Lecture 4.pptx
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This lecture discusses three key concepts from realist international relations theory: anarchy, the security dilemma, and problems of credible commitment. It defines anarchy as the lack of a world government over sovereign states. Anarchy leads to two problems - the security dilemma, where actions by one state to increase security can paradoxically decrease security for others, and problems of credible commitment, where states cannot believably promise not to act in their self-interest without enforcement. The lecture also notes that while realists see these as major constraints of the international system, liberal theorists argue anarchy is less constraining than realists claim.
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Realist theories of global politics
This document provides an overview of realism as a theoretical perspective in international relations and global politics. It discusses two main versions of realism - classical realism and structural realism. Classical realism sees the pursuit of power as an innate human tendency, while structural realism views it as a result of the anarchic nature of the international system.
The document then contrasts offensive and defensive structural realism. Offensive realism believes states should maximize their power and pursue hegemony whenever possible to ensure survival. Defensive realism argues this is strategically foolish and states should seek an "appropriate" amount of power to avoid triggering a balancing response from other states. The document concludes by outlining how offensive and defensive realists
SLIDE 1 This week we’re going to do some collective thinking a.docx
SLIDE 1
This week we’re going to do some collective thinking about the future of U.S. Power.
SLIDE 2
In the next slide there is a graphic that illustrates the proliferation of academic and think-tank literature that argues that U.S. Power and influence around the world is shrinking dramatically.
SLIDE 3
The next slide continues that symbolism, some arguing that we are becoming just another graveyard of fallen empires. But I think, to be more optimistic in the next slide, some are writing our obituaries a bit prematurely. I like this definition of what a superpower is and what it requires or what it takes to be a super power. And I think if you kind of cogitate on that a little bit, study it a little bit, after the lecture, I think you’ll agree this applies to the United States and no other country in the world at the present time.
That last bullet indicates some hesitation, a big “but”, there are other variables. I think the problem is a paradox of power. Power today no longer translates into an immediate ability to influence, and the reason for that, many argue, is that historically emerging multi-polar systems are much more unstable than a bipolar or unipolar world might be. There is an emerging multipolar system which I think we face today. Greater diversity, growing power, and less cohesiveness. Emerging countries want a greater share, a greater say, and they reject the notion that any single power has the ability to be a global hegemony. In a very colorful language of a French diplomat, he argued this case by saying we need allies but not chaperones or adult supervision.
SLIDE 4
The next slide is based on an article written several years ago by Barry Posen and Andrew Ross called “Competing Images of Global Strategy”. I want to go through these as an exercise in strategic thinking. There are really no right or wrong answers for our purposes and our goal is to get each of you to pull together some of our previous course tools and apply them to some good strategic thinking. And these are the strategic postures that we’ll look at: Neo Isolationism, Selective 2
Engagement, Cooperative Security, Primacy, and then I’ll add off-shore balancing which doesn’t come from Posen and Ross but from another article that I will talk about and you will be reading.
SLIDE 5
The next slide then looks at the posture of neo-isolationism. Their argument is that we simply can’t afford the cost of World Order, they take a very minimalist defense posture, low defense budgets based upon what you see there. They argue that geography makes us secure from peer threats. There is little public support for this posture. Libertarians hold this and if you’ve been paying attention or did pay attention to the republican primary you know that Ron Paul represented this point of view. Commentator Pat Buchannan would be another one who represents this particular point of view. Of course I think their real argument or to critique it, you would have to really analyze th.
Polsc6 3 core principles in ir
It focuses on the three main principles in international relations, the dominance, reciprocity, and identity.
EXERCISE 2Levels of measurement are important because they serve.docx
EXERCISE 2
Levels of measurement are important because they serve as a way to think about both the amount of information available in a measure and the mathematical properties of the measure. In this exercise you are going to consider the amount of information available in variables that measure the same concept with different levels of measurement.
For each of the variables below, identify the level of measurement. Second, explain why one variable provides more information than the other. Finally, why might you prefer to use one measure over the other? Why is capturing more information important?
Concept: Education
Variable #1: What is your highest completed level of education?
No formal education
Elementary school
Middle school
High school College
Advanced degree
Variable #2: How many years of formal education have you completed?
EXERCISE 3
Herrmann, Tetlock, and Visser1 define the disposition of military assertiveness as “the inclination toward different methods of defending American interests abroad, in particular, whether a person prefers more militant and assertive strategies or more accommodative and cooperative approaches.” To measure military assertiveness, they used ten items. For the first eight items, they asked respondents to indicate whether they strongly agreed, agreed, neither agreed nor disagreed, disagreed, or strongly disagreed with the statement.
