- The study measured morphological traits like body length and eye diameter, and meristic traits like anal fin rays, in specimens from four fish species - rock bass, pumpkinseed sunfish, rainbow trout, and coho salmon.
- Statistical analysis showed that meristic traits like anal fin rays were more reliable for distinguishing between closely related species than morphological traits. The number of anal fin rays showed clear separation between species, unlike traits like relative eye size.
- These consistent morphological and meristic differences between species have likely been maintained by reproductive isolation between species, and help identify species when DNA analysis is not available, such as during fieldwork.
The document discusses remediation efforts for coral reefs in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. It describes how coral bleaching due to environmental stressors like increased temperature and pollution has damaged coral reefs. The sanctuary aims to protect coral through programs like coral restoration, where scientists reattach broken coral pieces or clean debris, and an artificial reef program, where sunken ships and safe materials are placed on the ocean floor to encourage coral growth. The overall goal is to restore the health of coral reefs and preserve biodiversity in the sanctuary.
This newsletter summarizes news from the College of Marin Emeritus Students (ESCOM). It discusses the retirement of Dr. Jason Lau from his position at COM and his contributions to lifelong learning programs. It profiles photographer Laura Milholland and her involvement in ESCOM's photography club. It also previews upcoming classes and articles in the newsletter, including one by Nancy Faw about downsizing her home.
Ziddu.com is a leading global digital storage and content distribution platform that offers free unlimited cloud storage and file sharing services. It allows users to upload files, organize them into folders, share file links via email or social media, and earn points for activities like sharing files, news, referring friends, and using their desktop app. Ziddu.com aims to monetize these user activities through digital advertising on their platform and apps.
This document contains Liam Baines' individual facade design contribution to a joint office block project. The north elevation will feature a glass curtain wall to maximize natural light, while the west, south and east elevations will have aluminum composite panel facades. Drawings show floor plans, elevations and section details of the proposed aluminum composite panel and glass curtain wall facade systems.
The document discusses remediation efforts for coral reefs in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. It describes how coral bleaching due to environmental stressors like increased temperature and pollution has damaged coral reefs. The sanctuary aims to protect coral through programs like coral restoration, where scientists reattach broken coral pieces or clean debris, and an artificial reef program, where sunken ships and safe materials are placed on the ocean floor to encourage coral growth. The overall goal is to restore the health of coral reefs and preserve biodiversity in the sanctuary.
This newsletter summarizes news from the College of Marin Emeritus Students (ESCOM). It discusses the retirement of Dr. Jason Lau from his position at COM and his contributions to lifelong learning programs. It profiles photographer Laura Milholland and her involvement in ESCOM's photography club. It also previews upcoming classes and articles in the newsletter, including one by Nancy Faw about downsizing her home.
Ziddu.com is a leading global digital storage and content distribution platform that offers free unlimited cloud storage and file sharing services. It allows users to upload files, organize them into folders, share file links via email or social media, and earn points for activities like sharing files, news, referring friends, and using their desktop app. Ziddu.com aims to monetize these user activities through digital advertising on their platform and apps.
This document contains Liam Baines' individual facade design contribution to a joint office block project. The north elevation will feature a glass curtain wall to maximize natural light, while the west, south and east elevations will have aluminum composite panel facades. Drawings show floor plans, elevations and section details of the proposed aluminum composite panel and glass curtain wall facade systems.
Top of Form1. Stream quality is based on the levels of many .docxedwardmarivel
Top of Form
1.
Stream quality is based on the levels of many variables, including the following. Which of these variables is quantitative?
The amount of dissolved oxygen
The number of distinct species present
The amount of phosphorus
All of the above
2.
Which of the following is a discrete variable?
Weight of a fish
Length of a fish
None of the above
Number of toxins present in a fish
3.
During winter, red foxes hunt small rodents by jumping into thick snow cover. Researchers report that a hunting trip lasts on average 19 minutes and involves on average 7 jumps. They also report that, surprisingly, 79% of all successful jumps are made in the northeast direction. Three variables are mentioned in this report. The first variable mentioned is
ordinal.
quantitative and discrete.
quantitative and continuous.
categorical.
4.
A sample of 55 streams in severe distress was obtained during 2007. The following is a bar graph of the number of streams that are from the Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, or Southwest. In the bar graph, the bar for the Northeast has been omitted.
The number of streams from the Northeast is
35.
25.
15.
45.
5.
Here is a stemplot (with split stems) of body temperatures (in degrees Fahrenheit) for 65 healthy adult women.
The first quartile for this data set is
97.6.
97.5.
98.0.
97.9.
6.
Researchers measured the length of the central retrix (R1), a flight-involved tail feather, in 21 female long-tailed finches. Here is a boxplot of the length, in millimeters (mm).
Based on this boxplot, which of the following statements is TRUE?
The distribution of R1 lengths is bimodal.
The distribution of R1 lengths is mildly right-skewed with a high outlier.
75% of the birds in this study had an R1 length above 70 mm.
