The document is a biology lab notebook containing summaries of various topics covered, including the scientific method, mitosis, microscopy, and cellular structures. Key points covered include the steps of the scientific method and how it was used to investigate whether forearm length and foot length are the same. Data was collected from class members and graphed, finding the measurements were not consistently the same between individuals. Diagrams and descriptions of cellular structures like the nucleus and plasma membrane are provided. The phases of mitosis - interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase - are defined and illustrated on a slide of a fish blastula under the light microscope.
The document describes an investigation conducted by a class to test the hypothesis that the length of a person's forearm is equal to the length of their foot. The class measured the forearms and feet of students to collect data to analyze their hypothesis. They found that the hypothesis was not supported, as most students' forearm and foot lengths were not equal. This contradicted common beliefs and showed the importance of testing assumptions with an empirical scientific investigation.
The document provides an overview of a thesis submission examining user experiences of sit stand workstations. It includes an abstract, introduction, literature review covering topics like posture, sedentary work, seated posture risks, and standing desks. The methods section describes using a questionnaire and workspace photos. Key results found personal, postural and usability factors influenced ongoing and ceased use. Final thematic maps identified themes. Future recommendations and conclusions are discussed. In under 3 sentences, the document summarizes a thesis submission that examined the experiences of current and past sit stand workstation users through interviews and identified various personal, postural, and usability factors that influenced sustained or discontinued usage.
Vision, Mission, and Guiding Principles for SCUHSwilliamwoods03
This document is the academic catalog for Southern California University of Health Sciences for the 2017-2018 academic year. It provides information on the university's vision, mission, programs, admissions requirements, academic policies, courses, faculty and staff. The catalog contains details for the Doctor of Chiropractic, Master of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine, and other programs offered through the Los Angeles College of Chiropractic, College of Eastern Medicine, and College of Science and Integrative Health. It also outlines policies on registration, financial aid, technology resources, and other student services and resources available at the university.
The document discusses scientific research and the empirical research process. It defines scientific research as performing a methodical study to prove a hypothesis or answer a specific question through collecting empirical data. Empirical research is based on experimentation or observation to test a hypothesis. The empirical cycle involves observation, induction, deduction, testing, and evaluation of a hypothesis using empirical data.
May 22-2013 Poster-BFN-Techno-economic assessment and process modeling of ste...Hassan Shahrukh
This research models the techno-economic assessment of producing steam-processed lignocellulosic biomass pellets. An ASPEN PLUS model was developed to simulate the steam pretreatment and pelletization process. The model was validated against experimental data. Simulation results showed that steam pretreatment increases the calorific value and energy ratio of pellets compared to untreated pellets. However, the cost of steam-treated pellets is similar to untreated pellets when calculated per GJ of energy output due to the increased energy value, though initial capital and operating costs are higher for steam pretreatment equipment. The goal is to identify the optimal capacity level where steam-treated pellet production costs are lower
The document defines key probability terms:
- Probability is the chance of an event occurring
- The sample space includes all possible outcomes
- Equally likely events have the same chance of occurring
- Mutually exclusive events cannot both occur simultaneously
- Non-mutually exclusive events can occur together
It also provides examples of calculating probabilities of dice rolls.
The document provides a 15 step process for setting up a lab notebook, including adding a title page, table of contents, page numbers, reference materials on scientific method, measurements, and safety guidelines. Students are instructed to personalize the front cover but not the exterior, add class syllabus and safety contract, and leave page 3 blank for future lab instructions.
Presentation of Bin Yang for the Workshop on Hydrolysis Route for Cellulosic Ethanol from Sugarcane.
Apresentação de Bin Yang realizada no "Workshop on Hydrolysis Route for Cellulosic Ethanol from Sugarcane"
Date / Data : February 10 - 11th 2009/
10 e 11 de fevereiro de 2009
Place / Local: Unicamp, Campinas, Brazil
Event Website / Website do evento: http://www.bioetanol.org.br/workshop1
The document describes an investigation conducted by a class to test the hypothesis that the length of a person's forearm is equal to the length of their foot. The class measured the forearms and feet of students to collect data to analyze their hypothesis. They found that the hypothesis was not supported, as most students' forearm and foot lengths were not equal. This contradicted common beliefs and showed the importance of testing assumptions with an empirical scientific investigation.
The document provides an overview of a thesis submission examining user experiences of sit stand workstations. It includes an abstract, introduction, literature review covering topics like posture, sedentary work, seated posture risks, and standing desks. The methods section describes using a questionnaire and workspace photos. Key results found personal, postural and usability factors influenced ongoing and ceased use. Final thematic maps identified themes. Future recommendations and conclusions are discussed. In under 3 sentences, the document summarizes a thesis submission that examined the experiences of current and past sit stand workstation users through interviews and identified various personal, postural, and usability factors that influenced sustained or discontinued usage.
Vision, Mission, and Guiding Principles for SCUHSwilliamwoods03
This document is the academic catalog for Southern California University of Health Sciences for the 2017-2018 academic year. It provides information on the university's vision, mission, programs, admissions requirements, academic policies, courses, faculty and staff. The catalog contains details for the Doctor of Chiropractic, Master of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine, and other programs offered through the Los Angeles College of Chiropractic, College of Eastern Medicine, and College of Science and Integrative Health. It also outlines policies on registration, financial aid, technology resources, and other student services and resources available at the university.
The document discusses scientific research and the empirical research process. It defines scientific research as performing a methodical study to prove a hypothesis or answer a specific question through collecting empirical data. Empirical research is based on experimentation or observation to test a hypothesis. The empirical cycle involves observation, induction, deduction, testing, and evaluation of a hypothesis using empirical data.
May 22-2013 Poster-BFN-Techno-economic assessment and process modeling of ste...Hassan Shahrukh
This research models the techno-economic assessment of producing steam-processed lignocellulosic biomass pellets. An ASPEN PLUS model was developed to simulate the steam pretreatment and pelletization process. The model was validated against experimental data. Simulation results showed that steam pretreatment increases the calorific value and energy ratio of pellets compared to untreated pellets. However, the cost of steam-treated pellets is similar to untreated pellets when calculated per GJ of energy output due to the increased energy value, though initial capital and operating costs are higher for steam pretreatment equipment. The goal is to identify the optimal capacity level where steam-treated pellet production costs are lower
The document defines key probability terms:
- Probability is the chance of an event occurring
- The sample space includes all possible outcomes
- Equally likely events have the same chance of occurring
- Mutually exclusive events cannot both occur simultaneously
- Non-mutually exclusive events can occur together
It also provides examples of calculating probabilities of dice rolls.
The document provides a 15 step process for setting up a lab notebook, including adding a title page, table of contents, page numbers, reference materials on scientific method, measurements, and safety guidelines. Students are instructed to personalize the front cover but not the exterior, add class syllabus and safety contract, and leave page 3 blank for future lab instructions.
Presentation of Bin Yang for the Workshop on Hydrolysis Route for Cellulosic Ethanol from Sugarcane.
Apresentação de Bin Yang realizada no "Workshop on Hydrolysis Route for Cellulosic Ethanol from Sugarcane"
Date / Data : February 10 - 11th 2009/
10 e 11 de fevereiro de 2009
Place / Local: Unicamp, Campinas, Brazil
Event Website / Website do evento: http://www.bioetanol.org.br/workshop1
The document discusses experimental probability through three experiments. The first experiment uses a six-sided die to calculate probabilities of throwing different numbers. The second experiment uses a standard 52-card deck to calculate probabilities of drawing certain cards. The third experiment calculates the probabilities of winning different tennis shoe styles in a giveaway where there are 5 pairs of style A, 8 pairs of style B, and 7 pairs of style C available.
SIGMA TEST & RESEARCH CENTRE is one of the Laboratory Testing Service providers in Delhi, which is offering quality testing of coal and anlysis of coal. STRC is
providing coal testing on different parameters like Calorific value, Proximate analysis - Moisture
Hydrogen per oxide signaling in plantsKaleem Akmal
Hydrogen peroxide acts as a signaling molecule in plants. It is produced in chloroplasts, peroxisomes, mitochondria, and other cellular locations in response to stresses. At low concentrations, H2O2 regulates processes like growth, development, and environmental responses, while higher amounts cause oxidative damage. It mediates responses to abiotic and biotic stresses by modulating calcium mobilization, protein phosphorylation, and gene expression. Plants have developed antioxidant defense systems involving enzymes like SOD, CAT, POD and APX to scavenge H2O2.
Coal is classified into three main types - anthracite, bituminous, and lignite - based on carbon content and heat value. Bituminous and sub-bituminous are most common in India. Proximate analysis determines the percentages of fixed carbon, volatile matter, moisture, and ash in coal, which influence its combustibility. Ultimate analysis identifies the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur content. Proper coal storage, handling, and preparation help ensure efficient combustion in boilers.
Quenching is a vital part of the heat treating process in manufacturing. Polymer quenchants are one option for quenching operations, and knowing which one to choose is key to successful heat treating applications. Scott Mackenzie, PhD, FASM, from Houghton International shares what you need to know when selecting quenching oils for your heat treating operations.