Which of the following items do you think are the most valid measures of the concept of military assertiveness and why? Which ones do you have trouble relating to the concept and why? What kind of validity (face or construct) do you think the items exhibit?
1. The best way to ensure world peace is through American military strength.
2. The use of military force only makes problems worse.
3. Rather than simply reacting to our enemies, it’s better for us to strike first.
4. Generally, the more influence America has with other nations, the better off they are.
5. People can be divided into two distinct classes: the weak and the strong.
6. The facts on crime, sexual immorality, and the recent public disorders all show that we have to crack down harder on troublemakers if we are going to save our moral standards and preserve law and order.
7. Obedience and respect for authority are the most important virtues children should learn.
8. Although at times I may not agree with the government, my commitment to the United States always remains strong.
9. When you see the American flag flying, does it make you feel extremely good, somewhat good, or not very good?
10. How important is military defense spending to you personally: very important, important, or not at all important?
Most valid measures of the concept of military assertiveness:
Worst “fit” for concept:
Kind of validity:
1Richard K. Herrmann, Philip E. Tetlock, and Penny S. Visser, “Mass Public Decisions to Go to War: A Cognitive-
Interactionist Framework,”
American Political Science Review
93.
Dispute resolution.pptx
This document discusses conflict resolution and alternative dispute resolution. It begins by defining conflict and explaining conflict theories, particularly focusing on Karl Marx's conflict theory about class struggles. It then discusses the five main conflict resolution strategies according to Thomas-Kilmann: avoiding, competing, accommodating, collaborating, and compromising. The document also summarizes Republic Act No. 9285, the Philippine Alternative Dispute Resolution Act of 2004, which promotes the use of ADR. It defines key ADR terms like arbitration, mediation, mediation-arbitration and explains the state's policy of encouraging the use of ADR.
Cooperation under the security dilemma
This presentation is made by Samin VossoughiRad. American University for Humanities- Tbilisi campus
The security Dilemma is the them of the presentation and it has been explained exactly why states goes to war
Evaluate Your Argument on the IssueIn this chapter you will lear.docx
Evaluate Your Argument on the Issue
In this chapter you will learn how to identify and overcome errors in reasoning. This is a special step that applies only to issues because resolving issues involves finding the most reasonable belief.
Two broad kinds of errors are examined—errors affecting the truth of your ideas and errors affecting the quality of your reasoning. A step-by-step approach to evaluate arguments is also included.
Because your main objective in addressing an issue is not to find the most effective action but to determine the most reasonable belief, your main task in refining an issue is to evaluate your argument to be sure that it is free of error. Two broad kinds of error must be considered. The first affects the truth of the argument’s premises or assertions. The second affects the argument’s validity—that is, the legitimacy of the reasoning by which the conclusion was reached. A sound argument is both true and valid.
Errors Affecting Truth
Errors affecting truth are found by testing the accuracy of the premises and the conclusion as individual statements. The first and most common error in this category is simple factual inaccuracy. If we have investigated the issue properly and have taken care to verify our evidence whenever possible, such errors should not be present. We will therefore limit our consideration to the more subtle and common errors:
· Either/or thinking
· Avoiding the issue
· Overgeneralizing
· Oversimplifying
· Double standard
· Shifting the burden of proof
· Irrational appeal
Either/Or Thinking
This error consists of believing that only two choices are possible in situations in which there are actually more than two choices. A common example of either/or thinking occurs in the creationism-versus-evolution debate. Both sides are often guilty of the error. “The biblical story of creation and scientific evolution cannot both be right,” they say. “It must be either one or the other.” They are mistaken. There is a third possibility: that there is a God who created everything but did so through evolution. Whether this position is the best one may, of course, be disputed. But it is an error to ignore its existence.
Either/or thinking undoubtedly occurs because, in controversy, the spotlight is usually on the most obvious positions, those most clearly in conflict. Any other position, especially a subtle one, is ignored. Such thinking is best overcome by conscientiously searching out all possible views before choosing one. If you find either/or thinking in your position on an issue, ask yourself, “Why must it be one view or the other? Why not both or neither?”
Avoiding the Issue
The attorney was just beginning to try the case in court when her associate learned that their key witness had changed his mind about testifying. The associate handed the attorney this note: “Have no case. Abuse the other side.” That is the form avoiding the issue often takes: deliberately attacking the person with the opposing view i ...