All of the above
7.
Geckos are lizards with specialized toe pads that enable them to easily climb all sorts of surfaces. A research team examined the adhesive properties of 7 Tokay geckos. Below are their toe-pad areas (in square centimeters, cm2).
5.6
4.9
6.0
5.1
5.5
5.1
7.5
To be an outlier, an observation must fall outside the range
4.9 to 7.5.
4.2 to 6.9.
3.75 to 7.35.
5.1 to 6.0.
8.
The median age of five people on a committee is 30 years. One of the members, whose age is 50 years, resigns. The median age of the remaining four people in the committee is
not able to be determined from the information given.
25 years.
30 years.
40 years.
9.
By inspection, determine which of the following sets of numbers has the smallest standard deviation.
7, 8, 9, 10
0, 0, 10, 10
0, 1, 2, 3
5, 5, 5, 5
10.
The volume of oxygen consumed (in liters per minute) while a person is at rest and while he or she is exercising (running on a treadmill) was measured for each of 50 subjects. The goal is to determine if the volume of oxygen consumed during aerobic exercise can be estimated from the amount consumed at rest. The results are plotted below.
The scatterplot sugges ...
Size distribution and biometric relationships of little tunny Euthynnus allet...inventy
This study is taken from data of commercial fishing of the little tunny, Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque, 1810) caught in the Algerian coast, sampled between november 2011 and april 2016. Data were collected in order to determine size distributions of the population and biometric relationships of species including the size - weight relationships. A total of 601 fish ranged from 30.9 and 103 cm fork length (FL) were observed. The size distribution of Euthynnus alletteratus shows multiple modal values witch the most important cohort corresponds to the age class 2 (42-46 cm). The value of the allometric coefficient (b) of the FL/TW relationship is lower than 3, indicating a negative allometric growth.
The document summarizes a study that analyzed the relationship between body mass and carapace length in four chelonian species: Testudo graeca, Testudo hermanni, Emys orbicularis, and Chrysemys scripta. The study found allometric equations describing this relationship for each species, with carapace length generally proportional to body mass raised to the 0.34 power. A comprehensive equation for all species combined supported this finding.
This study analyzed the correlation between osteoclast survival and function in patients with either high or low metal exposure from metal-on-metal hip replacements. Sixteen patients were divided into two groups based on their cobalt and chromium serum levels. Four variables related to osteoclast number, function, and activity were measured and compared between the groups. Statistical analysis found little evidence of a difference in osteoclast number and activity between groups, but some evidence of a difference in functional osteoclasts and osteoclastic resorption. Overall, the results did not provide sufficient evidence to conclude a difference in osteoclast survival and function between high and low metal exposure patients due to small sample size and wide variability in some measures.
Confidence Intervals in the Life Sciences PresentationNamesS.docxmaxinesmith73660
Confidence Intervals in the Life Sciences Presentation
Names
Statistics for the Life Sciences STAT/167
Date
Fahad M. Gohar M.S.A.S
1
Conservation Biology of Bears
Normal Distribution
Standard normal distribution
Confidence Interval
Population Mean
Population Variance
Confidence Level
Point Estimate
Critical Value
Margin of Error
Welcome to the presentation on Confidence Intervals of Conservation Biology on Bears.
The team will define normal distribution and use an example of variables why this is important. A standard and normal distribution is discussed as well as the difference between standard and other normal distributions. Confidence interval will be defined and how it is used in Conservation Biology and Bears. We will learn how a confidence interval helps researchers estimate of population mean and population variance. The presenters defined a point estimate and try to explain how a point estimate found from a confidence interval. Confidence level is defined and a short explanation of confidence level is related to the confidence interval. Lastly, a critical value and margin of error are explained with examples from the Statdisk.
2
Normal Distribution
A normal distribution is one which has the mean, median, and mode are the same and the standard deviations are apart from the mean in the probabilities that go with the empirical rule. Not all data has the measures of central tendency, since some data sets may not have one unique value which occurs more than once. But every data set has a mean and median. The mean is only good with interval and ratio data, while the median can be used with interval, ratio and ordinal data. Mean is used when they're a lot of outliers, and median is used when there are few.
The normal distribution is continuous, and has only two parameters - mean and variance. The mean can be any positive number and variance can be any positive number (can't be negative - the mean and variance), so there are an infinite number of normal distributions. You want your data to represent the population distribution because when you make claims from the distribution of the sample you took, you want it to represent the whole entire population.
Some examples in the business world: Some industries which use normal distributions are pharmaceutical companies. They model the average blood pressure through normal distributions, and can make medicine which will help majority of the people with high blood pressure. A company can also model its average time to create something using the normal distribution. Several statistics can be calculated with the normal distribution, and hypothesis tests can be done with the normal distribution which models the average time.
Our chosen life science is BEARS. The age of the bears can be modeled by normal distributions and it is important to monitor since that tells us the average age of the bear, and can tell us a lot about the population. If the mean is high and the standard deviatio.
