanto, la bolsa japonesa cerró su sexta sesión al alza por crecientes expectativas de que los bancos centrales realicen movimientos para contrarrestar la inestabilidad en los mercados provocada por el Brexit.
Europa
Las bolsas europeas cedieron terreno ante las nuevas dudas que han vuelto a formarse en torno a la salida del Reino Unido de la Unión Europea; en particular, la bolsa de Londres cerró a la baja ante el retroceso de las empresas del sector construcción luego que el PMI del sector cayera en junio, que representó la maro caída del sector en siete años. En el mercado de divisas, el euro no sufrió mayores modificaciones en una jornada tranquila por el cierre de Wall Street.
Estados Unidos
La bolsa de Nueva York permaneció cerrada durante toda la jornada de hoy, debido a la celebración local por el "Día de la Independencia". En lo que resta de la semana se publicarán las minutas de la última reunión del Comité Federal de Mercado Abierto (FOMC, en inglés) del mes de junio, así como el informe mensual de empleo en los EE.UU.
Tipo de cambio
El tipo de cambio cayó marginalmente en medio de una oferta de dólares de AFP's, que fue contrarrestada por una compra del BCRP por $ 58 MM para evitar una mayor depreciación del dólar. En la sesión, la divisa se negoció en un rango entre S/. 3.282 y S/. 3.288.
Gracias a ello, el dólar se ha elevado en 3.43 % en los últimos doce meses, y acumula una caída de 3.75% en lo que respecta al año 2016.
Commodities
El petróleo Brent bajó su cotización por mayores expectativas de un aumento en las extracciones de Canadá y Nigeria, pese a los ataques a yacimientos petrolíferos que han asolado a este último, que habían limitado su producción. Por otro lado, el oro se incrementó luego de que inversionistas de China asumieran posiciones cortas en el metal precioso; mientras que la plata tocó nuevos máximos en dos años.
Este documento presenta el programa del 47o Certamen Coral de Tolosa que tendrá lugar entre el 17 de octubre y el 1 de noviembre. Incluye información sobre los conciertos, horarios y abesbatzas participantes en las modalidades de polifonía, folklore y coros infantiles. El acto de clausura y entrega de premios será el 1 de noviembre en el Teatro Leidor.
Este poema para niños describe a la madre del autor como alguien cuya bondad, belleza y amor hacen imposible de retratar con colores o habilidad artística. El poema expresa que la madre trae luz, sonrisas y todo lo que necesitan a la casa, y que es la figura más amada.
This document summarizes research mapping existing resources to help community groups engage with science. Thirteen categories of resources are identified, from simple at-home activities to citizen science projects to local festivals. Most resources currently focus on audiences already interested in science. The document recommends partnerships to reach new groups, better online signposting, and a "one-stop shop" to empower enthusiasts to share their passion for science in their communities.
This document summarizes a proposal for Ben & Jerry's to launch a new 100% organic yogurt product line to improve profitability. It outlines Ben & Jerry's background and strengths in organic and sustainable farming. It also discusses opportunities in the large and fast-growing organic food and yogurt industries. The proposal recommends launching organic frozen yogurt in unique flavors, leveraging Ben & Jerry's brand recognition and supplier relationships. A marketing plan is proposed using partnerships, sampling, and celebrity endorsements to promote the new product.
- People are looking for personal philosophies and life coaches to help provide focus and accountability as modern life has become more fast-paced, impersonal, and constantly changing. Coaches can help people live purposefully and achieve their goals.
- Success Philosophy used by Life Motivations Institute focuses on goal setting, values development, character building, creating support networks, and developing plans while understanding how the four dynamics of choice, self-image, attitude, and risk affect one's life.