Interest group analysis of Delaware law
Although the prohibition on taking of organizational opportunities is well established, the standards applied to this problem in corporate law disputes are vague and imprecise. Corporate directors and officers lack clear guidance as to when a business venture may be taken for themselves or must first be offered to the corporation. This article reviews the relevant Delaware case law, focusing on the ambiguities inherent therein. It then offers a proposed alternative regime, providing greater certainty and predictability.
The article then turns the question of why Delaware courts have resisted adopting a more determinate standard, such as the one offered here. It argues that — at least in this context — Delaware judges are concerned neither with maximizing the number of Delaware incorporations or promoting the interests of the Delaware bar. Instead, mandatory indeterminacy with respect to corporate opportunities is driven by the Delaware courts’ self-interest in maximizing their reputation.
Tabakian Pols 5 PP10 Fall 2014
This document summarizes the key topics covered in a lecture on Western political thought. The lecture discusses various political and international relations theories such as realism, liberalism, constructivism, and feminism. It also covers related concepts like taxes, manifest destiny, collective security, and the declining prevalence of war. The summaries briefly outline the core ideas and assumptions of each theory or concept addressed in the lecture.
Question 1 which is (DQ5) has 2 questions that has to be answered se.docx
Question 1 which is (DQ5) has 2 questions that has to be answered separetly and then there is DQ10 for a total of 3 questions answered with references for each question.
DQ5
Propose if Libya’s revolution was or was not the impetus for the attacks on the U.S. consulate in Benghazi. Provide two (2) specific reasons to support your rationale.
Analyze the underlying effect that both the powers of transnational roles on state sovereignty and the Westphalia system had on the civil unrest within Syria. Provide two (2) specific examples to support your rationale.
Examine which system - uni-polar, bipolar, or multi-polar - would be the most stable if the U.S. sought to maintain peace and regulate nuclear proliferation through world dominance. Provide two (2) specific examples to support your rationale.
Recommend at least two (2) strategies that any country could use in the effort to reduce the risk of war and armed conflict. Provide specific examples to support your rationale.
Reading:
International Organizations and Transnational Actors
This week we will begin by examining the various types of international organizations, focusing on the United Nations and the European Union. This includes transnational actors, including transnational corporations and transnational advocacy networks, concluding with a discussion of whether the increase in these various actors has led to the end of the Westphalian state system.
International governmental organizations (IGOs) are generally defined as organizations that have memberships of three or more nation-states. Today, there are thousands of these organizations, including the United Nations, the European Union, and the World Trade Organization.
Much like a nation-state, the EU is made up of executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The European Commission acts as the executive branch, while the Council acts as the legislature. The European Parliament is also part of the legislative arm of the organization. The Parliament is the only EU institution whose members are elected directly by the citizens. The European Court of Justice acts as the judicial branch, hearing cases over the meaning of a particular law or handling disputes among EU institutions.
In addition to IGOs, there are also transnational actors, which are actors whose activities cut across state boundaries. There are thousands and thousands of transnational actors, including transnational corporations and international nongovernmental organizations.
Transnational corporations, or TNCs, are companies whose production and sales operations span more than a single country. In an era of globalization, their numbers are increasing rapidly, as even relatively small firms seek international suppliers and markets.
International nongovernmental organizations, or INGOs, include a wide range of nongovernmental, nonbusiness organizations that operate across state boundaries. They are distinguished from IGOs in that their members are individuals, not state.
Political Science 7 – International Relations - Power Point #5
This document provides an overview of several topics discussed in Dr. Tabakian's Political Science 7 course on modern world governments, including: liberal institutionalism and international regimes; collective security; the waning of war; peace studies; democratic peace theory; and feminist approaches to international relations. Key theorists discussed include Kant, Keohane, Nye, and Wendt. The document also summarizes perspectives on gender in war and peace, and the roles and impacts of women in international relations.
Thesis and Summary Statement LebanonThesis The curre.docx
Thesis and Summary Statement: Lebanon
Thesis:
The current Republic government in Lebanon shows lack of any hope for the country to up rise as a liberal democracy because of conflicts with neighboring Syria spilling into Lebanon’s government and the current fragile political institutions.
