This will help bengali students understand properly about contract law.

1. Pzw³ AvBb
Law of Contract
f~wgKv
Pzw³ GKwU AwZ cÖvPxb mvgvwRK e¨e¯’v| mgvRe×fv‡e emev‡mi mgq †_‡KB Pzw³i DrcwË I weKvk|
1872 mv‡j e„wUkiv me©cÖ_g cvK-fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡k Pzw³ AvBb cvm K‡ib| †`k ¯^vax‡bi ci 1972
mv‡ji 1g cvj©v‡g‡›U ÒcyivZb AvBb envj Aa¨v‡`kÓ Gi gva¨‡g Pzw³ AvBb‡K envj Kiv nq Ges 1jv
†m‡Þ¤^i 1972 mvj †_‡K G‡`‡k Pzw³ AvBbwU Kvh©Ki Kiv nq|
GB BDwb‡U Pzw³ AvB‡bi msÁv, Pzw³i ˆewkó¨, cÖ¯Íve I ¯^xK…wZ, cÖwZ`vb, Pzw³i †kªYx web¨vm, ¯^vaxb mvq,
D‡Ïk¨ I cÖwZ`v‡bi ˆeaZv, Pzw³ cvjb, Pzw³i cwimgvwß Ges Pzw³ f‡½i cÖwZKvi m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ
Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
BDwbU
1

2. weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 2
Pzw³ I Gi ˆewkó¨
(Contract and its Characteristics)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb -
Pzw³i msÁv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
Pzw³i Acwinvh© ˆewkó¨mg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
ÔmKj Pzw³B m¤§wZ wKš‘ mKj m¤§wZ Pzw³ bq-wKbv eywS‡q ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
Pzw³ (Contract) t m¤§wZ †_‡KB Pzw³i DrcwË n‡q _v‡K| `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb †Kvb Kvh©
Kiv ev Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vKvi e¨vcv‡i GKgZ ev m¤§Z n‡Z cv‡i, AvB‡bi mvnv‡h¨ ejer†hvM¨ Giƒc
m¤§wZB Pzw³| Pzw³i KÕwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ msÁv n‡jv t
1. evsjv‡`‡k ejer†hvM¨ Pyw³ AvB‡bi 2(R) avivq ejv n‡q‡Q AvB‡bi mvnv‡h¨ ejer†hvM¨ m¤§wZ‡K
Pzw³ e‡j| (‘An agreement enforceable by law is a contract’ (Sec 2(H), Contract Act.
1872)
2. Frederik Pollock Gi g‡Z AvB‡bi mvnv‡h¨ ejer†hvM¨ cÖ‡Z¨KwU m¤§wZ I cÖwZkÖywZ‡K Pzw³ e‡j|
(‘Every agreement and promise enforceable at law is a contract’.)
3. Salmond Gi g‡Z wewfbœ c‡¶i g‡a¨ `vq m„wó Ges wbw`©ó K‡i †h m¤§wZ mvwaZ nq Zv‡K Pzw³
e‡j| (‘A Contract is an agreement creating and defining obligations between the
parties.’)
Dc‡ii msÁv¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv K‡i ejv hvq †h Pzw³i ‡gŠwjK ‰ewkó¨ 2wU :-
1. GKwU m¤§wZ _vK‡e (One agreement); Ges
2. m¤§wZwU AvBb Øviv ejer†hvM¨ n‡e (It is enforceable by law)|
‡hgb ÔKÕ ÔLÕ †K Lvev‡i wbgš¿Y Ki‡jv Ges ÔLÕ ivRx n‡j| myZivs GUv cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ| wKš‘ ÔLÕ
wbgš¿Y i¶v bv Ki‡j ÔKÕ Zvi weiy‡× Av`vj‡Z gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| KviY GUv mvgvwRK e¨vcvi|
Av`vjZ Zv‡Z n¯—‡¶c Ki‡e bv| AZGe Lvevi wbgš¿Y m¤§wZ n‡jI Pzw³ bq|
Aciw`‡K, ÔKÕ ÔLÕ †K Zvi evoxwU 50 j¶ UvKvq µ‡qi cÖ¯Íve w`j Ges ÔLÕ ivRx n‡jv| GUv cvi¯úwiK
m¤§wZ Ges Gi Øviv ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ `vq m„wó n‡q‡Q| AZGe, †h m¤§wZ ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ `vq m„wó K‡i
Ges hv GKc¶ cvj‡b e¨_© n‡j Aci c¶ Av`vj‡Z ¶wZc~i‡Yi gvgjv `v‡qi Ki‡Z cv‡i ‡mUvB Pzw³|
myZivs GKwU Pzw³, m¤§wZ I `vq -GB `yB aviYvi Ac~e© wgj‡b msNwUZ nq|
Pzw³i ˆewkó¨ (Characteristics of Contract)
Pzw³i Avek¨Kxq ˆewkó¨ (Essential elements of contract)- Pzw³ AvB‡bi 2(R) aviv g‡Z AvB‡bi
mvnv‡h¨ ejer†hvM¨ m¤§wZ‡K Pzw³ e‡j| Pzw³‡Z m¤§wZ Ges Zv AvBb Øviv ejer †hvM¨ n‡Z n‡e| m¤§wZ
AvBb Øviv ejer†hvM¨ n‡Z n‡j Zv‡Z wKQz Avek¨Kxq Dcv`v‡bi Dcw¯’wZ cÖ‡qvRb, hv wbgœiƒc :-

3. e¨emvq AvBb
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 3
1. GKvwaK c¶ (Plurality of Member)
2. cÖ¯Íve I ¯^xK…wZ (Offer Acceptance)
3. AvBbMZ m¤úK© (Legal Relationship)
4. AvBbMZ cÖwZ`vb (Lawful Consideration)
5. Pzw³ m¤úv`b †hvM¨Zv (Capacity to Contract)
6. ¯^vaxb m¤§wZ (Free Consent)
7. D‡Ï‡k¨i ˆeaZv (Legality of the object)
8. wbw`©óZv (Certainty)
9. m¤úv`‡bi m¤¢ve¨Zv (Possibility of Performance)
10. wjwLZ I wbewÜZ (Written Registered)
1. GKvwaK c¶ (Plurality of Member) t Pzw³‡Z GKvwaK c¶ _vK‡Z n‡e| wb‡R wb‡R KL‡bv
Pzw³ nq bv| †hgb - µq-weµ‡qi Pzw³‡Z GKc¶ †µZv I Acic¶ we‡µZv|
2. cÖ¯Íve I ¯^xK…wZ (Offer Acceptance) t Pzw³i g~j Dcv`vb cÖ¯Íve cÖ`vb Ges ¯^xK…wZ| Pzw³‡Z
GK c¶ cÖ¯—ve Ki‡e Ges Aci c¶ ¯^xK…wZ †`‡e| GK c‡¶i cÖ¯Ív‡e Aci c¶ m¤§wZ w`‡jB Zv
Pzw³‡Z cwiYZ n‡e| G Rb¨ cÖ¯Íve I ¯^xK…wZ AvBbm½Z n‡Z n‡e| A_©vr, evsjv‡`‡k Kvh©Kix Pzw³
AvB‡bi ewY©Z weavb Abyhvqx cÖ¯Íve Dc¯’vcb Ges ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb n‡Z n‡e|
3. AvBbMZ m¤úK© (Legal Relationship) t Pzw³ Øviv Dfq c‡¶i g‡a¨ AvBbMZ m¤úK© m„wói B‡”Q
_vK‡Z n‡e| wbgš¿Y, ågY, wm‡bgv †`Lvi m¤§wZ‡Z AvBbMZ m¤úK© m„wó nq bv Ges Giƒc m¤§wZ
f‡½i Rb¨ ¶wZc~iY w`‡Z nq bv| wKš‘ cY¨ µq-weµ‡qi m¤§wZ ev weev‡ni m¤§wZ n‡jv ˆea Pzw³
Ges Gi Øviv AvBbMZ m¤ú‡K©i m„wó nq| †hgb - †µZv-we‡µZv, ¯^vgx-¯¿x| G‡¶‡Î ‡Kvb c¶
m¤§wZ f½ Ki‡j ¶wZc~iY w`‡Z nq|
4. AvBbMZ cÖwZ`vb (Lawful Consideration) t Pzw³ Øviv Dfq c¶‡K ci¯ú‡ii wbKU ‡_‡K wKQz
†c‡Z Ges wKQz w`‡Z n‡e| wKQz †c‡Z wM‡q wKQz †`qv‡K ev wKQz w`‡q wKQz cvIqv‡K cÖwZ`vb e‡j|
cÖwZ`vb Qvov Pzw³ nq bv| cÖwZ`vb AvBbm½Z nIqv PvB| Bnv eZ©gvb, AZxZ, fwel¨Z n‡Z cv‡i|
5. Pzw³ m¤úv`b †hvM¨Zv (Capacity to Contract) t Pzw³e× c¶mg~‡ni Zv m¤úv`‡bi †hvM¨Zv
_vK‡Z n‡e| Pzw³ AvB‡bi 11 aviv g‡Z - mvevjK I my¯’ Ges AvBb KZ©„K A‡hvM¨ we‡ewPZ bq
Ggb mK‡jB Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi †hvM¨| bvevjK, cvMj Ges †`Dwjqv e¨w³ Pzw³ m¤úv`‡b A‡hvM¨|
6. ¯^vaxb m¤§wZ (Free Consent) t Pzw³i Rb¨ cÖ`Ë cÖwZkÖywZ Aek¨B ¯^vaxb n‡e| Pzw³ AvB‡b 14
aviv g‡Z - †Kvb m¤§wZ ej cÖ‡qvM, AbywPZ cÖfve, wg_¨v eY©bv, cÖZviYv ev fy‡ji ekeZ©x bv n‡q
cÖ`Ë n‡j Zv‡K ¯^vaxb m¤§wZ e‡j| ¯^vaxb m¤§wZ bv _vK‡j Pzw³ evwZj‡hvM¨ n‡e|
7. D‡Ï‡k¨i ˆeaZv (Legality of the object) t Pzw³i D‡Ïk¨ Aek¨B ‰ea n‡e| A‰ea, bxwZ I
Rb¯^v_© we‡ivax D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖ`Ë m¤§wZ Øviv Pzw³ n‡e bv| D‡Ïk¨ A‰ea Pzw³ evwZj e‡j MY¨| †hgb -
A‰ea, bxwZ I Rb¯^v_© we‡ivax Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖ`Ë m¤§wZ ˆea bq| ZvB A‰ea e‡j cÖ`Ë m¤§wZ Pzw³
wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e bv|
8. wbw`©óZv (Certainty) t Pzw³i welqe¯‘ Aek¨B mywbw`©ó n‡e| Pzw³ AvB‡bi 29 aviv g‡Z m¤§wZ
wbw`©ó Kiv bv n‡j Zv evwZj e‡j MY¨ nq| ¯úó eySv bv †M‡j ev wbw`©ó Kiv bv †M‡j H m¤§wZ

4. weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 4
evwZj e‡j MY¨ n‡e| †hgb - (1) GK N‡ii 1000 e¯Ívi K‡qK e¯Ív wewµi m¤§wZ; Ges (2) Kvh©
†k‡l wKQz UvKv †`evi m¤§wZ| G¸‡jv mywbw`©ó bq e‡j evwZj e‡j MY¨ n‡e|
9. m¤úv`‡bi m¤¢ve¨Zv (Possibility of Performance) t Pzw³i welqe¯‘ cvjb‡hvM¨ n‡Z n‡e| cvjb
Am¤¢e Kv‡h©i m¤§wZ Pzw³ bq| Pzw³ AvB‡bi 56 aviv g‡Z Am¤¢e Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi Pzw³ evwZj e‡j
MY¨ nq| †hgb- (1) UvKvi wewbg‡q RxweZ‡K g„Zy¨/g„Zy¨‡K RxweZ Kiv; ev (2) Puv‡` wb‡q hvevi
Pzw³| G¸‡jv m¤úv`b Am¤¢e e‡j Pzw³ bq|
10. wjwLZ I wbewÜZ (Written Registered) t Pzw³ e¨³ ev Ae¨³ n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi †¶Î
we‡k‡l wjwLZ A_ev wjwLZ I wbewÜZ n‡Z cv‡i| hw` kZ© _v‡K †h wjwLZ ev wjwLZ I wbewÜZ n‡e
Z‡e, Zv bv n‡j ejer†hvM¨ n‡e bv| †hgb - Rwg wewµi Pzw³, wjwLZ I wbewÜZ n‡e|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avcwb wbðqB eyS‡Z cvi‡Qb †h, Pzw³i †¶‡Î ïay cÖ¯Íve I m¤§wZB h‡_ó bq|
cÖ¯Íve I m¤§wZi mv‡_ GmKj Dcv`v‡bi GKwÎZ Dcw¯’wZ _vKv Pzw³i Rb¨ Acwinvh©| Ab¨_vq AvB‡bi
mvnv‡h¨ ejer‡hvM¨ Kiv hvq bv|
(1) mKj Pzw³B m¤§wZ wKš‘ mKj m¤§wZ Pzw³ bq - e¨vL¨v Kiyb| (All contracts are agreement,
but all agreements are not contracts - Explain.)
(2) AvB‡bi Øviv ejer‡hvM¨ m¤§wZB Pzw³ - e¨vL¨v Kiyb| (A contract is an agreement
enforecable by law - Explain.)
DËi t
mnR K_vq `yB c‡¶i cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ‡K Pzw³ ejv nq| wKš‘ Pzw³ AvB‡b Bnv‡K Pzw³ e‡j MY¨ Kiv hvq
bv| Pzw³ AvB‡bi 2 (R) Abyhvqx AvB‡bi mvnv‡h¨ ejer†hvM¨ m¤§wZ‡K Pzw³| Frederik Pollock -Gi
g‡Z AvB‡bi mvnv‡h¨ ejer†hvM¨ cÖ‡Z¨KwU m¤§wZ I cÖwZkÖywZ‡K Pzw³ e‡j| †Kvb m¤§wZ AvB‡bi mvnv‡h¨
ejer†hvM¨ n‡Z n‡j Zv‡Z Pzw³ AvB‡b ewY©Z Dcv`vbmg~‡ni Dcw¯’wZ Avek¨K| h_v t
1. GKvwaK c¶ (Plurality of Member) t Pzw³‡Z GKvwaK c¶ _vK‡Z n‡e| wb‡R wb‡R KL‡bv
Pzw³ nq bv| †hgb - µq-weµ‡qi Pzw³‡Z GKc¶ †µZv I Aci c¶ we‡µZv|
2. cÖ¯Íve I ¯^xK…wZ (Offer Acceptance) t Pzw³i g~j Dcv`vb cÖ¯Íve cÖ`vb Ges ¯^xK…wZ| Pzw³‡Z
GK c¶ cÖ¯Íve Ki‡e Ges Aci c¶ ¯^xK…wZ †`‡e| GK c‡¶i cÖ¯Ív‡e Aci c¶ m¤§wZ w`‡jB Zv
Pzw³‡Z cwiYZ n‡e| G Rb¨ cÖ¯Íve I ¯^xK…wZ AvBbm½Z n‡Z n‡e| A_©vr, evsjv‡`‡k Kvh©Ki Pzw³
AvB‡bi ewY©Z weavb Abyhvqx cÖ¯Íve Dc¯’vcb Ges ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb n‡Z n‡e|
3. AvBbMZ m¤úK© (Legal Relationship) t Pzw³ Øviv Dfq c‡¶i g‡a¨ AvBbMZ m¤úK© m„wói B‡”Q
_vK‡Z n‡e| wbgš¿Y, ågY, wm‡bgv †`Lvi m¤§wZ‡Z AvBbMZ m¤úK© m„wó nq bv Ges Giƒc m¤§wZ
f‡½i Rb¨ ¶wZc~iY w`‡Z nq bv| wKš‘ cY¨ µq-weµ‡qi m¤§wZ ev weev‡ni m¤§wZ n‡jv ˆea Pzw³
Ges Gi Øviv AvBbMZ m¤ú‡K©i m„wó nq| †hgb - †µZv-we‡µZv, ¯^vgx-¯¿x| G‡¶‡Î ‡Kvb c¶
m¤§wZ f½ Ki‡j ¶wZc~iY w`‡Z nq|
4. AvBbMZ cÖwZ`vb (Lawful Consideration) t Pzw³ Øviv Dfq c¶‡K ci¯ú‡ii wbKU ‡_‡K wKQz
†c‡Z Ges wKQz w`‡Z n‡e| wKQz †c‡Z wM‡q wKQz †`qv‡K ev wKQz w`‡q wKQz cvIqv‡K cÖwZ`vb e‡j|
cÖwZ`vb Qvov Pzw³ nq bv| cÖwZ`vb AvBbm½Z nIqv PvB| Bnv eZ©gvb, AZxZ, fwel¨r n‡Z cv‡i|
5. Pzw³ m¤úv`b †hvM¨Zv (Capacity to Contract) t Pzw³e× c¶mg~‡ni Zv m¤úv`‡bi †hvM¨Zv
_vK‡Z n‡e| Pzw³ AvB‡bi 11 aviv g‡Z - mvevjK I my¯’ Ges AvBb KZ©„K A‡hvM¨ we‡ewPZ bq
Ggb mK‡jB Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi †hvM¨| bvevjK, cvMj Ges †`Dwjqv Pzw³ m¤úv`‡b A‡hvM¨|

5. e¨emvq AvBb
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 5
6. ¯^vaxb m¤§wZ (Free Consent) t Pzw³i Rb¨ cÖ`Ë cÖwZkÖywZ Aek¨B ¯^vaxb n‡e| Pzw³ AvB‡b 14
aviv g‡Z - †Kvb m¤§wZ ej cÖ‡qvM, AbywPZ cÖfve, wg_¨v eY©bv, cÖZviYv ev fy‡ji ekeZ©x bv n‡q
cÖ`Ë n‡j Zv‡K ¯^vaxb m¤§wZ e‡j| ¯^vaxb m¤§wZ bv _vK‡j Pzw³ evwZj‡hvM¨ n‡e|
7. D‡Ï‡k¨i ˆeaZv (Legality of the object) t Pzw³i D‡Ïk¨ Aek¨B ‰ea n‡e| A‰ea bxwZ I
Rb¯^v_© we‡ivax D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖ`Ë m¤§wZ Øviv Pzw³ n‡e bv| D‡Ïk¨ A‰ea Pzw³ evwZj e‡j MY¨| †hgb -
A‰ea, bxwZ I Rb¯^v_© we‡ivax Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖ`Ë m¤§wZ ˆea bq| ZvB A‰ea e‡j cÖ`Ë m¤§wZ Pzw³
wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e bv|
8. wbw`©óZv (Certainty) t Pzw³i welqe¯‘ Aek¨B mywbw`©ó n‡e| Pzw³ AvB‡bi 29 aviv g‡Z m¤§wZ
wbw`©ó K‡i bv n‡j Zv evwZj e‡j MY¨ nq| ¯úó eySv bv †M‡j ev wbw`©ó Kiv bv †M‡j H m¤§wZ
evwZj e‡j MY¨ n‡e| †hgb - (1) GK N‡ii 1000 e¯Ívi K‡qK e¯Ív wewµi m¤§wZ; Ges (2) Kvh©
†k‡l wKQz UvKv †`evi m¤§wZ| G¸‡jv mywbw`©ó bq e‡j evwZj e‡j MY¨ n‡e|
9. m¤úv`‡bi m¤¢ve¨Zv (Possibility of Performance) t Pzw³i welqe¯‘ cvjb‡hvM¨ n‡Z n‡e| cvjb
Am¤¢e Kv‡h©i m¤§wZ Pzw³ bq| Pzw³ AvB‡bi 56 aviv g‡Z Am¤¢e Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi Pzw³ evwZj e‡j
MY¨ nq| †hgb- (1) UvKvi wewbg‡q RxweZ‡K g„Zy¨/g„Zy¨‡K RxweZ Kiv; ev (2) Puv‡` wb‡q hvevi
Pzw³| G¸‡jv m¤úv`b Am¤¢e e‡j Pzw³ bq|
10. wjwLZ I wbewÜZ (Written Registered) t Pzw³ e¨³ ev Ae¨³ n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi †¶Î
we‡k‡l wjwLZ A_ev wjwLZ I wbewÜZ n‡Z cv‡i| hw` kZ© _v‡K †h Pzw³ wjwLZ ev wjwLZ I wbewÜZ
n‡e Z‡e, Zv bv n‡j ejer†hvM¨ n‡e bv| †hgb - Rwg wewµi Pzw³, wjwLZ I wbewÜZ n‡e|
cvV ms‡¶c
m¤§wZ †_‡KB nq Pzw³| `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb †Kvb KvR Kiv ev Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vKvi Rb¨
m¤§Z n‡j Ges Zv AvB‡bi Øviv ejer‡hvM¨ n‡jB Pzw³ e‡j MY¨ n‡e| Pzw³i †gŠwjK ˆewkó¨ `yÕwU h_v-
K. GKwU m¤§wZ _vK‡e Ges
L. m¤§wZwU AvB‡bi mvnv‡h¨ ejer‡hvM¨ n‡e|
Pzw³ ˆewkó¨vejxi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q-
GKvwaK c¶, cÖ¯Íve I ¯^xK…wZ, AvBbMZ m¤úK©, AvBbMZ cÖwZ`vb, Pzw³ m¤úv`b‡hvM¨Zv, ¯^vaxbZv|
D‡Ï‡k¨i ˆeaZv, wbw`©óZv, m¤úv`‡bi m¤¢ve¨Zv, wjwLZ I wbewÜZ| m¤§wZ †_‡KB Pzw³ DrcwË nq| ZvB
†Kvb m¤§wZ‡K AvB‡bi mvnv‡h¨ ejer Ki‡Z †M‡j Zv‡Z Pzw³ AvBb ewY©Z Dcv`vb¸‡jvi Dcw¯’wZ AwZ
Avek¨K| Ab¨_vq Zv Pzw³ n‡e bv| GRb¨B ejv nq mKj Pzw³B m¤§wZ, wKš‘ mKj m¤§wZB Pzw³ bq|

6. weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 6
cÖ¯Íve I ¯^xK…wZ (Offer Acceptance)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb -
cÖ¯Íve Gi msÁv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
cÖ¯Íve m¤ú„³ wbqgvejx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
¯^xK…wZi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
¯^xK…wZi wbqgvejx eySv‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
cÖ¯Íve cÖZ¨vnv‡ii cš’v eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
cÖ¯Íve (Offer) t Pzw³i cÖ_g Acwinvh© Dcv`vb nj cÖ¯Íve | cÖ¯Ív‡ei Av‡jv‡KB ¯^xK…wZ/m¤§wZ cvIqv
hvq| 1872 mv‡ji Pzw³ AvB‡bi 2(K) avivq ejv n‡q‡Q- m¤§wZ cvevi D‡Ï‡k¨ hLb GKRb e¨w³ Aci
e¨w³i wbKU †Kvb KvR Kiv ev Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vKvi B‡”Q cÖKvk K‡i, ZLb ejv nq cÖ_g e¨w³ wØZxq
e¨w³i wbKU GKwU cÖ¯—ve K‡i‡Q|
†hgb - ÔKÕ ÔLÕ †K ej‡jv Avgvi MvoxwU 4 jvL UvKvq wKb‡Z cv‡iv| GUv ÔLÕ Gi wbKU ÔKÕ Gi cÖ¯Íve |
GLv‡b ÔKÕ cÖ¯ÍveKvix (Offeror) ev cÖwZkÖywZ`vZv (Promisor)| ÔLÕ cÖ¯ÍveMÖnxZv (Offeree) ev
cÖwZkÖywZMÖnxZv (Promisee)| hw` ÔLÕ 4 jvL UvKvq Mvox wKb‡Z ivRx nq Z‡e †m n‡e cÖwZkÖywZMÖnxZv ev
¯^xK…wZ`vZv (Acceptor)| hvi wbKU cÖ¯Íve Kiv nq; wZwb Zv‡Z m¤§wZ w`‡j cÖ¯Íve M„nxZ nq| cÖ¯Íve
M„nxZ n‡j Zv‡K cÖwZkÖywZ e‡j [2(L) aviv]|
cÖ¯Íve m¤ú„³ wbqgvejx (Rules regarding offer) t Ac‡ii m¤§wZ cvevi Avkvq cÖ¯Íve †ck Kiv nq|
ZvB cÖ¯Íve Aek¨B wbqg Abyhvqx n‡e| Pzw³ AvBb Abyhvqx cÖ¯Íve m¤ú„³ wbqgvejx wbgœiƒc :
1. cÖ¯Íve e¨³ ev Ae¨³ DfqB n‡Z cv‡i (Proposal can be both expressed or implied) t
cÖ¯Íve e e¨³ ev Ae¨³ `yB fv‡eB Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq| h_v t-
K) e¨³ cÖ¯Íve t wjwLZ ev †gŠwLK K_v ev fvlvi mvnv‡h¨ †h cÖ¯Íve Kiv nq Zv‡K e¨³ cÖ¯Íve e‡j|
†hgb- mv¶vrKvi, †Uwj‡dvb, wPwV, weÁvcb BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g cÖ¯Íve e¨³ Kiv hvq|
L) Ae¨³ ev aviYvg~jK cÖ¯Íve t AvPvi-AvPiY ev nve fv‡ei Øviv cÖ¯Íve Kiv n‡j, Zv‡K Ae¨³ ev
aviYvg~jK cÖ¯Íve ejv nq|
2. cÖ¯Íve †Kvb wbw`©ó e¨w³, wbw`©ó †kªYx ev me© mvavi‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ Kiv hvq (Offer can be made for
perticular person, class or people at large) t cÖ¯Íve wbw`©ó e¨w³, wbw`©ó †kªYx ev
me©mvavi‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ †ck Kiv hvq| †hgb -
K. wbw`©ó e¨w³ t 'A' 'B'-†K ej‡jv Avgvi evwowU 5 jvL UvKvq wKb‡e? GwU wbw`©ó e¨w³i wbKU
cÖ¯Íve|

7. e¨emvq AvBb
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 7
L. wbw`©ó †kªYx t K¬v‡k eB nviv‡bv| K¬v‡k mevi D‡Ï‡k¨ †NvlYv ‡`qv n‡jv †h eBwU cvIqv †M‡j cyi¯‹vi †`qv
n‡e|
M. me©mvaviY t me©mvaviY‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i Giƒc cÖ¯Íve †ck Kiv nq| †hgb awi‡q w`b, bvg AvnŸvb,
bZzb gy‡Li mÜv‡b| G¸‡jv me©mvavi‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ †ckK…Z cÖ¯Íve |
3. cÖ¯Íve kZ©vaxb n‡Z cv‡i (Offer can be conditinal) t cÖ¯Íve kZ©vaxb n‡Z cv‡i Ges GKvwaK
kZ©I Zv‡Z _vK‡Z cv‡i; wKš‘ kZ© hyw³nxb ev Ab¨vq n‡e bv|
K. kZ© my¯úófv‡e D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e| Giƒc †¶‡Î Aci c¶ †`‡L bvB ev ey‡S bvB Giƒc e‡j Pzw³
cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
L. kZ© Aek¨B hyw³m½Zfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| hv‡Z Aci c¶ Rvb‡Z Ges eyS‡Z cv‡i|
Ab¨_vq H kZ© cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e bv|
M. kZ© KL‡bvB hyw³nxb ev Ab¨vq n‡e bv| kZ© Aek¨B hyw³m½Z I b¨vh¨ n‡e| Ab¨_vq ejer‡hvM¨
n‡e bv|
4. cÖ¯Ív‡ei kZ© mywbw`©ó nIqv Avek¨K (Terms of offer must be definite) t cÖ¯Ív‡ei kZ©vejx me
mgqB mywbw`©ó I mywbwðZ n‡Z n‡e| Awbw`©ó ev A¯úó cÖ¯Íve KL‡bvB cÖ¯Íve wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e bv| †hgb
- GKRb wPÎKi‡K ejv n‡jv Avgvi Qwe Gu‡K w`‡j wKQz UvKv †`‡ev| GLv‡b UvKvi cwigvY A¯úó, ZvB
GwU cÖ¯Íve bq|
5. ïaygvÎ B”Qv cÖKvk ev wee„wZ cÖ¯Íve b‡n (Mere declaration of intention or statement is
not an offer) t m¤§wZ jv‡fi D‡Ïk¨ QvovB †Kvb B”Qv, e³e¨ ev wee„wZ cÖ`vb‡K AvBbZ cÖ¯—ve
wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv hvq bv| †hgb - evev Zvi †g‡qi ney ¯^vgx‡K ej‡jv, Avgv‡`i g„Zz¨i ci mKj
m¤úwË †g‡q cv‡e| GUv ïay B‡”Q cÖKvk, cÖ¯Íve wn‡m‡e MY¨ bq|
6. cÖ¯Íve I cÖ¯Ív‡ei Avgš¿Y GK bq (Offer and invitation to an offer is not be same) t
cÖ¯Íve I cÖ¯Ív‡ei Avgš¿Y GK bq| g~j¨ ZvwjKv wewj Kiv cÖ¯Ív‡ei Avgš¿Y, cÖ¯Íve bq| †hgb- KzKzi
nvwi‡q wM‡q‡Q, †c‡j 500 UvKv cyi¯‹vi, GUv cÖ¯Íve | wKš‘ g~j¨ 10 UvKv, 9 Uvq †Uªb Qvo‡e, XvKv
n‡Z Kzwóqv 250 UvKv Ges 4000 UvKv †eZ‡b wnmve i¶K PvB - G¸‡jv cÖ¯Ív‡ei Avgš¿Y, cÖ¯Íve
bq| G cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z hw` †Kn 10 UvKv w`‡Z ivRx nq, 9 Uvi †Uª‡b D‡V, hw` †Kn ev‡m D‡V,
wnmvei¶K c‡` Av‡e`b K‡i Z‡e Zv cÖ¯Íve wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e| we‡µZv H cÖ¯Íve MÖnY bvI Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
7. cÖ¯Íve, cÖ¯ÍveMÖnxZv‡K Rvbv‡Z n‡e (Offer must be communicated to be offeree) t hvi Rb¨
cÖ¯—ve Zv‡K Zv Rvbv‡Z n‡e Ab¨_vq †m ¯^xK…wZ w`‡Z cvi‡e bv| †Kn cÖ¯Íve bv †R‡b cÖ¯ÍvweZ KvR
K‡i w`‡jI Pzw³i m„wó nq bv Ges cvwikªvwgK cv‡e bv| ‡hgb-Lalmon Vs. Gouri Dutt 11
A.L.J. 489 gvgjvi K_v D‡jøL Kiv hvq| †MŠix `‡Ëi åvZz¯úyÎ nviv‡bv †Mj| †c‡j 501 UvKv
cyi¯‹vi †NvlYv Kiv n‡jv| euv”Pv nvwi‡q‡Q e‡j Kv‡Ri †Q‡j jvjg‡bi Lvivc jvM‡jv| †m LyuR‡Z
‡ei n‡jv| †m cyi¯‹v‡ii †NvlYv Rvb‡Zv bv| ev”PvwU Lyu‡R wb‡q G‡m UvKv `vwe Ki‡jI Av`vjZ
ej‡jv - †h‡nZz cyi¯‹v‡ii †NvlYv m¤ú‡K© †m wKQyB Rv‡bbv; ZvB cyi¯‹vi jvjgb cv‡e bv|

8. weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 8
8. cÖ¯Ív‡e AvBbMZ m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi B”Qv _vKv DwPZ (For an offer must be intention to
establish legal relationship) t cÖ¯Íve‡K AvBbMZ n‡Z n‡j cÖ¯Ív‡ei Øviv AvBbMZ m¤úK©
¯’vc‡bi AwfcÖvq ev B”Qv _vK‡Z n‡e| ‡hgb - evmvq Lvevi wbgš¿Y| G‡K Aci c¶ ivRx n‡jI
Pzw³ bq| KviY Giƒc `vIqv‡Z Pzw³i B”Qv _v‡K bv|
9. M„nxZ nevi c~‡e© cÖ¯Íve cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv hvq (Offer can be revoked before acceptance) t Pzw³
AvB‡bi 5 aviv g‡Z cÖ¯Íve ¯^xK…Z nevi Ges cÖ¯Íve‡Ki wec‡¶ ¯^xK…wZi ¯’vcb Kvh© m¤ú~Y© nevi c~‡e©
cÖ¯Íve cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv hvq, wKš‘ c‡i bq| cÖ¯Íve cÖZ¨vnvi QvovI we‡kl †¶‡Î Zvgvw` ev evwZ‡ji
gva¨‡g cÖ¯Íve cÖZ¨vnvi n‡Z cv‡i|
10. †Kvb cÖ¯Íve wPiKvj Pvjy _v‡K bv (Any offer is not stand for ever) t cÖ¯Ív‡e ¯^xK…wZi wbw`©ó
mxgv _vK‡Z n‡e, mxgv bv _vK‡j hyw³m½Z mg‡qi ci cÖ¯Ív‡ei wejyß N‡U| hyw³m½Z mgq cwi‡ek
I cwiw¯’wZi Ae¯’v we‡ePbv K‡i wba©vwiZ n‡q _v‡K|
¯^xK…wZ (Acceptance) t ¯^xK…wZ Pzw³i Acwinvh© Dcv`vb| cÖ¯—v‡ei Av‡jv‡K ¯^xK…wZ bv _vK‡j Pzw³ ˆea
nq bv| Avgv‡`i Pzw³ AvB‡bi 2 (L) avivq ejv n‡q‡Q - hvi wbKU cÖ¯Íve Kiv n‡q‡Q, wZwb H cÖ¯Ív‡e
m¤§wZ cÖ`vb Ki‡j Zv‡K e‡j ¯^xK…wZ| Pzw³ AvB‡bi 9 aviv g‡Z ¯^xK…wZ e¨³ ev Ae¨³ n‡Z cv‡i|
¯^xK…wZ ‡K †`‡e?
1. †Kvb wbw`©ó e¨w³i wbKU cÖ¯Íve Kv‡Q Kiv n‡j H wbw`©ó e¨w³;
2. †Kvb wbw`©ó †kªYxi Kv‡Q Kiv n‡j H †kªYxi †h †Kvb GKRb; Ges
3. Rbmvavi‡Yi Kv‡Q cÖ¯Íve Kiv n‡j †h †Kn cÖ¯Ív‡ei ¯^xK…wZ w`‡Z cv‡i|
¯^xK…wZ m¤úwK©Z wbqgvejx (Rules regarding acceptance) t AvBbvbyM cÖ¯Ív‡ei mv‡_ AvBbvbyM
¯^xK…wZ AwZ Avek¨K| ¯^xK…wZ‡K AvBbZ ejer Ki‡Z n‡j wbgœiƒc wbqgvejx Aek¨B ‡g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e t
(1) ¯^xK…wZ kZ©nxb Ges m¤ú~Y© nIqv Avek¨K t cÖ¯Ív‡e ewY©Z hveZxq kZ©vejxi †Kvb cwieZ©b bv K‡iB
cÖ¯ÍvewU m¤ú~Y© MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e [7(1) aviv]| †hgb - 50 UvKvq eB wewµi cÖ¯Ív‡e 45 UvKv ejv n‡j Zv
Pzw³ n‡e bv| 50 UvKvB ej‡Z n‡e|
(2) ¯^vfvweK I hyw³m½Z Dcv‡q ¯^xK…wZ Ávcb t cÖ¯Íve ¯^xK…wZ Ávc‡bi cš’vi D‡jøL bv _vK‡j †h †Kvb
cÖPwjZ I hyw³m½Z cš’vq e¨³ ev Ae¨³fv‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`qv hvq [7(2) aviv]| †hgb- †gŠwLK,
†Uwj‡dvb, wjwLZ bxie †_‡K ev gv_v bxPz K‡i ¯^xK…wZ †`qv hvq| Ae¨³ ¯^xK…wZ ej‡Z cÖ¯—v‡ei
kZ©cvjb ev cÖ¯Ív‡ei mv‡_ cÖ`Ë cvi¯úwiK cÖwZkÖywZi cÖwZ`vb MÖnY‡K eySvq (8 aviv)| wb‡gœi †h †Kvb
cš’vq Ae¨³ AvPiY Øviv ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiv hvq t-
K) Kvh© m¤úv`b Øviv t †h †¶‡Î ¯^xK…wZ †Kvb Kv‡Ri mv‡_ m¤ú„³, †m †¶‡Î e¨³fv‡e ¯^xK…wZ bv
Rvwb‡q mswkøó Kvh©wU m¤úv`b K‡iI ¯^xK…wZ †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb - ÔKÕ ÔLÕ †K ej‡jv Zzwg
Avgvi Rwg‡Z Kvj KvR K‡i w`‡j 100 UvK cv‡e| ÔLÕ hw` ciw`b H KvR K‡i Z‡e 100 UvKv
cv‡e|

9. e¨emvq AvBb
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 9
L) cÖwZ`vb MÖnY Øviv t †Kvb K_v QvovB cÖ¯Ív‡ei mv‡_ cÖ`Ë cÖwZ`vb MÖnY K‡iI cÖ¯Ív‡ei ¯^xK…wZ
†`qv hvq| †hgb - ÔKÕ ÔLÕ †K ej‡jv Zzwg hw` 100 UvKv MÖnY K‡iv Z‡e a‡i wbe Kvj Avgvi
Rwg‡Z KvR Ki‡Z ivRx i‡q‡Q| G‡¶‡Î UvKv MÖnY Ki‡jB cÖ¯Íve ¯^xK…Z n‡e|
M) cÖ¯Ív‡ei kZ© cvjb Øviv t †Kn hw` cÖ¯—v‡ei kZ©vejx mwVKfv‡e cvjb K‡i Zv n‡jI ¯^xK…wZ ‰ea
n‡e| ÔKÕ ÔLÕ-†K ej‡jv hw` Zzwg cÖwZw`b `ycy‡i Avgvi evmvq 1 †KwR K‡i `ya †cuuŠ‡Q `vI, Z‡e
‡Zvgv‡K gvm ‡k‡l cÖwZ‡KwR `y‡ai Rb¨ 40 UvKv K‡i w`e| ÔLÕ hw` ÔKÕ Gi evwo‡Z `ya †cuŠ‡Q
w`‡Z ïi“ K‡i Z‡e a‡i †bqv n‡e ‡m cÖ¯Ív‡ei ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q‡Q|
N) myweav‡fv‡Mi Øviv t cÖ¯—v‡ei ¯^xK…wZ e¨³ fv‡e bv Rvwb‡qI hw` †Kn cÖ¯Ív‡ei Av‡jv‡K
myweav‡fvM Ki‡Z _v‡K, Z‡e cÖ¯—vewU ¯^xK…wZ n‡q‡Q e‡j a‡i †bqv n‡e| †hgb ÔLÕ ÔKÕ-‡K
ej‡jv †h Avcbvi evmvq cÖwZw`b 1 †KwR K‡i `ya †cuŠ‡Q †`‡ev Z‡e kZ© n‡jv gvm †k‡l cÖwZ
†KwRi `vg 40 UvKv K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| G‡¶‡Î ÔKÕ hw` mieivnK…Z `ya ivLv ïiy K‡i Z‡e cÖ¯Íve
¯^xK…Z n‡q‡Q e‡j MY¨ n‡e|
(3) gvbwmK ¯^xK…wZ bv Rvbv‡bv (AÁvwcZ) m¤§wZ AvBbZ MÖvn¨ bq t cÖ¯Ív‡e ivRx n‡q g‡b g‡b ivL‡j
Pj‡e bv| cÖ¯Ív‡ei Av‡jv‡K Zv MÖn‡Y AvcwË bvB, G Z_¨ ev Lei cÖ¯ÍveK‡K Rvbv‡Z n‡e|
Ab¨_vq ¯^xK…wZ n‡e bv|
(4) cÖ¯Íve‡Ki wb‡`©kg‡Zv ¯^xK…wZ `vb t cÖ¯ÍveK cÖ¯Ív‡ei mgq ¯^xK…wZi cš’v D‡jøL Ki‡Z cv‡i| D‡jøL
Ki‡j H cš’vq Aek¨B ¯^xK…wZ w`‡Z n‡e [7(2) aviv]| †hgb - †dv‡b, †UwjMÖv‡g, wPwV‡Z
GmGgGm K‡i BZ¨vw`i †hwU D‡jøL _vK‡e, Zv‡ZB ¯^xK…wZ w`‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq ¯^xK…wZ AvBbm¤§Z
n‡e bv|
(5) ¯^xK…wZ Ávcb m¤ú~Y© n‡Z n‡e t 4 aviv g‡Z cÖ¯Íve‡Ki / cÖ¯ÍveKvixi †ejvq- hLb ¯^xK…wZi msev`
cÖ¯ÍveMÖnxZvi nvZ Qvov nq Ges cÖ¯ÍveMÖnxZvi †ejvq - hLb ¯^xK…wZi msev` cÖ¯ÍveKvixi wbKU †cuŠ‡Q
ZLbB ¯^xK…wZ Ávcb m¤ú~Y© nq| †hgb - ÔKÕ ÔLÕ-†K evox †Kbvi cÖ¯Íve w`j| ÔLÕ wPwV wj‡L m¤§wZ
w`j| ÔKÕ cÖ¯ÍveKvix - wPwV ÔLÕ Gi nvZ n‡Z Qvov nIqvgvÎ ev Wv‡K †`qv gvÎ ÔKÕ i Rb¨ ¯^xK…wZ
Ávcb m¤úbœ n‡e| wPwV nv‡Z †cuŠQvi `iKvi †bB| ÔLÕ cÖ¯ÍveMÖnxZv - †h gyû‡Z© ÔKÕ wPwV †c‡q me
Rvb‡e †mB gyû‡Z© ÔLÕ Gi Rb¨ ¯^xK…wZ Ávcb m¤ú~Y© n‡e|
(6) Mswkøó h_v_© e¨w³ †_‡K ¯^xK…wZ Avm‡Z n‡e t c~‡e© †R‡b‡Qb †h, cÖ¯Íve wbw`©ó e¨w³, wbw`©ó †kªYx ev
me© mvavi‡Yi wbKU Kiv hvq| wbw`©ó e¨w³i †¶‡Î H e¨w³‡K, wbw`©ó †kªYxi †¶‡Î H †kªYxi †h
†Kn Ges me©mvavi‡Yi †¶‡Î †h †Kvb e¨w³ cÖ¯Ív‡ei ¯^xK…wZ w`‡Z cvi‡e|
(7) cÖ¯Íve ejer _vKve¯’vq ¯^xK…wZ Avek¨K t cÖ¯Ív‡e ¯^xK…wZi mgq D‡jøL _vK‡Z cv‡i| mgq D‡jøL
_vK‡j H mg‡qi g‡a¨, mgq D‡jøL bv _vK‡j hyw³m½Z mg‡qi g‡a¨ ¯^xK…wZ Avek¨K| hyw³m½Z
mgq cwiw¯’wZ I cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’vi Av‡jv‡K wba©vwiZ n‡e|
(8) cÖ¯Íve Rvbv‡bvi c~‡e© ¯^xK…wZ t cÖ¯Íve †NvlYvi c~‡e©B ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb ˆea ¯^xK…wZ e‡j MY¨ n‡e bv Ges
‰ea Pzw³i m„wó n‡e bv|
(9) ¯^xK…wZ Ávcb nevi c~‡e© cÖZ¨vnvi t ¯^xK…wZ Ávcb nevi c~‡e© Zv cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv hv‡e (aviv 5)|

10. weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 10
cÖ¯Íve cÖZ¨vnvi ev evwZj (Revocation of an Offer)
D‡jøL¨ †h, ¯^xK…Z nevi c~‡e© cÖ¯Íve cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv hvq (5 aviv)| ¯^xK…Z nevi c‡i Zv Kiv hvq bv| cÖ¯Íve
g~jZ ¯^xK…wZi Avkvq Kiv nq| Z‡e KL‡bv cÖ¯Íve †`qvi ci Zv cÖZ¨vnvi cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv †`q|
Pzw³ AvB‡bi 6 aviv g‡Z wbgœwjwLZ Ae¯’vq cÖ¯Íve cÖZ¨vnvi ev evwZj n‡q hvq t-
(1) weÁwß Øviv (By notice)
(2) mgq DËxY© n‡j (After lapse ot time)
(3) hyw³m½Z mgq DËxY© n‡j (After lapse of reasonable time)
(4) kZ© c~iY bv n‡j (If terms are not fulfilled)
(5) cÖ¯Íve‡Ki g„Z~¨ ev gw¯Í®‹ weK…wZ NU‡j (In case of offerers death or mental upset)
wb‡gœ G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t-
1. weÁwß Øviv t hvi wbKU cÖ¯Íve Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi ¯^xK…wZi c~‡e© cÖ¯ÍveK wjwLZ †bvwUk w`‡q Zv‡K cÖ¯Íve
cÖZ¨vnv‡ii welq Rvbv‡j Zv evwZj n‡q hvq| ‡hgb - ÔKÕ m¤§wZ wjLvKv‡j ÔLÕ i cÖZ¨vnvi ‡bvwUk †cj -
cÖ¯—ve evwZj|
2. mgq DËxY© n‡jv t cÖ¯ÍveK cÖ¯Ív‡ei ¯^xK…wZi Rb¨ mgq †e‡a w`‡j H mg‡qii g‡a¨ cÖ¯—v‡ei ¯^xK…wZ
bv †`qv n‡j mgq DËxY© nIqv gvÎ cÖ¯Íve evwZj| †hgb - 7 w`b mgq| 6ô w`e‡m wjL‡jv| 7 w`e‡m
24 NÈv niZvj _vKvq WvK N‡i †h‡Z Ges wPwV †cv÷ Ki‡Z cvi‡jv bv| cÖ¯Íve evwZj n‡q hv‡e|
3. hyw³m½Z mgq DËxY© n‡j t cÖ¯Ív‡e mgq D‡jøL bv _vK‡j, hyw³m½Z mg‡qi g‡a¨ ¯^xK…wZ Avek¨K|
hyw³m½Z mgq †kl n‡jB cÖ¯Íve evwZj| hyw³m½Z mgq - ¯’vb, Kvj-cvÎ †f‡` Ges cwiw¯’wZ I
cwi‡e‡ki Av‡jv‡K wba©vwiZ nq| Av`vj‡Z Zv w¯’i Ki‡e|
4. kZ© c~iY bv n‡jv t cÖ¯Ív‡e c~e©kZ© _vK‡Z cv‡i| H c~e©kZ© cvwjZ bv n‡j cÖ¯Íve evwZj n‡e| †hgb -
(1) K ÔLÕ †K ej‡jv Avgvi evox Avcbvi wbKU wewµ Ki‡ev hw` Avcwb H evox‡Z _v‡Kb|
(2) K ÔLÕ †K ej‡jv hw` Zzwg ÔMÕ †K we‡q K‡iv Avgvi cvebvi evox 50 nvRvi UvKvq †Zvgv‡K wewµ
Ki‡ev| G‡¶‡Î 1) evox‡Z wb‡R _vK‡Z ivRx bv n‡jv| Ges 2q †¶‡Î ÔLÕ hw` ÔMÕ †K we‡q Ki‡Z
ivRx bv nq Z‡e cÖ¯Íve 2wU evwZj n‡e|
5. cÖ¯—ve‡Ki g„Z~¨ ev gw¯Í®‹ weK…wZ t ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`v‡bi c~‡e© hw` cÖ¯ÍveMÖnxZv Rvb‡Z cv‡ib †h cÖ¯Íve‡Ki
g„Z~¨ n‡q‡Q ev †m cvMj n‡q wM‡q‡Q, Z‡e cÖ¯—ve evwZj n‡q hv‡e|
6 aviv Qvov Av‡iv 4 fv‡e cÖ¯Íve cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv hvq| h_v t-
K) cÖ¯Íve cÖZ¨vL¨vZ n‡j t cÖ¯ÍvewU GKevi cÖZ¨vL¨vZ n‡j Zv evwZj n‡q hvq| cieZ©x mg‡q
Avcbvi cÖ¯Ív‡e Avgvi AvcwË bvB ev fyj n‡q wM‡q‡Q BZ¨vw` e‡j cÖZ¨vL¨vZ cÖ¯Íve MÖnY Kiv hvq
bv|
L) cvëv cÖ¯Íve Kiv n‡j t †h iƒ‡c cÖ¯Íve Kiv n‡q‡Q †miƒ‡c ¯^xK…wZ bv w`‡q †Kvb cwieZ©b ev
cwiea©b mv‡c‡¶ ¯^xK…wZ w`‡j Zv cvëv cÖ¯Íve e‡j MY¨ nq Ges c~e© cÖ¯Íve evwZj n‡q hvq|
M) cÖ¯ÍveK cÖ¯Íve cvj‡b Amg_© we‡ewPZ n‡j t cÖ¯ÍveK hw` †Kvb Kvi‡Y cÖ¯Íve cvj‡b Amg_© ev
A¶g n‡q c‡o Z‡e cÖ¯Íve cÖZ¨vüZ n‡e|
N) ¯^xK…wZi c~‡e© cÖ¯Ív‡ei welqe¯‘ A‰ea †NvwlZ n‡j t cÖ¯Íve ¯^xK…Z nevi c~‡e© †Kvb Kvi‡Y cÖ¯Íve
Abyhvqx Kvh© m¤úv`b A‰ea we‡ewPZ nevi mv‡_ mv‡_ cÖ¯ÍvewU evwZj e‡j MY¨ n‡e|

11. e¨emvq AvBb
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 11
cÖZ¨vnvi Ávcb (Communication of Revocation)
K) cÖ¯Íve cÖZ¨vnvi t ¯^xK…wZi c~‡e© †h †Kvb mgq cÖ¯Íve cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv hvq| c‡i bq| ‡hgb (K) ÔKÕ ÔLÕ-‡K
cÖ¯—ve w`j; ÔLÕ wPwV‡Z ¯^xK…wZ w`j| GB wPwV cÖ`v‡bi c~‡e©B ÔKÕ cÖ¯Íve cÖZ¨vnvi Ki‡Z cv‡i Avevi L
¯^xK…wZi wPwV w`‡jI Zv ÔKÕ Gi wbKU †cuŠQvi c~‡e© Zvi‡hv‡M ¯^xK…wZ cÖZ¨vnvi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
L) ¯^xK…wZ cÖZ¨vnvi t 5 aviv g‡Z - ¯^xK…wZi msev` cÖ¯Íve‡Ki `„wó‡Z Avmvi c~‡e© †h †Kvb mgq Zv
cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv hvq; wKš‘ `„wó‡Z G‡m †M‡j cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv hvq bv|
cÖ¯Íve I ¯^xK…wZ Ávcb (Communication of offer and acceptance)
K. cÖ¯Íve Ávcb (Communication of Offer) t 4(1) aviv - hvi wbKU cÖ¯Íve Kiv n‡q‡Q cÖ¯ÍvewU
Zvi `„wó‡Z AvmvgvÎ cÖ¯Ív‡ei Ávcb Kvh© m¤ú~Y© n‡q‡Q e‡j aiv n‡e|
L. ¯^xK…wZ ¯’vcb (Communication of acceptance) t 4(2) aviv - cÖ¯Ív‡ei ¯^xK…wZi msev`
cÖ¯Íve‡Ki wbKU cvVv‡bvi mv‡_ cÖ¯Íve‡Ki wec‡¶ ¯^xK…wZ Ávcb Kvh© m¤ú~Y© nq| KviY ZLb Dnv
¯^xK…wZKvixi Avq‡Ë¡i evwn‡i P‡j hvq|
Aciw`‡K ¯^xK…wZi msev` cÖ¯Íve‡Ki `„wó‡Z Avmvi mv‡_ mv‡_ ¯^xK…wZKvixi cÖwZK~‡j Dnvi Ávcb Kvh©
m¤ú~Y© nq|
cÖwZkÖywZ (Promise)
2(L) Pzw³ AvB‡bi aviv g‡Z - hvi wbKU cÖ¯Íve Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| †m Zv MÖnY Ki‡j cÖ¯ÍvewU ¯^xK…Z
n‡jv e‡j aiv nq| cÖ¯Íve ¯^xK…Z n‡j Zv‡K cÖwZkÖywZ e‡j| 2(M) Pzw³ AvB‡bi aviv g‡Z - †h cÖ¯Íve
Dc¯’vcb K‡i Zv‡K cÖwZkÖywZ`vZv (Promisor) Ges †h cÖ¯Íve MÖnY K‡i Zv‡K ejv nq cÖwZkÖywZ
MÖnxZv (Promisce) |
cvV ms‡¶c
m¤§wZ cvevi D‡Ï‡k¨ hLb †Kvb e¨w³ Aci †Kvb e¨w³i wbKU †Kvb KvR Kiv ev Kiv n‡Z weiZ _vKvi
B”Qv cÖKvk K‡i Z‡e 1g e¨w³i 2q e¨w³i wbKU GKwU cÖ¯Íve K‡i‡Q ejv nq| cÖ¯Íve Aek¨B wbqgvbyhvqx
n‡Z n‡e| wbqgvejxi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q : cÖ¯Íve e¨³ ev Ae¨³ n‡Z cv‡i, cÖ¯Íve wbw`©ó e¨w³, wbw`©ó †kªYx ev
me© mvavi‡Yi wbKU Kiv hvq| cÖ¯Íve kZ©vaxb n‡Z cv‡i, cÖ¯Ív‡ei kZ© mywbw`©ó nIqv Avek¨K ïaygvÎ B”Qv
cÖKvk ev wee„wZ cÖ¯Íve b‡n, cÖ¯Íve I cÖ¯Ív‡ei Avgš¿Y GK bq, cÖ¯ÍveMÖnxZv‡K cÖ¯Íve Rvbv‡Z n‡e, cÖ¯Ív‡e
AvBbMZ m¤úK©¯’vc‡bi B”Qv _vKv DwPZ, cÖ¯Íve ¯^xK…Z nevi c~‡e©B cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv hvq Ges †Kvb cÖ¯—v‡eB
wPiKvj Pvjy _v‡K bv|
hvi wbKU cÖ¯Íve Kiv nq, wZwb Zv‡Z m¤§wZ w`‡j Zv‡K ¯^xK…wZ ejv nq| wbw`©ó e¨w³, wbw`©ó †kªYxi †h
†Kn Ges me©mvavi‡Yi †h‡Kn cÖ¯Ív‡ei ¯^xK…wZ w`‡Z cv‡i| cÖ¯Íve ¯^xK…Z n‡j Zv‡K cÖwZkÖywZ ejv nq|
¯^xK…wZi wbqgvejxi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q- ¯^xK…wZ kZ©nxb I m¤ú~Y© nIqv Avek¨K| ¯^vfvweK I hyw³msMZ Dcv‡q
¯^xK…wZ ¯’vb (Kvh© m¤úv`b Øviv cÖwZ`vb MÖnY Øviv, cÖ¯Ív‡ei kZ© cvjb Øviv, myweav †fv‡Mi Øviv), gvbwmK
¯^xK…wZ bv Rvbv‡bv m¤§wZ AvBbMZ MÖvn¨ bq| cÖ¯Íve‡Ki wb‡`©k g‡Zv ¯^xK…wZ `vb, ¯^xK…wZ Ávcb m¤ú~Y©
n‡Z n‡e, mswkøó h_vh_ e¨w³ KZ©„K ¯^xK…wZ Avm‡Z n‡e| cÖ¯Íve ejer Ae¯’vq ¯^xK…wZ Avek¨K BZ¨vw`|
¯^xK…wZi c~‡e©B cÖ¯Íve cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv hvq, ¯^xK…wZ †`qvi ci Zv Kiv hvq bv| cÖ¯Íve cÖZ¨vnv‡ii wbqgvejxi
g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q- weÁwß Øviv, mgq DËxY© n‡j, hyw³msMZ mgq DËxY© n‡j, kZ©c~iY bv n‡j, cÖ¯Íve‡Ki g„Zz¨
ev gvbwmK weK…wZ NU‡j BZ¨vw`|

12. weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 12
cÖwZ`vb (Consideration)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
cÖwZ`v‡bi msÁv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
cÖwZ`v‡bi †kªYxwefvM eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
cÖwZ`vb msµvšÍ wbqgvejx Av‡jvKcvZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
cÖwZ`vb Qvov Pzw³ nq bv GB wbq‡gi e¨wZµg eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
cÖwZ`vb
cÖwZ`vb Pzw³i Avek¨Kxq Dcv`vb| Pzw³i wbqg n‡jv - Pzw³ †_‡K GKc¶ wKQz w`‡e Ges Aci c¶ wKQz
cv‡e| wKQz hv †`qv ev cvIqv n‡jv ZvB cÖwZ`vb|
Bsj¨v‡Ûi Currie Vs., Misa [(1875) L.R. 10 Ex. 153] gvgjvq ejv n‡q‡Q cÖwZ`vb n‡jv - GK
c‡¶i AwR©Z †Kvb AwaKvi, ¯^v_©, jvf ev DcKvi; A_ev Ab¨ c¶ KZ©„K cÖ`Ë, Aby‡gvw`Z ev M„nxZ †Kvb
weiwZ, Aš—ivq, ¶wZ ev `vwqZ¡| (“Some right, interest, profits or benifit accruing to one
party or some forbearance, detriment, loss or responsibility given, suffered of undertaken
by the other.”)
Pzw³ AvB‡bi 2(N) aviv - cÖwZkÖywZ`vZvi B”Qvbymv‡i cÖwZkÖywZMÖnxZv ev Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³ hLb †Kvb Kvh©
K‡i‡Qb ev Kvh© Kiv n‡Z weiZ i‡q‡Qb, A_ev †Kvb Kvh© K‡ib ev Kvh© Kiv n‡Z weiZ _v‡Kb, A_ev
†Kvb Kvh© Kivi ev Kvh© Kiv n‡Z weiZ _vKvi cÖwZkÖywZ cÖ`vb K‡ib, ZLb H iƒc Kvh© ev weiwZ ev
A½xKvi‡K cÖwZkÖywZi cÖwZ`vb e‡j| ‡hgb t-
(1) 100 UvKvq ÔKÕ Zvi eBwU ÔLÕ -Gi wbKU wewµ Ki‡Z ivRx n‡jv| GLv‡b ÔKÕ -Gi cÖwZ`vb 100
UvKv, ÔLÕ -Gi cÖwZ`vb eB|
(2) 5000 UvKv †eZ‡b X Gi dv‡g© Y †K wb‡qvM Kiv n‡jv, GLv‡b x Gi cÖwZ`vb y Gi KvR Ges x
Gi cÖwZ`vb y cÖ`Ë 5000 UvKv|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, cÖwZ`vb Pzw³i Acwinvh© Dcv`vb| cÖwZ`vb Qvov KL‡bv
Pzw³ nq bv| mKj m¤§wZ‡Z/Pzw³‡Z cÖwZ`vb _vK‡Z n‡e| AvB‡bi †Pv‡L cÖwZ`v‡bi wKQz bv wKQz g~j¨
_vK‡ZB n‡e| m¤§wZ †_‡K Dfq c¶ ci¯ú‡ii †_‡K wKQz bv †c‡j H m¤§wZ ˆea n‡e bv Ges Zv Øviv
ˆea Pzw³ nq bv|
cÖwZ`v‡bi cÖKvi‡f` (Types of consideration)
Avgv‡`i Pzw³ AvBb Abyhvqx cÖwZ`vb 3 cÖKvi, h_v -
1. AZxZ cÖwZ`vb (Past consideration), 2. eZ©gvb cÖwZ`vb (Present consideration), Ges 3.
fwel¨r cÖwZ`vb (Future Consideration)|
1. AZxZ cÖwZ`vb (Past Consideration) t cÖwZkÖywZi Zvwi‡Li cy‡e© †Kvb c‡¶i cÖwZ`vb †`qv n‡j
Zv‡K AZxZ cÖwZ`vb e‡j| †hgb - Rvbqvwi gv‡m ÔKÕ ÔLÕ -Gi GKwU KvR K‡i w`j| ÔLÕ gvP© gv‡m
ÔKÕ -‡K ¶wZc~i‡Yi cÖwZkÖywZ w`j e„wUk AvB‡b AZxZ cÖwZ`vb AvBb m½Z bq|

13. e¨emvq AvBb
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 13
2. eZ©gvb cÖwZ`vb (Present Consideration) t †h cÖwZ`vb cÖwZkÖywZi mv‡_ GK‡hv‡M Pj‡Z _v‡K
Zv‡K eZ©gvb cÖwZ`vb e‡j| GUvB cÖwZ`v‡bi wPišÍb wbqg| †hgb - bM` g~‡j¨ †`vKvb †_‡K eB
†Kbv n‡jv †`vKvbxi cÖvß UvKv eZ©gvb cÖwZ`vb|
3. fwel¨r cÖwZ`vb (Future Consideration) t cÖwZ`vb fwel¨‡Z cÖ`v‡bi cÖwZkÖywZ _vK‡j, Zv‡K
fwel¨r cÖwZ`vb e‡j| †hgb - (1) ‡`vKvb †_‡K Kvj UvKv †`qv n‡e e‡j Kjg µq Kiv n‡jv|
†`vKvbxi cÖwZ`vb fwel¨r cÖwZ`vb| (2) AvMvgx gv‡m cY¨ †cuŠ‡Q †`‡e Ges c‡ii gv‡m UvKv †`qv
n‡e - `ywU cÖwZ`vbB fwel¨r|
cÖwZ`vb m¤ú„³ wbqgvejx (Rules Regarding Consideration) t cÖwZ`vb m¤ú„³ AvB‡bi weavb
wbgœiƒc
1. cÖwZkÖywZ`vZvi B‡”Qbyhvqx cÖwZ`vb n‡e (Consideration must be paid according to the desier
of the promisor).
2. cÖwZ`vb h_v_© ev ev¯Íe n‡Z n‡e (Consideration must be realistic)
3. cÖwZ`vb ch©vß bvI n‡Z cv‡i (Consideration need not to be adequate)
4. cÖwZ`vb A‰ea, bxwZ I ivóª we‡ivax n‡e bv (Consideration not to be illegel, immoral
opposed to public policy)
5. cÖwZ`vb AZxZ, eZ©gvb I fwel¨Z n‡Z cv‡i (Consideration may be past, present future)
6. cÖwZkÖywZMÖnxZv ev Aci †Kn cÖwZ`vb w`‡Z cv‡i (Consideration may come from promisee or
any other person)
1. cÖwZkÖywZ`vZvi B”Qvbymv‡i cÖwZ`vb n‡e (Consideration must be paid according to the
desier of the promisor) t Pzw³ AvB‡bi 2 (N) aviv g‡Z cÖwZkÖywZ`vZvi B”Qvbymv‡i
cÖwZkÖywZMÖnxZv †Kvb KvR K‡i ev Kiv n‡Z weiZ _v‡K| ZvB ejv hvq, cÖwZ`vb †c‡Z n‡j Aby‡iva
jvM‡e| Aby‡iva Qvov †KD †Kvb Kvh© Ki‡j ev weiZ _vK‡jI cÖwZ`vb cv‡e bv| A_©vr †¯^”Qvq †Kn
†Kvb KvR Ki‡j cÖwZ`vb †bB| ‡hgb t-
(K) ÔKÕ -Gi evox‡Z Av¸b †j‡M‡Q †`‡L ÔLÕ Zv‡K mvnv‡h¨ Ki‡jv| ÔKÕ Zv‡K mvnv‡h¨ Ki‡Z e‡j
bvB| myZivs ÔLÕ cÖwZ`vb PvB‡Z cvi‡e bv|
(L) ÔKÕ -Gi evox‡Z Pzwi K‡i L cvjv‡”Q †`‡L M †Pvi a‡i ÔKÕ -Gi wbKU Dc¯’vcb| GKv‡R ÔMÕ
†Kvb cÖwZ`vb cv‡e bv|
2. cÖwZ`vb h_v_© ev ev¯Íe n‡Z n‡e (Consideration Must be realistic) t AvB‡bi †Pv‡L
cÖwZ`v‡bi †Kvb g~j¨ _vK‡Z n‡e| cÖwZ`vb KL‡bv wg_¨v, AwbwðZ, KvíwbK n‡Z cv‡i bv| Puv`v
cÖ`v‡bi cÖwZkÖywZI AvBbMZ ejer†hvM¨ bq| KviY cÖwZ`vb bvB| †hgb - GK mv‡_ PÆMÖvg †M‡j ÔKÕ
ÔLÕ -‡K m~h© †_‡K GK UzKiv ¯^Y© ev Av¸b G‡b Zv‡K ‡`‡e| Giƒc Pzw³ wg_¨v Ges Qjbvgq|
3. cÖwZ`vb ch©vß bvI n‡Z cv‡i (Consideration need not to be adequate) t Pzw³ AvB‡bi 25
aviv (e¨vL¨v 2) g‡Z ¯^vaxb m¤§wZ‡Z cÖwZ`vb Kg n‡jI P‡j| A_©vr m¤§wZ ¯^vaxbfv‡e †`qv n‡j
cÖwZ`vb Kg n‡j Pzw³ ˆea n‡e| †hgb - ÔKÕ Zvi 10 jvL UvKvi evox 1 jvL UvKvq ÔLÕ Gi wbKU
wewµ‡Z ivRx n‡jv| cÖwZ`vb Kg n‡jI GwU ˆea Pzw³|
4. cÖwZ`vb A‰ea, bxwZ ev ivóªwe‡ivax n‡e bv (Consideration not to be illegel, immoral
opposed to public policy) t cÖwZ`vb Ges m¤§wZi welqe¯‘ ˆea n‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq Zv AvBbZ

14. weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 14
ejer†hvM¨ bq| Pzw³ AvB‡bi 23 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, mvaviYfv‡e AvBb wbwl× Kvh©, cÖZviYvg~jK
Kvh©, `yb©xwZg~jK Kvh©, bxwZ I Rb¯^v_© we‡ivax Kvh© Øviv cÖ`Ë cÖwZ`vb ˆea e‡j MY¨ n‡e bv| ‡hgb -
K) A‰ea cÖwZ`vb t 50 UvKvi wRwb‡mi g‡a¨ 5 UvKv hw` A‰eafv‡e DcvR©b Kiv nq Z‡e cy‡iv
cÖwZ`vb A‰ea e‡j MY¨ n‡e|
L) bxwZwe‡ivax cÖwZ`vb t i) 50 UvKvq wK‡b 5 UvKv †Rvi K‡i Kg †`qv; ii) KvD‡K nZ¨v Kivi
Rb¨ †jvK wb‡qvM Kiv|
M) ivóª ev Rb¯^v_© we‡ivax t i) †Kvb GKwU Lvm Rwg †c‡Z 5 Rb jx‡Ri Rb¨ Av‡e`b K‡i‡Q| 5
nvRvi UvKv Nyl wb‡q 3q Rb‡K jxR cÖ`vb| GUv ivóªwe‡ivax cÖwZ`vb; ii) 50 nvRvi UvKv w`‡j
PvKzwi †`qv n‡e ejv n‡jv| GUv A‰ea Ges Gi gva¨‡g PvKwi n‡j ZvI A‰ea|
5. cÖwZ`vb AZxZ, eZ©gvb, fwel¨r n‡Z cv‡i (Consideration may be Past, Present
Future) t Pzw³ AvB‡bi 2 aviv g‡Z cÖwZ`vb AZxZ, eZ©gvb I fwel¨Z n‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr, Pzw³
AvB‡bi cÖ`Ë cÖwZ`v‡bi msÁv g‡Z AZx‡Zi Kvh© ev weiwZ, eZ©gv‡bi Kvh© ev weiwZ, fwel¨‡Zi Kvh©
ev weiwZ msµvš— m¤§wZ cÖwZ`vb wn‡m‡e MY¨|
6. cÖwZkÖywZMÖÖnxZv ev Ab¨‡Kn cÖwZ`vb w`‡Z cv‡i (Consideration may come from promisee
or any other person) t cÖwZkÖywZMÖnxZv‡KB cÖwZ`vb w`‡Z n‡e Ggb bq Zvi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z
¶gZvcÖvß Aci †Kn A_ev Zvi g„Z~¨‡Z AvZ¥xq‡`i †Kn cÖwZ`vb w`‡Z cv‡i| GUv ˆea n‡e|
cÖwZ`vb m¤ú‡K© evsjv‡`k I e„wUk AvB‡bi cv_©K¨ (Difference between Bangladesh English
Law relating to Consideration)
GB `yÕwU AvB‡bi g‡a¨ wKQz wKQz wgj _vK‡jI 5wU †¶‡Î cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q, h_v t-
evsjv‡`k AvBb e„wUk AvBb
1. AbvbyôvwbK Pzw³ t evsjv‡`k Pzw³ AvB‡b
AvbyôvwbK Pzw³ e‡j wKQz bvB| 25 avivq ewY©Z
e¨wZµg Qvov mKj Pzw³‡Z cÖwZ`vb cÖ‡qvRb|
1. GB AvB‡b AvbyôvwbK Pzw³‡Z cÖwZ`vb cÖ‡qvRb
nq bv| wjwLZ ev gyw`ªZ, `¯ÍLZK…Z, mxj
†gvniK…Z Ges GK c¶ KZ©„K Aci c¶‡K
cÖ`Ë Pzw³‡K AvbyôvwbK Pzw³ e‡j| Ab¨ mKj
Pzw³‡K mvaviY Pzw³ Ges †m me ‡¶‡ÎB cÖwZ`vb
Avek¨K|
2. AZxZ cÖwZ`vb t evsjv‡`‡ki Pzw³ AvB‡b
AZxZ cÖwZ`vb GKwU ˆea cÖwZ`vb|
2. GB AvB‡b AZxZ cÖwZ`vb‡K cÖwZ`vbiƒ‡c
¯^xKvi Kiv nq bv|
3. cÖwZ`vb Avmvi wbqg t cÖwZ`vb cÖwZkÖywZMÖnxZv ev
Ab¨ †h ‡Kvb e¨w³i wbKU n‡Z cÖwZ`vb Avm‡Z
cv‡i|
3. GB AvBb Abyhvqx cÖwZ`vb ïay cÖwZkÖywZMÖnxZvi
wbKU †_‡KB Avm‡Z cvi‡e| Ab¨ Kv‡iv KvQ
†_‡K bq|
4. †hŠ_ m¤§wZi †¶‡Î t †hŠ_ m¤§wZi †¶‡Î GB
AvBb Abyhvqx g„Z e¨w³i cÖwZ`vb cÖ`vb Zvi
DËivwaKvix‡`i Dci eZ©vq|
4. GB AvB‡b g„Z e¨w³i cÖwZ`vb cÖ`vb Zvi
DËivwaKvix‡`i Dci eZ©vq bv|
5. Zvgv`x FY t GB AvB‡b Zvgv`x FYI GKwU
AvBbm¤§Z cÖwZ`vb e‡j MY¨ nq|
5. GB AvB‡b Zvgv`x FY AvBbm½Z cÖwZ`vb
wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq bv|

15. e¨emvq AvBb
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 15
cÖwZ`vb Qvov Pzw³ nq bv A_ev cÖwZ`vb bvB Pzw³I bvB (No consideration no contract”
Execptions to the rule) t GB wbq‡gi e¨wZµg - cÖwZ`vb ˆea Pzw³i GKwU Avek¨Kxq Dcv`vb| ZvB
cÖwZ`vb Qvov mvaviYZ Pzw³ nq bv|
m¨vgÛ Ges DBbwdì (Salmond Windfield) e‡jb cÖwZ`vb Qvov cÖwZkÖywZ GKwU `vb Ges
cÖwZ`vbmn cÖwZkÖywZ GKwU Pzw³ (“A Promise without consideration is a gift: one made for a
consideration is a bargain”.)
cÖvPxb †ivgvb AvB‡b ejv n‡q‡Q - cÖwZ`vbnxb m¤§wZ‡K †Lvjv m¤§wZ ejv n‡Zv Ges Bnv AvBb Øviv
ejer†hvM¨ n‡Zv bv| e„wUk AvB‡b - ïay AvbyôvwbK Pzw³ Qvov mKi Pzw³‡ZB cÖwZ`vb cÖ‡qvRb| Avgv‡`i
AvB‡b - cÖwZ`vb‡K ˆea Pzw³i Avek¨Kxq Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
myZivs cÖwZ`vb Qvov m¤§wZ hZB m¤§vbRbK nDK Bnv AvBbMZ eva¨evaKZv m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB
cÖwZ`vbnxb cÖwZkÖywZ g~j¨nxb| cÖwZw`b Qvov Pzw³ nq bv GUv mwZ¨ n‡jI Pzw³ AvB‡bi 25 avivq KÕwU
e¨wZµg i‡q‡Q| A_©vr Gme †¶‡ÎI cÖwZ`vb Qvov Pzw³ ˆea n‡e -
1. †mœn I fv‡jvevmvi Pzw³ (Contract out of love and affection)
2. †¯^”QvK…Z Kv‡h©i ¶wZc~i‡Yi Pzw³ (Compensational promise for voluntary services)
3. AvBbm½Z KZ©e¨ cvj‡bi Pzw³ (Promise for performing legal duty)
4. Zvgv`x FY cwi‡kv‡ai Pzw³ (Contract for repayment of time barred debt)
5. m¤úvw`Z `vb (Ececuted gift)
6. AwaKvi cwinv‡ii Pzw³ (Contract of remission of rights)
7. cÖwZwbwa wbhyw³i Pzw³ (Contract of appointing agent)
8. Mw”QZ cÖ`v‡bi Pzw³ (Contract of bailment)
1. fv‡jvevmv I †mœ‡ni Pzw³ (Contract out of love affection) t 25(1) aviv g‡Z cÖwZ`vbnxb
m¤§wZ evwZj e‡j MY¨ n‡e Z‡e
K. c¶Ø‡qi g‡a¨ hw` Nwbó m¤úK© _v‡K;
L. fv‡jvevmv I †mœ‡ni Rb¨ hw` †Kvb m¤§wZ m¤úvw`Z nq;
M. H m¤§wZ hw` wjwLZ; Ges
N. `wjj wbeÜb AvBb Abyhvqx wbeÜbK…Z nq|
-
Dwj wLZ 4wU kZ© GK‡hv‡M eZ©gvb _vK‡j cÖwZ`vb QvovI Pzw³ ˆea n‡e| †hgb - wcZv-cyÎ, RvgvZv,
†g‡q, ¯¿x, fvB-fvex, bvwZ BZ¨vw`|
2. †¯^”QvK…Z ¶wZc~iY (Promise for consideration for voluntary services) t 25(2) aviv
g‡Z - Aby‡iva Qvov †Kvb e¨w³ hw` †¯^”QvK…Z fv‡e †Kvb KvR K‡i Ges cieZ©x‡Z DcK…Z e¨w³ hw`
H Kv‡h©i Rb¨ ‡mev`vbKvix H e¨w³‡K m¤ú~Y© ev AvswkK ¶wZc~iY wn‡m‡e wKQz †`evi cÖwZkÖywZ cÖ`vb
K‡i, Z‡e Zv cÖwZ`vb QvovB MÖvn¨ n‡e| ‡hgb t- 5 jvL UvKvi _‡j c‡_ †c‡q wVKvbv g‡Zv †cuŠ‡Q
†`qvq gvwjK Lywk n‡q 5 nvRvi UvKv cÖ`v‡bi cÖwZkÖywZ w`‡jb| GUv ˆea Pzw³|

16. weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 16
3. AvBbm½Z KZ©e¨ cvj‡bi cÖwZkÖywZ (Promise for performing legal duty) t 25 (2) aviv - †h
KZ©e¨ cvj‡b cÖwZkÖywZ`vZv AvBbMZ eva¨ wQ‡jb, Zv Ab¨ e¨w³ m¤úv`b Ki‡j djkÖywZ‡Z
cÖwZkÖywZ`vZv H e¨w³‡K m¤ú~Y© ev AvswkK ¶wZc~iY`v‡bi cÖwZkÖywZ w`‡j, Zv cÖwZ`vb QvovB ˆea
n‡e| ‡hgb- ÔKÕ Gi GKwU wkï‡K ÔLÕ cvjb K‡i GRb¨ ÔKÕ ÔLÕ †K m¤ú~Y© LiP ‡`evi cÖwZkÖywZ
†`q GB ˆea Pzw³|
4. Zvgv`x FY cwi‡kv‡ai Pzw³ (Contract for repayment of time barred debt) t 25(3) aviv
- Zvgv`x FY Av`vq‡hvM¨ bq| wKš‘ FYMÖnxZv ev Zvi ¶gZvcÖvß cÖwZwbwa hw` wjwLZ I ¯^v¶wiZ
`wj‡ji gva¨‡g H FY m¤ú~Y© ev AvswkK cwi‡kv‡ai cÖwZkÖywZ †`q Z‡e Zv ˆea n‡e| ‡hgb - K ÔLÕ
Gi wbKU 5 jvL UvKv †c‡Zv| Zv Zvgv`x n‡q †M‡Q| c‡i L ev Zvi ¶gZv cÖvß (M) hw` H UvKvi
m¤ú~Y© ev AvswkK cÖ`v‡bi e¨vcv‡i GKwU wjwLZ I ¯^v¶wiZ cÖwZkÖywZ cÖ`vb K‡i Z‡e GUv ˆea|
5. m¤úvw`Z `v‡bi †¶‡Î (Executed gift) t 25 avivi e¨vL¨v 1 -G ejv n‡q‡Q, m¤úvw`Z `v‡bi
†¶‡Î cÖwZ`vb QvovB Pzw³ n‡e| hw` Zv m¤úwË n¯ÍvšÍi AvBb Abyhvqx wjwLZ I wbeÜb `wjj Øviv
†Kn KvD‡K †Kvb wKQz `vb K‡i Z‡e Zv ‰ea n‡e| myZivs, m¤úwË n¯ÍvšÍi AvBb Abyhvqx wjwLZ I
wbewÜZ K‡i hw` †Kn KvD‡K wKQz `vb K‡i Z‡e Zv cÖwZ`vb QvovB ˆea n‡e|
6. cÖwZwbwa wbhyw³i †¶‡Î (Contract for appointing agency) t 185 aviv g‡Z - cÖwZwbwa
wbhyw³i †¶‡Î †Kvb cÖwZ`v‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| †hgb ÔKÕ ÔLÕ †K PÆMÖv‡gi weµq cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb
Ki‡jv| Giƒc †¶‡Î cÖwZwbwaZ¡ MÖnYB cÖwZwbwa wb‡qv‡Mi cÖwZ`vb| mvaviYZ Giƒc Pzw³‡Z
cÖwZwbwa‡K †`q cvwikªvwg‡Ki cwigvY wjLv _v‡K|
7. cvIbv †Q‡o ‡`evi Pzw³ (Contract of remission of rights) t 63 aviv g‡Z - cÖ‡Z¨K
cÖwZkÖywZMÖnxZv Zv‡K cÖ`Ë cÖwZkÖywZ m¤ú~Y© ev AvswkK cwinvi ev gIKzd Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB cvIbv
†Q‡o †`evi Pzw³ cÖwZ`vb QvovB ˆea n‡e| †hgb - ÔKÕ ÔLÕ †K ej‡jv †Zvgvi wbKU 5 jvL UvKv
†cZvg| †Zvgvi mgm¨v wPšÍv K‡i 2 jvL †Q‡o w`jvg| evKxUv AvMvgx gv‡m w`‡q †`‡e| GUv ˆea|
8. webv cvwikªvwg‡K Mw”QZ cÖ`v‡bi Pzw³ (Contract of bailment) t 150 aviv g‡Z - webv
cvwikªvwgK Mw”QZ cÖ`v‡bi Pzw³ AvBbZ ˆea| hw`I Mw”QZMÖnxZv G‡¶‡Î †Kvb cvwikªvwgK ev cÖwZ`vb
cvq bv| †hgb - ÔKÕ Zvi Mvox/evox/UvKv ÔLÕ Gi wR¤§vq †i‡L w`j| G‡¶‡Î ÔLÕ †Kvb cÖwZ`vb cv‡”Q
bv| ZeyI GwU ˆea Pzw³|
DwjøwLZ e¨wZµg Qvov me©‡¶‡ÎB Pzw³‡Z cÖwZ`vb cÖ‡qvRb nq| G Kvi‡Y ejv nq †h cÖwZ`vb bvB
Pzw³ bvB|

17. e¨emvq AvBb
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 17
cvV ms‡¶c
Pzw³ AvB‡bi 2(N) aviv - cÖwZkÖywZ`vZvi B”Qvbymv‡i cÖwZkÖywZMÖnxZv ev Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³ hLb †Kvb Kvh©
K‡i‡Qb ev Kvh© Kiv n‡Z weiZ i‡q‡Qb, A_ev †Kvb Kvh© K‡ib ev Kvh© Kiv n‡Z weiZ _v‡Kb, A_ev
†Kvb Kvh© Kivi ev Kvh© Kiv n‡Z weiZ _vKvi cÖwZkÖywZ cÖ`vb K‡ib, ZLb H iƒc Kvh© ev weiwZ ev
A½xKvi‡K cÖwZkÖywZi cÖwZ`vb e‡j| cÖwZkÖywZi Zvwi‡Li cy‡e© †Kvb c‡¶i cÖwZ`vb †`qv n‡j Zv‡K AZxZ
cÖwZ`vb e‡j| †h cÖwZ`vb cÖwZkÖywZi mv‡_ GK‡hv‡M Pj‡Z _v‡K Zv‡K eZ©gvb cÖwZ`vb e‡j| cÖwZ`vb
fwel¨‡Z cÖ`v‡bi cÖwZkÖywZ _vK‡j, Zv‡K fwel¨r cÖwZ`vb e‡j| cÖwZ`vb m¤ú„³ AvB‡bi weavb wbgœiƒc :
1. cÖwZkÖywZ`vZvi B‡”Qbyhvqx cÖwZ`vb n‡e
2. cÖwZ`vb h_v_© ev ev¯Íe n‡Z n‡e
3. cÖwZ`vb ch©vß bvI n‡Z cv‡i
4. cÖwZ`vb A‰ea, bxwZ I ivóª we‡ivax n‡e bv
5. cÖwZ`vb AZxZ, eZ©gvb I fwel¨Z n‡Z cv‡i
6. cÖwZkÖywZMÖnxZv ev Aci †Kn cÖwZ`vb w`‡Z cv‡i|
cÖwZw`b Qvov Pzw³ nq bv GUv mwZ¨ n‡jI Pzw³ AvB‡bi 25 avivq KÕwU e¨wZµg i‡q‡Q| A_©vr Gme
†¶‡ÎI cÖwZ`vb Qvov Pzw³ ˆea n‡e -
1. †mœn I fv‡jvevmvi Pzw³,
2. †¯^”QvK…Z Kv‡h©i ¶wZc~i‡Yi Pzw³,
3. AvBbm½Z KZ©e¨ cvj‡bi Pzw³,
4. Zvgv`x FY cwi‡kv‡ai Pzw³,
5. m¤úvw`Z `vb,
6. AwaKvi cwinv‡ii Pzw³,
7. cÖwZwbwa wbhyw³i Pzw³,
8. Mw”QZ cÖ`v‡bi Pzw³,

18. weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 18
Pzw³ ev m¤§wZi †kªYxwefvM (Types of Contract)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
Pzw³i †kªYx wefvM eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
evwZj‡hvM¨ m¤§wZi ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
evwZj I evwZj‡hvM¨ m¤§wZi, evwZj I A‰ea m¤§wZi Ges evRx Pzw³ I exgv Pzw³i cv_©K¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
Pzw³ ev Am¤§wZ ej‡Z wKQz Kiv ev Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vKv‡K eySvq| Pzw³i KvR n‡jv m¤§Z Efq c¶‡K
Pzw³ †gvZv‡eK KvR Ki‡Z eva¨-evaKZvi m„wó Kiv| wb‡gœ Pzw³i †kªYx web¨vm †`Lv‡bv n‡jv -
K. AvBbMZ ˆeaZvi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K (Approaches to validity of Legal point)
1. ˆea Pzw³ ev m¤§wZ (Valid Agreement) t 1872 mv‡ji Pzw³ AvB‡bi 2 (R) aviv g‡Z - AvB‡bi
mvnv‡h¨ ejer†hvM¨ m¤§wZ‡K ˆea Pzw³ e‡j| Giƒc Pzw³i Øviv AvBbMZ m¤ú‡K©i I cvi¯úwiK `vq-
`vwq‡Z¡i m„wó nq Ges †Kvb c¶ GB Pzw³ f½ Ki‡j ¶wZMÖ¯’ c¶ gvgjv `v‡qi Ki‡Z cv‡i| ˆea
m¤§wZ `yB cÖKvi| h_v -
K) AvbyôvwbK Pzw³ (Formal Contract) t e„‡U‡bi Pzw³ AvBb Abyhvqx †h mKj Pzw³ wjwLZ,
¯^v¶ihy³, mxj‡gvniK…Z Ges GK c¶ KZ©„K Aci c¶‡K cÖ`Ë Zv‡K AvbyôvwbK Pzw³ e‡j|
L) mvaviY Pzw³ (Simple Contract) t e„‡U‡bi AvBb Abyhvqx †hme Pzw³‡Z cÖwZ`v‡bi cÖ‡qvRb
nq, Zv‡K mvaviY Pzw³ e‡j|
2. evwZj Pzw³ ev m¤§wZ (Void Agreement) t Pzw³ AvB‡bi 2 (Q) aviv g‡Z - †h mKj m¤§wZ
AvB‡bi mvnv‡h¨ ejer Kiv hvq bv, Zv‡K evwZj m¤§wZ ejv nq| Giƒc m¤§wZ ïiy n‡ZB evwZj e‡j
c¶Ø‡qi g‡a¨ †Kvb `vq m„wó K‡i bv|
Pzw³ AvBb Abyhvqx †h m¤§wZ¸‡jv ïiy‡ZB evwZj e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq Zv wbgœiƒc -
Pzw³i †kªYx web¨vm
Types of Contract
K. AvBbMZ ˆeaZvi `„wó‡KvY
†_‡K (Approaches to validity
of Legal point) :
1. ˆea (Valid)
2. evwZj Pzw³ ev m¤§wZ (Void)
3. evwZj‡hvM¨ Pzw³ (Voidable)
4. Aejer†hvM¨ Pzw³ (Un-
Enforceable)
5. A‰ea m¤§wZ (Illegel
agreement)
L. c×wZMZ `„wó‡KvY
†_‡K (Approaches
to methods) :
1. e¨³ Pzw³
(Expressed)
2. Ae¨³ Pzw³
(Implied)
M. cÖwZ`vb cÖ`v‡bi
`„wó‡KvY †_‡K
(Approaches to
consideration) :
1. GK cvw¶K
(Unilateral)
2. wØ-cvw¶K
(Bilateral)
N. Pzw³ cvj‡bi `„wó‡KvY
†_‡K (Approaches
to performance) :
1. m¤úbœ Pzw³
(Executed)
2. m¤úv`¨ Pzw³
(Executory)

