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Lecture 8 - Reproduction and reproduce.pdf
- 1. reproduction SB0014 syafa @ ums.edu.my PusatPersediaan Sains dan Teknologi Universiti Malaysia Sabah
- 2. Topic Outline • Humanreproductive system • Roles of hormones • Sexual reproductive of flowering plant • Asexual reproduction in animal and plant At the end of this chapter, student should be able to describe about human reproductive system, roles of hormones and sexual reproduction for flowering plant. Also, understand the asexual reproduction in animal and plant
- 3. from puberty tomenopause, fertility and contraception Despite being one of the most important processes in nature, human reproduction is still widely misunderstood by many of us. Here, you will learn about human reproduction by exploring the underlying biology, the most common myths, and the latest medical advances. To help you understand the realities of making babies, having babies, and not having babies.
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- 8. 1. Testis 2. Scrotum 3.Seminiferous tubule 4. Epididymis 5. Vas deferens 6. Ejaculatory duct 7. Penis 8. Sex glands • Seminal vesicle (semen) • Prostate gland (alkaline fluid) • Bulborethral gland (lubricant) 1. Ovaries 2. Oviduct / Fallopian tube 3. Uterus 4. Cervix 5. Vagina
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- 11. • Primordial germcell (embryo) • Spermatogonium (mitosis) • Spermatocyte ✓ Primary spermatocyte (meiosisi I) ✓ Secondary spermatocyte (meiosis II) • Spermatids • Spermatozoa (sperm) spermatogenesis
- 13. Fig. 46.11 Copyright ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
- 14. Sperm structure: • Haploidnucleus. • Tipped with an acrosome. • Contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate to the egg. • A large number of mitochondria provide ATP to power the flagellum. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig. 46.12
- 15. PATHWAY OF SPERM Seminiferoustubule (testis) Ejaculatory duct Vas deferens (seminal vesicle) Epididymis (coiled tubule) pathway of sperm
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- 17. Primordial germcell (embryo) Oogonia Primary oocyte (Prophase I) Secondary oocyte (puberty) Ovum (Fertilised) oogenesis
- 18. Primary follicle(primary oocyte) Graafian follicle (release secondary oocyte) Corpus luteum First polar body (secondary oocyte) Second polar body (ovum) oogenesis
- 20. Fig. 46.13 Copyright ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
- 22. Menstrual cycle(Uterus changes) Ovulation cycle (ovulation) Regulated by hormone • GnRHGonadotropin-releasing hormone • FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone • LH (luteinising hormone) • Oestrogen • Progesterone female reproductive cycle
- 24. THE MENSTURAL CYCLE Menstrualflow phase • Starting point of the cycle • Bleeding • discharge of endometrium wall • Last for 3-5 days • menstruation Secretory phase • Thickening of endometrium wall Proliferative phase • Regeneration of endometrium wall
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- 26. THE OVARIAN CYCLE Follicularphase • Growth of follicle • Oocyte enlarge • Follicle thickens • Maturation of follicle • OVULATION • Release secondary oocyte • Last for 7-14 days Luteal phase • Development of follicle tissue into corpus luteum
- 27. estrogen progesterone Follicular phase Lutealphase Ovulation
- 28. Beginning of follicular phaseof ovaries During luteal phase of ovaries
- 29. • Hypothalamus • GnRH(gonadotropin-releasing hormone) • Pituitary gland • FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) • LH (luteinising hormone) • Ovaries • Oestrogen / Estrogen • Progesterone the cycle and hormone
- 30. 2. FSH • Secretedby pituitary gland • FSH stimulate follicle growth (follicular phase) • Follicle secretes estrogen • Estrogen level increase, LH increase • Ovulation 3. LH • Stimulate transformation of follicle (remain) to corpus luteum (Luteal phase) • Corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone 1. GnRH • Secreted by hypothalamus • Stimulates pituitary gland to secrete FSH and LH
- 31. 4. Estrogen &Progesterone • Secreted by follicle • In the ovary • Inhibits secretion of FSH and LH <avoid follicle growth) • Maintain thickening of endometrium wall
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- 35. Sperm andovum fertilised • conception Pregnancy • Gestation Birth • parturition
- 36. Zygote Embryo Foetus Embyogenesis Organogenesis
- 38. zygote blastocyst blastula blastocoel blastomere cleavage morula implantation *trophoblast Gastrulation •Three main layer formed • Embyo surrounded by chorion • Develop in cavity ; amnion • Yolk sac • Allantois ; umbilical cord
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- 41. Formation ofthe organs From the three layers Endoderm The innermost layer Goes on to form the gut Mesoderm The middle layer. Goes on to form the muscles, circulatory system, blood and many different organs Ectoderm • The outermost • Goes on to form the skin and nervous system
