Language as Communication explores oral and written language. It defines language as a system of signs used for communication and discusses the estimated number of languages spoken worldwide, with English having a global reach. Oral language comes naturally to humans and allows for immediate feedback, while written language is distinct from oral communication. The document examines elements of both oral and written language and their role in human communication.

1. Language as Communication
• Exploring Oral and Written Language

2. Introduction
• Briefly introduce the topic of language as a
means of communication. Mention the
importance of language in human
communication.

3. Language Overview
• Define language as a system of signs used for
communication. Mention the wide range of
language applications.

4. Number of Languages
• Discuss the estimated number of languages
spoken worldwide. Highlight the global
distribution of English.

5. English as a Global Language
• Explain the global reach and significance of
the English language. Quote David Crystal's
perspective on English as a global language.

6. Oral Language Introduction
• Introduce oral language as a form of
communication. Explain that it comes
naturally to humans.

7. Oral Language Characteristics
• Discuss the characteristics of oral language.
Mention that it allows for immediate
feedback.

8. History of Studying Spoken
Language
• Explain the historical lack of emphasis on
studying spoken language. Mention Halliday's
contributions to studying oral language.

9. Types of Oral Communication
• Differentiate between prepared and
spontaneous speech. Highlight the importance
of spontaneous speech.

10. Elements of Oral Language
• Discuss linguistic elements (stress, rhythm,
intonation). Explain pragmatic elements and
body language.

11. Norms in Oral Discourse
• Discuss the importance of knowing where,
when, and to whom to address oral
utterances. Mention Brewster's principles for
effective oral communication.

12. Routines and Formulae
• Explain linguistic routines and formulaic
expressions. Discuss their role in oral
communication.

13. Oral Language Teaching
• Describe the importance of teaching and
learning oral language. Highlight Harmer's
methodological principles for teaching oral
language.

14. Written Language Introduction
• Introduce written communication as a distinct
form. Mention its differences from oral
communication.

15. Elements of Written Language
• Discuss linguistic, syntactic, lexical, and
graphological features of written language.