Chapter 6 simple regression and correlationRione Drevale
There is a significant positive correlation between amount of feed intake and live weight of broilers. The correlation coefficient (r) between feed intake and live weight is 0.726, which is statistically significant with p<0.017. On average, broilers gain approximately 0.5 kg of live weight for every 1 kg of feed consumed.
The document summarizes statistical analysis concepts and methods used to analyze biological data, including calculating means, standard deviations, and using t-tests to determine the significance of differences between data sets. It provides an example comparing bill length measurements in two hummingbird species. The mean bill length is slightly higher in C. latirostris, but A. colubris shows greater variability. A t-test is needed to determine if the difference in means is statistically significant given the overlap between the error bars representing standard deviation.
This study examines the relationship between resistive index (RI) and vessel diameter in the human carotid arterial tree. Data on RI and diameter were compiled from 505 vessels in 371 healthy humans. Standard trend line fits did not accurately model the data when carotid arteries were included, but the Neperian logarithmic function fit very well (r=0.99) when only eye data was used. This logarithmic model provides a valuable tool for research and clinical practice in modeling hemodynamics in the human eye.
This document discusses a study that compared bill length in two species of hummingbirds: Archilochus colubris and Cynanthus latirostris. Researchers took measurements of 10 individuals of each species and calculated the mean and standard deviation. The mean bill length was 15.9mm for A. colubris and 18.8mm for C. latirostris. A. colubris had greater variability in its data (standard deviation of 1.91) compared to C. latirostris (1.03). A t-test showed a statistically significant difference between the means, allowing the researchers to reject the null hypothesis that there is no difference in bill length between the species.
This study examined the morphometric and meristic characters of the fish Channa punctatus in the Indus River in Pakistan. 200 fish specimens were measured for 11 body parts and scales/fin counts were also taken. Regression analysis found strong correlations between total length and other body parts. Most measurements were found to increase linearly with total length. Meristic counts were also consistent between males and females. This baseline data on the physical traits of this commercially important fish will help with future cultivation efforts.
This chapter discusses exploring relationships between two quantitative variables using scatterplots and measuring the strength of linear relationships using correlation coefficients. Scatterplots show the joint distribution of two variables by plotting one on the x-axis and the other on the y-axis. Interpreting scatterplots involves examining the overall pattern, direction, strength, and outliers of the relationship. Correlation coefficients measure the direction and strength of linear relationships between -1 and 1. The chapter also discusses adding categorical variables to scatterplots and facts about correlation such as its sensitivity to outliers.
Palatal rugae as an aid for personnel identification Rupal Patle
The document summarizes a study on palatal rugae patterns in 1000 subjects in Lucknow, India. The key findings are:
1. Palatal rugae patterns were compared between males and females of different age groups. No significant differences were found in the number, size, or common shapes of rugae between genders.
2. The average number of rugae was highest in subjects ages 3-5 years and lowest in those over 51. Shape did not change with age, while size increased slightly until ages 13-30.
3. Comparisons of rugae patterns in twins, siblings, and parents revealed no familial similarities, suggesting rugae features are not inherited.
4. The
The document summarizes key parameters tested by an evenness tester: U%, CVm%, imperfections, deviation rate, irregularity index, relative count, hairiness, and foreign fibers (FD/km). It provides short descriptions and mathematical representations of each parameter. U% represents overall mass variation while CVm% indicates magnitude of variation. Irregularity index compares actual CVm% to theoretical minimum. Relationship between U% and CVm% depends on fiber distribution - CVm% is generally higher than 1.25xU% for asymmetrical distributions.
The document discusses measures of variability in data, including variance and standard deviation. It provides examples calculating variance and standard deviation from a sample of fish lengths. Variance is the estimated average of the squared deviations from the mean. Standard deviation is the square root of the variance, representing the average distance from the mean. For a sample, the sample variance uses n-1 in the denominator rather than n. Skewness is also discussed as a measure of the symmetry of a distribution, with negative skewness indicating left-skewed data and positive skewness indicating right-skewed data.
Re-evaluating models to take on new challenges in ecology and evolutionLiliana Davalos
This document discusses models used to analyze ecological and evolutionary relationships in the Caribbean region. It summarizes species-area relationships for three Caribbean archipelagos at the last glacial maximum and present day, finding highly significant relationships. It also examines how changes in species numbers relate to changes in island area from the last glacial maximum to present. Additionally, it analyzes evolutionary relationships among bat species based on DNA sequences and anatomical features, finding some discordant relationships. The document explores various models for understanding these relationships and incorporating multiple data types.
This study compared tooth rake marks on bottlenose dolphins in two Northeast Florida populations: St. Johns River (SJR), which has high commercial and recreational vessel traffic, and St. Augustine (SA), which has mainly recreational vessel traffic. Photographs of 110 dolphins from the two sites during March-April were analyzed. Both the type and coverage of rake marks across body sections were quantified. Although the proportion of dolphins with rake marks did not differ between sites, faint rake marks were most common in SA while obvious rake marks were most prominent in SJR, suggesting aggression may be more frequent among SJR dolphins. Rake mark coverage across and within body sections was similar between
This study analyzed the crown widths, lengths, and width/length ratios of maxillary anterior teeth from extracted human specimens.
