The document describes an investigation conducted by a class to test the hypothesis that the length of a person's forearm is equal to the length of their foot. The class measured the forearms and feet of students to collect data to analyze their hypothesis. They found that the hypothesis was not supported, as most students' forearm and foot lengths were not equal. This contradicted common beliefs and showed the importance of testing assumptions with an empirical scientific investigation.
The document is a biology lab notebook containing summaries of various topics covered, including the scientific method, mitosis, microscopy, and cellular structures. Key points covered include the steps of the scientific method and how it was used to investigate whether forearm length and foot length are the same. Data was collected from class members and graphed, finding the measurements were not consistently the same between individuals. Diagrams and descriptions of cell structures like the nucleus and plasma membrane are provided. The phases of mitosis - interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase - are defined and illustrated on a slide of a fish blastula.
The document provides an overview of a thesis submission examining user experiences of sit stand workstations. It includes an abstract, introduction, literature review covering topics like posture, sedentary work, seated posture risks, and standing desks. The methods section describes using a questionnaire and workspace photos. Key results found personal, postural and usability factors influenced ongoing and ceased use. Final thematic maps identified themes. Future recommendations and conclusions are discussed. In under 3 sentences, the document summarizes a thesis submission that examined the experiences of current and past sit stand workstation users through interviews and identified various personal, postural, and usability factors that influenced sustained or discontinued usage.
Vision, Mission, and Guiding Principles for SCUHSwilliamwoods03
This document is the academic catalog for Southern California University of Health Sciences for the 2017-2018 academic year. It provides information on the university's vision, mission, programs, admissions requirements, academic policies, courses, faculty and staff. The catalog contains details for the Doctor of Chiropractic, Master of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine, and other programs offered through the Los Angeles College of Chiropractic, College of Eastern Medicine, and College of Science and Integrative Health. It also outlines policies on registration, financial aid, technology resources, and other student services and resources available at the university.
Scenario Models and Sensitivity Analysis in Operational Risk RUIXIN BAO
The document discusses generating scenarios for operational risk measurement in financial institutions. It focuses on modeling two scenarios: asset misappropriation and data loss from a cyber attack. For the asset misappropriation scenario, it provides assumptions about the bank's structure, possible assets that could be stolen, probabilities of fraud among employee levels, and amounts of assets employees at each level could access or steal. The scenario analysis and sensitivity testing will help decision makers understand risks and identify strategies to prevent future losses.
The document discusses scientific research and the empirical research process. It defines scientific research as performing a methodical study to prove a hypothesis or answer a specific question through collecting empirical data. Empirical research is based on experimentation or observation to test a hypothesis. The empirical cycle involves observation, induction, deduction, testing, and evaluation of a hypothesis using empirical data.
1. The document discloses that Dr. Elias has financial relationships as a consultant for Covidien Inc. and Vascular Insights LLC.
2. It provides information on the anatomy of the small saphenous vein and discusses techniques for endovenous laser ablation of the small saphenous vein, including access points, positioning, and avoiding injury to nerves.
3. Potential complications of endovenous laser ablation of the small saphenous vein discussed include nerve injury and deep vein thrombosis.
This document discusses the services offered by Alden Context, including studio production, proofing, digital asset management, marketing materials, packaging design, multimedia production, direct marketing, and trade show support. It describes the evolution of their services toward more digital offerings that engage users, leverage existing assets, allow for device interaction, improve efficiencies, and consider environmental impacts. It introduces tracKey, a digital tool that can launch websites, personalize content, and link to incentives when plugged into a USB port, providing benefits like quick time to market, unlimited integration, and lower costs than alternatives. Potential applications of tracKey discussed are reminders, incentives, and improving patient adherence through temporal messaging, variable scheduling, and engaging mixed media.
The document is a biology lab notebook containing summaries of various topics covered, including the scientific method, mitosis, microscopy, and cellular structures. Key points covered include the steps of the scientific method and how it was used to investigate whether forearm length and foot length are the same. Data was collected from class members and graphed, finding the measurements were not consistently the same between individuals. Diagrams and descriptions of cell structures like the nucleus and plasma membrane are provided. The phases of mitosis - interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase - are defined and illustrated on a slide of a fish blastula.