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- 45. ❖ Pregnancy ispreceded by conception and continues until birth ❖ In placental mammals, pregnancy is the condition of carrying one or more embryos ❖A human pregnancy averages 266 days/38 weeks/9 months
- 46. Human gestation isdivided into three trimesters. ❑ First trimester. o Fertilization occurs in the oviduct. o 24 hours latter the zygote begins cleavage. o 3- 4 days after fertilization the zygote that reaches the uterus the embryo is a ball of cells. o It takes about 1 week past fertilization for the blastocyst to form. o After 5 more days it implants in the endometrium. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
- 47. Copyright © 2002Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
- 48. ❑ For thefirst 2 – 4 weeks of development the embryo obtains nutrients from the endometrium. ❑ Then the placenta provides for the diffusion of material between maternal and embryonic circulations. Fig. 46.17 Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
- 49. ❑ Organogenesis occursduring the first trimester o By week 4: the heart is beating o By the end of week 8: all of the major structures of the adult are present in rudimentary form o The rapidity of development makes this a time when the embryo is especially sensitive to environmental insult Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
- 50. ❑ Maternal changesduring the first trimester ❑ The embryo secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) ❑ Maintains the corpus luteum and thus maintains the endometrium ❑ High levels of progesterone cause. o Increased mucus in the cervix o Growth of the maternal part of the placenta o Enlargement of the uterus o Cessation of ovarian and menstrual cycling o Breasts enlarge rapidly and are often very tender Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
- 51. ❑ Second trimester. oFetus grows rapidly and is very active o Hormonal levels stabilize as HCG declines o Corpus luteum deteriorates o Placenta secretes progesterone, which maintains the pregnancy Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
- 52. ❑ Third trimester oFetus grows rapidly o Fetal activity may decrease as the fetus fills the space available to it o Maternal abdominal organs become compressed and displaced o Terminates with parturition Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
- 53. ❑ Hormonal regulationof birth. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
- 54. ❑ Parturition occursas a result of labor ▪ First stage: opening up and thinning of the cervix. ▪ Ending in complete dilation. ▪ Second stage: Expulsion of the baby as a result of strong uterine contractions. ▪ Third stage: Expulsion of the placenta. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
- 55. Gestation HCG(human chorionic gonadotropin) Estrogen Progesterone Parturition Oxytocin Estrogen Progesterone Lactation Prolactin Oxytocin colostrum roles of hormones
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- 57. Reproductive organsin flowering plants Gamete formation Development of the male gamete Development of the female gamete Pollination Fertilisation Seed germination The structure of mature seed Factors affect germination The process of germination Types of germination
- 58. Alteration ofgeneration Sporophyte generation (2n) Gametophyte generation (n) Male = microspores = microgametophyte Female = macrospores = megagametophyte INTRODUCTION
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- 62. Incomplete flowers • Flowersare complete if they have all parts, and perfect if they have both male and female parts. • Grass flowers: incomplete, usually imperfect (separate male and female flowers) (How about papaya tree?) • A tulip is complete (though the sepals are the same color as the petals) and perfect.
- 63. Animals vs. Plants PlantReproduction Animal Reproduction Life cycle Alternation of generations No alternation of generations Gametes Haploid gametes Haploid gametes Spores Haploid spores No spores Gametes made by Haploid gametophyte, by mitosis Diploid organism, by meiosis Spores made by Diploid sporophyte, by meiosis No spores
- 64. Alternation of Generations •Plants have a double life cycle with two distinct forms: • Sporophyte: diploid, produce haploid spores by meiosis. • Gametophyte: haploid, produce gametes by mitosis.
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- 72. Self-pollination Cross-pollination Insect and animals Wind Water pollination
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- 80. The structure ofmature seed
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- 85. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS& ANIMALS Asexual reproduction is natural “cloning.” Parts of the plant, such as leaves or stems, produce roots and become an independent plant. List some benefits and some drawbacks to asexual reproduction.
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- 87. THANK YOU FORYOUR COOPERATION ☺ HAPPY HOLIDAY
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