The crown widths were not influenced by incisal wear and ranked from widest to narrowest as: central incisors, canines/premolars, lateral incisors. Crown lengths were influenced by wear, with unworn teeth longer than worn teeth except for lateral incisors. Ratios ranged from highest for worn central incisors and premolars to lowest for unworn canines and lateral incisors.
The measurements provide objective guidelines for dimensions and proportions that may be useful in diagnosis, treatment planning, and evaluating dental esthetics, especially for restorative and
This document summarizes a lecture on Poisson regression for count data. It begins with an introduction to the Poisson distribution and its properties. It then discusses the framework of Poisson regression, using a log link function to model the Poisson parameter as a function of covariates. An example using elephant mating data is analyzed using Poisson regression. Model fitting, interpretation of coefficients, and obtaining fitted values are demonstrated. Finally, issues like overdispersion and zero-inflated models are discussed.
This study evaluated the influence of maxillary central incisor morphology on torque expression. Thirty extracted central incisors were evaluated using 2D surface scanning and 3D photographic modeling. The results showed that displacing the bracket 1-3mm incisally increased lingual root torque by an average of 2.27-8.96 degrees, while displacing it 1-3mm gingivally decreased torque by 5.01-12.33 degrees. The crown-root angle varied from 173-188.5 degrees between teeth. However, there was no significant correlation found between crown-root angle and labial surface convexity. These findings were confirmed by 3D analysis of one tooth.
Top of Form1. Stream quality is based on the levels of many .docxedwardmarivel
Top of Form
1.
Stream quality is based on the levels of many variables, including the following. Which of these variables is quantitative?
The amount of dissolved oxygen
The number of distinct species present
The amount of phosphorus
All of the above
2.
Which of the following is a discrete variable?
Weight of a fish
Length of a fish
None of the above
Number of toxins present in a fish
3.
During winter, red foxes hunt small rodents by jumping into thick snow cover. Researchers report that a hunting trip lasts on average 19 minutes and involves on average 7 jumps. They also report that, surprisingly, 79% of all successful jumps are made in the northeast direction. Three variables are mentioned in this report. The first variable mentioned is
ordinal.
quantitative and discrete.
quantitative and continuous.
categorical.
4.
A sample of 55 streams in severe distress was obtained during 2007. The following is a bar graph of the number of streams that are from the Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, or Southwest. In the bar graph, the bar for the Northeast has been omitted.
The number of streams from the Northeast is
35.
25.
15.
45.
5.
Here is a stemplot (with split stems) of body temperatures (in degrees Fahrenheit) for 65 healthy adult women.
The first quartile for this data set is
97.6.
97.5.
98.0.
97.9.
6.
Researchers measured the length of the central retrix (R1), a flight-involved tail feather, in 21 female long-tailed finches. Here is a boxplot of the length, in millimeters (mm).
Based on this boxplot, which of the following statements is TRUE?
The distribution of R1 lengths is bimodal.
The distribution of R1 lengths is mildly right-skewed with a high outlier.
75% of the birds in this study had an R1 length above 70 mm.
All of the above
7.
Geckos are lizards with specialized toe pads that enable them to easily climb all sorts of surfaces. A research team examined the adhesive properties of 7 Tokay geckos. Below are their toe-pad areas (in square centimeters, cm2).
5.6
4.9
6.0
5.1
5.5
5.1
7.5
To be an outlier, an observation must fall outside the range
4.9 to 7.5.
4.2 to 6.9.
3.75 to 7.35.
5.1 to 6.0.
8.
The median age of five people on a committee is 30 years. One of the members, whose age is 50 years, resigns. The median age of the remaining four people in the committee is
not able to be determined from the information given.
25 years.
30 years.
40 years.
9.
By inspection, determine which of the following sets of numbers has the smallest standard deviation.
7, 8, 9, 10
0, 0, 10, 10
0, 1, 2, 3
5, 5, 5, 5
10.
The volume of oxygen consumed (in liters per minute) while a person is at rest and while he or she is exercising (running on a treadmill) was measured for each of 50 subjects. The goal is to determine if the volume of oxygen consumed during aerobic exercise can be estimated from the amount consumed at rest. The results are plotted below.
The scatterplot sugges ...
Size distribution and biometric relationships of little tunny Euthynnus allet...inventy
This study is taken from data of commercial fishing of the little tunny, Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque, 1810) caught in the Algerian coast, sampled between november 2011 and april 2016. Data were collected in order to determine size distributions of the population and biometric relationships of species including the size - weight relationships. A total of 601 fish ranged from 30.9 and 103 cm fork length (FL) were observed. The size distribution of Euthynnus alletteratus shows multiple modal values witch the most important cohort corresponds to the age class 2 (42-46 cm). The value of the allometric coefficient (b) of the FL/TW relationship is lower than 3, indicating a negative allometric growth.