The document provides an overview of a thesis submission examining user experiences of sit stand workstations. It includes an abstract, introduction, literature review covering topics like posture, sedentary work, seated posture risks, and standing desks. The methods section describes using a questionnaire and workspace photos. Key results found personal, postural and usability factors influenced ongoing and ceased use. Final thematic maps identified themes. Future recommendations and conclusions are discussed. In under 3 sentences, the document summarizes a thesis submission that examined the experiences of current and past sit stand workstation users through interviews and identified various personal, postural, and usability factors that influenced sustained or discontinued usage.
Vision, Mission, and Guiding Principles for SCUHSwilliamwoods03
This document is the academic catalog for Southern California University of Health Sciences for the 2017-2018 academic year. It provides information on the university's vision, mission, programs, admissions requirements, academic policies, courses, faculty and staff. The catalog contains details for the Doctor of Chiropractic, Master of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine, and other programs offered through the Los Angeles College of Chiropractic, College of Eastern Medicine, and College of Science and Integrative Health. It also outlines policies on registration, financial aid, technology resources, and other student services and resources available at the university.
Scenario Models and Sensitivity Analysis in Operational Risk RUIXIN BAO
The document discusses generating scenarios for operational risk measurement in financial institutions. It focuses on modeling two scenarios: asset misappropriation and data loss from a cyber attack. For the asset misappropriation scenario, it provides assumptions about the bank's structure, possible assets that could be stolen, probabilities of fraud among employee levels, and amounts of assets employees at each level could access or steal. The scenario analysis and sensitivity testing will help decision makers understand risks and identify strategies to prevent future losses.
The document discusses scientific research and the empirical research process. It defines scientific research as performing a methodical study to prove a hypothesis or answer a specific question through collecting empirical data. Empirical research is based on experimentation or observation to test a hypothesis. The empirical cycle involves observation, induction, deduction, testing, and evaluation of a hypothesis using empirical data.
1. The document discloses that Dr. Elias has financial relationships as a consultant for Covidien Inc. and Vascular Insights LLC.
2. It provides information on the anatomy of the small saphenous vein and discusses techniques for endovenous laser ablation of the small saphenous vein, including access points, positioning, and avoiding injury to nerves.
3. Potential complications of endovenous laser ablation of the small saphenous vein discussed include nerve injury and deep vein thrombosis.
This document discusses the services offered by Alden Context, including studio production, proofing, digital asset management, marketing materials, packaging design, multimedia production, direct marketing, and trade show support. It describes the evolution of their services toward more digital offerings that engage users, leverage existing assets, allow for device interaction, improve efficiencies, and consider environmental impacts. It introduces tracKey, a digital tool that can launch websites, personalize content, and link to incentives when plugged into a USB port, providing benefits like quick time to market, unlimited integration, and lower costs than alternatives. Potential applications of tracKey discussed are reminders, incentives, and improving patient adherence through temporal messaging, variable scheduling, and engaging mixed media.
El documento describe un recorrido por la época judía en Sevilla que incluirá visitas a iglesias judías y una exposición en el Centro de Interpretación de la Judería sobre la historia, cultura y persecuciones de los judíos en Sevilla. El recorrido durará aproximadamente una hora y media y cubrirá unos 2 km, comenzando a las 10:00 en la calle Ximénez Enciso por un precio de 5€.
The document summarizes Bona Kim's final presentation for her NOTICING project. It includes the problem she aims to address, which is to increase awareness and revenue of artisans in developing countries. It outlines her hypothesis of using travelers as individual sellers. It then summarizes interviews conducted with a traveler, Etsy seller, and non-profit founder. Key insights from the interviews indicate that travelers are not interested in the logistics of reselling goods but may be interested in buying souvenirs to support local merchants. The presentation concludes with reflections on the interviewing experience.
Center for Technical Education Innovation 2013 Open HouseRene Lafayette
The Center for Technical Education Innovation (CTEi) at Leominster High School held their annual open house for prospective students and their parents on March 9, 2013. CTEi is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC). CTEi serves students from Leominster, Massachusetts.
This document provides an overview of cyber security topics related to social media usage. It discusses that individuals need to take responsibility for educating themselves on security issues when using social media. The document outlines specific steps users should take, including frequently checking privacy settings, using strong unique passwords, reviewing posts before sharing, and being aware of any third-party applications connected to their accounts. Regularly following security best practices like logging out after use and directly entering website URLs can help protect users' personal information and online presence.