Fractional factorial designs (FFDs) are used to efficiently study many factors using fewer experimental runs than a full factorial design. FFDs exploit redundancy in estimating interactions to select a subset of runs. Regular FFDs have desirable properties like balance and orthogonality. Resolution indicates how interactions are aliased, with higher resolutions preferred. FFDs are useful in screening experiments to identify important factors efficiently before further optimization. Software helps select appropriate FFDs based on desired resolution and aliasing.
This document provides information and procedures for conducting a proximate analysis of a feed or food sample. It describes the key components that are determined in a proximate analysis including moisture, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, and ash. For each component, it outlines the general principle, necessary reagents, and step-by-step procedure for how to analyze a sample and calculate the percentage of that component. The overall document serves as a guide for setting up an analytical laboratory and conducting the various tests involved in a complete proximate analysis.
Here the composite material was fabricated using sugarcane bagasse, jute fibre & with glass fibre as a hybrid material and the mechanical properties of this material was studied.
This document discusses hydrogen management challenges for refineries aiming to produce cleaner fuels. It notes that hydrogen availability will be a key concern due to lower sulfur limits requiring more hydrogen consuming processes. The document presents various approaches refineries take to plan for hydrogen needs, including establishing future hydrogen demand and balances. It also discusses opportunities to optimize hydrogen systems through deeper analysis, modeling, and targeting purification and reuse opportunities rather than just increasing hydrogen production. This can help reduce capital costs for hydrogen investments.
This document discusses various pre-treatment methods that can be used to break down lignocellulosic biomass to enhance biogas production from anaerobic digestion. It describes mechanical, thermal, chemical, and biological pre-treatment techniques and provides examples of each. The goal of pre-treatment is to increase the surface area and porosity of the biomass to improve degradation and yield more biogas in a shorter period of time from a wider variety of feedstocks.
This document discusses the chemical and physical properties of coal. It begins by describing the chemical structure and composition of different types of coal like anthracite. It then discusses coal formation theories and the process of coalification where plant materials transform into coal over millions of years. The ranks of coal from peat to anthracite are defined based on their carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen content. World coal production data from 2006 is presented, showing that China is the top producer. Information on India's coal reserves and resources by state is also provided.
Coal is composed primarily of carbon along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulphur, oxygen, nitrogen. Ultimate analysis is also known as elemental analysis, it is the method to determine the Carbon,Hydrogen,Nitrogen,Sulphur and Oxygen content present in solid fuel.
Design of Experiment (DOE): Taguchi Method and Full Factorial Design in Surfa...Ahmad Syafiq
Taguchi and full factorial design techniques to highlight the application and to compare the effectiveness of the Taguchi and full factorial design processes as applied on surface
roughness.
Endo and exo rections experiments 14/15Jenny Dixon
This document discusses endothermic and exothermic reactions. It provides examples of exothermic reactions like combustion and cellular respiration which release energy. Exothermic reactions are illustrated as having energy released by the reactants. Endothermic reactions like photosynthesis and cold packs absorb energy, shown as energy being absorbed by the reactants. Both reaction types are accompanied by temperature changes or energy transfers that allow identification of whether energy is released or absorbed in a chemical reaction.
This document provides an introduction and self-introduction of Muhammad Shozab Mehdi. It states his qualifications including degrees from NFC Institute of Engineering and Technology and Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Technology. It also lists his research interests in hydrodynamics and mass transfer in multiphase flows and his office contact details. It then provides an outline for the course CH 212: Fuel and Combustion including topics that will be covered such as various fuels, combustion aspects, and emission control.
Factorial experiments allow researchers to study the effects of two or more factors simultaneously in a single experiment. This is more efficient than studying each factor individually. A two-factor factorial design involves all combinations of levels of two factors. The analysis of variance for factorial designs partitions the total variation into separate pieces for the main effects of each factor and their interaction. Factorial designs are extended to more than two factors in a similar manner. Factors can include both qualitative and quantitative variables. Response curves and surfaces are used to model and interpret the results involving quantitative factors.
This document provides an overview of proximate analysis to determine macronutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and moisture content. It discusses the classification, isolation, and various quantitative analysis methods for each macronutrient. Proximate or Weende analysis partitions food compounds into moisture, ash, crude protein, crude lipid, crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract. Common techniques described include Kjeldahl method for protein, Soxhlet extraction for fat, gravimetric methods for carbohydrates, and determining ash content.
The document discusses oyster mushrooms, including that they are known as Pleurotus, have excellent nutritional value as a protein source, and can be cultivated using lignocellulosic waste materials. It provides details on the cultivation process, which involves chopping and soaking straw, applying spawn to prepared beds, maintaining proper temperature and humidity, and harvesting mature mushrooms. Key information covered includes common species of oyster mushrooms, their nutritional composition, and expected yields of over 500 kg of fresh mushrooms per ton of dry straw substrate.
This document discusses fuels and combustion. It defines fuels and combustion, describes types of fuels like solid, liquid and gaseous. It explains complete and incomplete combustion, oxidation of carbon, hydrogen and sulfur in combustion reactions. It discusses air composition, theoretical air requirements, combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. It also covers properties of fuels like heating value, viscosity and methods of determining heating value through bomb calorimeter and gas calorimeter.
This document discusses test design theory and provides inspiration for software testing. It advocates using multiple information sources beyond just requirements documents to better understand what is important to test. These sources include specifications, code, help documentation, and the software itself. The document also lists 30 potential sources of test ideas. It describes analyzing these sources to identify testworthy elements and then synthesizing test ideas. The goal is to design tests that will provide a broad sampling through serendipitous execution to thoroughly test important areas. An emphasis is placed on ongoing learning and understanding what really matters through experience with the software and its context over time.
This thesis examines tacit knowledge transfer in high reliability organizations (HROs). The author conducted action research in a mainframe organization to test if an interactive media platform could improve capturing and transferring tacit knowledge.
The document provides background on HROs and tacit knowledge management. It describes the research site which was a mainframe organization that uses various collaboration tools and processes knowledge through its corporate management system (CMS) based on ITIL. Key CMS processes where tacit knowledge is central include incident management, problem management, change management, and knowledge management.
The author's hypothesis was that tacit knowledge could be captured, documented and transferred using an interactive media platform by recording people's work through screen capture and presenting
The document discusses experimental probability through three experiments. The first experiment uses a six-sided die to calculate probabilities of throwing different numbers. The second experiment uses a standard 52-card deck to calculate probabilities of drawing certain cards. The third experiment calculates the probabilities of winning different tennis shoe styles in a giveaway where there are 5 pairs of style A, 8 pairs of style B, and 7 pairs of style C available.
SIGMA TEST & RESEARCH CENTRE is one of the Laboratory Testing Service providers in Delhi, which is offering quality testing of coal and anlysis of coal. STRC is
providing coal testing on different parameters like Calorific value, Proximate analysis - Moisture
Hydrogen per oxide signaling in plantsKaleem Akmal
Hydrogen peroxide acts as a signaling molecule in plants. It is produced in chloroplasts, peroxisomes, mitochondria, and other cellular locations in response to stresses. At low concentrations, H2O2 regulates processes like growth, development, and environmental responses, while higher amounts cause oxidative damage. It mediates responses to abiotic and biotic stresses by modulating calcium mobilization, protein phosphorylation, and gene expression. Plants have developed antioxidant defense systems involving enzymes like SOD, CAT, POD and APX to scavenge H2O2.
Coal is classified into three main types - anthracite, bituminous, and lignite - based on carbon content and heat value. Bituminous and sub-bituminous are most common in India. Proximate analysis determines the percentages of fixed carbon, volatile matter, moisture, and ash in coal, which influence its combustibility. Ultimate analysis identifies the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur content. Proper coal storage, handling, and preparation help ensure efficient combustion in boilers.
Quenching is a vital part of the heat treating process in manufacturing. Polymer quenchants are one option for quenching operations, and knowing which one to choose is key to successful heat treating applications. Scott Mackenzie, PhD, FASM, from Houghton International shares what you need to know when selecting quenching oils for your heat treating operations.
Fractional factorial designs (FFDs) are used to efficiently study many factors using fewer experimental runs than a full factorial design. FFDs exploit redundancy in estimating interactions to select a subset of runs. Regular FFDs have desirable properties like balance and orthogonality. Resolution indicates how interactions are aliased, with higher resolutions preferred. FFDs are useful in screening experiments to identify important factors efficiently before further optimization. Software helps select appropriate FFDs based on desired resolution and aliasing.
This document provides information and procedures for conducting a proximate analysis of a feed or food sample. It describes the key components that are determined in a proximate analysis including moisture, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, and ash. For each component, it outlines the general principle, necessary reagents, and step-by-step procedure for how to analyze a sample and calculate the percentage of that component. The overall document serves as a guide for setting up an analytical laboratory and conducting the various tests involved in a complete proximate analysis.
Here the composite material was fabricated using sugarcane bagasse, jute fibre & with glass fibre as a hybrid material and the mechanical properties of this material was studied.