- As people live longer, gain more knowledge rapidly, and experience more transitions instead of stable roles, their motivations in life tend to change, requiring adaptation. Understanding how one's mental models and beliefs impact their choices and success
Este documento apresenta o Programa de Prevenção de Riscos Ambientais (PPRA) de uma cooperativa agrícola, com o objetivo de preservar a saúde dos trabalhadores através da antecipação, avaliação e controle de riscos ambientais no ambiente de trabalho. O documento descreve os riscos ambientais identificados por meio de avaliações qualitativas e quantitativas, como ruído e agentes químicos, e propõe medidas de controle e monitoramento destes riscos de acordo com a legislação brasileira
Monae Laney is seeking a position in early childhood education with over 10 years of experience working with children in various roles. She has worked as a teacher's assistant at Joyful Jungle Christian Learning Center since 2015 where she supervised toddlers and preschoolers. Previously, she held several childcare positions at Joyful Tots Childcare including working with infants, preschoolers, and school-age children. Laney is currently studying early childhood education at Baker College and expects to graduate soon.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Este poema para niños describe a la madre del autor como alguien cuya bondad, belleza y amor hacen imposible de retratar con colores o habilidad artística. El poema expresa que la madre trae luz, sonrisas y todo lo que necesitan a la casa, y que es la figura más amada.
This document summarizes research mapping existing resources to help community groups engage with science. Thirteen categories of resources are identified, from simple at-home activities to citizen science projects to local festivals. Most resources currently focus on audiences already interested in science. The document recommends partnerships to reach new groups, better online signposting, and a "one-stop shop" to empower enthusiasts to share their passion for science in their communities.
This document summarizes a proposal for Ben & Jerry's to launch a new 100% organic yogurt product line to improve profitability. It outlines Ben & Jerry's background and strengths in organic and sustainable farming. It also discusses opportunities in the large and fast-growing organic food and yogurt industries. The proposal recommends launching organic frozen yogurt in unique flavors, leveraging Ben & Jerry's brand recognition and supplier relationships. A marketing plan is proposed using partnerships, sampling, and celebrity endorsements to promote the new product.
- People are looking for personal philosophies and life coaches to help provide focus and accountability as modern life has become more fast-paced, impersonal, and constantly changing. Coaches can help people live purposefully and achieve their goals.
- Success Philosophy used by Life Motivations Institute focuses on goal setting, values development, character building, creating support networks, and developing plans while understanding how the four dynamics of choice, self-image, attitude, and risk affect one's life.
- As people live longer, gain more knowledge rapidly, and experience more transitions instead of stable roles, their motivations in life tend to change, requiring adaptation. Understanding how one's mental models and beliefs impact their choices and success
Este documento apresenta o Programa de Prevenção de Riscos Ambientais (PPRA) de uma cooperativa agrícola, com o objetivo de preservar a saúde dos trabalhadores através da antecipação, avaliação e controle de riscos ambientais no ambiente de trabalho. O documento descreve os riscos ambientais identificados por meio de avaliações qualitativas e quantitativas, como ruído e agentes químicos, e propõe medidas de controle e monitoramento destes riscos de acordo com a legislação brasileira
Monae Laney is seeking a position in early childhood education with over 10 years of experience working with children in various roles. She has worked as a teacher's assistant at Joyful Jungle Christian Learning Center since 2015 where she supervised toddlers and preschoolers. Previously, she held several childcare positions at Joyful Tots Childcare including working with infants, preschoolers, and school-age children. Laney is currently studying early childhood education at Baker College and expects to graduate soon.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Legal Arguments by Emanuele Conte in IIAS and NTU 08052015
1. Taipei, 8 May, 2015
Legal Arguments.
The Medieval Origins of a European Invention.
Emanuele Conte (Roma Tre / EHESS)
2. Europe and the Roman Law
✤ Paul Koschaker, Europa und das römisches recht
(1947)
A plea for the use of the Roman Law in the 20th Century
✤ Francesco Calasso, Diritto comune (1950)
A plea for the “historical experience”
✤ Reinhard Zimmermann, Roman Law, Contemporary Law
(1999)
Back to Koschaker?