Google Shopping MasterClass eShowBCN2015 con Ugo Smith eStudio34 William Renedo
Presentación utilizada por Ugo Smith, director técnico de eStudio34, en la MasterClass de Google Shopping en eShowBCN2015.
Todos los detalles para saber qué es y cómo funciona Google Shopping. Desde crear un feed de productos con Google Docs hasta optimizar la campaña de Shopping en Google AdWords.
Dokumen tersebut membahas mengenai sejarah dasar-dasar pembangunan ekonomi dan pertanian di Malaysia sejak zaman penjajahan hingga saat ini. Beberapa dasar yang dijelaskan adalah Dasar Ekonomi Baru, Rancangan Malaysia Pertama hingga Kelima, Wawasan 2020, dan berbagai dasar pertanian seperti Dasar Pertanian Negara Pertama hingga Ketiga serta Dasar Agromakanan.
El documento habla sobre la dominación de las mentes a través de los intereses del sistema y cómo los nativos digitales y la sociedad en red facilitan esto.
Este documento apresenta os conceitos básicos de lógica proposicional, incluindo:
1) Definições de proposições simples e compostas e seus valores lógicos de verdade e falsidade;
2) Introdução dos conectivos lógicos não, e, ou, se...então, se e somente se;
3) Regras da tabela-verdade para determinar o valor lógico de proposições compostas a partir dos valores das proposições simples.
Contribuição do trabalho com o humor para o ensino de Língua Portuguesa_Revis...Helio de Sant'Anna
Este documento discute a contribuição do humor para o ensino de língua materna. Defende que textos humorísticos podem tornar o aprendizado mais prazeroso e envolver o aluno, além de explorar recursos linguísticos e aspectos da condição humana. Autores citados apoiam a proposta de aplicar o humor didaticamente.
This document discusses cross-cultural gender identities in Thailand. It notes that Thai language does not differentiate between sex, gender, and sexuality, and recognizes a third gender called "kathoey." While kathoey face some social alienation, they are generally more accepted in Thailand than transgender individuals in the United States. This is partly due to influences of Buddhism, flexibility in the Thai language to name diverse identities, and the lack of European colonization in Thailand's history. However, kathoey acceptance is often limited to stereotypical roles as performers, and rights issues around legal identity and safety still exist.
The document is a biology lab notebook containing summaries of various topics covered, including the scientific method, mitosis, microscopy, and cellular structures. Key points covered include the steps of the scientific method and how it was used to investigate whether forearm length and foot length are the same. Data was collected from class members and graphed, finding the measurements were not consistently the same between individuals. Diagrams and descriptions of cellular structures like the nucleus and plasma membrane are provided. The phases of mitosis - interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase - are defined and illustrated on a slide of a fish blastula under the light microscope.
This document discusses test design theory and provides inspiration for software testing. It advocates using multiple information sources beyond just requirements documents to better understand what is important to test. These sources include specifications, code, help documentation, and the software itself. The document also lists 30 potential sources of test ideas. It describes analyzing these sources to identify testworthy elements and then synthesizing test ideas. The goal is to design tests that will provide a broad sampling through serendipitous execution to thoroughly test important areas. An emphasis is placed on ongoing learning and understanding what really matters through experience with the software and its context over time.
This thesis examines tacit knowledge transfer in high reliability organizations (HROs). The author conducted action research in a mainframe organization to test if an interactive media platform could improve capturing and transferring tacit knowledge.
The document provides background on HROs and tacit knowledge management. It describes the research site which was a mainframe organization that uses various collaboration tools and processes knowledge through its corporate management system (CMS) based on ITIL. Key CMS processes where tacit knowledge is central include incident management, problem management, change management, and knowledge management.
The author's hypothesis was that tacit knowledge could be captured, documented and transferred using an interactive media platform by recording people's work through screen capture and presenting
This document provides an overview of the medical device product development process. It notes that medical device development has additional regulatory requirements compared to other industries. The process involves identifying opportunities, developing concepts, testing prototypes, conducting animal and human clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approval, achieving reimbursement, and commercial launch. Key steps include defining customer needs, screening concepts, addressing reliability, patenting, and securing funding - which becomes more critical at later stages as costs rise significantly, especially for clinical trials and FDA approval.
