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Descriptive Geometry
Dr. Tareq Al-
hababi
Sana’a University
Faculty of Engineering
Lecture 1
Introduction and
Projection of Points
Referen
ce:
M. B. Shah, B. C. Rana, 2009 Engineering
Drawing, 2nd Edition, India, Dorling Kindersley
Course Policies:
 The students should have more than 75 % of attendance.
 The students should attend the lectures within 1 minute from starting of the lecture.
 The student should attend the exams on time.
 Assignments & Projects should be submitted on time.
Schedule of Assessment Tasks for Students During the Semester:
Assessment
Type of
Assessment Tasks
Proportion of Final
Assessment
1 Written assignment 10
2 Quizzes. 10
3 Mid-term exam. 20
4 Final-exam. 60
Sum 100%
Introduction: Basics
Chapter 5 : Projections of Points and Lines
Chapter 6 : Projections on Auxiliary Reference Planes
Chapter 7 : Projections of Planes
Chapter 8 : Projections of Solids
Chapter 9 : Sections of Solids
Contents
‫تعريف‬
‫الهندسة‬
‫الوصفية‬
(
Descriptive Geometry
)
:
‫هي‬
‫فرع‬
‫من‬
‫ع‬‫و‬‫فر‬
‫الهندسة‬
‫يركز‬
‫على‬
‫اسة‬‫ر‬‫د‬
‫وتحليل‬
‫شكال‬
‫أ‬
‫ال‬
‫والمجسمات‬
‫الثالث‬
‫ية‬
‫بعاد‬
‫أ‬
‫ال‬
‫وتمثيلها‬
‫على‬
‫مستوى‬
‫ثنائي‬
‫بعاد‬
‫أ‬
‫ال‬
(
‫سطح‬
‫مستو‬
)
.
‫تستخدم‬
‫الهندسة‬
‫الوصفية‬
‫مجموعة‬
‫من‬
‫سس‬
‫أ‬
‫ال‬
‫دوات‬
‫أ‬
‫وال‬
‫الرياضية‬
‫وال‬
‫رسومية‬
‫لتوصيل‬
‫المعلومات‬
‫الهندسية‬
‫ثالثية‬
‫بعاد‬
‫أ‬
‫ال‬
‫بطريقة‬
‫مفهومة‬
‫ودقيقة‬
‫على‬
‫رق‬‫الو‬
‫و‬
‫أ‬
‫ا‬
‫الشاشة‬
.
‫فائدتها‬
:
‫تستعمل‬
‫الهندسة‬
‫الوصفية‬
‫في‬
‫جميع‬
‫ع‬‫و‬‫فر‬
‫الهندسة‬
‫المدنية‬
‫والمعمارية‬
‫والميكانيكية‬
‫حيث‬
‫يعبر‬
‫المهندس‬
‫المصمم‬
‫عن‬
‫فكرة‬
‫ما‬
‫بواسطة‬
‫رسوم‬
‫تعمل‬
‫وفقا‬
‫لقواعد‬
‫الهندسة‬
‫الوصفية‬
.
‫ما‬
‫أ‬
‫ا‬
‫المهندس‬
‫المنفذ‬
‫و‬
‫أ‬
‫ا‬
‫العامل‬
‫المختص‬
‫فانه‬
‫يستند‬
‫الى‬
‫هذه‬
‫الرسوم‬
‫اج‬‫ر‬‫لخ‬
‫ع‬‫و‬‫المشر‬
‫الى‬
‫حيز‬
‫الوجو‬
‫د‬
.
‫فاذا‬
‫كانت‬
‫الرسوم‬
‫هي‬
‫لغة‬
‫المهندسين‬
‫فالهندسة‬
‫الوصفية‬
‫هي‬
‫قواعد‬
‫هذه‬
‫اللغة‬
.
‫ريخها‬
‫أ‬
‫تا‬
:
‫إن‬
‫ثير‬‫ك‬
‫من‬
‫قواعد‬
‫الهندسة‬
‫الوصفية‬
‫كانت‬
‫فة‬‫و‬‫معر‬
‫منذ‬
‫القدم‬
‫إل‬
‫انها‬
‫لم‬
‫تصبح‬
‫علما‬
‫ا‬‫مستقال‬
‫ال‬
‫منذ‬
200
‫سنة‬
‫ا‬‫تقريبا‬
‫عندما‬
‫وضع‬
‫العالم‬
‫نسي‬‫ر‬‫الف‬
‫مونج‬
(1746–1818)
‫سس‬
‫أ‬
‫ا‬
‫هذا‬
‫العلم‬
.
‫طريقة‬
‫اسة‬‫ر‬‫الد‬
:
‫ل‬
‫يمكن‬
‫تعلم‬
‫الهندسة‬
‫الوصفية‬
‫إل‬
‫ثرة‬‫بك‬
‫الرسم‬
‫مع‬
‫ة‬
‫أ‬
‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ق‬
‫الشرح‬
‫ثناء‬
‫أ‬
‫ا‬
‫الرسم‬
.
‫يجب‬
‫اللمام‬
‫ة‬‫ر‬‫بصو‬
‫كافية‬
‫بالنظريات‬
‫ساسية‬
‫أ‬
‫ال‬
‫للهندسة‬
‫اغية‬‫ر‬‫الف‬
‫من‬
‫اجل‬
‫فهم‬
‫الهندسة‬
‫الوصفية‬
‫وترجمة‬
‫فكار‬
‫أ‬
‫ال‬
‫والتصاميم‬
‫الى‬
‫رسوم‬
‫هندسية‬
‫دقيقة‬
‫اضحة‬‫و‬‫و‬
.
‫استها؟‬‫ر‬‫لد‬‫نحتاج‬‫ولماذا‬ ‫الوصفية‬‫الهندسة‬‫هي‬ ‫ما‬