3. What does it means “Roman law”?
✤ What exactly do we mean as we say that “Japan (or
China) adopted Roman Law”?
✤ This question is valid also for Europe.
✤ What do we mean as we say that “During the Middle
Ages Roman Law became the shared common law of
Europe”?
4. The Narrative of Roman Law.
A 19th Century tale
✤ The legacy of Roman Law to modern era is made by
legal institutions (Rechtsinstitute / istituti giuridici)
✤ Roman legal institutions are extraordinarily perfect
✤ Roman institutions are laid down by the laws of the
Corpus Iuris Civilis
✤ Glosses and commentaries have been written to extract
these institutions from the Corpus Iuris.
5. 01
The Corpus
Iuris Civilis
✤ The collection made by
Justinian between 529 and 534
a.D
✤ Almost forgotten for centuries,
until after the year 1000
✤ Codex: Imperial laws
Institutes: an handbook for
students
Digest: a huge collection of
fragments of classical jurists
6. Rediscovering Roman Law
✤ Justinian’s Digest (published in 533a.D.) rediscovered
(1050-1100 a.D.)
✤ Why did the glossators reproduce those very heavy and
expensive books?
✤ Traditional answer: because they wanted to learn their
content and write glosses to explain it.
✤ But the majority of glosses does not explain the text! They
quote other laws, mainly from the Corpus Iuris
8. What were written for the first
works of the first glossators?
✤ Discovering and carefully restoring the Corpus Iuris
✤ Majority of first glosses: just quote other texts
✤ First practical use: procedure, trial and appeal.
9. Three examples of legal scholarship
in the 12th Century
✤ Bulgarus (1135ca.)
✤ Pierre de Blois (1179ca.)
✤ Pillius (1185 ca.)
10. Bulgarus: the real beginner of
Bologna’s legal scholarship
✤ The legal scholarship began in Bologna around 1120,
with the legendary figure of Irnerius
✤ His pupil, Bulgarus was probably the beginner of a
more structured teaching.
11. Bulgarus, the appeal and the trial
✤ 1135 (ca.): Letter to Aymericus, the Chancelor of pope
Innocent II on procedure in Roman Law
“In a trial there must be three persons: the plaintiff, the
defendant, the public judge”
✤ The Roman Church introduces the appeal to the Pope
for everyone, also against his superior
12. How to improve the rationality of
the trial?
✤ Bulgarus describes the actors of a trial.
✤ But what about the arguments?
✤ Appendix on the Regulae Iuris.
After having described the structure of the Roman trial, Bulgarus
adds:
I considered very appropriate to say also something about the rules of law,
for what is possible in a short space. I beg you to consider this as a gift of
friendship, although it seems not to be sufficient as to the level of doctrine…
13. A Regula iuris
✤ Definition by Bulgarus:
Est igitur regula quae rem, quae est, breviter enarrat. Nec ex regula ius sumitur, sed ex
iure quod est regula fit. Iura enim singularia prius edita sunt, post haec regula, et
quasi quaedam singulorum coniunctio disposita.
A rule gives a brief narration of the dispute. The law is not
established by the rule, but the rule arises from the law. Indeed,
single laws have been edited before, and then a rule is stated, as if it
was the conjunction of single things.
✤ A Regula is a general statement based on different statutes
14. An error in theVulgata of the
Digest
✤ Digest 50.17.1: Regula est, quae rem quae est breviter enarrat. Non ex
regula ius sumatur, sed ex iure quod est regula fiat. Per regulam igitur
brevis rerum narratio traditur, et, ut ait Sabinus, quasi causae
coniectio est.
✤ “A rule is a statement, in a few words, of the course to
be followed in the matter under discussion. The law,
however, is not derived from the rule, but the rule is
established by the law. Then, the laws have been
established, and then the rule is made, as a
conjunction of causes”.