This document discusses hydrogen management challenges for refineries aiming to produce cleaner fuels. It notes that hydrogen availability will be a key concern due to lower sulfur limits requiring more hydrogen consuming processes. The document presents various approaches refineries take to plan for hydrogen needs, including establishing future hydrogen demand and balances. It also discusses opportunities to optimize hydrogen systems through deeper analysis, modeling, and targeting purification and reuse opportunities rather than just increasing hydrogen production. This can help reduce capital costs for hydrogen investments.
This document discusses various pre-treatment methods that can be used to break down lignocellulosic biomass to enhance biogas production from anaerobic digestion. It describes mechanical, thermal, chemical, and biological pre-treatment techniques and provides examples of each. The goal of pre-treatment is to increase the surface area and porosity of the biomass to improve degradation and yield more biogas in a shorter period of time from a wider variety of feedstocks.
This document discusses the chemical and physical properties of coal. It begins by describing the chemical structure and composition of different types of coal like anthracite. It then discusses coal formation theories and the process of coalification where plant materials transform into coal over millions of years. The ranks of coal from peat to anthracite are defined based on their carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen content. World coal production data from 2006 is presented, showing that China is the top producer. Information on India's coal reserves and resources by state is also provided.
Coal is composed primarily of carbon along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulphur, oxygen, nitrogen. Ultimate analysis is also known as elemental analysis, it is the method to determine the Carbon,Hydrogen,Nitrogen,Sulphur and Oxygen content present in solid fuel.
Design of Experiment (DOE): Taguchi Method and Full Factorial Design in Surfa...Ahmad Syafiq
Taguchi and full factorial design techniques to highlight the application and to compare the effectiveness of the Taguchi and full factorial design processes as applied on surface
roughness.
Endo and exo rections experiments 14/15Jenny Dixon
This document discusses endothermic and exothermic reactions. It provides examples of exothermic reactions like combustion and cellular respiration which release energy. Exothermic reactions are illustrated as having energy released by the reactants. Endothermic reactions like photosynthesis and cold packs absorb energy, shown as energy being absorbed by the reactants. Both reaction types are accompanied by temperature changes or energy transfers that allow identification of whether energy is released or absorbed in a chemical reaction.
This document provides an introduction and self-introduction of Muhammad Shozab Mehdi. It states his qualifications including degrees from NFC Institute of Engineering and Technology and Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Technology. It also lists his research interests in hydrodynamics and mass transfer in multiphase flows and his office contact details. It then provides an outline for the course CH 212: Fuel and Combustion including topics that will be covered such as various fuels, combustion aspects, and emission control.
Factorial experiments allow researchers to study the effects of two or more factors simultaneously in a single experiment. This is more efficient than studying each factor individually. A two-factor factorial design involves all combinations of levels of two factors. The analysis of variance for factorial designs partitions the total variation into separate pieces for the main effects of each factor and their interaction. Factorial designs are extended to more than two factors in a similar manner. Factors can include both qualitative and quantitative variables. Response curves and surfaces are used to model and interpret the results involving quantitative factors.
This document provides an overview of proximate analysis to determine macronutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and moisture content. It discusses the classification, isolation, and various quantitative analysis methods for each macronutrient. Proximate or Weende analysis partitions food compounds into moisture, ash, crude protein, crude lipid, crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract. Common techniques described include Kjeldahl method for protein, Soxhlet extraction for fat, gravimetric methods for carbohydrates, and determining ash content.
The document discusses oyster mushrooms, including that they are known as Pleurotus, have excellent nutritional value as a protein source, and can be cultivated using lignocellulosic waste materials. It provides details on the cultivation process, which involves chopping and soaking straw, applying spawn to prepared beds, maintaining proper temperature and humidity, and harvesting mature mushrooms. Key information covered includes common species of oyster mushrooms, their nutritional composition, and expected yields of over 500 kg of fresh mushrooms per ton of dry straw substrate.
This document discusses fuels and combustion. It defines fuels and combustion, describes types of fuels like solid, liquid and gaseous. It explains complete and incomplete combustion, oxidation of carbon, hydrogen and sulfur in combustion reactions. It discusses air composition, theoretical air requirements, combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. It also covers properties of fuels like heating value, viscosity and methods of determining heating value through bomb calorimeter and gas calorimeter.
This document discusses test design theory and provides inspiration for software testing. It advocates using multiple information sources beyond just requirements documents to better understand what is important to test. These sources include specifications, code, help documentation, and the software itself. The document also lists 30 potential sources of test ideas. It describes analyzing these sources to identify testworthy elements and then synthesizing test ideas. The goal is to design tests that will provide a broad sampling through serendipitous execution to thoroughly test important areas. An emphasis is placed on ongoing learning and understanding what really matters through experience with the software and its context over time.
This thesis examines tacit knowledge transfer in high reliability organizations (HROs). The author conducted action research in a mainframe organization to test if an interactive media platform could improve capturing and transferring tacit knowledge.
The document provides background on HROs and tacit knowledge management. It describes the research site which was a mainframe organization that uses various collaboration tools and processes knowledge through its corporate management system (CMS) based on ITIL. Key CMS processes where tacit knowledge is central include incident management, problem management, change management, and knowledge management.
The author's hypothesis was that tacit knowledge could be captured, documented and transferred using an interactive media platform by recording people's work through screen capture and presenting
This document provides an inventory of platforms that support health research and innovation in Alberta, Canada. It identifies technological platforms like genomics and imaging, information platforms like health informatics, and human resource platforms. It also outlines patient-based research capabilities, support facilities, knowledge translation networks, and other research organizations. The document analyzes Alberta's strengths in areas like stem cells, nanotechnology, and cancer research. It discusses opportunities to leverage platforms and challenges around collaboration and commercialization. The goal is to help prioritize areas for investment by the Alberta Innovates Health Solutions and its partners.
This document provides guidance on writing a scientific research proposal. It discusses key elements that should be included such as an informative title, background information and rationale for the study, clear research questions, a thorough literature review, well-defined objectives, appropriate research methods and study design, details on subjects and sampling, plans for statistical analysis, and references. Important criteria for evaluating proposals are also covered, such as having a good research question, feasible methods, a qualified research team, and addressing ethical issues. The document emphasizes that a proposal must clearly explain what will be accomplished, why it is worth pursuing, and how the study will be conducted.
This document provides an overview and outline for writing a medical research proposal. It covers key components such as identifying problems, conducting a literature review, developing objectives, outlining the research design and methodology, planning for data collection and analysis, and project management. The goal is to guide health professionals through the process of planning and conducting an applied research project that can meaningfully improve health outcomes. Examples and templates are provided to illustrate concepts.
What Determines the Capacity for Continuous Innovation in Social Sector Organ...iBoP Asia
This report summarizes findings from reviewing literature on organizational capacity for continuous innovation in social sector organizations. It develops an analytical model to understand how organizations generate, evaluate, adopt, and formalize new ideas internally or from external sources. The report identifies factors that can enable or inhibit innovation capacity, including organizational culture, leadership, knowledge management, and relationships with funders and communities. It notes that the capacity for continuous innovation in social organizations is underresearched. The report aims to inform further discussion and identify priority questions to guide future research in this area.
What Determines the Capacity for Continuous Innovation in Social Sector Organ...iBoP Asia
This report summarizes findings from reviewing literature on organizational capacity for continuous innovation in social sector organizations. It develops an analytical model capturing how organizations generate, evaluate, adopt, and formalize new ideas internally or from external sources. The report identifies factors that can enable or inhibit innovation capacity, including organizational culture, leadership, knowledge management, and relationships with funders and communities. It notes this topic is under-researched and calls for new research designs to address practical questions facing social organizations. The goal is to inform future research that can help organizations continuously innovate to address complex social problems.
This document provides an overview of the medical device product development process. It notes that medical device development has additional regulatory requirements compared to other industries. The process involves identifying opportunities, developing concepts, testing prototypes, conducting animal and human clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approval, achieving reimbursement, and commercial launch. Key steps include defining customer needs, screening concepts, addressing reliability, patenting, and securing funding - which becomes more critical at later stages as costs rise significantly, especially for clinical trials and FDA approval.
This document discusses technology-enhanced learning (TEL) as a site for interdisciplinary research. It conducted interviews with 18 TEL researchers to understand perspectives on interdisciplinarity in TEL. Key findings include:
- TEL research naturally brings together researchers from different disciplines like education, computer science, and psychology.
- Interdisciplinarity is seen as important for addressing complex real-world problems, as no single discipline can solve them alone. However, challenges include different epistemologies, methods, and lack of shared terminology between disciplines.
- Researchers described benefits of interdisciplinarity like innovation from different perspectives challenging each other and building new understandings of the relationship between technology and learning.
This document provides an overview and summary of key concepts related to research methodology and data collection. It discusses topics such as research methodology, types of research, research paper writing tips, determining quality in research papers, referencing styles, hypothesis testing, sampling methods, and data collection. The document emphasizes the importance of proper planning, organization, referencing, and following ethical guidelines when conducting research. It aims to equip students and early-career researchers with fundamental knowledge on best practices in research.