‫توجد‬
‫عالقة‬
‫وثيقة‬
‫بين‬
‫الرسم‬
‫الهندسي‬
‫والهندسة‬
‫الوصفية‬
.

‫تشكل‬
‫الهندسة‬
‫الوصفية‬
‫ساس‬
‫أ‬
‫ال‬
‫النظري‬
‫لفهم‬
‫مبادئ‬
‫اإلسقاط‬
‫والتقاطع‬
‫وتحويل‬
‫الكائنات‬
‫ثال‬
‫ثية‬
‫بعاد‬
‫أ‬
‫ال‬
‫إلى‬
‫مستوى‬
‫ثنائي‬
‫بعاد‬
‫أ‬
‫ال‬
.
‫ويشمل‬
‫مفاهيم‬
‫مثل‬
‫اإلسقاط‬
،‫العمودي‬
‫وإسقاط‬
،‫ر‬‫المنظو‬
‫والمناظر‬
‫المساعدة‬
،
‫الخ‬
.
‫تستخدم‬
‫هذه‬
‫المبادئ‬
‫إلنشاء‬
‫تمثيالت‬
‫دقيقة‬
‫شياء‬
‫أ‬
‫لال‬
‫والهياكل‬
‫في‬
‫الرسومات‬
‫الهندسية‬
.

‫الرسم‬
،‫الهندسي‬
‫باستخدام‬
‫مبادئ‬
‫الهندسة‬
،‫الوصفية‬
‫هو‬
‫التنفيذ‬
‫العملي‬
‫لتلك‬
‫المبادئ‬
‫بطر‬
‫يقة‬
‫موحدة‬
‫ومنهجية‬
.
‫يتضمن‬
‫إنشاء‬
‫رسومات‬
‫ر‬‫تصو‬
‫بدقة‬
‫حجم‬
‫وشكل‬
‫بعاد‬
‫أ‬
‫وا‬
‫ومواصفات‬
‫الكائنات‬
‫و‬
‫أ‬
‫ا‬
‫المكونات‬
.
‫تعمل‬
‫هذه‬
‫ال‬
‫رسومات‬
‫كوسيلة‬
‫للتواصل‬
‫بين‬
‫المهندسين‬
‫والمصممين‬
‫والمصنعين‬
‫صحاب‬
‫أ‬
‫وا‬
‫المصلحة‬
‫خرين‬
‫آ‬
‫ال‬
‫المشارك‬
‫ين‬
‫في‬
‫عملية‬
‫اإلنتاج‬
‫و‬
‫أ‬
‫ا‬
‫البناء‬
.

‫يطلق‬
‫على‬
‫الرسم‬
‫الهندسي‬
‫باللغة‬
‫العالمية‬
‫للمهندسين‬
.
‫الوصفية‬‫بالهندسة‬‫الهندسي‬‫الرسم‬‫عالقة‬

‫لذلك‬
،
‫من‬
‫ي‬‫ر‬‫و‬‫الضر‬
‫ن‬
‫أ‬
‫ا‬
‫تكون‬
‫هناك‬
‫قواعد‬
‫ثابتة‬
‫إلعداد‬
،‫الرسومات‬
‫بحيث‬
‫يتبع‬
‫الشخص‬
‫الذي‬
‫يعد‬
‫الرسم‬
‫والشخص‬
‫الذي‬
‫أ‬
‫ا‬‫ر‬‫يق‬
‫الرسم‬
‫نفس‬
‫القواعد‬
.