15. 01
De
regulis
iuris
A legal tract very
popular among
theologians
http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/
bav_pal_lat_288/0584?
sid=426091ac9f90fe3996c807ec6215a1bd
16. What is a regula?
✤ A general rule of law and its contradictions
✤ An example: A woman can not be procurer at law.
But she can: for herself; for her parents; for her
children; for her family in general
✤ A rule of law is contradictory
17. The contradictions of dialectics and
the normativity of statutes
✤ A rule of law contains in itself its contradictions
✤ Dialectical conciliation of contradictory texts is based
on the assumption that these texts are legally binding
✤ The renaissance of the idea of legally binding norms is
deeply connected with the contradictions between laws
✤ The essence of medieval legal science is dialectic, it is
not systematic
18. 01
Pierre de Blois, Speculum iuris
canonici, 1179/80
✤ “many rebellions of canons against each
other.”
✤ “to bring the peace among them, one
should use the distinctio”
✤ “we can bring to light from darkness
the meaning of the canons only by
exploring the dissents emerging among
them”
✤ The manuscript Pal. lat. 653
http://bibliotheca-laureshamensis-
digital.de/bav/bav_pal_lat_653/0245?
sid=6cd03ec0bc0693ffc88bd9677cb53f56
19. The class and the court
✤ Scholastic dialectics is connected with the logics of the
trial
✤ Pierre de Blois: ad cognitionem iuris plurimum proficit
assidue in causis versari. Iuris enim theorica docetur in
scholis, practica exercetur in curiis
20. The meaning of legal normativity
✤ A the beginning of legal scholarship, a lawyer is a
professional who knows how to coordinate different and
contradictory legal norms
✤ A legal norm is binding
✤ The absolute binding force of legal norms is connected with
the rationality of the trial
✤ A lawyer knows how to play with the binding force of the
norms in court
21. Dialectics and law in Italy: Pillius
✤ Around 1180 Pillius left Bologna to start teaching in
Modena.
✤ He wrote the Libellus Disputatorius
✤ Pillius is remembered by every good legal history
handbook
✤ But he shows many connections with the theological
milieu of northern Europe
22. The Generalia by Pillius
✤ Libellus disputatorius
✤ Polemics against the apparatuses and the teaching system of Bologna:
Today the students stay at the university for ten years to learn all the useless apparatuses of
glosses, “quod quam ridiculosus sit nonnulli patet“
✤ That is why I have published this very useful book, by which one will find easily arguments to use
in every kind of case.
✤ Get up, get up, get up, you students from you lazy sleepiness made by so many authors, throw
away the glosses and study the same text. Take my handbook to learn how to discuss, and in just
four years you will learn what you are now barely able to learn in ten. After which, you will go
back home perfectly educated.
Surgite, surgite, surgite, itaque quasi de sompno scholares tepidi multiplici scriptorum fece imbuti et textum …, superfluis
scilicet apparatibus reiectis, […] studete atque in contrariorum disputacionibus hec nostra scripta accipite et quod hodie vix
post decennium contingit, hoc vos post quadriennium habeatis, ut a propria perfecte instructi, honesto commeatu accepto,
redeatis.
23. Distinction and generalization
✤ Solutions of contraries discover the deep meanings of
laws
✤ The lists of contradictory texts allow the formulation
of general principles
✤ That is why the work is also called Generalia
24. Summing up
✤ The discovery of Roman law in the 11th and 12th century was NOT a reception of
legal institutions
✤ The scholastic treatment of these texts was driven by the new needs of a new trial
✤ Already in 1135 Bulgarus draw the connection between objective procedure and
legal arguments
✤ A rule of law (regula iuris) has no descriptive purposes. It is useful to raise
contradictions. It also shape general principles to manage contradictory norms
✤ Contradictions of arguments are also fundamental to enforce the normative
character of laws
✤ Legal education consists in learning how to use arguments