Summary:
With a horrible war going on in Syria, refugees have made their way into Lebanon. Lebanon has gotten caught in the crossfire of their conflicts. Lebanon is warned that they are rapidly being drawn in to the Syrian civil war. Leaders give no encouragement to citizens, they warn that the worst is yet to come. The problem has been made worse by Hezbollah’s military intervention in Syria, where the party’s fighters are battling alongside President Bashar Assad’s army to defeat rebel groups seeking to overthrow the regime. Because of this spillover, Lebanon has witnessed a serious escalation of sectarian and political tensions and a deterioration of the security situation. The country is looking at economic detieration because of lack of efficient security. The resignation of Prime Minister Najib Mikati’s Cabinet has thrown the political institution into a cabinet deadlock. Also, fear of terrorism has already taken place, being that there has been car bombings and a suicide attack against the Lebanese army. With that there has been a rise of Al-Qaeda-affiliated “takfiri” factions.
Overall, with a weak and unstable government and security, Lebanons control of the Syria conflict does not show efficient democracy.
ACCOUNTING 211
FALL 2014 SEMESTER
Questions for Twitter Article
The attached article appeared in a recent edition of the New York Times.
Please answer the following questions:
1. What is this company Twitter? Trace its’ history from inception up to its initial public offering in November 2013.
2. Indicate how the company is organized, its officers and its revenue sources.
3. Which companies compete with Twitter? How does it compare in size to them?
4. What issues is Twitter facing regarding future growth, privacy and competition?
5. What has been its stock high and low range and what is it currently trading at?
6. Do you use Twitter? If so, for what purposes?
You may use any outside sources to bring depth to your answer as long as you reference your sources.
NOTES
September 9, 2014
This Class: The nature, explanations and consequences of the various ways in which societies determine who has the power to make collective decisions
This requires a method…
· Political science
· Shared standards and tools from hard sciences
1) Empirical, not normative (the way things should be)
· Definitions – describing the world as we see it
· Empirical statements help us..
· Describe phenomena accurately
· Explain and generalize
2) Clearly defined concepts
· Ideas we use to think about the processes we study
· Good conceptrs are:
· Clear, consistent and useful for measuring in the real world
· Example: “Democr ...
Nsc 1v2
The document outlines the Biden administration's interim national security strategic guidance. It discusses the changing global security landscape characterized by challenges like pandemics, climate change, and technological advancements. It identifies priorities like defending American strength at home, promoting a favorable international balance of power, and leading a stable international system through alliances. The guidance stresses renewing partnerships and alliances, especially with NATO, European and Asian allies, while also expanding engagement in regions like the Americas, the Indo-Pacific, the Middle East, and Africa.
Concept that breed violence
The document discusses different concepts related to conflict, including definitions of conflict and reasons why conflicts arise. It describes conflict as a divergence of interests or a belief that competing parties' goals cannot be achieved simultaneously. Conflicts result from perceived differences, the timing of satisfying aspirations, human interactions, and are not inherently violent. The document also discusses types of conflict resolution processes, including win-win resolution which aims for compromise, and win-lose resolution where one party gains an advantage. It provides examples of conflicts being resolved through coercive or non-coercive means.
Realism in the American Foreign Policy
The document summarizes the key tenets of realism in US foreign policy according to Patrick Kallahan's book "Logics of American Foreign Policy". The main points of realism are that international relations is inherently a competition for power, military power is essential for national security, and foreign policy should maintain the balance of power. Realism also holds that morality has no place in foreign relations and states primarily act in their own self-interest. The document then discusses different branches and strategies of realism, such as internal balancing and external balancing, and provides examples of how realism has influenced US foreign policy throughout history.
Privacy In Emerging Technology
This document discusses privacy and emerging technologies. It begins by defining privacy and surveillance. It then discusses trends identified in the Kleiner Perkins Internet Trends Report regarding increasing data collection and security concerns. Various emerging technologies are presented that influence privacy, such as drones, social media, the Internet of Things, and medical technologies like health tracking. Ethical issues around sensitive data from these technologies are raised. Current domestic laws around photography and recording are outlined. International frameworks around communications surveillance and human rights are also mentioned. Treaties and their role in regulating areas like this are briefly explained.
Tabakian Pols 7 Fall/Spring 2014 Power 6
This document provides an overview of several topics covered in a Political Science lecture, including:
- Liberal theories like liberal institutionalism, international regimes, and democratic peace theory.
- Critical theories like constructivism, feminism, and peace studies.
- Concepts related to maintaining peace such as collective security and Kant's theories on republics and international trade promoting peace.
- Challenges to realism from liberal and critical perspectives.
