The document outlines today's agenda, which includes discussing shifts in the scientific worldview during the 16th-17th centuries and their political context, an 18th century life and thought lecture, discussing Montesquieu's Persian Letters, and a paper assignment. It then provides context on changes during this time period like population growth, new values, reading culture, and Enlightenment thinkers such as Locke, Rousseau, and Kant.

1. Today’s Agenda (9/13) 1/ Go over shifts in scientific worldview, and place in the political context of Absolutism 2/ 18th-Century life and thought (lecture) 3/ Montesquieu Persian Letters (discussion) 4/ Kant “What is Enlightenment?” (Alexandra) 5/ Paper assignment handout

2. ScalaNatura (1579)

3. Scientific Worldview (16th and 17th Centuries) Galileo Galilei (1608) built a telescope and supported heliocentrism with his observations

4. Chart of Heavens engraved by Andreas Cellarius in 1660. Portrays heliocentric universe described by Copernicus & Gallileo.

6. Hand out galileo’s forgiveness

7. Changes in the 18th Century:Enlightenment and Beyond September 13 & 15, 2011

8. Changes in the 17th and 18th Century Scientific Worldview New questions about authority in religion Emergence of a new secular public sphere Wealth shifted and became more accessible Transformation in relationships between men and women, and between couples and children Extreme population spike

9. Shifts in Values Population Boom (from 1740)First time population growth was un-checked by a demographic crisis Political Doubt De-authorize religion

10. Population Increase Long been a population increase, but this one (circa 1740) was left unchecked by a demographic crisis 1700 = European Population estimate at 120 million 1800 = >180 million

11. Thomas Malthus (1766–1834) An Essay on the Principles of Population Observed that population grew (and then shrunk) in a cyclical pattern A trauma (famine, war, disease) would diminish a population to keep it from growing too much Approved of celibacy, late marriage; but equally prominent were abortion, infanticide, contraception

12. Increased fertility / decreased mortality Trained doctors and midwives Children surviving birth and first ten years Sexual activity outside marriage (prostitution, etc.)

13. Popular Culture Growth of cities– public sphere and high population

14. Transformation in Family Life

15. Greuze, the Father’s Curse / The Ungrateful Son (1777)

16. Reading Culture Salons made reading communal Reading was *fun* Circulation of new ideas about democracy and freedom

17. Montesquieu, Persian Letters (1721) Letters #8, 9, 24, 26, 51, 60, 62 http://rbsche.people.wm.edu/teaching/plp/ Letter 8, the deference to a king Letter 9, sexuality as a metaphor, but more than a metaphor too.

18. Enlightened Despotism

19. Enlightenment thought Philosophes Locke Rousseau Diderot Montesquieu Kant

20. Jean Jacques Rousseau’s Émile, or an Éducation (1762) put forth new ways to bring up children

21. Encyclopédie, Diderot (1763)

23. Emmanuel Kant Enlightenment is….

24. Religious Changes Skepticism (David Hume: We cannot be certain of anything) Deism: God as the “Great Clock-winder”

25. Jean-Jacques Rousseau The social contract is…

26. Enlightenment Works