This document provides an overview and summary of key concepts related to research methodology and data collection. It discusses topics such as the definition of methodology, different research philosophies and methodologies, types of research, and the relationship between methodology and methods. Tips are also provided for writing research papers, determining paper quality, referencing styles, sampling techniques, and data collection methods. The document aims to equip researchers, students and academics with fundamental knowledge and skills for conducting research.
This document discusses a study on whether expatriates working in the UK experience culture shock. It conducted qualitative case studies of six expatriates from different countries working in the UK. The study aimed to determine if they experienced culture shock and what factors like cultural differences, demographics, training and organizational support influenced their experience. It provides background on international human resource management, culture shock, and factors that can impact an expatriate's experience of culture shock like training, personality traits and organizational support.
The study was designed to analyze data on extent as well as dynamics and manifestations of child sexual abuse in the country. It identifies precisely the characteristics of child victims and the profile of the perpetrators. Furthermore, it also provides information on the existing capacities of state’s
institution to protect children from sexual abuse in the country. The research has the following two specific objectives:
To identify the current policies and practices of the criminal justice system and child
protection system in the country to respond to child sexual abuse; and
To assess the institutional capacities currently available to protect children from sexual
abuse.
This document provides an overview of the contents and structure of a KS2 science study book, which covers topics such as working scientifically, plants and habitats, animals including humans, states of matter, properties and changes of materials, rocks and earth and space, light, forces and magnets, sound, and electricity. The book includes explanations of key concepts, practice questions, and review questions to help students learn and test their understanding of important KS2 science topics.
This document is a business dissertation submitted by Enas Ali investigating the impact of the Body Shop's corporate social responsibility on consumer decision making and behavior. It includes an introduction outlining the research question and aims, a literature review on CSR and the Body Shop's CSR activities, a methodology section, findings from focus groups, and an analysis and conclusions section. The dissertation examines how the Body Shop's emphasis on CSR through initiatives like banning animal testing, fair trade, and environmental protection influences customers' purchasing decisions and loyalty to the brand.
This document provides an overview of research ethics and ethical principles. It discusses the different types of ethics including meta-ethics, prescriptive ethics, descriptive ethics, and applied ethics. The key principles of research ethics are described, including minimizing harm, obtaining informed consent, protecting anonymity and confidentiality, avoiding misleading practices, and providing the right to withdraw. Ethical issues in medical research and approaches to resolving ethical dilemmas are also summarized. Research misconduct involving fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism is defined.
This thesis investigates the use of statistical methods to analyze data from pharmaceutical manufacturing processes to improve understanding and control. The first chapter introduces the research themes and objectives. The literature review discusses applications of statistics in quality management, including process monitoring, quality by design, and continuous improvement. Common data challenges are also noted.
Subsequent chapters describe modelling methodologies like multivariate analysis and artificial neural networks. Case studies apply these methods to specific problems, such as using early process data to predict drying times, understanding sources of variation in particle size distribution, and developing process capability indices for non-normal data. The thesis aims to advance statistical process control and understanding in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
Acupuncturists As Entrepreneurs Experiences Of New Professionals Founding Pr...Tye Rausch
This document is a doctoral dissertation submitted by Susan Sloan to George Fox University examining the experiences of new acupuncturists founding private practices. The dissertation includes a literature review on entrepreneurship and the acupuncture profession. It then describes the narrative research methodology used to interview acupuncturists about their experiences starting practices. Key findings are presented relating to cognition/perception, social capital, and entrepreneurial learning at the individual, profession, and societal levels. The dissertation discusses these findings and provides recommendations.
THE IMPACT OF SOCIALMEDIA ON ENTREPRENEURIAL NETWORKSDebashish Mandal
This is the actual Research Proposal runs in to 70 pages. The primary purpose of this research is to examine the process of adoption of social media in
small businesses and investigate the impact it has on the business network of the
owner/entrepreneur. The intended output of the investigation is to construct a robust social
media adoption model specifically designed for small business. The model will be designed
in a manner which will be helpful for practitioners and academics alike.
2. P a g e | 1
Contents
Laboratory Procedures....................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION:.............................................................................................................................2
Scientific Method............................................................................................................................3
SCIENTIC METHOD STEPS: ...............................................................................................................3
Investigation paper.........................................................................................................................4
Investigation paper Revised.............................................................................................................7
Light Microscope ..........................................................................................................................10
Light Microscope..............................................................................................................................11
Mitosis.........................................................................................................................................13
Cytology.......................................................................................................................................15
The Cell........................................................................................................................................15
Histology and Integument.............................................................................................................16
Epithelial Tissues...........................................................................................................................18
Connective Tissues........................................................................................................................20
Cartilage.......................................................................................................................................21
Muscle Tissues..............................................................................................................................22
Nervous .......................................................................................................................................22
Skin with Hair Follicle....................................................................................................................23
Integumentary..............................................................................................................................25
Anatomical Position and Planes.....................................................................................................26
Skeletal System.............................................................................................................................30
Long Bone........................................................................................................................................31
Skull.................................................................................................................................................31
Vertebral Column.............................................................................................................................32
Thorax ( ...........................................................................................................................................32
Arm and Pectoral Girdle....................................................................................................................33
Pelvic Girdle.....................................................................................................................................33
Leg...................................................................................................................................................33
Arthology.....................................................................................................................................34
References:..................................................................................................................................42
3. P a g e | 2
Laboratory Procedures
Science isa processbywhichwe gain an understandingof how thingswork.The studyof human
anatomyand physiologyisabiological science thatstudieshumanbodyfunctionandform.The human
bodyis wonderfullycomplex,andthe fieldof humanphysiologyisconstantlybeingstudiedandnew
processeselucidated.The abilitytoworkina cooperative manner,obtainandshare data,analyze results
and formconclusionswhilemaintainingasafe environmentiscritical wheninvestigatinghumanbody
functionandform.
I. KEY CONCEPTS
A. Describe the locationof safetyequipmentinyourlaboratoryclassroom.
B. Explainhowtouse a fire extinguisher.
C. Explainwhattodo inthe followingsituations:Breakingaglassbeakerduringlab,splashingchemical
inyour eye,hearingafire alarm.
D. List anddescribe the stepsof the scientificmethod.
E. Solve a problemusingthe scientificmethod.
F. Create a chart to record data.
G. Analyze andgrapha setof data.
H. Write a formal report.
II.Laboratory OrientationandSafety
INTRODUCTION:
Some of youhave extensive laboratoryexperience;however,forsome of youitmay have beenawhile
since youworkedinthistype of setting.Thisexercisewillhelpyoubecomecomfortable withsafety
guidelinesaswell asthe locationandproperuse of laboratoryequipment.
OBJECTIVES:The studentwill become familiarwiththe laboratorysettingandproperlaboratory
conduct;locate and learnhowto operate safetyequipment.
A. RoomOrientationandSafety - Tofamiliarize yourself withthe labroomanditsequipment,youwill
performa "safetyhunt”.Introduce yourself toyourlabmatesand worktogethertolocate the following
items:
Fire extinguisher;fume hood;exits(howmanyandwhere - be careful,some doorsmightleadtodead
ends);sinks;gasoutlets;emergencyphone;eye washstation;sharpscontainers;brokenglassware
4. P a g e | 3
container,safetygoggles,firstaidkit,fire blanket,emergencycutoff forgas, chemical spill packet,
chemical burnstation,andnearestfire alarmpull
You are encouragedtoopendrawers,cabinetsanddoors.Some itemsmaybe locatedinanadjacentlab
or eveninthe hall.Make sure youare comfortable withthe properuse of the eyewashstation(washfor
a full 15 minutes);aswell asthe fire
extinguisher- the acronymPASSmay help(Pull pin,Aimatbase of fire,Squeeze trigger,Sweepside to
side).
B. SafetyContract:Before yournextlab,readcarefullythe LabSafetyGuidelinesprintedinthisbook.
You will be requiredtosignalab safetyaffidavitindicatingthatyouhave readandunderstandthe safety
guidelines.
Scientific Method
Scientificinvestigationsshare some commonelementsandprocedures,whichare referredtoasthe
scientificmethod.Notall scientistsfollowthese proceduresinastrictfashion,buteachof the elements
isusuallypresentinsome form.Science isacreative andcollaborativeprocessthatinvolvesasking
questions,developinganexploratoryhypothesis,andtestingthathypothesis.Professionalsinany
science field(appliedscience,healthscience,education,research,etc),andscience students,mustbe
able to use a type of thinkingcalledinductive reasoning.A personusingthiskindof thinkingobserves
manysmall facts andthenputs themtogethertoframe a large and broaderideaor thought.The ability
to collaborate,collectinformationwithoutbias,touse computerprogramstoanalyze data,and to
understandandcontrol variablesare fundamental critical thinkingskillsnecessaryforanystudentof
science.
Scientistscloselyscrutinize investigationsperformedbytheirpeers(peer-reviewed) andmustpresent
theirdata to variousorganizationsandinvariousways,providingevidence tosupportthe scientist’s
explanationof biological phenomena.All currentknowledge of how the humanbody worksisbasedon
evidence thathasbeenacknowledgedbyaconsensusof scientistsworldwide.Whenscientistsuse the
scientificmethoditensuresastandard,allowsotherstorepeatexperiments,andgivesusanswersto
questions.