Chapter 16 Whistle-Blowing in NursingCopyright © 2
- Whistle-blowing involves a nurse reporting dangers outside their organization when the organization has not addressed issues through proper internal channels. There are risks to whistle-blowing like retaliation.
- Reasons nurses may not report problems include thinking nothing will be done and loyalty to their employer. However, whistle-blowing is important for patient advocacy and safety.
- There are some legal protections for whistle-blowers but they vary between states and countries. The False Claims Act protects those reporting fraud against the federal government.
Pol 375 Defining Scandal and Corruption
This document provides an introduction to the POL 375 course on the role of government scandals. It discusses reasons for studying scandals, such as understanding why some events become scandals and the effects of inappropriate behavior by public figures. It also presents definitions of key concepts like scandal, corruption, and political scandal. Scandals are defined as involving transgressions that become known and elicit a public response. Corruption refers to actions that deviate from a public role for private gain. The document outlines stages of scandals and possible counter-strategies. It also discusses factors that influence whether actions are seen as more or less corrupt.
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Political Science 7 – International Relations - Power Point #5
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Garments ERP Software in Bangladesh _ Pridesys IT Ltd.pdf
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Lecture 4.pptx
- 1. Lecture #4 Anarchy, the Security Dilemma, and Problems of Credible Commitment
- 2. Anarchy, the Security Dilemma, and Problems of Credible Commitment • Realists emphasize anarchy and two problems that flow from it: the security dilemma and problems of credible commitment • Idealist/liberal counterpoint: anarchy isn’t as constraining as realists insist, thus the resulting problems aren’t as common, serious, or insurmountable as realists contend
- 3. Anarchy •Definition: not chaos or disorder, but the lack of a world government above sovereign states •Implications of anarchy: •Self-help system •Enforcement •Cooperation and trust
- 4. Anarchy •Implications of anarchy: •Self-help system: no world police •Doesn’t imply no consequences for aggressors/cheaters, but sovereign states must choose to impose these consequences •Example: anti-Iraq coalition after Saddam’s invasion of Kuwait
- 5. Anarchy •Implications of anarchy: •Enforcement of international agreements & UN resolutions is often frustrated by state sovereignty and conflicting interests
- 6. Anarchy •Implications of anarchy: •Cooperation and trust are difficult: no global enforcer exists to ensure states abide by treaties, and states must “assume the worst”—focusing on others’ capabilities rather than intentions
- 7. The Security Dilemma •Definition: steps countries take to make themselves more secure can actually make them less secure in the long run •Examples: arms races (Cold War?), missile defense, alliance formation
- 8. World Powers • Middle Powers- In international relations, a middle power is a sovereign state that is not a superpower nor a great power, but still has large or moderate influence and international recognition. • Great Powers- A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. • Balance of Powers- Theory suggests that national security is enhanced when military capability is distributed so that no one state is strong enough to dominate all others.
- 9. Useful metaphor to illustrate this problem is the Prisoner’s Dilemma Game. Imagine you and another person rob a bank but are later arrested but without air-tight evidence. You are placed in separate rooms for interrogation. You are faced with a choice to confess and blame the plan on the other person with the reward of going free or keeping your mouth shut. If you both keep quiet, neither of you may be convicted. If you both confess, you may both get more lenient sentences. What would you do confess or keep quiet?
- 10. The Security Dilemma •A result of anarchy because states must respond to capabilities rather than intentions •Offense/defense balance and ease of distinguishing offensive from defensive weaponry will affect the severity of the dilemma (Jervis)
- 11. Problems of Credible Commitment •Definition: the difficulty states (and other actors) have in credibly (believably) promising to do something that might not be in their interests.
- 12. Problems of Credible Commitment •Examples: •Government facing rebels promises not to seek retribution if rebels disarm •Israeli-Palestinian conflict: Israel promises not to reoccupy Palestinian territories if Palestinians accept restrictions on size of armed forces •In both of these cases, the stronger actor’s promise is not credible to the weaker
- 13. Problems of Credible Commitment •Problem driven by anarchy because there is no higher authority above states that can enforce agreements and prevent states from acting in their self-interests
- 14. Problems of Credible Commitment •Possible solution: have a powerful outside actor that has an interest in protecting the weaker actor guarantee the weaker actor’s security. •The stronger power becomes the enforcer an anarchic system lacks •The strong power’s commitment to intervene is believable given its interests
- 15. Crash Course: End of the Cold War • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9HjvHZfCUI