The document summarizes a study that analyzed the relationship between body mass and carapace length in four chelonian species: Testudo graeca, Testudo hermanni, Emys orbicularis, and Chrysemys scripta. The study found allometric equations describing this relationship for each species, with carapace length generally proportional to body mass raised to the 0.34 power. A comprehensive equation for all species combined supported this finding.
This study analyzed the correlation between osteoclast survival and function in patients with either high or low metal exposure from metal-on-metal hip replacements. Sixteen patients were divided into two groups based on their cobalt and chromium serum levels. Four variables related to osteoclast number, function, and activity were measured and compared between the groups. Statistical analysis found little evidence of a difference in osteoclast number and activity between groups, but some evidence of a difference in functional osteoclasts and osteoclastic resorption. Overall, the results did not provide sufficient evidence to conclude a difference in osteoclast survival and function between high and low metal exposure patients due to small sample size and wide variability in some measures.
Confidence Intervals in the Life Sciences PresentationNamesS.docxmaxinesmith73660
Confidence Intervals in the Life Sciences Presentation
Names
Statistics for the Life Sciences STAT/167
Date
Fahad M. Gohar M.S.A.S
1
Conservation Biology of Bears
Normal Distribution
Standard normal distribution
Confidence Interval
Population Mean
Population Variance
Confidence Level
Point Estimate
Critical Value
Margin of Error
Welcome to the presentation on Confidence Intervals of Conservation Biology on Bears.
The team will define normal distribution and use an example of variables why this is important. A standard and normal distribution is discussed as well as the difference between standard and other normal distributions. Confidence interval will be defined and how it is used in Conservation Biology and Bears. We will learn how a confidence interval helps researchers estimate of population mean and population variance. The presenters defined a point estimate and try to explain how a point estimate found from a confidence interval. Confidence level is defined and a short explanation of confidence level is related to the confidence interval. Lastly, a critical value and margin of error are explained with examples from the Statdisk.
2
Normal Distribution
A normal distribution is one which has the mean, median, and mode are the same and the standard deviations are apart from the mean in the probabilities that go with the empirical rule. Not all data has the measures of central tendency, since some data sets may not have one unique value which occurs more than once. But every data set has a mean and median. The mean is only good with interval and ratio data, while the median can be used with interval, ratio and ordinal data. Mean is used when they're a lot of outliers, and median is used when there are few.
The normal distribution is continuous, and has only two parameters - mean and variance. The mean can be any positive number and variance can be any positive number (can't be negative - the mean and variance), so there are an infinite number of normal distributions. You want your data to represent the population distribution because when you make claims from the distribution of the sample you took, you want it to represent the whole entire population.
Some examples in the business world: Some industries which use normal distributions are pharmaceutical companies. They model the average blood pressure through normal distributions, and can make medicine which will help majority of the people with high blood pressure. A company can also model its average time to create something using the normal distribution. Several statistics can be calculated with the normal distribution, and hypothesis tests can be done with the normal distribution which models the average time.
Our chosen life science is BEARS. The age of the bears can be modeled by normal distributions and it is important to monitor since that tells us the average age of the bear, and can tell us a lot about the population. If the mean is high and the standard deviatio.
Chapter 6 simple regression and correlationRione Drevale
There is a significant positive correlation between amount of feed intake and live weight of broilers. The correlation coefficient (r) between feed intake and live weight is 0.726, which is statistically significant with p<0.017. On average, broilers gain approximately 0.5 kg of live weight for every 1 kg of feed consumed.
The document summarizes statistical analysis concepts and methods used to analyze biological data, including calculating means, standard deviations, and using t-tests to determine the significance of differences between data sets. It provides an example comparing bill length measurements in two hummingbird species. The mean bill length is slightly higher in C. latirostris, but A. colubris shows greater variability. A t-test is needed to determine if the difference in means is statistically significant given the overlap between the error bars representing standard deviation.
This study examines the relationship between resistive index (RI) and vessel diameter in the human carotid arterial tree. Data on RI and diameter were compiled from 505 vessels in 371 healthy humans. Standard trend line fits did not accurately model the data when carotid arteries were included, but the Neperian logarithmic function fit very well (r=0.99) when only eye data was used. This logarithmic model provides a valuable tool for research and clinical practice in modeling hemodynamics in the human eye.
This document discusses a study that compared bill length in two species of hummingbirds: Archilochus colubris and Cynanthus latirostris. Researchers took measurements of 10 individuals of each species and calculated the mean and standard deviation. The mean bill length was 15.9mm for A. colubris and 18.8mm for C. latirostris. A. colubris had greater variability in its data (standard deviation of 1.91) compared to C. latirostris (1.03). A t-test showed a statistically significant difference between the means, allowing the researchers to reject the null hypothesis that there is no difference in bill length between the species.