19. e¨emvq AvBb
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 19
1. Pzw³ m¤úv`‡b A‡hvM¨ e¨w³ Øviv Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z n‡j| †hgb- bvevjK, cvMj, †`Dwjqv (11
aviv);
2. Pzw³i g~j welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© Dfqc‡¶i fyj n‡j (20 aviv);
3. A‰ea cÖwZ`vb I D‡Ïk¨ m¤^wjZ m¤§wZ (23 aviv);
4. m¤§wZi D‡Ïk¨ ev cÖwZ`v‡bi Ask we‡kl A‰ea n‡j (25 aviv);
5. KwZcq e¨wZµg Qvov cÖwZ`vbnxb m¤§wZ (25 aviv);
6. bvevjK b‡n Giƒc †Kvb e¨w³i weev‡ni Dci cÖwZeÜKZv m„wóKvix m¤§wZ (26 aviv);
7. AvBbm½Z †ckv ev e¨emvq-evwY‡R¨ cÖwZeÜKZv m„wóKvix (m¤§wZ 27 aviv);
8. evRx aivi Pzw³, †hgb-†gvnv‡gWvb I Avevnbx ‡Ljv, †gvnv‡gWvb wRZ‡j 50 UvKv †`qv n‡e BZ¨vw`
(30 aviv);
9. AwbwðZ I Awbw`©ó m¤§wZ (29 aviv);
10. e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZvq cÖwZeÜKZv m„wóKvix m¤§wZ;
11. Am¤¢e Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi Pzw³ (56 aviv); Ges
12. Pzw³ m¤úv`bKv‡j cvjb‡hvM¨ n‡jI cieZ©x NUbv ev cÖewZ©Z bZzb AvBb ejer nevi Kvi‡Y D³
m¤§wZ evwZj n‡Z cv‡i (2 T)|
3. evwZj‡hvM¨ Pzw³ (Voidable agreement) t ¶wZMÖ¯’ c‡¶i B‡”Q Abymv‡i †h Pzw³ evwZj Kiv hvq
Zv‡K evwZj‡hvM¨ Pzw³ e‡j| Z‡e h‡Zv¶Y H c¶ Pzw³ evwZj †NvlYv bv K‡i ZZ¶Y ch©š— Bnv AvBbZ
ejer‡hvM¨|
Pzw³ AvB‡bi 2 (S) aviv g‡Z - †h mKj m¤§wZ GK ev GKvwaK c‡¶i B‡”Q Abymv‡i ejer‡hvM¨
nq, wKš‘ Aci c‡¶i B‡”Q Abymv‡i ejer‡hvM¨ nq bv, Zv‡K evwZj‡hvM¨ m¤§wZ e‡j|
Giƒc Pzw³ wKfv‡e m„wó nq?
mvaviYZ AbywPZ cÖfve, ejcÖ‡qvM, cÖZviYv ev wg_¨v eY©bvi Øviv Av`vqK…Z m¤§wZ¸‡jvB cieZ©x‡Z
evwZj‡hvM¨ m¤§wZ e‡j MY¨ nq| D‡jøL¨ †h, hvi Dci Gme cÖ‡qvM K‡i m¤§wZ Av`vq Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Zvi B”Qvbymv‡i GB m¤§wZ evwZj‡hvM¨ nq|
evwZj‡hvM¨ m¤§wZi ˆewkó¨ (Characteristics of voidable Contract) t
1. ¶wZMÖ¯’ c¶ hZ¶Y Pzw³wU evwZj e‡j MY¨ bv K‡i, ZZ¶Y Bnv ˆea m¤§wZ e‡j MY¨ Ges
mswkøó c¶ Zv †g‡b Pj‡Z eva¨|
2. AvBb ïay ¶wZMÖ¯’ GK ev GKvwaK c¶‡K Pzw³ evwZj Kivi AwaKvi cÖ`vb K‡i|
3. ¶wZMÖ¯’ c¶ Pzw³ evwZj Ki‡Z eva¨ bq| Bnv Zvi m¤ú~Y© B”Qvaxb| B”QzK n‡j wbw`©ó ev
hyyw³m½Z mg‡qi g‡a¨ Zv Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. Pzw³i Aci c¶ ev c¶MY me©`vB Pzw³ cvj‡b eva¨|
5. ¶wZMÖ¯’ c¶ hw` Pzw³wU †g‡b †bq A_ev hyw³m½Z mg‡qi g‡a¨ Pzw³ Gov‡bvi AwaKvi cÖ‡qvM bv
K‡i| A_ev hw` Pzw³i welqe¯‘‡Z 3q c‡¶i †Kvb AwaKvi ev ¯^Z¡ Rb¥vq| ZLb 3q c¶I Pzw³
Øviv Ave× n‡q c‡o|
4. Aejer‡hvM¨ m¤§wZ (Unenforceable agreement) t AvBbMZ ÎywU wePz¨wZi Rb¨ †h m¤§wZ
Av`vjZKZ©„K ejer‡hvM¨ nq bv, Zv‡K Aejer‡hvM¨ m¤§wZ e‡j| ‡hgb - Dchy³ ÷¨v¤ú bv
jvMv‡bvi Rb¨; Ges wbeÜb bv nevi Rb¨ †Kvb m¤§wZ Av`vjZ KZ©„K Aejer‡hvM¨ n‡Z cv‡i|

20. weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 20
5. A‰ea m¤§wZ (Illegal agreement) t †`‡ki cÖPwjZ AvB‡b A‰ea e‡j ‡NvwlZ Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨
†Kvb m¤§wZ ‡`qv n‡j, Zv ïiy †_‡K evwZj Ges Giƒc m¤§wZ‡K A‰ea m¤§wZ e‡j| †hgb - KvD‡K
nZ¨v, nvBR¨vK Ges Pzwi-WvKvwZ Kivi m¤§wZ A‰ea| Giƒc m¤§wZ evsjv‡`k †dŠR`vix AvB‡bi
cwicš’x|
L) c×wZMZ `„wó‡KvY (Approaches to methods) t
1. e¨³ Pzw³ t fvlvi gva¨‡g Dfq c‡¶i g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z/m„ó cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ‡K e¨³ Pzw³ e‡j|
9 aviv g‡Z fvlvi gva¨‡g †Kvb cÖwZkÖywZi cÖ¯Íve `vb ev ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`Ë n‡j Zv‡K e¨³ cÖwZkÖywZ e‡j|
2. Ae¨³ Pzw³ t wjwLZ ev †gŠwLK cš’vq m¤§wZ bv n‡q AvPvi-AvPiY, nve-fve Øviv m¤§wZ cÖwZwôZ n‡j
Zv‡K Ae¨³ Pzw³ e‡j|
9 aviv g‡Z †Kvb cÖ¯Íve DÌvcb I ¯^xK…wZ Ávcb fvlvi e¨envi Qvov Ab¨ gva¨‡g n‡j, Zv‡K Ae¨³ cÖwZkÖywZ
e‡j|
M) cÖwZ`vb cÖ`v‡bi `„wó‡KvY (Approaches to consideration) t
1. GK cvw¶K Pzw³ t †h Pzw³‡Z GK c¶ cÖwZkÖywZ cÖ`vb K‡i Aci Zv MÖnY Qvov wKQzB cÖ`v‡b m¤§Z nq
bv| Zv‡K GK cvw¶K Pzw³ e‡j| †hgb - wgt X gmwR‡` wKQz A_© cÖ`vb Ki‡jv - GUv GKcvw¶K
Pzw³|
2. wØ-cvw¶K Pzw³ t †h Pzw³‡Z cvi¯úwiK cÖwZkÖywZ ev Dfq c‡¶i cÖwZ`vb cÖ`Ë nq| Zv‡K wØ-cvw¶K
Pzw³ e‡j| ‡hgb - 10 UvKvq Kjg µq Kiv n‡jv| GLv‡b Kj‡gi cÖwZ`vb UvKv Ges UvKvi cÖwZ`vb
Kjg|
N) Pzw³ cvj‡bi `„wó‡KvY (Approaches to performance) t
1. m¤úbœ Pzw³ t Pzw³ Abyhvqx hLb Dfq c¶ mKj Kvh© myôy iƒ‡c my-m¤úbœ K‡i Zv‡K m¤úbœ Pzw³ e‡j|
G‡¶‡Î `yB c‡¶i Kvh©µg mgvbZv‡j P‡j|
2. m¤úv`¨ Pzw³ t ‡h †¶‡Î Pzw³ Abyhvqx m¤ú~Y© Kvh© ev AvswkK Kvh© fwel¨‡Z m¤úvw`Z n‡e G g‡g©
m¤§wZ cÖwZwôZ nq, Zv‡K m¤úv`¨ Pzw³ e‡j| †hgb - wbw`©ó g~‡j¨i wewbg‡q iwng Kwig‡K cÖwZw`b
GK ‡KwR K‡i `ya mieivn Ki‡e| GUv m¤úv`¨ Pzw³|
evwZj I evwZj‡hvM¨ m¤§wZi cv_©K¨ wbY©q (Difference between void + voidable agreements)t
evwZj I evwZj‡hvM¨ m¤§wZi g‡a¨ †ek wKQz ˆemv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q, hv wb‡gœ cÖ`Ë n‡jv t-
µg evwZj m¤§wZ evwZj‡hvM¨ m¤§wZ
1. msÁv ‡h me m¤§wZ AvB‡bi mvnv‡h¨ ejer Kiv
hvq bv, Zv‡K evwZj m¤§wZ e‡j|
‡h m¤§wZ GK c‡¶i B‡”Q Abymv‡i
ejer‡hvM¨, wKš‘ Aci c‡¶i B‡”Q
Abymv‡i ejer‡hvM¨ nq bv, Zv‡K
evwZj‡hvM¨ m¤§wZ e‡j|
2. DrcwË Avek¨Kxq Dcv`v‡bi Afve †_‡K GB
m¤§wZ m„wó nq|
ej cÖ‡qvM, AbywPZ cÖfve, cÖZviYv,
wg_¨v eY©bv I fy‡ji Øviv Giƒc Pzw³
m„wó nq|
3. AwaKvi GB m¤§wZ Pzw³e× ev m¤§wZe× c¶M‡Yi
g‡a¨ †Kvb AwaKvi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
hZ¶Y ch©šÍ evwZj †NvwlZ bv nq,
ZZ¶Y ch©šÍ c¶M‡Yi g‡a¨ AwaKvi
_vK‡e|
4. `vq-`vwqZ¡ AwaKvi bv _vKvq †Kvb c‡¶i g‡a¨ †Kvb
`vq-`vwq‡Z¡i m„wó nq bv|
evwZj e‡j †NvwlZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ
c¶M‡Yi g‡a¨ ˆea `vq-`vwq‡Z¡i m„wó
K‡i|

21. e¨emvq AvBb
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 21
5. ¯^Z¡ n¯ÍvšÍi GB m¤§wZi Øviv GK c¶ Aci c‡¶i
wbKU cÖvß AwaKvi ev ¯^Z¡ n¯ÍvšÍi
Ki‡j, n¯ÍvšÍiMÖÖnxZv AvBbm½Z †Kvb
¯^Z¡ ev gvwjKvbv jvf Ki‡e bv|
evwZj e‡j †NvwlZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ †Kvb
c¶ Aci c‡¶i wbKU Zvi cÖvß
AwaKvi ev ¯^Z¡ n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡j Ges
n¯ÍvšÍiMÖnxZv mij wek¦v‡mi Zv MÖnY
Ki‡j, †m ˆea ¯^Z¡ jvf Ki‡e|
6. eva¨evaKZv GB m¤§wZ AvBbMZ ejer‡hvM¨ bq e‡j
†Kvb c‡¶iB Bnv cvj‡b eva¨evaKZv
_v‡K bv|
evwZ‡ji AwaKvi cÖvß c¶ Bnv cvj‡b
eva¨ hw` evwZj bv K‡i|
7. iƒcvš—i GB m¤§wZ ïiy‡ZB evwZj, ZvB G‡K Pzw³
ejv hvq bv|
ïiy‡ZB evwZj bq| AwaKvi cÖvß ev
¶wZMÖ¯’ c¶ ïay evwZj Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Ab¨_vq ˆea Pzw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq|
8. ‰eaZv Giƒc m¤§wZ KL‡bvB ˆea Pzw³ n‡Z cv‡i
bv|
evwZj e‡j †NvwlZ cevi c~e© ch©šÍ ˆea
Pzw³i iƒc jvf K‡i|
9. evwZj
†NvlYv
ïiy‡ZB evwZj e‡j, cybt evwZj †NvlYvi
Avek¨KZv †bB|
¶wZMÖ¯’ c¶ B‡”Q Ki‡j GB Pzw³‡K
evwZj e‡j †NvlYv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
10. DcKvi
cÖZ¨vc©b
Pzw³ evwZj ev A‰ea n‡j Ges Zv Øviv
†Kvb c¶ DcK…Z n‡j Aci c¶ Zv
†dir cvq bv|
GB Pzw³ Øviv †Kvb c¶ DcKvi ev
myweav †c‡j evwZj †NvlYvi ci Zv
†dir cvq|
(L) evwZj I A‰ea m¤§wZ ev Pzw³i cv_©K¨ (Distinction between void illegal agreement) t
µg evwZj A‰ea
1. msÁv ‡h me m¤§wZ AvB‡bi mvnv‡h¨ ejer Kiv
hvq bv Zv‡K evwZj m¤§wZ e‡j|
‡`‡ki cÖPwjZ AvB‡b A‰ea e‡j
†NvwlZ Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi †Kvb m¤§wZ
†`qv n‡j Zv ïiy †_‡K evwZj Ges
Giƒc m¤§wZB A‰ea m¤§wZ|
2. ‰eaZv evwZj m¤§wZ A‰ea bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
†hgb - m¤§wZ‡Z wbðqZvi Afv‡e m¤§wZ
evwZj n‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ Zv A‰ea bq|
A‰ea m¤§wZ ïiy n‡ZB evwZj| GB
m¤§wZ †dŠR`vix AvB‡biI cwicš’x|
3. cÖvmw½K I
Avbylw½K
m¤§wZ
evwZj m¤§wZi g~j Ask evwZj n‡jI
Bnvi cÖvmw½K I Avbylw½K Ab¨vb¨ m¤§wZ
ˆea n‡Z cv‡i|
†Kvb A‰ea m¤§wZi g~j Ask A‰ea
n‡j Bnvi cÖvmw½K I Avbylw½K
m¤§wZI A‰ea n‡e|
‡hgb t
(K) Rwmg‡K Lyb Kivi Rb¨ †mwjg Wvwjg‡K wb‡qvM Kij| nZ¨vi cÖwZ`vb 5000 UvKv †mwjg Kwi‡gi
†_‡K avi K‡i| G‡¶‡Î Wvwj‡gi mv‡_ †mwj‡gi m¤§wZ A‰ea| UvKv av‡ii D‡Ïk¨ Kwig Rvb‡j Zv
n‡e cÖ_g m¤§wZi Avbylw½K ev mvnvh¨Kvix| d‡j †m H UvKv Av`vq Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| bv Rvb‡j Zv
Avbylw½K bq Ges Pzw³ ˆea| UvKv Av`vq‡hvM¨|
(L) ÔKÕ evRx aivi Rb¨ ÔLÕ -i wbKU †_‡K 1000 UvKv avi †bq| evRx aivi m¤§wZ evwZj, wKš‘ A‰ea
bq| UvKv avi †bqv cÖ_g m¤§wZ (evRx aivi) Avbylw½K Ges ÔLÕ H D‡Ïk¨ Rvb‡jI Zv ˆea e‡j MY¨
n‡e|

22. weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 22
evRx aivi Pzw³ (Agreement of wagering) t fwel¨‡Z †Kvb NUbv NUv ev bv NUv wel‡q m¤ú~Y© wbwðZ
g‡b K‡i GK e¨w³ Aci e¨w³‡K †Kvb wbw`©ó cwigvY m¤ú`/A_© †`qvi m¤§wZ‡K evRx aivq Pzw³ e‡j|
G‡¶‡Î GKc¶ nvi‡e, Acic¶ wRZ‡e| evRx Pzw³i `yÕwU ˆewkó¨ n‡jv t `yÕc¶ fwel¨Z NUbv wbwðZ
g‡b K‡i m¤§wZe× nq Ges GKc¶ nvi‡e, Aci c¶ wRZ‡e| Pzw³ AvB‡bi 30 aviv g‡Z evRx
Pzw³/m¤§wZ evwZj e‡j Aci c¶‡K Zv cvj‡b eva¨ Ki‡Z gvgjv Kiv hvq bv|
exgv Pzw³ (Contract of insurance) t wbw`©ó †Kvb NUbv NUbvi d‡j GK c‡¶ ¶wZ n‡j Aci c¶
KZ©„K wbw`©ó cwigvY A_© cÖ`v‡bi cÖwZkÖywZB exgv Pzw³| ¶wZMÖ¯’ c¶ Zvi ¶wZi wecix‡Z ¶wZc~iYKvix‡K
wbw`©ó wcÖwgqvg cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| exgv Pzw³ AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z Kj¨vYKi, ˆea Ges ejer‡hvM¨|
evRx Pzw³ I exgv Pzw³i cv_©K¨ (Differences between wagering contract contract of
insurance)
µg evRx Pzw³ exgv Pzw³
1. exg‡hvM¨
¯^v_©
GB Pzw³‡Z exgv‡hvM¨ ¯^v_© _vKv
Avek¨Kxq bq|
GB †¶‡Î `yB c‡¶iB ci¯úi ¯^v_©
we`¨gvb _v‡K|
2. SuywK GB Pzw³‡Z `yB c‡¶i SzuwK eZ©gvb
_v‡K|
GB †¶‡Î exgvKvixi `vwqZ¡ n‡jv exgv
MÖnxZvi SzuwK enb Kiv|
3. cÖwZ`vb GB m¤§wZ‡Z †Kvb cÖwZ`vb †bB| GB Pzw³‡Z cÖwZ`vb _v‡K hv wcÖwgqvg
wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|
4. Pzw³i cÖK…wZ evRx Pzw³ n‡jv Awek¦vm I duvwK evwRi
Pzw³|
exgv Pzw³ n‡jv P~ovšÍ mwØk¦v‡mi Pzw³|
5. D‡Ïk¨ GB m¤§wZi D‡Ïk¨ Ryqv †Ljv| †Kvb
c‡¶i ¯^v_© i¶v bq|
GB Pzw³i D‡Ïk¨ exgvMÖnxZvi ¯^v_©
i¶v Kiv|
6. Kj¨vYKvwgZv GB m¤§wZi Øviv mvwe©Kfv‡e RbM‡Yi †Kvb
Kj¨vY †bB| AvBbZ A‰ea I evwZj e‡j
MY¨|
GB Pzw³ RbwnZKi Ges AvB‡bi
†Pv‡L m¤ú~Y© ˆea|
7. A_© cwi‡kva GB †¶‡Î ¶wZMÖ¯’ c‡¶i wKw¯Í‡Z A_©
cÖ`v‡bi †Kvb wewa-weavb _v‡K bv|
GB Pzw³‡Z exgv wcÖwgqvg wba©viY Kiv
nq Ges Zv Pzw³ †gvZv‡eK wKw¯—‡Z
cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq|
8. ˆeÁvwbK
wfwË
evRx m¤ú~Y© A‰eÁvwbK| GLv‡b †Kvb
ˆeÁvwbK wfwË e¨eüZ nq bv|
m¤ú~Y© ‰eÁvwbK wfwËi Dci wbf©i
K‡i GB Pzw³ MwVZ nq|

23. e¨emvq AvBb
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 23
cvV ms‡¶c
1872 mv‡ji Pzw³ AvB‡bi 2 (R) aviv g‡Z - AvB‡bi mvnv‡h¨ ejer†hvM¨ m¤§wZ‡K ˆea Pzw³ e‡j| Pzw³
AvB‡bi 2 (Q) aviv g‡Z - †h mKj m¤§wZ AvB‡bi mvnv‡h¨ ejer Kiv hvq bv, Zv‡K evwZj m¤§wZ ejv
nq| Giƒc m¤§wZ ïiy n‡ZB evwZj e‡j c¶Ø‡qi g‡a¨ †Kvb `vq m„wó K‡i bv|
Pzw³ AvBb Abyhvqx †h mKj m¤§wZ¸‡jv ïiy‡ZB evwZj e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq Zv wbgœiƒc -
1. Pzw³ m¤úv`‡b A‡hvM¨ e¨w³ Øviv Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z n‡j| †hgb- bvevjK, cvMj, †`Dwjqv (11 aviv);
2. Pzw³i g~j welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© Dfqc‡¶i fyj n‡j (20 aviv);
3. A‰ea cÖwZ`vb I D‡Ïk¨ m¤^wjZ m¤§wZ (23 aviv);
4. m¤§wZi D‡Ïk¨ ev cÖwZ`v‡bi Ask we‡kl A‰ea n‡j (25 aviv);
5. KwZcq e¨wZµg Qvov cÖwZ`vbnxb m¤§wZ (25 aviv);
6. bvevjK b‡n Giƒc †Kvb e¨w³i weev‡ni Dci cÖwZeÜKZv m„wóKvix m¤§wZ (26 aviv);
7. AvBbm½Z †ckv ev e¨emvq-evwY‡R¨ cÖwZeÜKZv m„wóKvix (27 aviv);
8. evRx aivi Pzw³ (30 aviv);
9. AwbwðZ I Awbw`©ó m¤§wZ (29 aviv);
10. e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZvq cÖwZeÜKZv m„wóKvix m¤§wZ;
11. Am¤¢e Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi Pzw³ (56 aviv); Ges
12. Pzw³ m¤úv`bKv‡j cvjb‡hvM¨ n‡jI cieZ©x NUbv ev cÖewZ©Z bZzb AvBb ejer nevi Kvi‡Y D³
m¤§wZ evwZj n‡Z cv‡i (2 T)|
¶wZMÖ¯’ c‡¶i B‡”Q Abymv‡i †h Pzw³ evwZj Kiv hvq Zv‡K evwZj‡hvM¨ Pzw³ e‡j| ¶wZMÖ¯’ c¶ hZ¶Y
Pzw³wU evwZj e‡j MY¨ bv K‡i, ZZ¶Y Bnv ˆea m¤§wZ e‡j MY¨ Ges mswkøó c¶ Zv †g‡b Pj‡Z eva¨|
AvBb ïay ¶wZMÖ¯’ GK ev GKvwaK c¶‡K Pzw³ evwZj Kivi AwaKvi cÖ`vb K‡i| ¶wZMÖ¯’ c¶ Pzw³
evwZj Ki‡Z eva¨ bq| Bnv Zvi m¤ú~Y© B”Qvaxb| B”QzK n‡j wbw`©ó ev hyyw³m½Z mg‡qi g‡a¨ Zv Ki‡Z
n‡e| Pzw³i Aci c¶ ev c¶MY me©`vB Pzw³ cvj‡b eva¨| ¶wZMÖ¯’ c¶ hw` Pzw³wU †g‡b †bq A_ev
hyw³m½Z mg‡qi g‡a¨ Pzw³ Gov‡bvi AwaKvi cÖ‡qvM bv K‡i|

24. weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 24
Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi †hvM¨Zv (Capacity to Contract)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
Pzw³ m¤úv`‡b †hvM¨ e¨w³‡`i m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
bvevj‡Ki Pzw³ m¤úwK©Z AvB‡bi weavb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi †hvM¨Zv Kx?
‰ea Pzw³i Acwinvh© Dcv`vb n‡jv Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi †hvM¨Zv A_©vr hviv Pzw³ m¤úv`b Ki‡e Zv‡`i Bnv
m¤úv`b †hvM¨Zv _vK‡Z n‡e| `yB c‡¶iB Pzw³ m¤úv`b †hvM¨Zv bv _vK‡j Pzw³ ˆea n‡e bv|
Pzw³ AvB‡bi 11 aviv g‡Z- cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³B Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi †hvM¨ -
1) hw` wZwb ‡hB AvB‡bi Aaxb †mB AvBb Abymv‡i cÖvß eq¯‹ nb;
2) my¯’ g‡bi AwaKvix nb; Ges
3) wZwb †h AvB‡bi Aaxb †mB AvBb Øviv A‡hvM¨ †NvwlZ bv nb| A_©vr wb‡gœi 3wU ‰ewkó¨ hvi g‡a¨
_vK‡e wZwbB Pzw³ m¤úv`b‡hvM¨ e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡eb -
1) wZwb hw` cÖvß eq¯‹ nb;
2) wZwb hw` my¯’ gw¯Í®‹m¤úbœ nb; Ges
3) wZwb †h AvB‡bi Aaxb †mB AvBb Abyhvqx Pzw³ m¤úv`b‡hvM¨ nb|
bvevjK/wkï/AcÖvß eq¯‹ e¨w³i Pzw³ (Contracts by Minors) t Avgv‡`i †`‡k ejer‡hvM¨ 1875
mv‡ji Majority Act ev mvevjKZ¡ AvB‡bi 3 aviv g‡Z 18 ermi c~Y© n‡jB evsjv‡`‡k ¯’vqxfv‡e
emevmKvix e¨w³ mvevjK e‡j MY¨ n‡e| A_©vr 18 ermi c~Y© bv nIqv ch©šÍ †m bvevjK|
e¨wZµg t GB wbq‡gi 2wU e¨wZµg i‡q‡Q -
K. bvevjK ev Zvi m¤úwËi ZË¡veav‡bi fvi Av`vjZ KZ©„K †Kvb Awffve‡Ki Dci Awc©Z n‡j; Ges
L. †KvU© Ae IqvW©m t Av`vjZ KZ©„K cÖwZcvwjZ bvevj‡Ki m¤úwË ZË¡veavb ev cwiPvjbvi fvi
M„nxZ n‡j|
GB `yB †¶‡Î 18 bq 21 ermi c~iY n‡j bvevjK mvevjK e‡j MY¨ n‡e| e„‡U‡b 1969 mvj n‡Z
cÖewZ©Z bZzb AvBb Abyhvqx †Kvb e¨w³i 18 ermi c~Y© n‡jB †m mvevjK e‡j MY¨ n‡e|
bvevj‡Ki Pzw³ m¤úwK©Z AvB‡bi weavb (The law relating to minor’s contract) t bvevj‡Ki
Pzw³/m¤§Z m¤úwK©Z AvB‡bi weavb¸‡jv wbgœiƒc -
1. bvevjK Pzw³ m¤úv`‡b A‡hvM¨
2. bvevj‡Ki Pzw³ ïiy n‡ZB evwZj
3. bvevj‡Ki cÖvß myweav ejer‡hvM¨
4. AZ¨vek¨Kxq `ªe¨vw` mieiv‡n bvevj‡Ki `vq

25. e¨emvq AvBb
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 25
5. bvevjK A_© †dir`v‡b eva¨ bq
6. bvevjK cÖwZwbwa n‡Z cv‡i
7. bvevjK Askx`vi n‡Z cv‡i bv
8. ‡`Dwjqv †NvlYv Kiv hvq bv
9. bvevj‡Ki c‡¶ Awffve‡Ki Pzw³ ejer‡hvM¨
10. Abymg_©‡b Pzw³ nq bv
11. ¯^xq AvPiY m„ó cÖwZeÜKZvi bxwZ cÖ‡hvR¨ bq
12. bvevj‡Ki †Kv¤úvwb m`m¨ c`
13. Awffve‡Ki PvKzwi m¤úwK©Z Pzw³
14. ‡hŠ_ Pzw³‡Z bvevjK `vqx bq
15. bvevjK n¯—vš—i‡hvM¨ `wjj ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i; Ges
16. wbw`©ó Pzw³ cvj‡bi Av‡`k nq bv|
wb‡gœ G¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv -
1. bvevjK Pzw³ m¤úv`‡b A‡hvM¨ (Minor is incapable of entering in to a contract) t Pzw³
AvB‡bi 11 aviv g‡Z bvevjK Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi A‡hvM¨| ZvB bvevj‡Ki Pzw³ ˆea bq| ZvQvov
bvevjK KL‡bv †Kvb Pzw³ Øviv wb‡R `vqe× nq bv|
2. bvevj‡Ki Pzw³ ïiy n‡ZB evwZj (Contract of minors void ab initio) t bvevj‡Ki Pzw³ ˆea
bq| ZvB ‡m †Kvb Pzw³ m¤úv`b Ki‡jI Zv ïiy n‡ZB evwZj e‡j MY¨ n‡e| KviY †m cwiYZ
eyw×gvb bq Ges wb‡Ri fvj-g›` eyS‡Z A¶g|
Mohori Bibi vs. Dharmadas Ghosh (1903) 301.A.114 bvgK gvgjvi K_v D‡jøK Kiv hvq-
GB gvgjvq GKRb bvevjK 20,000 UvKvq m¤úwË eÜK †i‡L 8,000 UvKv MÖnY K‡i Ges c‡i evwZj
†NvlYvi Rb¨ gvgjv K‡i| g‡nvix wewe UvKv †dir Pvq| Av`vjZ e‡j bvevj‡Ki Pzw³ ïiy‡ZB evwZj e‡j
‡m UvKv †dir cv‡e bv|
3. bvevj‡Ki cÖvß myweav ejer‡hvM¨ (Benefit of the minor is enforceble) t Pzw³ AvBb g‡Z
bvevjK Pzw³ cÖwZkÖywZMÖnxZv n‡Z cv‡i| Pzw³ Abyhvqx †m †Kvb my‡hvM-myweav †c‡j Zv Av`v‡qi Rb¨
Aci c‡¶i weiy‡× gvgjv `v‡qi Kiv hv‡e| Avevi bvevj‡Ki c‡¶ - †Kvb n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨ `wjj ev
eÜK ev weµq m¤úvw`Z n‡j †m AvBb Øviv Zv ejer Ki‡Z cvi‡e| e„wUk AvBb Abyhvqx -
bvevj‡Ki ¯^v‡_©i AbyK~‡j mKj Pzw³B ˆea| †hgb wk¶v, PvKzwi, A_©-DcvR©b BZ¨vw`|
4. AZ¨vek¨Kxq `ªe¨vw` mieiv‡n bvevj‡Ki `vq (Liability of monor for supplying
necessaries) t Pzw³ AvB‡bi 68 aviv g‡Z bvevjK ev †m hv‡`i jvjb-cvjb AvBbZ eva¨ Zv‡`i
†Kn AZ¨vek¨Kxq `ªe¨vw` mieivn Ki‡j Zvi b¨vh¨ g~j¨ cÖ`v‡b bvevj‡Ki m¤úwË `vqx _v‡K|
Avek¨Kxq `ªe¨vw` t Bnv bvevj‡Ki c` gh©v`v, mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb I cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’vi Av‡jv‡K w¯’i
n‡e| mieivnKvix hyw³m½Z ev b¨vh¨vg~j¨ cv‡e, bvevjK ¯^xK…Z g~j¨ bq| Bnv cwi‡kv‡a †m
e¨w³MZfv‡e `vqx bq| Zvi m¤úwË `vqx gvÎ| ‡hgb - Lvevi mieivnKvix, bvevjK ev Zvi †ev‡bi
we‡q, Zv bvevjK c‡¶ gvgjv cwiPvjbv e¨q, †klK…Z mvab e¨q BZ¨vw` Avek¨Kxq e‡j MY¨ Kiv n‡q
_v‡K|
5. bvevj‡Ki A_© ‡dir`v‡b eva¨ bq (Minor not bound to return money) t bvevj‡Ki Pzw³
evwZj e‡j H evwZj Pzw³ †_‡K bvevjK hw` †Kvb DcKvi, my‡hvM-myweav I A_© †c‡q _v‡K Z‡e,

26. weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 26
Zv‡K ¶wZc~i‡Y ev A_© †dir `v‡b eva¨ Kiv hvq bv| GB †¶‡Î Pzw³ AvB‡bi 64 I 65 Øviv Kvh©Ki
n‡e bv|
6. bvevjK cÖwZwbwa n‡Z cv‡i (Minor can be an agent) t Pzw³ AvB‡bi 184 aviv g‡Z bvevjK
cÖwZwbwa wbhy³ n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ cÖwZwbwa wbhyw³i Pzw³ Øviv †m wbhy³Kvix ev 3q c‡¶i wbKU `vqe×
n‡e bv|
7. bvevjK Askx`vi n‡Z cv‡i bv (Minor cannot be a partner) t Askx`vix AvB‡bi 30 aviv
g‡Z bvevjK Askx`vi n‡Z cv‡i bv ev Askx`vix Pzw³‡Z Ave× n‡Z cv‡i bv| Z‡e, mKj
Askx`v‡ii m¤§wZµ‡g †m Askx`vixi mKj my‡hvM myweav †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|
8. †`Dwjqv †NvlYv Kiv hvq bv (Cannot be declared an insolvent) t †`Dwjqv AvBb Abyhvqx
Zv‡K KL‡bv †`Dwjqv †NvlYv Kiv hvq bv| Z‡e Askx`vix Kviev‡i Zvi g~jab ev ¯^v_© ch©šÍ `vqe×
n‡Z cv‡i|
9. bvevj‡Ki c‡¶ Awffve‡Ki Pzw³ ejer‡hvM¨ (Guardians contract on behalf a minor is
enforceable) t bvevj‡Ki c‡¶ Zvi AwffveK ev ZË¡veavq‡Ki Pzw³ ejer‡hvM¨ n‡e| Z‡e 2wU
kZ© _vK‡Z n‡e-
K) AwffveK‡K Zvi AwaKv‡ii mxgvi g‡a¨ †_‡K Pzw³ m¤úv`b Ki‡Z n‡e|
L) D³ Pzw³ bvevj‡Ki AbyK~‡j ev AvBbMZ Kvi‡Y n‡Z n‡e|
Awffve‡Ki AwaKv‡ii mxgv t Awffv‡Ki AwaKv‡ii mxgv KZUzKz n‡e Zv bvevj‡Ki e¨w³MZ AvBb,
AwffveK I cÖwZcvj¨ AvB‡b mywbw`©ófv‡e †`qv Av‡Q|
10. Abymg_©‡b Pzw³ nq bv (Contract may not be made by ratification) t bvevj‡Ki Pzw³ ïiy
n‡ZB evwZj e‡j bvevjKKvjxb mg‡qi †Kvb Pzw³i mg_©‡b cÖvß eq¯‹ n‡q Zv‡K ˆea Pzw³‡Z iƒcvš—
i Kiv hv‡e bv| bZzb K‡i Pzw³ m¤úv`b Ki‡Z n‡e|
11. ¯^xq AvPiY-m„ó cÖwZeÜKZvi bxwZ cÖ‡hvR¨ bq (The principle of estoppel is not
applicable) t ‡Kvb bvevjK mvevjK e‡j wg_¨v cwiPq w`‡q Kv‡iv mv‡_ †Kvb Pzw³ m¤úv`b Ki‡j
cieZ©x Kv‡j Avwg mvevjK bB bvevjK GB K_v e‡j Ges hyw³ cÖ`k©‡bi gva¨‡g ¯^xq ¯^v_© msi¶Y
Ki‡Z cvi‡e Zv‡K Pzw³ cvj‡b eva¨ Kiv hv‡e bv|
mv‡`K Avjx Lvb ebvg Rq wK‡kvi Air (1928) P.C. 162 Ges R. Leslie Ltd vs. Sheill (1914)3K.B
607 gvgjvi ivq D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Zv‡Z ejv nq - bvevjK mvevj‡Ki wg_¨v cwiPq w`‡q †Kvb FY MÖnY
Kiv‡bv I Zvi weiy‡× RyqvPzwii Awf‡hvM G‡b Zv‡K ¶wZc~i‡Y eva¨ Kiv hvq bv ev b¨vq bxwZi hyw³
w`‡q H A_© †dir `v‡b eva¨ Kiv hvq bv| wKš‘ Khan Gul vs. Lakha Singh (1928) 9 Lah 701
gvgjvq ejv n‡q‡Q - Ab¨‡K cÖZviYv Kivi AwaKivi bvevj‡Ki †bB| ZvB cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a ¶wZc~i‡Yi
wb‡`©k †`qv hvq|
12. bvevj‡Ki †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨c` (Minor as the shareholder of a Company) t bvevjK †Kvs
m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv| Z‡e cwi‡gj wbqgvejx‡Z G m¤ú‡K© my¯úó weavb _vK‡Z n‡e|
13. Awffve‡Ki PvKzwi m¤úwK©Z Pzw³ (Guardia`s contract relating to service) t AwffveK
bvevj‡Ki PvKzwi m¤úwK©Z Pzw³ m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Giƒc Pzw³ evwZj e‡j MY¨|
14. †hŠ_ Pzw³‡Z bvevjK `vqx bq (Minor is not liable in a joint contract) t mvevjK‡`i mv‡_
bvevjK †hŠ_ fv‡e †Kvb Pzw³ m¤úv`b Ki‡j H Pzw³‡Z mvevjKMYB `vqx| bvevjK `vqx n‡e bv|
15. bvevjK n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨ `wjj ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i (Minor can draw negoliable instruments) t
1881 mv‡ji n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨ `wjj AvB‡bi 26 aviv g‡Z - bvevj‡Ki n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨ `wjj (†PK. wej)
m¤úv`b I c„ôvsKb Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Zv Ac©Y ev n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g †m Aci c¶‡K `vqe× Ki‡Z
cvi‡e| wb‡R `vqe× n‡e bv|
17. wbw`©ó Kvh©cvj‡bi Av‡`k cÖ‡hvR¨ bq (Specific performance of a contract is not
applicable) t bvevjK m¤úvw`Z ev M„nxZ Pzw³ ïiy‡ZB evwZj| ZvB Aci c¶ m¤§wZ Abyhvqx wbw`©ó
Kvh© cvj‡b bvevjK‡K eva¨ Ki‡Z ev gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|

27. e¨emvq AvBb
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 27
weevwnZ gwnjvi Pzw³ (Contract by Married Women) t weevwnZ gwnjviv Pzw³ m¤úv`‡b cyiy‡li
b¨vq mgvb AwaKvi cv‡e| Z‡e Zv‡K mvevwjKv, gvbwmKfv‡e my¯’ n‡Z n‡e| AZ¨vekxq `ªe¨vw` msMÖ‡ni
Rb¨ ¯^vgxi m¤úwË `vqe× K‡i Pzw³ m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cvi‡e (e„‡U‡bI ZvB)| G‡¶‡Î †m ¯^vgxi cÖwZwbwa|
AZ¨vek¨Kxq cY¨ Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb Pzw³i Rb¨ ¯^vgxi m¤úwË `vqe× n‡e bv| KviY weevwnZv ¯¿x †jv‡Ki
m¤úvw`Z †h †Kvb Pzw³i Rb¨ ¯^vgx `vqe× b‡n| †hgb -ÔKÕ Gi ¯¿x wKQz Lv`¨ mvgMÖx Ges wKQz Mnbv
wKwbj ÔKÕ Gi AbygwZ Qvov| Mnbvi g~j¨ eve` ¯^vgx `vqx bq ev Zvi m¤úwË `vqx bq|
cvV ms‡¶c
‰ea Pzw³i Acwinvh© Dcv`vb n‡jv Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi †hvM¨Zv A_©vr hviv m¤úv`b Ki‡e Zv‡`i m¤úv`b
†hvM¨Zv _vK‡Z n‡e| `yB c‡¶i Pzw³ m¤úv`b †hvM¨Zv bv _vK‡j Pzw³ ˆea n‡e bv|
Pzw³ AvB‡bi 11 aviv g‡Z- cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³B Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi †hvM¨ -
1. hw` wZwb ‡hB AvB‡bi Aaxb †mB AvBb Abymv‡i cÖvß eq¯‹ nb;
2. my¯’ g‡bi AwaKvix nb; Ges
3. wZwb †h AvB‡bi Aaxb †mB AvBb Øviv A‡hvM¨ †NvwlZ bv nb|
Avgv‡`i †`‡k ejer‡hvM¨ 1875 mv‡ji Majority Act ev mvevjKZ¡ AvB‡bi 3 aviv g‡Z 18 ermi c~Y©
n‡jB evsjv‡`‡k ¯’vqxfv‡e emevmKvix e¨w³ mvevjK e‡j MY¨ n‡e| A_©vr 18 ermi c~Y© bv nIqv ch©šÍ
†m bvevjK|
bvevj‡Ki Pzw³/m¤§Z m¤úwK©Z AvB‡bi weavb¸‡jv wbgœiƒc -
1. bvevjK Pzw³ m¤úv`‡b A‡hvM¨
2. bvevj‡Ki Pzw³ ïiy n‡ZB evwZj
3. bvevj‡Ki cÖvß myweav ejer‡hvM¨
4. AZ¨vek¨Kxq `ªe¨vw` mieiv‡n bvevj‡Ki `vq
5. bvevjK A_© †dir`v‡b eva¨ bq
6. bvevjK cÖwZwbwa n‡Z cv‡i
7. bvevjK Askx`vi n‡Z cv‡i bv
8. ‡`Dwjqv †NvlYv Kiv hvq bv
9. bvevj‡Ki c‡¶ Awffve‡Ki Pzw³ ejer‡hvM¨
10. Abymg_©‡b Pzw³ nq bv
11. ¯^xq AvPiY m„ó cÖwZeÜKZvi bxwZ cÖ‡hvR¨ bq
12. bvevj‡Ki †Kv¤úvwb m`m¨ c`
13. Awffve‡Ki PvKzwi m¤úwK©Z Pzw³
14. ‡hŠ_ Pzw³‡Z bvevjK `vqx bq
15. bvevjK n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨ `wjj ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i; Ges
16. wbw`©ó Pzw³ cvj‡bi Av‡`k nq bv|
weevwnZ gwnjviv AZ¨vekxq `ªe¨vw` msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ ¯^vgxi m¤úwË `vqe× K‡i Pzw³ m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
G‡¶‡Î †m ¯^vgxi cÖwZwbwa| AZ¨vek¨Kxq cY¨ Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb Pzw³i Rb¨ ¯^vgxi m¤úwË `vqe× n‡e bv|
KviY weevwnZv ¯¿x †jv‡Ki m¤úvw`Z †h †Kvb Pzw³i Rb¨ ¯^vgx `vqe× b‡n|

28. weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 28
¯^vaxb mvq/m¤§wZ (Free Consent)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb -
†¯^”Qv ev ¯^vaxb mvq m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
ej cÖ‡qvM, Bnvi †¶Î I cwiYvg
AbywPZ cÖfve, †¶Î, cÖgv‡Yi fve, cwiYvg e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
ejcÖ‡qvM I AbywPZ cÖfv‡ei g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
cÖZviYv, cÖZviYvi Dcv`vb, cwiYvg, cÖwZKvi, bxieZv Kx BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
wg_¨v eY©bv, Dcv`vb, wg_¨v eY©bv I cÖZviYvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
fyj, fy‡ji †kªYx wefvM, AvBb m¤ú‡K© fyj, fyj wK iƒ‡c ˆeaZv‡K e¨vnZ K‡i, fy‡ji cwiYvg m¤ú‡K©
eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
mvq/m¤§wZ ej‡Z GKvwaK c‡¶i g‡a¨ †Kvb wKQz Kiv ev bv Kiv wel‡q g‡Zi wgj‡K eySvq|
‡¯^”Qvmvq t mvq/m¤§wZ hw` ¯^vaxbfv‡e ev Ab¨vq cÖfve Qvov nq Z‡e Zv‡K †¯^”Qvmvq e‡j|
‡¯^”Qvmvq/¯^vaxb mvq ˆea Pzw³i Acwinvh© Dcv`vb| Pzw³ AvB‡bi 13 avivq mvq Ges 14 avivq †¯^”Qvmvq
m¤ú‡K© D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|
13 aviv g‡Z mvq/m¤§wZ t ÔhLb `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³ GKB wel‡q GKB A‡_© GKgZ nqÕ ZLb Zv‡`i
mvq cÖ`Ë n‡q‡Q e‡j aiv nq| myZivs mswkøó `yÕwU c‡¶i GKB wel‡q GKB A‡_© GKgZ nIqv Av‡qi
Rb¨ Acwinvh©|
14 aviv g‡Z †¯^”Qvmvq (Free consent) t ej cÖ‡qvM, AbywPZ cÖfve, wg_¨v eY©bv, cÖZviYv ev fy‡ji
ekeZ©x bv n‡q mvq cÖ`Ë n‡j Zv‡K ‡¯^”Qvmvq e‡j|
‡Kvb m¤§wZ‡Z †¯^”Qvmvq bv _vK‡j Zv evwZj‡hvM¨ Pzw³ e‡j MY¨ nq Ges hvi mvq Ab¨vq cÖfv‡ei Øviv
Av`vq Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zvi B”Qv Abymv‡i Pzw³ evwZj n‡q _v‡K| Aek¨ fy‡ji Kvi‡Y Pzw³ mivmwi evwZj
n‡Z cv‡i| Gevi Avmyb Avgiv 14 avivi Dcv`vb¸‡jv wb‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kwi t-
1. ejcÖ‡qvM (Coercion)
2. AbywPZ cÖfve (Undue unfluence)
3. cÖZviYv (Fraud)
4. wg_¨v eY©bv (Misrepresentation)
5. fyj (Mistake)
1. ej cÖ‡qvM (Coercion) t mnR K_vq ‡Rvic~e©K ev kw³ cÖ‡qvM Øviv Kv‡iv mvq Av`vq Kiv n‡j Zv‡K
ej cÖ‡qv‡M AwR©Z m¤§wZ e‡j| Pzw³ AvB‡bi 15 avivq ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi msÁvq ejv n‡q‡Q †Kvb e¨w³‡K
†Kvb m¤§wZ‡Z ivRx Kiv‡bvi D‡Ï‡k¨ evsjv‡`k `Ûwewa Øviv wbwl× †Kvb Kvh© m¤úv`b ev Dnv m¤úv`‡bi
Rb¨ fxwZ cÖ`k©b A_ev †Kvb e¨w³i ¯^v‡_©i cÖwZK~‡j †Kvb m¤úwË A‰eafv‡e AvUK ev AvUK Kivi
cÖ`k©b‡K ejcÖ‡qvM e‡j|