OBJECTIVES:The student will conductaninvestigationusingthe scientificmethod.
SCIENTIC METHOD STEPS:
PROCEDURE: Your instructorwill pose aquestionregardingthe humanbodyinspiredbyreal events.
Work togetherasa classto answerthisquestionusingthe scientificmethod.Asagroup,decide what
methodyouwill use –what data will youneedtocollectandhow will yougoabout collectingthis
information?Howwill youcontrol variables?How muchdata isenoughto propose aconclusion?Next,
formulate ahypothesis –youcan do thisindividually.Afteranexperimentalmethodhasbeenproposed,
collectdatafrom and withyourclassmates.Alwaysremainaware of variables,andtryyour bestto
control them.
5. P a g e | 4
You will be completingaformal labwrite-upwhenall of yourdatahas beencollectedandanalyzed
whichwill be includedinyourlabnotebook.
Investigation paper
Length of Forearm and Foot: Are they the same?
Our hypothesiswasthatourarm (fromelbow towrist) andour footwouldbe the same length.
Thislab wasdone so that we couldbecome familiarwithusingthe scientificmethod.Todothiswe first
had to aska question, andourquestionwas:isfoot size andforearmlengththe same?We then
formulated ourhypothesis,andputit to test,we thengatheredourconclusionand“reported”our
findings.(Norman,2011)Thisproblemhasbeenan“oldwivestale”for a longtime.Andithas always
appearedthatit wasat leastclose enoughtobe true,butconsideringthatitis hard and awkwardto
bringyour footup to yourarm and measure themnextto eachother,there isno wayto know for sure
if,infact, yourfoot andyour arm are the same length.JustbygoogleingthisquestionIsaw thatmost of
the websitessay,“Yes!Of course,theyare the same go ahead and measure!”Itwouldappearthat this
statementisalmosttakenasa fact of science.Evensome “science” websiteswouldclaimourhypothesis
to be a true statement.These were not websitesthatcouldbe termedaswebsitesthatone woulduse
as a reference fora college essayorproject;sowe cannotassume that theyare correct, evenif they
appearto be correctat firstglance.(Thomson,2012)
MaterialsandMethods.
For thisprojectwe onlyused:
1.yard stick
2. feet
3.forearms
In orderto findoutif our hypothesiscouldbe provedordisprovedwe hadafew steps:
6. P a g e | 5
1.Measure the feetof the whole classbyplacingtheirfeetonthe floorandusingthe yard stickto
measure incentimetershowbigtheirfootwas.
2.We thenplacedthe yardstick onthe floorandmeasuredthe backof our forearmfromthe elbowto
the wrist.
3.We thencompiledourdataby placingiton the white board.
Results
The blue line isthe footlengthof eachstudentwhile the redline isthe wristtoelbow length.The
horizontal axisshowwhichstudentforeachresult.And the vertical axisshowsthe numberof
centimetersmeasured.Thisgraphshows thatourresultswere notconsistent.There isachance that
7. P a g e | 6
because of errorsour hypothesiscouldstill be true.Butaccordingto the resultsthatwe have there is no
consistencyinthe waypeople’sfeetsizewiththeirforearm.
Withthisdata you are able tosee exactlyhow eachstudentcomparedhisorher shoe size totheir
forearm.
Discussion
Raw Data
8. P a g e | 7
I believethatourhypothesiswasneitherprovednordisproved.Becauseof manypossibleerrors
and the possibilitythat we mayhave measuredwrongour hypothesiscouldstill be correct.Ourerrors
includednotusingthe same personto measure all the otherpeople,bydoingthisitwouldhave greatly
decreasedourchancesof errors. Anothererrorwasthat we believethatthe sayingmeantforus to
measure fromthe inside of ourarms to see if ourfoot wasthe same size.
Althoughourexperimentcouldhave beenbetteritwasstill very close tobeingtrue.Many
studentshadthe same size arm as footwhile most othersmeasurementswere different,butclose.
Investigation paper Revised
Lengthof Forearmand Foot: Are they the same?
Our hypothesiswasthatourarm (fromelbow towrist) andour footwouldbe the same length.
Thislab wasdone so that we couldbecome familiarwithusingthe scientificmethod.Todothiswe first
had to aska question, andourquestionwas:isfoot size andforearmlengththe same?We then
formulatedourhypothesis,andputit to test,we thengatheredourconclusionand“reported”our
findings.(Reese, 2011)
Thisproblemhasbeenan“old wivestale”fora longtime.Andithas always appearedthatit
was at leastclose enoughtobe true,but consideringthatitis hard andawkwardto bringyour footup
to yourarm andmeasure themnextto each other,there isnoway to know forsure if,infact,your foot
and yourarm are the same length.(SizeWise 2013) Justby googleing thisquestionIsaw thatmost of
the websitessay,“Yes!Of course,theyare the same go aheadand measure!”It wouldappearthat this
statementisalmosttakenasa fact of science. Evensome “science”websiteswouldclaimourhypothesis
to be a true statement.These were notwebsitesthatcouldbe termedaswebsitesthatone woulduse
9. P a g e | 8
as a reference foracollege essayorproject;so we cannot assume thattheyare correct, evenif they
appearto be correctat firstglance.(Norman, 2011)
MaterialsandMethods.
For thisprojectwe onlyused:
1.yard stick
2. feet
3.forearms
In orderto findoutif our hypothesiscouldbe provedordisprovedwe hadafew steps:
1.Measure the feetof the whole classbyplacingtheirfeetonthe floorandusingthe yard stickto
measure incentimetershowbigtheirfootwas.
2.We thenplacedthe yardstick onthe floorandmeasuredthe backof our forearmfromthe elbowto
the wrist.
3.We thencompiledourdataby placingiton the white board.
Results
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Heel
to
Toe
Length
Wrist to Elbow Length
Foot and Arm Length comparision
Foot and arm legnth
comparision
10. P a g e | 9
In thisgraph I useda scatterplotgraph so that we couldeasilysee the comparisonbetweenthe
lengthsof the arm and the lengthsof the foot.Inthis graph the lengthof the foot isrepresentedbythe
vertical axisandthe arm is representedbythe horizontal axis.We cansee by lookingatthisgraph that
althoughmanyof the student’sfeetwere close to the same lengththeywere not exactlythe same
length.
Withthisdata you are able tosee exactlyhow each studentcomparedhisorher shoe size totheir
forearm.
Raw Data
11. P a g e | 10
Discussion
I believethatourhypothesiswasneitherprovednordisproved.Becauseof manypossibleerrors
and the possibilitythatwe mayhave measuredwrongourhypothesiscouldstill be correct. Ourerrors
includednotusingthe same personto measure all the otherpeople,bydoingthisitwouldhave greatly
decreasedourchancesof errors. Anothererrorwasthat we believethatthe sayingmeantforus to
measure fromthe inside of ourarms to see if ourfoot wasthe same size.
Althoughourexperimentcouldhave beenbetter(fixedthe errors, thoughtitoutlonger...etc.)it
was still veryclose to beingtrue.Manystudentshad the same size arm as footwhile,butmoststudent’s
measurementswere different.Althoughthe armand footlengthwere similartheywere notthe same
length.
Light Microscope
Today inlabwe will be reviewingthe structure of the cell,identifyingmitosisphases,usinga
microscope,aswell asfindingthe total magnificationof the microscope.We will observe the mitosis
phasesusinga fishblastulaslide,andwe will be identifyinginterphase,prophase,metaphase,anaphase,
and telophase onthisslide. We will alsobe identifyingthe partsof the microscope.
12. P a g e | 11
Figure 1 (BiologyCorner,2012)
Light Microscope
14. P a g e | 13
Mitosis
Interphase:The phase before mitosisstarts.Thisiswhenthe chromosomesare nottightlycoiled
as theywill be inthe nextphase.
Prophase:Thisiswhenthe spindlesformandbegintoseparate.Itisalso whenthe
chromosomesbecome coiledtightly,andthe nuclearmembrane startstodisintegrate.
There isalso a phase called“Prometaphase”thisphase iswhenthe chromosomesstartto
become alignedandthe spindlesgotoopposite endsof the cell.
Metaphase:thisiswhenthe chromosomesare alignedandthe microtubulesare attachedtothe
kinetochore.
15. P a g e | 14
Anaphase:thisiswhenthe chromatidsare pulledapartandbroughtto differenthalvesof the cell.
Telophase:cellscleavage isformedandthe one cell startsto become two.The nucleusreforms,
chromosomesstartto uncoil.
The cell has nowbecome two.Itcan start the processall overagainand create more cellsafterithas
gone throughthe processof Interphase again.
(Gregory,M. J, 2013)
16. P a g e | 15
Cytology
1. Keyconcepts:
a. Compare/contrastandexplainthe significance of the followingterms:karyokinesisandcytokinesis,
chromatinand chromosome,chromosomeandchromatid, centriole,centromere,aster
b. Describe howacell’sshape relatestoitsfunctionandgive examples
c. Explainthe significance of mitosisforhumancells
d. Define the terms“parfocal”and“fieldof view”
e.Illustrate whatoccursduringeach phase of mitosis
f.Calculate total magnificationof amicroscope.