‫اإلسقاط‬
‫العمودي‬
:
‫تمثيل‬
‫شياء‬
‫أ‬
‫ال‬
‫المسقطة‬
‫بشكل‬
‫عمودي‬
.

‫يتم‬
‫إعداد‬
‫غالبية‬
‫الرسومات‬
‫الهندسية‬
‫بالعتماد‬
‫على‬
‫اإلسقاط‬
‫العمودي‬
.

‫يتم‬
‫تمثيل‬
‫الكائن‬
‫برسم‬
‫حدود‬
‫جميع‬
‫سطح‬
‫أ‬
‫ا‬
‫الكائن‬
.
‫قد‬
‫تتكون‬
‫حدود‬
‫السطح‬
‫من‬
‫خطوط‬
‫مستقيمة‬
‫و‬
‫أ‬
‫ا‬
‫خطوط‬
‫منحنية‬
‫و‬
‫أ‬
‫ا‬
‫كليهما‬
.
‫ا‬‫ر‬‫نظ‬
‫ن‬
‫أ‬
‫ل‬
‫كل‬
‫خط‬
‫منحني‬
‫و‬
‫أ‬
‫ا‬
‫مستقيم‬
‫يتكو‬
‫ن‬
‫من‬
‫عدد‬
‫من‬
،‫النقاط‬
‫فإن‬
‫نظرية‬
‫اإلسقاطات‬
‫العمودية‬
‫أ‬
‫تبدا‬
‫منطقيا‬
‫بإسقاط‬
‫النقاط‬
.
‫الوصفية‬‫بالهندسة‬‫الهندسي‬‫الرسم‬‫عالقة‬
Standard sizes of drawing paper
A7 A7
A6
A4
A3
A2
A1 A0
841
mm
1189 mm
A5
Note: The table data and the followed
margin measurements will be introduced by
the teaching assistants in the section time.
Preparing the sheet
Title block should contain:
 name,
 title,
 date,
 scale,
 drawing number and
 etc.
Top margin
Bottom
margin
Right
margin
Left
margin
Symbolic lines
• Note: The lines of one drawing must be
of equal thickness.
Lines of
symmetry
Visible edges
Visible
outlines
Centre
lines
Hidden
outlines
Hidden
edges
FIGURE 2.1 A stainless steel glass drawn using
symbolic lines
(a)- (ii)
(g)- (i)
(a)- (i)
(f)- (i)
(f)- (ii)
(g)- (ii)
FIGURE
1.3
A
compass
Drawing tools
• Drawing papers
• Pencils
• Erasers
45o 60o
30o
45o
Chapter 5
Projections of Points and Lines
Elements of descriptive geometry
Point
Plane Line
B
m = AB
A
point
line
Orthographic projection
VP
P’
P
Projector
An observer at
infinity in front of
a plane
FIGURE 5.1 A plane of projection
X
Y
Names and definitions
FIGURE 5.2’ The vertical and horizontal planes of projection
Vertical Plane (VP) = Y axis
Front view (FV) = Front elevation = elevation = 𝑝′
Horizontal Plane (HP) = X axis
Top view (TV) = Top plane = simply plane = 𝑝
The line of intersection of the HP and the VP is
known as hinge line or ground line or reference
line or (XY line).
X
Y
1
2
3
4
1
2
3 4
FIGURE 5.2 The vertical and horizontal planes of projection
The dihedral angles or quadrant numbers
Location
Dihedral Angle or
Quadrant Number
In front of the VP, above the HP First
Behind the VP, above the HP Second
Behind the VP, below the HP Third
In front of the VP, below the HP Fourth
TABLE 5.1 The dihedral angles or quadrant
numbers
#
The End of
Lecture 1

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Lec 1- introduction.pptx

Editor's Notes

  1. الأحجام القياسية لورق الرسم
  2. تحضير الورقة يجب أن تحتوي كتلة العنوان على: اسم عنوان تاريخ مِقياس رسم رقم الرسم و الخ. ملاحظة: سيتم تقديم بيانات الجدول وقياسات الهامش المتبعة من قبل مساعدي التدريس في وقت التمارين.
  3. خطوط رمزية: الخطوط الرمزية هي أنواع محددة من الخطوط المستخدمة في الرسومات الهندسية لتمثيل ميزات معينة أو نقل معلومات معينة و تستخدم للإشارة إلى شروط أو متطلبات محددة. فيما يلي بعض الأنواع الشائعة من الخطوط الرمزية المستخدمة في الرسومات الهندسية. يجب أن تكون خطوط الرسم الواحد متساوية السماكة.