29. e¨emvq AvBb
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 29
GB avivi e¨vL¨vq Av‡iv ejv n‡q‡Q †h, †hLv‡b ej cÖ‡qvM n‡q‡Q, †mLv‡b evsjv‡`k `Êwewa AvBb ejer
wQj wKbv Zv Aevš—i|
GB msÁvq ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi wKQz Dcv`vb j¶¨ Kiv hvq t
1. evsjv‡`k †dŠR`vix `Ûwewa Øviv wbwl× †Kvb Kvh© m¤úv`b ej cÖ‡qvM wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i|
2. `Ûwewa AvBb Øviv wbwl× Kvh©B ïay b‡n Bnvi fxwZ cÖ`k©b I ejcÖ‡qvM|
3. A‰eafv‡e m¤§wZ Av`v‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ Kv‡iv ¯^v‡_©i cÖwZK~‡j m¤úwË AvUK ivLvI ej cÖ‡qvM|
4. GKB fv‡e Pvc m„wói j‡¶¨ m¤úwË AvUK ivLvi fxwZ cÖ`k©bI ej cÖ‡qvM|
5. Giƒc ejcÖ‡qvM †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¨w³eM©‡K †Kvb Pzw³‡Z ivRx Kiv‡bvi D‡Ï‡k¨ Kiv n‡e|
6. ej cÖ‡qvM Pzw³fy³ c¶ ev Ab¨ Kv‡iv Dci n‡Z cv‡i|
7. ej cÖ‡qvM †Kv_vq n‡qwQj ev †mLv‡b evsjv‡`k `Ûwewa Kvh©Ki wQj wKbv Zv gyL¨ bq, ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi
Øviv mvq Av`vqK…Z wKbv ZvB gyL¨|
KwZcq †¶Î Ges ej cÖ‡qvM (Some spheres / field coercion) t
1. D”Pg~j¨ ev D”P nv‡i my` (High Price High rate of interest) t D”Pg~j¨ ev D”P nv‡i my`
`vwe Kiv evsjv‡`k `Ûwewa Øviv wbwl× Kvh© e‡j we‡ewPZ nq bv| ZvB GUv AvBbZ ej cÖ‡qvM e‡j
MY¨ nq bv|
2. AvB‡bi fxwZ cÖ`k©b (Threat to statutory compulsion) t Kv‡iv weiÛ‡× gvgjv Kivi fxwZ
cÖ`k©b AvBbZtej cÖ‡qvM bq| AvB‡bi Øviv eva¨ Kiv n‡e Giƒc e³e¨ KL‡bvB ej cÖ‡qvM bq|
3. AvZ¥nZ¨vi fxwZ cÖ`k©b (Threat to commit suicide) t AvZ¥nZ¨vi fxwZ cÖ`k©b Øviv A‡bK mgq
m¤§wZ Av`vq Kiv hvq| AvZ¥nZ¨v †h‡nZz `Û‡hvM¨ Aciva bq| ZvB Gi fxwZ cÖ`k©bI ejcÖ‡qvM
bq| Z‡e G wel‡q wØgZ i‡q‡Q|
ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi cwiYvg (Consequence of coercion) t Pzw³ AvB‡bi 19 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q - ej
cÖ‡qv‡Mi Øviv mvq Av`vq Kiv n‡j hvi Dci ej cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi B”Qvbymv‡i Pyw³ evwZj‡hvM¨
n‡e| A_©vr †m evwZj Ki‡Z cvi‡e ev MÖnY K‡i Aci c¶‡K cvj‡b eva¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
2. AbywPZ cÖfve (Undue unfluence) t Pzw³ AvB‡bi 16(1) aviv g‡Z †hLv‡b Pzw³ mswkøó c¶¸wji
g‡a¨ Ggb m¤úK© we`¨gvb _v‡K †h, GK c¶ Aci c‡¶i B”Qvi Dci cÖfyZ¡ we¯—vi Ki‡Z mg_© nq
Ges †mLv‡b Aci c‡¶i wbKU n‡Z Ab¨vq myweav MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ †mB m¤ú‡K©i cÖ‡qvM nq| †m‡¶‡Î
D³ Pzw³‡K AbywPZ cÖfv‡ei Øviv m¤úvw`Z Pzw³ e‡j|
AbywPZ cÖfv‡ei †¶‡Î (Field /position of undue unfluence) t 16(2) aviv g‡Z wb‡gœv³ 2wU
†¶‡Î GK e¨w³ Ab¨ e¨w³i B”Qvi Dci cÖfyZ¡ we¯Ív‡i m¶g e‡j aiv nqt-
1. hLb Pzw³i GK c‡¶i Dci Aci c‡¶i †Kvb cÖK…Z AvcvZZ (Real or opparent) KZ©„Z¡ we`¨gvb
_v‡K A_ev hLb c¶Ø‡qi g‡a¨ †Kvb wek¦v‡mi m¤úK© Av‡Q e‡j aiv nq| †hgb wcZv-gvZv-mšÍvb,
AwffveK-wkl¨, cxi-gyix` BZ¨vw`i g‡a¨ Giƒc m¤úK© Av‡Q e‡j Av`vjZ a‡i wb‡e [16 (2K)
aviv]|

30. weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 30
2. Pzw³fy³ c‡¶i gvbwmK kw³ hw` eva©K¨, Amy¯’Zv A_ev kvixwiK ev gvbwmK †K¬kekZ mvgwqK ev
wPiKv‡ji Rb¨ n«vm †c‡q _v‡K [16 (2L) aviv]||
AbywPZ cÖfve cÖgv‡Yi fve (Burden of proving undue unfluence) t 16(3) aviv g‡Z Av`vjZ
hw` g‡b K‡i Pzw³fy³ c¶mg~‡ni g‡a¨ †Kvb c‡¶i, Aci c‡¶i B”Qvi Dci cÖfyZ¡ Kivi g‡Zv m¤úK©
we`¨gvb Ges †jb‡`bwU we‡klfv‡e A‡hŠw³K| Z‡e cÖfyZ¡ we¯—v‡i m¶g e¨w³‡KB AbywPZ cÖfve LvUv‡bv
nq bvB- GUv cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e|
wb‡gœv³ †¶‡Î AbywPZ cÖfve †bB e‡j aiv nq -
1. weev‡ni cÖwZkÖywZe× cyiyl-gwnjv
2. ¯^vgx I ¯¿x
3. gvwjK-fvovwUqv
4. cvIbv`vi-‡`bv`vi
5. wb‡qvM KZ©v-Kwg©
6. e¨vsKvi I g‡°j
Gme †¶‡Î Awf‡hvM Avm‡j Awf‡hvMKvix‡KB cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, Zvi Dci AbywôZ cÖfve LvUv‡bv
n‡q‡Q|
wbgœwjwLZ †¶‡Î AbywPZ cÖfv‡ei Aw¯—Z¡ m‡›`n Kiv nq -
1. hw` cÖwZ`vb Ach©vß nq;
2. hw` Pzw³i Dfq c‡¶i g‡a¨ wek¦v‡mi m¤úK© we`¨gvb _v‡K;
3. hw` `ye©j c‡¶i Rb¨ wbi‡c¶ Dc‡`óv bv _v‡K;
4. hw` Pzw³fy³ Dfq c‡¶i eqm, eyw× I mvgvwRK cÖwZcwˇK we‡kl cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb _v‡K; Ges
5. hw` bxwZ‡eva ewnf©~Z Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z nq|
Awf‡hvM LÛb (Rebuttal) t Awf‡hvM DÌvwcZ n‡j wb‡gœv³ welq cÖgvY mv‡c‡¶ Awf‡hvM LÛb Kiv
hvq -
1. cÖwZ`vb ch©vß wQj;
2. Pzw³ m¤úwK©Z ¸iyZ¡c~Y© mKj Z_¨B cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q; Ges
3. D³ Pzw³i Øviv ¶wZMÖ¯’ e‡j Kw_Z c‡¶i ¯^vaxb AvBb Dc‡`óv wQj|
AbywPZ cÖfv‡ei cwiYvg (Consequence of undue unfluence) t Pzw³ AvB‡bi 19(K) aviv g‡Z
hvi Dci AbywôZ cÖfve LvUv‡bv n‡q‡Q, Zvi B”Qvbymv‡i Pzw³ evwZj‡hvM¨ n‡e| †m B‡”Q Ki‡j evwZj bv
K‡i MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Aci c¶‡K Zv cvj‡b eva¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
ej cÖ‡qvM I AbywôZ cÖfv‡ei g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ (Difference between coercion undue unfluece) t
ej cÖ‡qvM I AbywPZ cÖfv‡ei Øviv Pzw³fy³ †h †Kvb 1wU c‡¶i mvq cÖfvweZ nq| d‡j Pzw³ evwZj‡hvM¨
I ¶wZMÖ¯’ c‡¶i B”Qvbymv‡i Pzw³ evwZj nq| Df‡qi g‡a¨ †ek wKQz wgj _vK‡jI A‡bK cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q t

31. e¨emvq AvBb
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 31
ej cÖ‡qvM AbywPZ cÖfve
1 msÁv ‡Kvb e¨w³‡K †Kvb m¤§vwb‡Z ivRx Kiv‡bvi
D‡Ï‡k¨ evsjv‡`k `Ûwewa Øviv wbwl× †Kvb
Kvh© m¤úv`b ev Dnv m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ fxwZ
cÖ`k©b ev †Kvb e¨w³ ¯^v‡_©i cÖwZK~‡j †Kvb
m¤úwË A‰eafv‡e AvUK ivLv ev ivLvi
fxwZ cÖ`k©b‡K ejcÖ‡qvM e‡j|
†h †¶‡Î Pzw³ mswkøó c¶¸‡jvi g‡a¨
Ggb m¤úK© we`¨gvb †h, GK c¶ Aci
c‡¶i B”Qvi Dci cÖfyZ¡ we¯—vi Ki‡Z
mg_© nq Ges †mLv‡b Aci c‡¶i wbKU
n‡Z Ab¨vq myweav MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ †mB
m¤ú‡K©i cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq, †m‡¶‡Î D³
Pzw³‡K AbywPZ cÖfv‡ei Øviv m¤úvw`Z
Pzw³ e‡j|
2 cÖfve
m„wói
cÖK…wZ
evsjv‡`k `Ûwewa Øviv wbwl× Kvh© Kiv ev
Kivi fxwZ cÖ`k©b Kiv A_ev m¤úwË AvUK
ivLv ev ivLvi fxwZ cÖ`k©b Øviv B”Qv‡K
cÖfvweZ Kiv nq
we‡kl m¤úK© _v‡K c¶Ø‡qi g‡a¨ Ges Zv
Øviv cÖfyZ¡ we¯Ív‡ii gva¨‡g Aci c‡¶i
B”Qv‡K cÖfvweZ Kiv nq|
3 kvixwiK
ebvg
gvbwmK
kvixwiK ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi Øviv ev Dnvi fxwZ
cÖ`k‡b©i mvnv‡h¨ B”Qv‡K cÖfvweZ Kiv nq|
G‡¶‡Î gvbwmK Pv‡ci gva¨‡g B”Qv‡K
cÖfvweZ Kiv nq|
4 cÖ‡qvM
†¶Î
‡h †Kvb †¶‡ÎB Gi cÖ‡qvM NUv‡bv hvq| ‡h †¶‡Î GK c¶ Aci c‡¶i Dci
cÖK…Z ev AvcvZ KZ©„‡Z¡i AwaKvix A_ev
wek¦v‡mi m¤úK© we`¨gvb †m ‡¶‡ÎB GUv
NU‡Z cv‡i|
5 c~e©
m¤úK©
G‡¶‡Î c~e© m¤úK© bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡Î c~e© m¤úK© we`¨gvb _v‡K|
6 cÖgvY
†hvM¨Zv
Gi cÖ‡qvM A‡bKUv evwn¨K iƒ‡c mn‡RB
cÖgvY‡hvM¨|
c~e© m¤úK© I B”Qvi Dci cÖfve we¯—vi
K‡i weavq mn‡R Aby‡gq b‡n Ges cÖgvY
Kiv Zzjbvg~jK RwUj|
7 MswkøóZv Bnv e¨w³ ev e¨w³i c‡¶ †Kvb m¤úwËi
mv‡_ m¤ú„³ n‡Z cv‡i|
Bnv ïay e¨w³i g‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú„³|
8 cÖhy³
c¶
Bnv cÖKvivšÍ‡i Pzw³ ewnf©~Z †Kvb 3q
c‡¶i DciI cÖhy³ n‡Z cv‡i|
Aek¨B Pzw³ mswkøó †Kvb c‡¶i Dci
cÖhy³ n‡e|
9 DrcwË Bnv evsjv‡`k `Ûwewa Øviv wbwl× Kvh© n‡Z m„ó
nq|
Ab¨vq cÖfve we¯Ív‡ii mvg_©Zv †_‡K m„ó
nq|
10 cÖwZKvi ¶wZMÖ¯’ c¶ Pzw³ evwZ‡ji mv‡_ mv‡_
¶wZc~iY `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Pzw³ evwZj Kiv hvq Ges ¶wZc~iY `vwe
Kiv hvq bv|
Miller vs. Grand Trunk Rly (1906) gvgjvi iv‡q ej cÖ‡qvM I AbywPZ cÖfv‡ei g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
wbiƒc‡bi †¶‡Î ejv n‡q‡Q †h, AvB‡bi †Pv‡L AbywPZ cÖfve wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡j Dnv Aek¨B GKK_vq
ej cÖ‡qvM n‡Z n‡e|
3. cÖZviYv (Fraud) t GK c¶‡K VKv‡bvi D‡Ï‡k¨ Aci c¶ †Kvb Kvh© Ki‡j, Zv‡K cÖZviYv e‡j|
1872 mv‡ji Pzw³ AvB‡bi 17 aviv g‡Z Pzw³i †Kvb 1wU c¶ KZ©„K ev Zvi bxie mg_©‡b A_ev Zvi
cÖwZwbwa KZ©„K Aci c¶‡K ev Zvi cÖwZwbwa‡K cÖeÂbv Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ A_ev Zv‡K Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi
Rb¨ cÖ‡ivwPZ Kivi wbwg‡Ë wb‡gœi †h †Kb KvR Kiv n‡j Zv‡K cÖZviYv ejv n‡e -

32. weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 32
1. hvnv mZ¨bq, Giƒc Z_¨, †h e¨w³ Dnv mZ¨ e‡j wek¦vm K‡i bv Zvi Øviv mZ¨ e‡j eY©bv| A_©vr
B”QvK…Z AmZ¨ fvlY †`qv;
2. ‡R‡b ï‡b †Kvb Z_¨‡K mwµqfv‡e ‡Mvcb Kiv;
3. A½xKvi cvj‡bi †Kvb B”Qv QvovB cÖwZkÖ“wZ cÖ`vb;
4. cÖeÂbvg~jK Ab¨ †h †Kvb Kvh© m¤úv`b; Ges
5. cÖZviYvg~jK e‡j †NvwlZ AvB‡b ewY©Z †h †Kvb Kvh© ev weiwZ|
cÖZviYvi Acwinvh© Dcv`vb (Essential elements of Fraud) t -
17 avivq cÖ`Ë msÁv we‡k lY Ki‡j
cÖZviYvi †h mKj Acwinvh© Dcv`vb †`Lv hvq Zvn‡jv -
1. GKwU AmZ¨ fvlY _vK‡e t †Kvb c¶ ev cÖwZwbwa mZ¨ bq ev mZ¨ e‡j wek¦vmI K‡i bv -Giƒc welq‡K
mZ¨ ejv|
2. mwµqfv‡e Z_¨ †Mvcb Kiv n‡e t †R‡b ï‡b mZ¨‡K KvimvwRi gva¨‡g ‡Mvcb Kiv n‡e|
3. cvj‡bi B‡”Q bv wb‡q cÖwZkÖywZ cÖ`vb t cvjb Ki‡e bv - wbwðZ n‡qI ¯^v_© D×v‡ii Rb¨ †Kvb wel‡q
cÖwZkÖywZ w`‡j Zv cÖZviYv|
4. cÖeÂbvg~jK †h †Kvb Kvh© m¤úv`b Kiv t cÖeÂbvg~jK Acivci Kv‡h©i msÁv AvB‡b †`qv nqwb|
Z‡e VKv‡bv D‡Ï‡k¨ †h †Kvb nZeyw×i Kvh©, PZziZv, Ac‡KŠkj, QÙ‡ek ev KcUZv‡K cÖZviYv ejv
n‡e|
5. Ggb †Kvb Kvh© m¤úv`b hv AvB‡bi †NvlYvi Øviv cÖZviYvg~jK t wKQz Kvh© Av‡Q hv AvB‡b †NvlYv
cÖ`vb Øviv cÖZviYv ejv n‡q‡Q| †miƒc wKQz Kiv| †hgb - gvwjKvbvi ÎywU m‡Ë¡I Zv cÖKvk bv K‡i
wewµ Kiv|
6. D³ cÖZviYvg~jK Kvh© Aek¨B Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ gyL¨ n‡e t cÖZviYvg~jK Kvh©wU Aek¨B Pzw³
m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ Kiv n‡e| D³ Kvh© Øviv Kv‡iv m¤§wZ †bqv bv n‡j ev †Kn cÖ‡Yvw`Z bv n‡j Zv
cÖZviYv n‡e bv|
7. cÖZviYv Aek¨B GK c¶‡K ¶wZMÖ¯’ Ki‡e t Aci c¶‡K ¶wZMÖ‡¯’i gva¨‡g ¯^xq ¯^v_© Av`vq Kiv
n‡e|
cÖZviYvi cwiYvg (Consquence of Fraud) t cÖZviYvi gva¨‡g ¶wZMÖ¯’ c¶ Pzw³ AvB‡bi 19 aviv
g‡Z wb‡gœv³ cÖwZKvi ‡c‡Z cv‡i -
1. Pzw³ cÖZ¨vL¨vb t Bnv GKwU evwZj‡hvM¨ m¤§wZ Ges †m Zv evwZj Ki‡Z cv‡i|
2. Pzw³ cvj‡b eva¨-evaKZv m„wó t evwZj bv K‡i MÖnY K‡i Aci c¶‡K Pzw³ cvj‡b eva¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i
Ges Acic¶ cÖZviYvi D‡Ï‡k¨ †h e³e¨ w`‡q‡Q D³ e³e¨ mZ¨ n‡j †h Ae¯’v m„wó n‡Zv; †mB
Ae¯’v env‡ji `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡i|
3. ¶wZc~iY `vwe t cÖZviYv GKwU †`Iqvbx Aciva| ZvB ¶wZMÖ¯’ c¶ m¤§wZ evwZj Ges ¶wZc~i‡Yi
Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
KLb cÖZviYvi cÖwZKvi jvf Kiv hvq (When the relief of fraud is recieved)?
¶wZMÖ¯’ c¶ Dc‡i ewY©Z 3wUi †h †Kvb 1wU cÖwZKvi wb‡gœv³ Ae¯’vq ‡c‡Z cv‡i -
1. Pzw³i †Kvb c¶ wb‡R ev Zvi bxie mg_©‡b ev Zvi cÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g cÖZviYv Ki‡j
2. cÖZviYvi D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kvb KvR m¤úvw`Z n‡j Ges Aci c¶ Dnvi Kvi‡Y mwZ¨Kvifv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡j
3. ¶wZMÖ¯’ c‡¶i m¤§wZ cÖZviYvg~jK Kv‡h©i Kvi‡YB Av`vq m¤¢e n‡q‡Q g‡b n‡j
4. cÖZviYvg~jK bxieZvi †¶‡Î hw` Aci c‡¶i mvaviY cÖ‡Póvi Øviv mZ¨ D`NvU‡bi my‡hvM _v‡K †m
†¶‡Î Pzw³ evwZj Kiv hvq bv, Z‡e mZ¨ D`NvUb m¤¢e g‡b bv n‡j cÖwZKvi cvIqv hvq|