2. Slides:Identifythe plasmamembrane,nucleus,cytoplasmonanytissue slide, Identifythe following
mitoticphasesina blastulaslide:interphase,prophase,metaphase,anaphase,telophase
3. Models/Equipment:
a. Identifythe followingpartsof a microscope anddescribe theirfunction:
Eyepiece (ocular),nosepiece,mechanical stage,base,arm, objectives, (scanning,low andhigh),fine
adjustment,coarse adjustment,condenser, diaphragm, bodytube
The Cell
Figure 3 (Armstrong, W.P, 2012)
17. P a g e | 16
Nucleus-Enclosedbythe nuclearenvelope,the nucleuscontainsthe Chromatinaswell asthe nucleolus.
It containsmostof the genesinthe cell.Itisthe bestknownorganelleinthe animal cell.
Nucleolus-RNA issynthesizedinthe nucleolus.Proteinsare alsobroughtinandare thenmade into
ribosomes.
Plasmamembrane-Theoutermembranous“wall”thatcontainsthe cell.Itisalsoprovidesawayin and
out foronlycertainnutrients.
RoughEndoplasmicReticulum-Hasribosomesonthe outside.Itisusedtosecrete proteinsthatare
createdby the ribosomes.
SmoothEndoplasmicReticulum-Iscalledthe smoothERbecause of itlack of ribosomes.Itisusedto
store calciumions.It isalsohas enzymesthatdetoxifydrugs.Italsohasenzymesthatsynthesizevarious
formsof lipids.
Golgi apparatus-Actsasa “postal office”ittakesinproteinsthatare transportedwithvesicles,changes
the proteinsforthe functiontheyare neededforanditthenshipsitout throughanothervesicle.
Lysosome-Thisisasac that containsenzymesthatdigestmacromolecules.
Ribosome-Are made of RNA andproteins.Theyalsocarryout proteinsynthesis.
Vesicle-Transferproteinsthroughthe cytosol usuallybywayof the cytoskeleton.
Mitochondria-Isusedincellularrespirationtocreate ATPfromsugarsand fats.
Cytoskeleton-Retainscellshape.Andcontainsmicrofilaments,Intermediate filaments,and
microtubules,all of whichare made of protein.
(Reese,2011)
Histology and Integument
1. Keyconcepts:
a. Explainthe structure/function relationshipof all tissueslistedbelow.
b. Describe,ingeneral,howepithelial andtissuesare classified.
c. List the basictypesof connective tissues.
d. Outline the propertiesandfunctionsof the epidermisanddermis
e.Compare/contrasthairfollicle,hairroot,andhairshaft
18. P a g e | 17
2. Slides:Identifythe followingtissues,andgive examplesof where theymightbe foundinthe human
body:
a. Epithelial tissues:
Simple squamous –example:lung
Simple cuboidal –examplekidney(tubules)
Simple columnar–example:ileum, duodenum, large intestine
Stratifiedsquamous –example:skinoresophagus
Transitional - example:bladder(innerlining)
Pseudostratifidciliatedcolumnar–example:trachea(innerlining)
b. Connective tissues: Loose connective (areolar) –example:areolarspread(common)Adipose
connective –example:breast,hypodermis Denseregularconnective(white fibrous)–example:
ligamentsHyalinecartilage –example:trachea(rings) Elasticcartilage –example:earFibrocartilage–
example:intervertebral discs
*Note:althoughbone andbloodare connective tissues,theywill be addressedata latertime
c. Skinwithhairfollicle:stratifiedsquamousepithelium, hairroot,hairshaft,hairfollicle,dermal papilla,
adipose tissue
d. Muscle tissues:CardiacMuscle,SkeletalMuscle,SmoothMuscle
e.Nervoustissue:MotorNeuron,neuroglia
3. Models/Diagrams:
Identifythe followingstructuresfromadiagram or model:epidermis,stratumcorneum, stratum
lucidum,stratumgranulosum,stratumspinosum, stratumbasale,dermis,subcutaneouslayer
(hypodermis),adipose tissue,dermal papilla,Meissner’scorpuscle,Paciniancorpuscle,hairfollicle,hair
root,hair shaft,sebaceousgland,eccrine gland,arrectorpili muscle
Summary
Our goal for today’slab isto observe andmemorize different tissuesthroughamicroscope.We
will be lookingatepithelial tissues,connective tissues,muscles,nervous,andvarioushairfollicles.
19. P a g e | 18
Epithelial Tissues
Epithelial Tissues are “membranous tissue covering internal organs and other internal surfaces of the
body” (Princeton 2013)
Simple Squamous Epithelial (Romstedt 2011)
Simple Cuboidal Epithelial (Romstedt 2011)
Simple Columnar Epithelial (Ramstedt 2011)
20. P a g e | 19
Stratified Squamous Keratinized (Scarbrough 2013)
Stratified Squamous Non Keratinized (Frankhauser 2008)
Stratified Cuboidal (Scarbrough 2013)
Transitional (Scarbrough 2013)
21. P a g e | 20
Pseudostratified Columnar (Ciliated) (Scarbrough 2013)
Connective Tissues
Connective tissues are “tissue of mesodermal origin consisting of e.g. collagen fibroblasts and fatty cells;
supports organs and fills spaces between them and forms tendons and ligaments ” (Princeton 2013)
Connective Tissue Proper
Loose Connective (Scarbrough 2013)
Adipose Connective (HFCC 2012)
Dense Regular Connective (Childs 2011)
22. P a g e | 21
Dense Irregular Collagenous (Linggo 2012)
Dense Regular Elastic (Linggo 2012)
Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage (Schaefer 2013)
Elastic Cartilage (HCCS 2005)
Fibrocartilage (Wynne 2012)
23. P a g e | 22
Muscle Tissues
A muscle tissue is the tissue of the muscle.
Skeletal (Scarbrough 2013)
Cardiac (Scarbrough 2013)
Smooth (Scarbrough 2013)
Nervous
Nervous tissue is “tissue composed of neurons” (Princeton 2013)
Peripheral Nerve (Scarbrough 2013)
24. P a g e | 23
Skin with Hair Follicle
A hairfollicle is“asmall tubularcavitycontainingthe rootof a hair; small musclesandsebaceous glands
are associated with them” (Princeton 2013)
Epidermis (tissue types 2012)
Stratified squamous epithelium
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
25. P a g e | 24
Dermis (Shoummojit 2012)
Papillary layer
Dermal papillae
Reticular layer
Hair (Drugs Information Online 2012)
Follicle
Root
Shaft
26. P a g e | 25
Arrector Pilli Muscle (Caceci 2012)
Integumentary
A. Epidermis- B.Stratumcorneum- C.Stratumlucidum- D.Stratumgranulosum- E.Stratumspinosum- F.
Stratumbasale- G. Dermis- H.Subcutaneouslayer(hypodermis)- I.Adipose tissue-J.Dermal papilla-K.
Meissner’scorpuscle-L.Paciniancorpuscle- M.Hairfollicle-N.Hairroot- O. Hair shaft- P.Sebaceous
gland- Q.Eccrine gland- R.Arrector pili muscle-
Integumentary (labeled) (Qui 2012)
27. P a g e | 26
Integumentary (fill in the blank) (Qui 2012)
Anatomical Position and Planes
1. Key Concepts:
a. Describe the anatomical position.
b. Relate one body part to another using proper anatomical
directional terms. (ie. the sternum is medial to the clavicle.)
c. List the cavities of the body, and indicate the structures that reside in each cavity.
28. P a g e | 27
d. Compare and contrast the anatomical planes and sections of the body.
2. Models/Diagrams/Slides
a. Anatomical Position
b. Anatomical Directional Terms
a. Dorsal,ventral,posterior,anterior,superior,inferior,medial,lateral, proximal, distal, cranial, caudal,
superficial, deep/profundus, external, internal
c. Planes
b. Median or median sagittal, sagittal, parasagittal/paramedian, coronal/frontal, horizontal
d. Sections
c. Longitudinal, transverse/cross
e. Anatomical Cavities
d. Dorsal, spinal, cranial, ventral
Anatomical Directional Terms (Micheau 2009)
29. P a g e | 28
Planes (Abcfromfl.2010)
Cavities (MSU Denver 2012)
30. P a g e | 29
Summary
For this lab we will be identifying and memorizing the anatomical positions and
terms.
1. KeyConcepts:
a. Describe howthe structure of a bone/bonystructure relatestoitsstructure.Forexample,whywould
a bone have a raisedprojectionsuchasa tuberosityonit?
b. Compare andcontrast spongybone andcompact bone intermsof structure and function.
c. Explainwhybone tissue iscategorizedasconnective tissue.
d. Name the twoprocessesthatmake up the zygomaticarch.
e.Identifythe difference betweenthe axial andthe appendicularskeletons,andgive examplesof each
catagory
2. Slides:Identifycentral canal,osteon,lamella,canalliculi,lacunae andosteocytesonabone slide
3. Bones/Models/Diagrams:
a. BONESAND BONYFEATURES The namesof individual bonesare incapitals;the bone featuresare in
lowercase letters.Idenifyonabone or froma picture oneitherarticulatedordisarticulatedskeletons.