This document provides an inventory of platforms that support health research and innovation in Alberta, Canada. It identifies technological platforms like genomics and imaging, information platforms like health informatics, and human resource platforms. It also outlines patient-based research capabilities, support facilities, knowledge translation networks, and other research organizations. The document analyzes Alberta's strengths in areas like stem cells, nanotechnology, and cancer research. It discusses opportunities to leverage platforms and challenges around collaboration and commercialization. The goal is to help prioritize areas for investment by the Alberta Innovates Health Solutions and its partners.
El documento describe un recorrido por la época judía en Sevilla que incluirá visitas a iglesias judías y una exposición en el Centro de Interpretación de la Judería sobre la historia, cultura y persecuciones de los judíos en Sevilla. El recorrido durará aproximadamente una hora y media y cubrirá unos 2 km, comenzando a las 10:00 en la calle Ximénez Enciso por un precio de 5€.
The document summarizes Bona Kim's final presentation for her NOTICING project. It includes the problem she aims to address, which is to increase awareness and revenue of artisans in developing countries. It outlines her hypothesis of using travelers as individual sellers. It then summarizes interviews conducted with a traveler, Etsy seller, and non-profit founder. Key insights from the interviews indicate that travelers are not interested in the logistics of reselling goods but may be interested in buying souvenirs to support local merchants. The presentation concludes with reflections on the interviewing experience.
Center for Technical Education Innovation 2013 Open HouseRene Lafayette
The Center for Technical Education Innovation (CTEi) at Leominster High School held their annual open house for prospective students and their parents on March 9, 2013. CTEi is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC). CTEi serves students from Leominster, Massachusetts.
This document provides an overview of cyber security topics related to social media usage. It discusses that individuals need to take responsibility for educating themselves on security issues when using social media. The document outlines specific steps users should take, including frequently checking privacy settings, using strong unique passwords, reviewing posts before sharing, and being aware of any third-party applications connected to their accounts. Regularly following security best practices like logging out after use and directly entering website URLs can help protect users' personal information and online presence.
Google Shopping MasterClass eShowBCN2015 con Ugo Smith eStudio34 William Renedo
Presentación utilizada por Ugo Smith, director técnico de eStudio34, en la MasterClass de Google Shopping en eShowBCN2015.
Todos los detalles para saber qué es y cómo funciona Google Shopping. Desde crear un feed de productos con Google Docs hasta optimizar la campaña de Shopping en Google AdWords.
Dokumen tersebut membahas mengenai sejarah dasar-dasar pembangunan ekonomi dan pertanian di Malaysia sejak zaman penjajahan hingga saat ini. Beberapa dasar yang dijelaskan adalah Dasar Ekonomi Baru, Rancangan Malaysia Pertama hingga Kelima, Wawasan 2020, dan berbagai dasar pertanian seperti Dasar Pertanian Negara Pertama hingga Ketiga serta Dasar Agromakanan.
El documento habla sobre la dominación de las mentes a través de los intereses del sistema y cómo los nativos digitales y la sociedad en red facilitan esto.
Este documento apresenta os conceitos básicos de lógica proposicional, incluindo:
1) Definições de proposições simples e compostas e seus valores lógicos de verdade e falsidade;
2) Introdução dos conectivos lógicos não, e, ou, se...então, se e somente se;
3) Regras da tabela-verdade para determinar o valor lógico de proposições compostas a partir dos valores das proposições simples.
Contribuição do trabalho com o humor para o ensino de Língua Portuguesa_Revis...Helio de Sant'Anna
Este documento discute a contribuição do humor para o ensino de língua materna. Defende que textos humorísticos podem tornar o aprendizado mais prazeroso e envolver o aluno, além de explorar recursos linguísticos e aspectos da condição humana. Autores citados apoiam a proposta de aplicar o humor didaticamente.
This document discusses cross-cultural gender identities in Thailand. It notes that Thai language does not differentiate between sex, gender, and sexuality, and recognizes a third gender called "kathoey." While kathoey face some social alienation, they are generally more accepted in Thailand than transgender individuals in the United States. This is partly due to influences of Buddhism, flexibility in the Thai language to name diverse identities, and the lack of European colonization in Thailand's history. However, kathoey acceptance is often limited to stereotypical roles as performers, and rights issues around legal identity and safety still exist.
