2. Introduction
• Briefly introduce the topic of language as a
means of communication. Mention the
importance of language in human
communication.
3. Language Overview
• Define language as a system of signs used for
communication. Mention the wide range of
language applications.
4. Number of Languages
• Discuss the estimated number of languages
spoken worldwide. Highlight the global
distribution of English.
5. English as a Global Language
• Explain the global reach and significance of
the English language. Quote David Crystal's
perspective on English as a global language.
6. Oral Language Introduction
• Introduce oral language as a form of
communication. Explain that it comes
naturally to humans.
8. History of Studying Spoken
Language
• Explain the historical lack of emphasis on
studying spoken language. Mention Halliday's
contributions to studying oral language.
9. Types of Oral Communication
• Differentiate between prepared and
spontaneous speech. Highlight the importance
of spontaneous speech.
10. Elements of Oral Language
• Discuss linguistic elements (stress, rhythm,
intonation). Explain pragmatic elements and
body language.
11. Norms in Oral Discourse
• Discuss the importance of knowing where,
when, and to whom to address oral
utterances. Mention Brewster's principles for
effective oral communication.
12. Routines and Formulae
• Explain linguistic routines and formulaic
expressions. Discuss their role in oral
communication.
13. Oral Language Teaching
• Describe the importance of teaching and
learning oral language. Highlight Harmer's
methodological principles for teaching oral
language.
14. Written Language Introduction
• Introduce written communication as a distinct
form. Mention its differences from oral
communication.
15. Elements of Written Language
• Discuss linguistic, syntactic, lexical, and
graphological features of written language.