I. Skull
FRONTAL– frontal sinus,PARIETAL–sagittal suture,coronal suture,TEMPORAL– squamoussuture,
external auditorymeatus,styloidprocess,mastoidprocess,zygomaticprocess,mandibularcondyle
(fossa),OCCIPITAL–lambdoidsuture,foramenmagnum, occipitalcondyles,SPHENOID–greaterwings,
lesserwings,sellaturcica,sphenoidalsinuses, ETHMOID– crista galli,cribiformplates,superiorand
middle conchae (generally),perpendicularplate,ethmoidsinuses,MANDIBLE– body, rami,mandibular
condyle,coronoidprocess,alveolarprocess(border),MAXILLAE–alveolarprocess(border),palatine
process,maxillarysinuses,PALATINE,ZYGOMATIC– temporal process,zygomaticarch,LACRIMAL,
NASAL,VOMER,HYOID (onlyonarticulated skeleton)
II.Vertebral Column
TYPICALVERTEBRA – body,lamina,pedicle,vertebral foramen,transverseprocess,spinousprocess,
superiorarticularprocess,inferiorarticularprocess,intervertebral foramen,CERVICALVERTEBRAE(7) –
C1, atlas; C2, axiswithdens(odontoidprocess);transverse foramen, THORACICVERTEBRAE(12) –
31. P a g e | 30
articulatingfacetsforribs,LUMBAR VERTEBRAE (5) – large heavybodies,SACRUM(5 fusedvertebra) –
sacral foramina,sacral canal,COCCYX(usually4fusedvertebra)
III.Thorax
STERNUM – manubrium,body(gladiolus),xiphoidprocess,RIBS(12pairs) – identifytrue,false,and
floatingribs;costal cartilage
IV.Arm
HUMERUS – greatertubercle,lessertubercle,head,anatomical neck,deltoidtuberosity,trochlea,
capitulum,coronoidfossa,olecranonfossa,medial epicondyle,lateral epicondyle, RADIUS– head,radial
tuberosity,styloidprocess, ULNA – olecranonprocess,trochlear(semilunar) notch,coronoidprocess,
styloidprocess,CARPALS–generally,METACARPALS –generally,PHALANGES–generally
V.Pectoral Girdle
CLAVICLE– proximal (sternal) end,distal (acromial) end,SCAPULA –acromionprocess,coracoidprocess,
glenoidcavity,spine
VI.PelvicGirdle - Knowthe relationshipbetweenthe oscoxae (hipbones) andthe ilium, ischium, and
pubis
ILIUM – iliaccrest,anteriorsuperioriliacspine,posteriorsuperioriliacspine,anteriorinferioriliacspine,
posteriorinferioriliacspine,greaterischiadic(sciatic) notch,acetabulum, ISHIUM– ischial spine,lesser
ischiadic(sciatic) notch,ischialtuberosity,PUBIS–pubicsymphysis,obturatorforamen
VII.Leg
FEMUR – head,neck,greatertrochanter,lessertrochanter,medial epicondyle,lateral epicondyle,
medial condyle,lateral condyle,patellargroove (surface),TIBIA –medial condyle,lateral condyle,tibial
tuberosity,medial malleolus,FIBULA – head,lateral malleolus,PATELLA,TARSALS–onlyCALCANEUS
and TALUS specifically;the othersgenerally,METATARSALS –ingeneral,PHALANGES–ingeneral
b. PARTSOF A LONGBONE
Be able torecognize the followingpartsof along bone ondiagrams,bones,ormodels:
Proximal Epiphysis,DistalEpiphysis, Diaphysis,ArticularCartilage,Periosteum,CompactBone,
Cancellous(Spongy) Bone,MedullaryCavity,Endosteum,RedMarrow,Yellow Marrow, Epiphyseal Lines
(epiphyseal plates)
Skeletal System
32. P a g e | 31
Long Bone (Girard 2011)
Skull (McPhail 2012)
33. P a g e | 32
Vertebral Column (TutorVista 2010)
Thorax (Ahrendsen 2013)
34. P a g e | 33
Arm and Pectoral Girdle (Creative Commons 2004)
Pelvic Girdle (e-sy.info. 2007)
Leg(Rauch 2012)
35. P a g e | 34
Summary
We will be looking at various bone slides in order to identify the different bones.
We will also be identifying the different bones on the skeleton.
Arthology
1. Key Concepts:
a. Describea typical synovial joint, andrelateits structureto its function. Beableto give
examples.
b. Define amphiarthrosis, synarthrosis and diarthrosis
c. Explain the importanceoffontanels
2. Bones/Models/Diagrams:
a. Joint Classifications: Identify the following types ofjoints andgiveexamples ofeach:
I. Classification:
Synarthroses ( nonmoveable) i.e. sutures Amphiarthroses (slightlymovable) i.e. costal joints, pubicsymphysis Diarthrosis (freely movable): i.e.
all balland socketofhip,hinge ofknee
II. SynovialJointTypes
Ball and Socket Ellipsoid(condyloid) Plane (gliding) Hinge PivotSaddle
b. Synovial Joint -Identify and/or illustratethefollowing parts ofa freely moveableor
synovialjoint: JointCapsule Joint Cavity ArticularCartilage SynovialMembraneSpongy BoneofEpiphyses Bursa Meniscus
c. Knee –Identify the following parts on thekneejointmodelor diagram:
Medial and LateralCondyles ofFemurMedial and Lateral Condyles ofTibia Fibula Patella Patellar Ligament Tibial(Medial) CollateralLigament
Fibular (Lateral) CollateralLigament Anterior CruciateLigamentPosterior CruciateLigament
d. Shoulder -Identify thefollowing parts on the shoulder jointmodelor diagram:
GreaterTubercle ofHumerus Head ofHumerus Lesser TubercleofHumerus Distal(Acromion) endofClavicle Proximal(Sternal) end ofClavicle
Spine of Scapula Acromion process ofScapula Corocoidprocess ofScapula CoracoacromialLigament CorocohumeralLigament Coracoclavicular
LigamentGlenohumeral (Capsular) Ligaments,generally
e. Fetal Skull-Identify the following joints ona fetalskull model or diagram:
Frontal (anterior) fontanel Sphenoidal (anterolateral) fontanel Occipital(posterior) fontanel Mastoid (posterolateral) fontanel
36. P a g e | 35
Arthrology
Lori Gardner
March 5, 2013
“synovial joint, a freelymovable joint inwhich contiguous bonysurfacesare coveredbyarticular cartilage and connected bya
fibrous connective tissue capsule lined withsynovialmembrane. Kinds ofsynovial joints are ball andsocket joint, condyloid
joint, glidingjoint, hinge joint, pivot joint, saddle joint, anduniaxialjoint. Compare cartilaginous joint, fibrous joint.” (Mosby
2009)
“Amphiarthrosis a joint in whichthe surfacesare connectedbydisks of fibrocartilage, as betweenvertebrae.”(Miller 2003)
“Synarthrosis, n a joint formedbythin intervening layers ofcartilage, connective tissue, or direct contact of bone to bone. It
results ina rigidunion, andlittle movement of the bones occurs except during growth. Suture lines maybe obliterated in
adults, witha synarthrodial joint whenthe bonesjoined together become fused” (Mosby2009)
“Diarthrosis, a specializedform ofarticulationinwhich there is more or less free movement, the unionof the bonyelements
being surrounded byanarticular capsule enclosing a cavitylinedbysynovial membrane; called also synovial joint” (Saunders
2007)
Fontanels are the “soft spot” ona baby’s head. Withit the baby’s headis able to fit throughthe birthcanal and allows the brain
to grow bigger as the babyages.
Synarthroses, aphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis joint (University of Michigan, 200
Flexion
A movement decreasingthe angle between
articulatingbones.
(Some texts expressthis as "decreasingthe inner
angle of the joint".)
Extension
A movement increasing the angle between
articulatingbones.
Another wayto expressthis is "increasing the inner
angle of the joint".
Hyperextension
A movement to increase the angle between
articulatingbones to take a body-part or limb
beyond its normalrange.
Some of the types of joints that canpermit
extension (above).
Abduction
A movement awayfrom the mid-line of the body.
Adduction
A movement towards the mid-line of the body-
also applies to movements inwards andacrossthe
body.
Circumduction
Ivy Rose, 2013
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Pearson Education, 2011
Driver, C 2011
(unpacking mystery, 2010)
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Ligaments of scapula Fetal Skull
(Euxton Hall Hospital 2009)
Moeger 2010
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Cadaver
BodyCavities,Membranes,
Tissues,andIntegument
You will have the opportunitytoview the cadaverseveral timesthroughoutthe semester.Itisnot
required.If youchoose notto viewthe cadaver,complete PartsIandIIIbelow byusingresourcessuch
as textbooks,websearches,labmanuals,etc.If youview the cadaver,complete partsIand IIbelow.
Your instructorwill describe how these worksheetsare tobe assessed.Checkyoursyllabusfordetails
and due dates.