33. e¨emvq AvBb
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 33
5. hyw³hy³ mg‡qi g‡a¨ cÖZviYv n‡Z m„ô Pzw³i wec‡¶ AvBbvbyM e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv hvq| D³ mg‡qi
g‡a¨ Pzw³ Aby‡gv`b A_ev e¨e¯’v Aej¤^‡b Ah_v wej¤^ Ki‡j †m‡¶‡Î cieZ©x cÖwZKvi `vwe Kiv hvq
bv|
bxieZv wK cÖZviYv (Can Silence be fraudulent) t ÔbxieZvÕ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi GKwU gva¨g| Ô†gŠbZvÕ
m¤§wZi j¶Y e‡j mgv‡R GKwU K_v Av‡Q ZvB mgm¨vwU RwUj| Pzw³ AvB‡bi 17 avivq e¨vL¨vq ejv
n‡q‡Q - cÖK…Z Z_¨ †Mvcb K‡i Kv‡iv Pzw³ Kivi B”Qv‡K cÖfvweZ Kiv‡K cÖZviYv ejv P‡j bv| Aek¨ †h
†¶‡Î cvwicvk¦©K Ae¯’v we‡ePbvq cÖZxqgvb nq †h, bxieZv Aej¤^bKvixi Z_¨ cÖKvk KivB KZ©‡e¨i
Aš—f©y³ A_ev bxieZvB gyLiZvi kvwgj - †m‡¶‡Î bxieZv cÖZviYv e‡j MY¨ n‡e|
17 avivq e¨vL¨v we‡kølY †_‡K wm×všÍ ‡bqv hvq -
1. Z_¨ m¤ú‡K© wbQK bxieZv cÖZviYv b‡n t cÖK…Z Z_¨ m¤ú‡K© bxie _vKv ev †h †¶‡Î †Kvb c¶ Z_¨
cÖKv‡k AvBbZ eva¨ bq| Giƒc †¶‡Î bxieZv cÖZviYv ejv hvq bv|
2. †h‡¶‡Î K_v ejv KZ©e¨, †m‡¶‡Î bxieZv cÖZviYv t c¶Ø‡qi g‡a¨ wek¦v‡mi m¤úK© _vK‡j me Z_¨
†bqv ¸iyZ¡c~Y© g‡b K‡i bv| Giƒc †¶‡Î GK c¶ bxie _vK‡j, cÖK…Z Z_¨ bv Rvbv‡j Ges exgv
Pzw³‡Z cÖK…Z Z_¨ bv w`‡j cÖZviYv e‡j MY¨ n‡e|
3. bxieZv †h‡¶‡Î gyLiZvi kvwgj †m‡¶‡Î K_v bv ejv cÖZviYv t Pzw³i †Kvb c¶ hw` Aci c‡¶i
wbKU Pzw³i welqe¯‘ Ggb fv‡e Rvb‡Z AvMÖn cÖKvk K‡i, †hLv‡b K_v bv ejvB wfbœ A_© enb K‡i,
†m‡¶‡Î B”QvK…Z bxieZv cÖZviYv e‡j MY¨ n‡e|
wg_¨v eY©bv (Misrepresentation) t Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi mg‡q ev c~‡e© GK c¶ Aci c¶‡K Pzw³i mv‡_
mswkøó †Kvb welq ev NUbv m¤ú‡K© ‡h mKj Z_¨ ev msev` mieivn K‡i Zv‡K, e‡j wee„wZ ev eY©bv
(Representation), Giƒc wee„wZ hw` åvš— nq Ges VKv‡bv B‡”Q bv _v‡K, Z‡e Zv‡K wg_¨v eY©bv ejv
nq| Pzw³ AvB‡bi 18 aviv g‡Z wg_¨v eY©bvi A_© I AšÍf©y³ welq n‡jv -
1. mZ¨ Øviv mgw_©Z bq, Giƒc AmZ¨ welq mZ¨ g‡b K‡i eY©bv Kiv;
2. cÖZviYvi D‡Ïk¨ QvovB KZ©e¨ Kv‡R jsNb Kiv; hvi d‡j j•NbKvix c‡¶i jvf nq I Pzw³i Aci
c‡¶i ¶wZ nq; Ges
3. hZ mij fv‡eB Kiv †nvK bv †Kb, Aci c‡¶i wbKU †Kvb welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© fyj aviYvi m„wó Kiv|
wg_¨v eY©bvi Avek¨Kxq Dcv`vb (Essential elements of Misrepresentation) t
1. mg_©b‡hvM¨ bq Giƒc AmZ¨ fvlY (Tureless assertion which not warranted by
information) t cÖvß msev` Øviv mg_©b‡hvM¨ bq -Giƒc AmZ¨ K_v‡K mZ¨ †f‡e wbðqZvi mv‡_
ejv|
2. KZ©‡e¨i ÎywU (Breach of duty) t Aci c¶‡K VKv‡bvi D‡Ïk¨ bv wb‡q hw` KZ©‡e¨i Ggb †Kvb
ΓwU Kiv nq| hvi d‡j A‡b¨i g‡b åvwšÍi m„wó nq Ges KZ©e¨ j•NbKvixi ¯^v_© Av`vq nq, Giƒc
†¶‡Î wg_¨v eY©bvi Øviv mvq Av`vq e‡j aiv n‡e|
3. webv †`v‡l åvwšÍ m„wó (To commit a mistake without bad intention) t cÖZviYvi D‡Ïk¨
QvovB Pzw³i †Kvb 1wU c¶ m¤§wZi welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© hw` fyj aviYvi m„wó K‡i, Z‡e Giƒc fyj aviYv
cÖ`vb, wg_¨v eY©bv e‡j MY¨ n‡e|
cÖZviYv I wg_¨v eY©bvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ (Difference between Misrepresentation Fraud) t
cÖZviYv I wg_¨v eY©bv Dfq †¶‡ÎB wg_¨vi Avkªq †bqv nq Ges djkÖywZ‡Z Pzw³ evwZj‡hvM¨ e‡j we‡ewPZ
nq| Df‡qi g‡a¨ †ek wKQz cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q, hv wbgœiƒc -

34. weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 34
wg_¨v eY©bv cÖZviYv
1 msÁv Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi mgq ev c~‡e© GKc¶
Aci c¶‡K Pzw³i mv‡_ mswkøó †Kvb
welq ev NUbv m¤ú‡K© †h mKj Z_¨ ev
msev` mieivn K‡i, Zv‡K wg_¨v eY©bv
ejv nq|
GK c¶‡K VKv‡bv D‡Ï‡k¨ Aci c¶
†Kvb KvR Ki‡j Zv‡K cÖZviYv e‡j|
2 D‡Ïk¨MZ
cv_©K¨
Aci‡K VKv‡bvi †Kvb D‡Ïk¨ _v‡K
bv|
Aci‡K VKv‡bvi D‡Ïk¨ _v‡K|
3 Aciv‡ai
cÖK…wZ
AmZ¨ welq‡K mZ¨ g‡b K‡i eY©bv
†`Iqv nq|
‡R‡b ï‡b wg_¨v eY©bv †`qv nq e‡j GUv
B”QvK…Z Aciva|
4 DrcwË mZ¨ g‡b K‡i AmZ¨ fvlY, welq
eY©bvi †¶‡Î KZ©e¨ j•Nb I welqe¯‘i
m¤ú‡K© fyj aviYvi m„wó n‡Z wg_¨v
eY©bvi DrcwË|
B”Qvc~e©K AmZ¨ fvlY, KvimvwR K‡i
mZ¨ †Mvcb, cvj‡bi B‡”Q bv wb‡q
A½xKvi cÖ`vb Ges AvB‡b ewY©Z
cÖZviYv‡hvM¨ †h †Kvb KvR n‡Z Bnv
DrcwË nq|
5 cÖwZKvi ¶wZMÖ¯’ c¶ Pzw³ evwZj Ki‡Z cv‡i|
wKš‘ ¶wZc~i‡Yi gvgjv `v‡qi Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv|
¶wZMÖ¯’ c¶ Pzw³ evwZj Ges gvgjv
`v‡qi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
6 AvZ¥c¶
mg_©b
wg_¨v eY©bvi †¶‡Î ¶wZMÖ¯’ c‡¶i hw`
mvaviY cÖ‡Póvq mZ¨ D`NvU‡bi my‡hvM
_v‡K Z‡e Aci c¶ GB ARynv‡Z
AvZ¥c¶ mg_©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
cÖZviYvg~jK bxieZv Qvov Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡Î
mvaviY eyw×gËvi mvn‡h¨ ¶wZMÖ¯’ c¶
mZ¨ D`NvUb Ki‡Z cvi‡jI H wel‡q
Aci c¶ AvZ¥mg_©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
7 AvBbMZ
Ae¯’v
AvBbMZ Aciva e‡j we‡ewPZ nq bv| ‡`Iqvbx I e¨w³MZ Ab¨vq †LmviZ
AvBb Abyhvqx Acivag~jK|
fyj (Mistake) t †h †Kvb wel‡q wg_¨v aviYv Kiv‡K fyj e‡j| fy‡ji ekeZ©x n‡q Pzw³ m¤úv`b Ki‡j
Zv †¯^”Qv cÖ`Ë mvq Øviv Pzw³ ejv hvq bv| Dfq c¶ GKB wel‡q GKgZ n‡jB Pzw³ nq| Pzw³‡Z fyj
_vK‡j `yB c‡¶i wbKU GKB wRwb‡mi GKB A_© _v‡K bv| Pzw³ AvB‡bi 20-22 avivq fyj m¤ú‡K©
we¯—vwiZ Z_¨ †`qv Av‡Q|
fy‡ji †kªYx (Types of Mistake) t fyj cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi, h_v t-
1. Z_¨ m¤ú„³ fyj (Mistake of fact), 2. AvBb m¤ú‡K© fyj (Mistake regarding law)
1. Z_¨ m¤ú„³ fyj (Mistake of fact) t m¤§wZ m¤ú„³ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ m¤ú‡K© Pzw³fy³ Dfq c‡¶i fyj
n‡j Pzw³ evwZj e‡j MY¨ n‡e| GB msÁvi g‡Z 2wU Ae¯’v _vK‡j Z_¨ m¤ú„³ fy‡ji Kvi‡Y m„ó Pzw³
evwZj n‡e -
K. hw` Z_¨ m¤ú‡K© Dfq c‡¶i fyj nq
L. hw` D³ Z_¨ Pzw³i c‡¶ Acwinvh© nq|
Z_¨ m¤ú‡K© fyj Dfq c‡¶i n‡Z cv‡i Avevi GK c‡¶iI c‡Z cv‡i| ZvB Z_¨ m¤ú‡K© fyj‡K 2 fv‡M
fvM Kiv hvq t-
K. Dfq c‡¶i fyj (Bilateral Mistake)
L. GK c‡¶i fyj (Unilateral Mistake)

35. e¨emvq AvBb
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 35
K. Dfq c‡¶i fyj (Bilateral Mistake) t ej‡Z Pzw³fy³ Dfq c‡¶i Pzw³i †Kvb bv †Kvb Z_¨
m¤ú‡K© fyj Kiv‡K eySvq| Acwinvh© Z_¨ m¤ú‡K© fyj n‡j Pzw³ evwZj e‡j MY¨ n‡e| Dfq c‡¶i
fyj m¤^wjZ wewfbœ Pzw³ wbgœiƒc t
1. welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© fyj;
2. wRwb‡mi Aw¯ÍZ¡ m¤ú‡K© fyj;
3. wRwb‡mi cwiPq m¤ú‡K© fyj;
4. welqe¯‘i gvb m¤ú‡K© fyj;
5. welqe¯‘i cwigvY m¤ú‡K© fyj;
6. welqe¯‘i g~j¨ m¤ú‡K© fyj;
7. welqe¯‘i gvwjKvbv m¤ú‡K© fyj BZ¨vw`|
L. GK c‡¶i fyj (Unilateral Mistake) t Pzw³ AvB‡bi 12 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, Pzw³fy³ GK c¶
ïaygvÎ Z_¨ m¤ú‡K© fyj aviYvi ekeZ©x n‡q Pzw³ m¤úv`b Ki‡j Dnv evwZj‡hvM¨ n‡e bv| A_©vr,
GK c‡¶i fy‡ji Pzw³ ˆea Ges Zv Z_¨ m¤ú‡K© fyj n‡j GK c‡¶i Øviv m„ó KwZcq fyj m¤^wjZ
Pzw³ wbgœiƒct-
1. cÖZviYvi Øviv m„ó fyj;
2. e¨w³i cwiPq m¤ú‡K© m„ó fyj;
3. Pzw³i aib m¤ú‡K© m„ó fyj;
4. Pzw³i welqe¯‘i ev g~j¨ m¤ú‡K© fyj; Ges
5. Pzw³i welhe¯‘i cwiPq m¤ú‡K© fyj|
AvBb m¤ú‡K© fyj (Mistake regarding law) t ‡h AvB‡bi Aax‡b Pzw³ n‡”Q †m AvBb m¤ú‡K© Dfq
c‡¶i fyj n‡Z cv‡i| 21 aviv evsjv‡`‡k ejer‡hvM¨ AvBbvbyhvqx Pzw³i c¶Ø‡qi fyj n‡j Zv Øviv Pzw³
evwZj‡hvM¨ n‡e bv| wKš‘ we‡`kx AvBb m¤ú‡K© fyj aviYvi ekeZ©x n‡q †Kvb Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z n‡j Zv Z_¨
m¤ú„³ fyj wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e Ges Pzw³ evwZj n‡e|
AvBb m¤ú‡K© fyj `yB cÖKvi , h_v t-
K. †`kx AvBb m¤ú‡K© fyj t AvBb m¤ú‡K© AÁZv ¶gv‡hvM¨ bq| ZvB †`kx AvB‡bi fy‡ji Pzw³
evwZj‡hvM¨ e‡j MY¨ n‡e bv|
L. we‡`kx AvBb m¤ú‡K© Pzw³ t Giƒc fyj Z_¨ m¤ú„³ fyj e‡j MY¨| mKj †`‡ki AvBb Kv‡iv Rvbv
m¤¢e bq| ZvB Giƒc Pzw³ evwZj Ges Giƒc Pzw³ Øviv †Kvb ¯^v_© cÖvß n‡j Zv my`mn †dir†hvM¨|
fyj wK fv‡e Pzw³i ‰eaZv‡K e¨vnZ K‡i? (How mistake affect the validity of contract?)
A_ev, †Kvb †Kvb fy‡ji Kvi‡Y Pzw³ evwZj nq?
wKQz wKQz fyj i‡q‡Q, hvi Kvi‡Y Pzw³ evwZj n‡q hvq, hv wb‡gœ †`qv n‡jv -
1. AvBb m¤úwK©Z fyj (Mistake of Law)
2. Dfq c‡¶i fyj (Mistake of both the parties)
3. e¨w³i cwiPq m¤ú‡K© fyj (Mistake as identy of the person contracted with)
4. wRwb‡mi Aw¯ÍZ¡ m¤ú‡K© fyj (Mistake as to the existence of a thing)
5. wRwb‡mi cwiPq m¤ú‡K© fyj (Mistake as to the identy of a thing)
6. Pzw³i cÖK…wZ ev welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© fyj (Mistake as to the subject matter or nature of the
contract)

36. weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 36
7. Pzw³ cvj‡b m¤¢ve¨Zv m¤ú‡K© fyj (Mistake as to the possibility of performance of a
contract)
8. wewea fyj (Miscellancous mistake)
wb‡gœ G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj -
1. AvBb m¤úwK©Z fyj (Mistake of Law) t evsjv‡`k ejer†hvM¨ †Kvb AvBb m¤ú‡K© fyj n‡j Pzw³
evwZj n‡e bv; wKš‘ we‡`kx †Kvb AvBb m¤ú‡K© fyj n‡j Zv Z_¨ m¤ú‡K© fyj e‡j MY¨ n‡e Ges Pzw³
evwZj e‡j MY¨ Kiv n‡e|
2. Dfq c‡¶i fyj (Mistake of both the parties) t Pzw³i Dfq c¶ fy‡ji ekeZ©x n‡q Pzw³
m¤úv`b Ki‡j †mB Pzw³ evwZj e‡j MY¨ n‡e|
3. e¨w³i cwiPq m¤ú‡K© fyj (Mistake as identy of the person contracted with) t †h e¨w³i
mv‡_ Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z n‡q‡Q †mB e¨w³i cwiPq m¤ú‡K© fyj n‡j Pzw³ evwZj| ‡hgb - †Kn wb‡R‡K
cÖfvekvjx e¨w³i cwiPq w`‡q Pzw³ m¤úv`b Ki‡jv, GUv †e-AvBbx| Z‡e, e¨w³i cwiPq g~j welq bv
n‡j †m‡¶‡Î cwiPq fyj n‡jI Pzw³ ˆea|
4. wRwb‡mi Aw¯ÍZ¡ m¤ú‡K© fyj (Mistake as to the existence of a thing) t †Kvb wRwb‡mi Aw¯—Z¡
m¤ú‡K© Pzw³i Dfq c‡¶i fyj n‡j Pzw³ evwZj| †hgb -ÔKÕ Gi †NvovwU ÔLÕ wKb‡Z Pzw³e× n‡jv
wKš‘ †`Lv †Mj Zv c~‡e©B gviv wM‡q‡Q, hv ÔKÕ wb‡RI Rvb‡Zv bv| ZvB Pzw³ evwZj|
5. wRwb‡mi cwiPq m¤ú‡K© fyj (Mistake as to the identy of a thing) t †Kvb wRwb‡mi cwiPq
m¤ú‡K© Dfq c‡¶i fyj n‡j Pzw³ evwZj n‡e| ‡hgb- x GKwU †`vKv‡bi 50wU ivB‡dj †`‡L -
send three rifles (3wU ivB‡dj cvVvI) e‡j evZ©v cvVv‡jv| evZ©v Awd‡mi †Kivbx fyjµ‡g
wjL‡jv Send the rifles (ivB‡dj¸‡jv cvVvb) we‡µZv 50wU ivB‡dj cvVv‡j MÖvnK Zv MÖn‡Y
A¯^xKvi K‡i ¶wZc~i‡Yi gvgjv Ki‡j iv‡q avh©¨ nq †h Zv‡`i g‡a¨ ‡Kvb Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z nq bvB|
KviY bvB Pzw³i c‡¶i fy‡ji Kvi‡Y HK¨ nq bvB|
6. Pzw³i cÖK…wZ ev welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© fyj (Mistake as to the subject matter or nature of the
contract) t Pzw³i welqe¯‘ ev †jb‡`‡bi cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© Pzw³fy³ c‡¶i (GK c‡¶i n‡jI) fyj
n‡j Pzw³ evwZj n‡e| ‡hgb - M †Pv‡L Lye Kg †`‡L, wZwb Kvwgb c‡Î ¯^v¶i w`‡”Qb g‡b K‡i
GKwU wewbgq we‡j ¯^v¶i †`q G‡¶‡Î e„‡×i †Kvb `vq Rb¥v‡e bv Ges †Kvb Pzw³ m„wó n‡e bv|
7. Pzw³ cvj‡b m¤¢ve¨Zv m¤ú‡K© fyj (Mistake as to the possibility of performance of a
contract) t Pzw³ m¤úv`bKv‡j Zv m¤úv`b m¤¢e g‡b n‡jI cieZ©x‡Z Zv cvjb Am¤¢e n‡j Pzw³i
m„wó n‡e bv| †hgb - AvB‡bi KviY |
8. wewea fyj (Miscellancous mistake) t wb‡gœi fy‡ji Kvi‡YI Pzw³ evwZj n‡e-
K. m¤úwËi `wjj m¤ú‡K© fyj
L. `ª‡e¨i ¸Yv¸Y m¤ú‡K© fyj
M. `ª‡e¨i cwigvY I g~j¨ m¤ú‡K© fyj (ˆeaZv‡K e¨vnZ Ki‡j)

37. e¨emvq AvBb
BDwbU GK c„ôv- 37
fy‡ji cwiYvg (Consequences of Mistake) t fy‡ji ekeZ©x n‡q Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z n‡j Zv evwZj
e‡j MY¨ n‡e| wewfbœ ai‡bi fyj n‡q‡Q Ges wewfbœ fy‡ji d‡j m„ó Pzw³i cwiYvgI wewfbœ iKg n‡q
_v‡K, h_v -
1. †h mKj Pzw³ evwZj t
K. Pzw³i Acwinvh© Z_¨ m¤ú‡K© Dfq c‡¶i fyj n‡j Pzw³ evwZj n‡e| †hgb -
1. Pzw³i welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© fyj
2. Pzw³e× wRwb‡mi Aw¯ÍZ¡ I cwiPq m¤ú‡K© fyj
3. welq e¯‘i gvb, cwigvY, g~j¨, gvwjKvbv m¤ú‡K© fyj BZ¨vw`|
L. GK c‡¶i cÖZviYvi Kvi‡Y Aci c‡¶i fyj †hgb -
1. e¨w³i cwiPq m¤ú‡K© fyj Ges
2. Pzw³i ai‡bi m¤ú‡K© fyj
M. we‡`kx AvBb m¤ú‡K© fyj :
we‡`kx AvBb m¤ú‡K© fyj n‡j, Zv Acwinvh© Z_¨ m¤ú‡K© fyj e‡j MY¨ n‡e Ges Pzw³ evwZj n‡e|
2. †h mKj Pz³ ˆea :
K. GK c‡¶i fyj, †hgb
1. welqe¯‘i g~j¨ m¤ú‡K© fyj
2. welqe¯‘i cwiPq m¤ú‡K© fyj BZ¨vw`|
L. †`kxq AvBb m¤ú‡K© fyj
evsjv‡`‡ki AvBb m¤ú‡K© fyj n‡jI Zv ˆea Pzw³|
¯^v_© ev myweav †dir cÖ`vb :
‡h mKj †¶‡Î fy‡ji Kvi‡Y Pzw³ evwZj nq
- †m me †¶‡Î H Pzw³ Øviv †Kn †Kvb ¯^v_©/myweav cÖvß n‡j
- 65 aviv g‡Z ¯^v_© cÖ`vbKvix c¶ Zv †dir cv‡e|
cvV ms‡¶c
Pzw³ AvB‡bi 13 aviv g‡Z mvq/m¤§wZ t hLb `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³ GKB wel‡q GKB A‡_© GKgZ nq,
ZLb Zv‡`i mvq cÖ`Ë n‡q‡Q e‡j aiv nq| -
myZivs mswk ó `yÕwU c‡¶i GKB wel‡q GKB A‡_© GKgZ
nIqv mv‡qi Rb¨ Acwinvh©| 14 aviv g‡Z ej cÖ‡qvM, AbywPZ cÖfve, wg_¨v eY©bv, cÖZviYv ev fy‡ji
ekeZ©x bv n‡q mvq cÖ`Ë n‡j Zv‡K ‡¯^”Qvmvq e‡j|
Pzw³ AvB‡bi 15 avivq ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi msÁvq ejv n‡q‡Q †Kvb e¨w³‡K †Kvb m¤§wZ‡Z ivRx Kiv‡bvi
D‡Ï‡k¨ evsjv‡`k `Ûwewa Øviv wbwl× †Kvb Kvh© m¤úv`b ev Dnv m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ fxwZ cÖ`k©b A_ev †Kvb
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