The document is a biology lab notebook containing summaries of various topics covered, including the scientific method, mitosis, microscopy, and cellular structures. Key points covered include the steps of the scientific method and how it was used to investigate whether forearm length and foot length are the same. Data was collected from class members and graphed, finding the measurements were not consistently the same between individuals. Diagrams and descriptions of cellular structures like the nucleus and plasma membrane are provided. The phases of mitosis - interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase - are defined and illustrated on a slide of a fish blastula under the light microscope.
This document discusses test design theory and provides inspiration for software testing. It advocates using multiple information sources beyond just requirements documents to better understand what is important to test. These sources include specifications, code, help documentation, and the software itself. The document also lists 30 potential sources of test ideas. It describes analyzing these sources to identify testworthy elements and then synthesizing test ideas. The goal is to design tests that will provide a broad sampling through serendipitous execution to thoroughly test important areas. An emphasis is placed on ongoing learning and understanding what really matters through experience with the software and its context over time.
This thesis examines tacit knowledge transfer in high reliability organizations (HROs). The author conducted action research in a mainframe organization to test if an interactive media platform could improve capturing and transferring tacit knowledge.
The document provides background on HROs and tacit knowledge management. It describes the research site which was a mainframe organization that uses various collaboration tools and processes knowledge through its corporate management system (CMS) based on ITIL. Key CMS processes where tacit knowledge is central include incident management, problem management, change management, and knowledge management.
The author's hypothesis was that tacit knowledge could be captured, documented and transferred using an interactive media platform by recording people's work through screen capture and presenting
This document provides an overview of the medical device product development process. It notes that medical device development has additional regulatory requirements compared to other industries. The process involves identifying opportunities, developing concepts, testing prototypes, conducting animal and human clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approval, achieving reimbursement, and commercial launch. Key steps include defining customer needs, screening concepts, addressing reliability, patenting, and securing funding - which becomes more critical at later stages as costs rise significantly, especially for clinical trials and FDA approval.
This document provides an inventory of platforms that support health research and innovation in Alberta, Canada. It identifies technological platforms like genomics and imaging, information platforms like health informatics, and human resource platforms. It also outlines patient-based research capabilities, support facilities, knowledge translation networks, and other research organizations. The document analyzes Alberta's strengths in areas like stem cells, nanotechnology, and cancer research. It discusses opportunities to leverage platforms and challenges around collaboration and commercialization. The goal is to help prioritize areas for investment by the Alberta Innovates Health Solutions and its partners.
This document provides an overview of the contents and structure of a KS2 science study book, which covers topics such as working scientifically, plants and habitats, animals including humans, states of matter, properties and changes of materials, rocks and earth and space, light, forces and magnets, sound, and electricity. The book includes explanations of key concepts, practice questions, and review questions to help students learn and test their understanding of important KS2 science topics.
This thesis investigates the use of statistical methods to analyze data from pharmaceutical manufacturing processes to improve understanding and control. The first chapter introduces the research themes and objectives. The literature review discusses applications of statistics in quality management, including process monitoring, quality by design, and continuous improvement. Common data challenges are also noted.
Subsequent chapters describe modelling methodologies like multivariate analysis and artificial neural networks. Case studies apply these methods to specific problems, such as using early process data to predict drying times, understanding sources of variation in particle size distribution, and developing process capability indices for non-normal data. The thesis aims to advance statistical process control and understanding in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
This document discusses technology-enhanced learning (TEL) as a site for interdisciplinary research. It conducted interviews with 18 TEL researchers to understand perspectives on interdisciplinarity in TEL. Key findings include:
- TEL research naturally brings together researchers from different disciplines like education, computer science, and psychology.
- Interdisciplinarity is seen as important for addressing complex real-world problems, as no single discipline can solve them alone. However, challenges include different epistemologies, methods, and lack of shared terminology between disciplines.
- Researchers described benefits of interdisciplinarity like innovation from different perspectives challenging each other and building new understandings of the relationship between technology and learning.