PART A:QUESTIONS FORALL STUDENTS
1. The human bodyisdividedinto several cavities.Propose reasonswhyevolutionhasfavoredthis
configuration.
The cavitieshelptoseparate the importantorgansinthe body.Theyeach require different
typesof protectionsotheyeachneedcertaincavitiestoprotecttheirdifferentneeds.
2. List several cavitiesof the humanbodyinthe space below.Indicate structure(s) thatcanbe foundin
each of the cavitiesyoulisted.
Cranial-brain
Vertebral –spinal cord
Thoracic- Lungs, heart
Abdominal –Digestive Organs
Pelvic–bladder,reproductiveorgans
3. Serousand mucousmembranesprotectorgans.Compare andcontrastthese twotypesof
membranes,includingthe functionsof each.
“Mucous membranesare epithelialmembranesthatconsistof epithelial tissue thatisattachedtoan
underlyingloose connectivetissue.These membranes,sometimescalledmucosae,line the bodycavities
that opento the outside.The entire digestivetractislinedwithmucousmembranes.Otherexamples
include the respiratory,excretory,andreproductivetracts.”
“Serousmembranesline bodycavitiesthatdonot opendirectlytothe outside,andtheycoverthe
organs locatedinthose cavities.Serousmembranesare coveredbyathinlayerof serousfluidthatis
secretedbythe epithelium.Serousfluidlubricatesthe membrane andreducesfrictionandabrasion
whenorgansinthe thoracicor abdominopelviccavitymove againsteachotherorthe cavitywall.Serous
membraneshave special namesgivenaccordingtotheirlocation.Forexample,the serousmembrane
that linesthe thoraciccavityandcoversthe lungsiscalledpleura”(Nationalcancerinstitute2012)
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4. List the serousmembranesthatline the lungs,heart,andabdominal cavity(inthatorder).
1. pleura
2. pericardium
3. peritoneum
Bio201 Lab Practical I documents
5. Where do youthinkwouldbe a good place onthe cadaver to view the followingtissues?
a. Stratifiedsquamousepithelium –esophagus
b. Loose (areolar) connective –organsof the body
c. Adipose connective –aroundthe liver
d. Dense regular(white fibrous) connective –tendons
e.Transitional epithelium –bladder
f.Skeletal muscle –attachedto bones
6. Epithelial tissuesline structures.Connectivetissueshave anonlivingcomponentthatfills,connects,
and protects.Describe howthe structure of epithelialtissueandconnective tissue reflectsthe stated
functions.
Whenlookingatconnective tissuestheylookliketheyare able tomove anddo work,whereasepithelial
tissuesare more flatand made to line structures.
7. Name the tissue type(s) foundinyourintegument.
Loose connective tissue.
Skeletal
PART A:QUESTIONS FORALL STUDENTS
1. Compare and contrast the appendicularskeletonversusthe axial skeleton.Don’tforgettoexplain
howtheyare similar.The axial skeletonisthe partof the bodywiththe skull andthe thorax.The
appendicularskeletonhasall of the appendix aswell asthe pelvisandpectoral girdle.The waythatthey
are similaristhattheybothprovide protection.
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2. Look up the definitionof “fossa.”Name one fossaof the skeletalsystemanddescribewhatarticulates
withit.
A fossaisa shallowdepression.(Dr.Bob2010) The glenoidfossaisthe fossainthe scapula.It isthe
curve in the bone that isbetweenthe coracoidprocessandacromionprocess.
3. The word“coronoid”is usedfortwo structuresinthe skeletal system.Compare andcontrastthemas
to placementandfunction.
There is the coronoidprocessinthe jawand the coronoidprocessinthe ulna.Theyare both processes.
One attaches the mandible tothe jawand the otherhelpstoattach the humerustothe ulna,it goesinto
the coronoidfossa.
4. The word“coracoid” isverysimilartothe word“coronoid”.Identifythe coracoidprocessandexplain
itsuse. The coracoidprocessis a bone inthe scapulathat is easiertosee inthe anteriorview of the
scapula.The coracoid processholdthe clavicle inplace andhelpstoattach the humerusto the scapula.
Articulations
PART A:QUESTIONS FORALL STUDENTS
1. The shoulderjointishighlymoveable andprone todislocation.Itisstabilizedprimarilybyligaments.
Name three of these ligamentsandexplainwhateachname tellsyouaboutitsfunction.Corocoacromial
ligament,acromioclavicularligament,andthe superiorglenohumeral ligament. The corocoacromial
ligamentisaligamentthatattachesthe coracoid processand the acromial processtogether.The
acromioclavicularligamentisthe ligamentthatattachesthe coracoidprocessand the clavicle together.
The glenohumeral ligamentisthe ligamentthatattachesthe humerusandthe glenoidfossatogether.
2. Make a quicksketchof a knee joint,labelingthe bonesandthe majorligamentsbelow.
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References:
Norman C (2011) General Biology Lab Manual
Gregory, M. J. (2013,January). Mitosis and Meiosis. In TheBiology Web. RetrievedJanuary 31,2013, from
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20laboratory/mitosis/mitosis.htm
How to use a microscope. (2012(?)). In Biology Corner .com.Retrieved January30,2013, from
http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/microscope_use.html
Armstrong, W.P. (2012, January 22). ComparisonofPlant& Animal Cells. In Wayne's Word. Retrieved January 31, 2013,from
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer1a.htm
Reese, (2011) CampbellBiology, (9thed.) San Francisco,CA. Pearson Education,Inc.
References:
Princeton University . (2013).EpithelialTissues.In Word Net. Retrieved February 6, 2013,from
http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=epithelial%20tissue
Romstedt, K. (2011). SimpleEpithelial. In Biology 231 -Anatomy and Physiology I.Retrieved February 6,2013, from
http://capital2.capital.edu/faculty/kromsted/histology/simple.htm
Scarbrough, M. (2013). Slide 14StratifiedSquamous. InHistoWeb.Retrieved February 6,2013, from
http://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histoweb
Fankhauser, D.(2008,October 16). Integumentary Histology. InINTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM. Retrieved February 6, 2013,from
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Anatomy_&_Physiology/A&P201/Integumentary/Integument.htm
Henry Ford Community College . (2012). Adipose. In ScienceDivision at HFCC. Retrieved February 6, 2013,from
http://sciweb.hfcc.edu/Biology/AP/134/lab/lab%20guide%20images/Histology/adipose.ct.html
Childs, G.V. (2011, February). DenseRegular ConnectiveTissue . In DENSECONNECTIVETISSUE. Retrieved February 6, 2013,from
http://microanatomy.net/connective_tissue/dense_connective_tissue.htm
LINGGO, E. (2012). TISSUES, GLANDS,and MEMBRANES. In Principles ofHuman AnatomyandPhysiology . RetrievedFebruary6, 2013, from
http://hap1nuo1group3.blogspot.com/2012/01/chapter-4.html
Schaefer,W. (2013?). Tissues. InUniversity ofWisconsin. Retrieved February 6, 2013,from
http://washington.uwc.edu/about/wayne.schaefer/TissuesPage.htm
HCCS. (2005). Tissues. In Life Sciences . RetrievedFebruary6, 2013, fromhttp://swc2.hccs.edu/biol/labs/ap1/tissues/elasticCart.htm
Wynne, K. (2012(?)). ConnectiveTissues.In Introductory BiologyII -Human Biology . RetrievedFebruary 6, 2013, from
http://science.tjc.edu/Course/BIOLOGY/1409/1409connective.htm
Tissue Types . (2012 (?)). In Ocular Pathology . RetrievedFebruary 6, 2013, fromhttp://eyepathology.blogspot.com/
Shoummojit, R. (2012, July). Papillary Dermis. InHumanAnatomy -KnowYourBody.net. Retrieved February 6, 2013,from
http://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php
Caceci,T. (2012 (?)). Integument System II: Hair.In Veterinary Histology. Retrieved February 6, 2013,from
http://www.vetmed.vt.edu/education/curriculum/vm8054/labs/lab15/lab15.htm
Definition of «Arrectorpili». (2012(?)). In Drugs InformationOnline. RetrievedFebruary 6, 2013, from
http://drugline.org/medic/term/arrector-pili/
References:
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Unpacking a mystery:. (2010). Inbegin todig. Retrieved March5, 2013, fromhttp://www.begin2dig.com/2010/10/unpacking-mystery-when-
shoulder-pain.html
Euxton HallHospital. (2009). Shoulder Anatomy Ligaments . In Upper LimbCentre. RetrievedMarch 5,2013, from
http://www.upperlimbcentre.com/ligaments.htm
Moeger, L. (2010,November 21). Post for Nov.21.In For Landon. Retrieved March5, 2013,from http://forlandon.blogspot.com/
Dr. Bob's Human Anatomy Terms Utilizedin Referenceto theSkeletalSystemflashcards | Quizlet.(2010). Simplefreelearning tools for
students andteachers | Quizlet.Retrieved March11, 2013, from http://quizlet.com/3539359/dr-bobs-human-anatomy-terms-utilized-in-
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National cancer institute . (2012). Membranes . In SEER training modules . RetrievedFebruary 28, 2013,from
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