This study examined the morphometric and meristic characters of the fish Channa punctatus in the Indus River in Pakistan. 200 fish specimens were measured for 11 body parts and scales/fin counts were also taken. Regression analysis found strong correlations between total length and other body parts. Most measurements were found to increase linearly with total length. Meristic counts were also consistent between males and females. This baseline data on the physical traits of this commercially important fish will help with future cultivation efforts.
This chapter discusses exploring relationships between two quantitative variables using scatterplots and measuring the strength of linear relationships using correlation coefficients. Scatterplots show the joint distribution of two variables by plotting one on the x-axis and the other on the y-axis. Interpreting scatterplots involves examining the overall pattern, direction, strength, and outliers of the relationship. Correlation coefficients measure the direction and strength of linear relationships between -1 and 1. The chapter also discusses adding categorical variables to scatterplots and facts about correlation such as its sensitivity to outliers.
Palatal rugae as an aid for personnel identification Rupal Patle
The document summarizes a study on palatal rugae patterns in 1000 subjects in Lucknow, India. The key findings are:
1. Palatal rugae patterns were compared between males and females of different age groups. No significant differences were found in the number, size, or common shapes of rugae between genders.
2. The average number of rugae was highest in subjects ages 3-5 years and lowest in those over 51. Shape did not change with age, while size increased slightly until ages 13-30.
3. Comparisons of rugae patterns in twins, siblings, and parents revealed no familial similarities, suggesting rugae features are not inherited.
4. The
The document summarizes key parameters tested by an evenness tester: U%, CVm%, imperfections, deviation rate, irregularity index, relative count, hairiness, and foreign fibers (FD/km). It provides short descriptions and mathematical representations of each parameter. U% represents overall mass variation while CVm% indicates magnitude of variation. Irregularity index compares actual CVm% to theoretical minimum. Relationship between U% and CVm% depends on fiber distribution - CVm% is generally higher than 1.25xU% for asymmetrical distributions.
The document discusses measures of variability in data, including variance and standard deviation. It provides examples calculating variance and standard deviation from a sample of fish lengths. Variance is the estimated average of the squared deviations from the mean. Standard deviation is the square root of the variance, representing the average distance from the mean. For a sample, the sample variance uses n-1 in the denominator rather than n. Skewness is also discussed as a measure of the symmetry of a distribution, with negative skewness indicating left-skewed data and positive skewness indicating right-skewed data.
Re-evaluating models to take on new challenges in ecology and evolutionLiliana Davalos
This document discusses models used to analyze ecological and evolutionary relationships in the Caribbean region. It summarizes species-area relationships for three Caribbean archipelagos at the last glacial maximum and present day, finding highly significant relationships. It also examines how changes in species numbers relate to changes in island area from the last glacial maximum to present. Additionally, it analyzes evolutionary relationships among bat species based on DNA sequences and anatomical features, finding some discordant relationships. The document explores various models for understanding these relationships and incorporating multiple data types.
This study compared tooth rake marks on bottlenose dolphins in two Northeast Florida populations: St. Johns River (SJR), which has high commercial and recreational vessel traffic, and St. Augustine (SA), which has mainly recreational vessel traffic. Photographs of 110 dolphins from the two sites during March-April were analyzed. Both the type and coverage of rake marks across body sections were quantified. Although the proportion of dolphins with rake marks did not differ between sites, faint rake marks were most common in SA while obvious rake marks were most prominent in SJR, suggesting aggression may be more frequent among SJR dolphins. Rake mark coverage across and within body sections was similar between
This study analyzed the crown widths, lengths, and width/length ratios of maxillary anterior teeth from extracted human specimens.
The crown widths were not influenced by incisal wear and ranked from widest to narrowest as: central incisors, canines/premolars, lateral incisors. Crown lengths were influenced by wear, with unworn teeth longer than worn teeth except for lateral incisors. Ratios ranged from highest for worn central incisors and premolars to lowest for unworn canines and lateral incisors.
The measurements provide objective guidelines for dimensions and proportions that may be useful in diagnosis, treatment planning, and evaluating dental esthetics, especially for restorative and
This document summarizes a lecture on Poisson regression for count data. It begins with an introduction to the Poisson distribution and its properties. It then discusses the framework of Poisson regression, using a log link function to model the Poisson parameter as a function of covariates. An example using elephant mating data is analyzed using Poisson regression. Model fitting, interpretation of coefficients, and obtaining fitted values are demonstrated. Finally, issues like overdispersion and zero-inflated models are discussed.
This study evaluated the influence of maxillary central incisor morphology on torque expression. Thirty extracted central incisors were evaluated using 2D surface scanning and 3D photographic modeling. The results showed that displacing the bracket 1-3mm incisally increased lingual root torque by an average of 2.27-8.96 degrees, while displacing it 1-3mm gingivally decreased torque by 5.01-12.33 degrees. The crown-root angle varied from 173-188.5 degrees between teeth. However, there was no significant correlation found between crown-root angle and labial surface convexity. These findings were confirmed by 3D analysis of one tooth.
