Introduction
• Thermodynamics isthe study of energy, heat,
and work.
• It describes how energy moves and changes
form.
• The laws of thermodynamics apply to all
physical systems.
3.
Zeroth Law ofThermodynamics
• If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium
with a third system, they are in thermal
equilibrium with each other.
• Defines temperature and forms the basis for
temperature measurement.
4.
First Law ofThermodynamics
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can
only change forms.
• Also known as the Law of Energy
Conservation.
• Mathematical form: ΔU = Q - W
5.
Second Law ofThermodynamics
• Entropy of an isolated system always increases
over time.
• Heat flows spontaneously from hot to cold
objects.
• It is impossible to convert all heat into work.
6.
Third Law ofThermodynamics
• As temperature approaches absolute zero, the
entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero.
• Absolute zero cannot be reached in a finite
number of steps.
7.
Applications of Thermodynamics
•Heat engines and refrigerators.
• Chemical reactions and phase changes.
• Power plants and renewable energy systems.