1. Analysis of Morphological Variability within and Among Species
Lab Report Rewrite
Ichthyology, EFB 486
SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry
Connorlynn Gaffney
February 26, 2014
2. Abstract
Animal speciesare dividedbasedon differencesandsimilarities.Some speciesare relatedmore
closelythanothersandrequire small detailstodistinguishthe differences.Asagroupof four,we
measured120 differentspecimensforstandardbodylength,eye diameter,andthe anal finrays or
spines.We attemptedtodistinguishthe difference between twosetsof similarspecies:the Centrachids;
rock bass (Ambloplitesrupestris) and pumpkinseedsunfish(Lepomisgibbosus), andthe Salmonines;
rainbowtrout(Onchohynchusmykiss),andcoho salmon(Onchohynchuskisutch).Comparingthe
morphometricandmeristiccharacteristicsaslookedforevidence of allometricvariations. We
discoveredthatthe mostaccurate representationof aspeciesinvolvesthe anal fin,where asthe
standardbodylengthis one of the leastaccurate formsof measurementbetweenspecies.
Introduction
All livingthingscanbe separatedintospeciesbasedonaset of generalizedrulesaboutthe
individuals. Thislabusesthe phenticspeciesconceptwhichassignsspeciesbased oncountable or
measureable characteristics.Thisspeciesconceptalsotakesallometryintoaccount whenseparating
species. Thislabattemptstouse morphometriccharacteristicssuchasstandard bodylength,andthe
meristiccharacteristicof anal finraysto distinguishthe differencebetweentwoclosely relatedspecies
pairs. Due to the variationamongstindividualsof aspeciesitcan be hypothesizedthatthe meristic
characteristicwill be more reliable todistinguishthe difference betweenspeciesthanthe morphometric
characteristics.Thislabalsoattemptstolookfor allometricvariationamongst speciesanddetermine if
those measurementsare validarguments todistinguishdifferentspecies.Itcouldbe hypothesizedthat
some specieshave the same ratioof eye size tobodylengthregardlessof the actual size of the fish.
Methods
The class splitintogroupsto measure variousmorphologicaltraitsinfourdifferentspeciesof
fishfromtwodifferentfamilies;rockbass(Ambloplitesrupestris), pumpkinseedsunfish(Lepomis
gibbosus),rainbowtrout(Oncorhynchusmykiss ),andcohosalmon(Onchohynchuskisutch).The first
twoare centrarchidsfromcentral NewYork,and the secondtwoare non-native tothe Greatlakes
watershedthathave adaptedovertime.
My labpartnerand I combinedwithanotherpairof labpartnersto getthrough120 different
fishspecimens.The fishwere dividedbyspecies,andeachspecieswasseparatedinjarsbasedontheir
general size.We measuredtenindividualsfromeachjar,or thirtyof each species.Inordertoproceed
withthe mostefficiencywe dividedthe tasksbetweenthe membersof ourgroup.
In the centarchidspecies,the rockbassandpumpkinseed,we were responsible formeasuring
standardlength,eye diameter,andcountingthe anal spines,butnotthe branchedrays.The branched
rays are segmented.Inordertoidentifythe difference,we were instructedtocountfromthe base of
the finrather thanthe tipwhere the branchingoccurs.
3. The salmonine species,rainbowtroutandcohosalmon,were alsomeasuredforstandard
length,eye size,andanal finrayswere counted.These speciesdonothave branchedrays,soall rays
were counted.
To measure the standardlengthwe usedarulerto measure fromthe headto the hypural plate,
rightbefore the tail fin.Thiswasan accurate measure of lengthbecause the tail oneachindividual could
have beenalteredfromanaccidentor sittinginthe alcohol forsuchan extendedperiod.
The eye size wasone of the mostdifficultthingstomeasure due tothe variationinsizes.We
useda verniercaliperonthe inside of the eye sockettofindthe true size withouthavingtoworryabout
inaccuraciesdue toeye shrinking.
In orderto analyze the dataI createdvarious graphs inexcel,andperformed a2-tailedt-test
comparingthe salmonine anal finraysandthe centrarchidanal spines.The graphscreatedinclude the
relative eye sizeof the centrarchidsandthe relative eye size of the salmoines.The treadlinesare a
comparisonof the bodysize and eye diameterineachindividual.There are also twographsincluded
whichdemonstrate the standardbodylengthandnumberof spines/rays.
Results
Salmonines
The degreesof freedomwere 41,and resultsof the t-testwere calculatedtobe significant(t
stat=-38.16). The P value,whichisacomparisonof the t-critical and t-stat, waslessthan0.001 witha
value of 1.17 x 10-33
.
The relative eye size of the salomine speciesisdisplayedonthe figure below.Italsodisplaysthe
slope,andR2
valuesonthe treadline.The topvalues (y=3.1809 + 18.054) representthe cohosalmon,
and the bottomline (y=0.7052x + 69.721) representthe rainbow trout.
y = 0.7052x + 69.721
R² = 0.0112
y = 3.1809x + 18.054
R² = 0.398
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 10 20 30 40
StandardBodyLength(cm)
Eye Diameter (cm)
Relative Eye Size Salmonine Species
Figure 1. Thisgraph displaysthe relativeeye sizeof the two salmonine species.The rainbow troutis
representedbythe diamonds,andthe cohosalmonare representedbythe squares.
4. The secondgraph (Figure 2) below representsthe comparisonof anal finraysinthe salonine
species. The toptreadline (y=-0.0003x + 14.96) representsthe cohosalmon,andthe bottomtreadline
(y= 0.0007x + 11.88) representsthe rainbow trout.
Centrarchid
The degreesof freedomwere 29, and resultsof the t-testwere calculatedtobe significant(t
stat= 35. 72). The P value,whichisacomparisonof the t-critical andt-stat,wasless than0.001 witha
value of 1.58 x 10-25
.
The relative eye size of the centrarchid species isdisplayedonFigure 3below.Italsodisplays
the slope,andR2
valuesonthe treadline.The topvalue (y=-0.0013 + 0.2827) representthe rockbass,
and the bottomline (y=-0.0002x + 0.1148) representthe pumpkinseed.
y = 0.0007x + 11.875
R² = 0.027
y = -0.0003x + 14.958
R² = 0.0037
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 50 100 150 200 250
TotalRays
Standard Body Length (cm)
Salmonine Rays
Figure 2. Thisgraph representsthe numberof anal finraysincomparisonto the standardbodylength.The
squares representcoho salmon,andthe diamondsrepresentrainbow trout.
y = -0.0013x + 0.2827
R² = 0.7876
y = -0.0002x + 0.1148
R² = 0.3111
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0 50 100 150 200
RelativeEyeSize
Standard Length (cm)
Centrarchid Relative Eye Size
Figure 3. Thisgraph displaysthe relativeeye sizeof the two centrarchid species.The rockbassare
representedbythe diamonds,andthe pumpkinseedsare representedbythe squares.
5. The fourthgraph (Figure 4) below representsthe comparisonof anal spines inthe centrarchid
species. The toptreadline (y=0.0018x + 5.80) representsthe rockbass,and the bottomtreadline (y=2E-
16x+3) representsthe pumpkinseed.
Discussion
In all the speciesstudieditcanbe statedthatthere is evidencetosupportthe hypothesisthat
the meristiccharacteristicwill be more reliabletodistinguishthe difference betweenspeciesthanthe
morphometriccharacteristics. Figure 1and figure 3 representthe relative eyesize of the individuals.
Due to the treadlinescrossingandamountof scatterat the lowerendof the graphs,there are not
significantenoughdifferencestouse relative eyesize asatrait intellingtwospeciesapart.
Figures2 and 4 showthe relationshipbetween the anal spines/raysandthe size of fish.Ineach
graph there isa distinctdifference betweenthe twospeciesrepresentedoneachgraph.The treadlines
are separatedenoughthatevenif there wasmore dataincluded,theywouldnotcross.Inthe case of
the fewoutliers,they are close enoughtothe treadline thatthere isnochance of confusionwiththe
otherdata on the graph.
Figures1 and 3 also refute the hypothesis thatsome specieshave the same ratioof eye size to
bodylengthregardlessof the actual size of the fish. Itcouldbe statedthat individualsof the salmonine
speciesbetween10-20cmhave distinctratiosof eye diameterandstandardbodylength,butthere is
not enoughdatato determine if the resultissignificantornot.It couldalso be statedthat rockbass
individuals smallerthan50cm have a distinctrelative eyesize whichcouldbe usedtoidentifyspecies
differences,althoughinordertohave significantresultsitwouldbe necessarytointentionallyinclude
specimensof pumpkinseedswhichmeasuretolessthan50cm long.
y = 0.0018x + 5.7936
R² = 0.0408
y = 2E-16x + 3
R² = #N/A
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 50 100 150 200
NumberofAnalSpines
Standard Body Length (cm)
Centrachids
Figure 4. Thisgraph representsthe numberof anal spinesincomparisontothe standardbody lengthof
the centrarchidspecies. The diamondsrepresentthe rockbass,and the squaresrepresent the
pumpkinseed.
6. These differencesbetweenspecies have mostlikelybeenmaintaineddue tothe inabilityof
speciestomate withotherspecies.Itcouldalsotake the lackof variationbetweenindividualsof the
same speciesinto account.Natural selectionchoosesindividualstosurvive basedonsuperiortraits,in
the eventof an individualmutatingtohave adifferenttrait,unlessitcontributestothe individuals
survival,the traitwill die outwiththatindividual.
The varioustraits amongspeciesare bestusedtoidentifyspecieswhentechnologytoanalyze
DNA is unavailable,suchaswhenconductingfieldwork.Understandingthe differencesamongsimilar
speciesisimperative forquickidentificationinsituationswhichrequire workwithspecimens.