THE IMPACT OF SOCIALMEDIA ON ENTREPRENEURIAL NETWORKSDebashish Mandal
This is the actual Research Proposal runs in to 70 pages. The primary purpose of this research is to examine the process of adoption of social media in
small businesses and investigate the impact it has on the business network of the
owner/entrepreneur. The intended output of the investigation is to construct a robust social
media adoption model specifically designed for small business. The model will be designed
in a manner which will be helpful for practitioners and academics alike.
Mustafa Degerli - 2010 - Structured Article Critiques - IS 740Dr. Mustafa Değerli
This document contains structured critiques of three research articles on technology management. The first article proposes an extended framework for evaluating technology management processes based on literature and practices. While it contributes an initial framework, the study lacks clarity on its problem and procedures. The second article describes developing a technology management assessment procedure (TMAP) to identify effective activities. It clearly outlines objectives and procedures. Testing of the TMAP found it successful with some limitations. The third article critiqued proposes an approach but is not described in detail. Overall, the critiques evaluate strengths and weaknesses of the studies to advance research on technology management frameworks and assessment.
This document provides an overview and outline for writing a medical research proposal. It covers key components such as identifying problems, conducting a literature review, developing objectives, outlining the research design and methodology, planning for data collection and analysis, and project management. The goal is to guide health professionals through the process of planning and conducting an applied research project that can meaningfully improve health outcomes. Examples and templates are provided to illustrate concepts.
This document provides clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of headaches in young people and adults. It was commissioned by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence and developed by the National Clinical Guideline Centre. The guidelines are based on a review of the clinical evidence on headaches and include recommendations along with links to the supporting evidence. It covers topics such as indications for additional investigation of headaches, diagnosing primary headaches, the role of imaging, providing information and support to patients, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options for various headache types.
What Determines the Capacity for Continuous Innovation in Social Sector Organ...iBoP Asia
This report summarizes findings from reviewing literature on organizational capacity for continuous innovation in social sector organizations. It develops an analytical model to understand how organizations generate, evaluate, adopt, and formalize new ideas internally or from external sources. The report identifies factors that can enable or inhibit innovation capacity, including organizational culture, leadership, knowledge management, and relationships with funders and communities. It notes that the capacity for continuous innovation in social organizations is underresearched. The report aims to inform further discussion and identify priority questions to guide future research in this area.
What Determines the Capacity for Continuous Innovation in Social Sector Organ...iBoP Asia
This report summarizes findings from reviewing literature on organizational capacity for continuous innovation in social sector organizations. It develops an analytical model capturing how organizations generate, evaluate, adopt, and formalize new ideas internally or from external sources. The report identifies factors that can enable or inhibit innovation capacity, including organizational culture, leadership, knowledge management, and relationships with funders and communities. It notes this topic is under-researched and calls for new research designs to address practical questions facing social organizations. The goal is to inform future research that can help organizations continuously innovate to address complex social problems.
Acupuncturists As Entrepreneurs Experiences Of New Professionals Founding Pr...Tye Rausch
This document is a doctoral dissertation submitted by Susan Sloan to George Fox University examining the experiences of new acupuncturists founding private practices. The dissertation includes a literature review on entrepreneurship and the acupuncture profession. It then describes the narrative research methodology used to interview acupuncturists about their experiences starting practices. Key findings are presented relating to cognition/perception, social capital, and entrepreneurial learning at the individual, profession, and societal levels. The dissertation discusses these findings and provides recommendations.
Computational methods of Hepatitis B virus genotypingNguyen Nhat Tien
This document discusses computational methods for hepatitis B virus genotyping developed by Nguyen Nhat Tien and Do Trong Vuong as part of their bachelor's thesis in computer science at the University of Science in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, under the supervision of Le Thi Nhan. It aims to identify the HBV genotype and subgenotype using machine learning approaches in order to determine the most effective therapy for patients.
This document provides an overview of research methods and skills training for graduate students. It covers the concept of research, qualitative and quantitative research approaches, the research process from planning to writing, and the role of academic supervision. The goal is to introduce students to the major elements involved in conducting and presenting academic research.
This systematic literature review examined the economic implications of chemotherapy-induced diarrhea (CID) and its impact on quality of life. The review identified 22 studies, including 17 that assessed health-related quality of life and 5 that evaluated healthcare resource utilization. Only 2 studies specifically examined quality of life in patients experiencing CID. The cost studies found that CID episodes are expensive and could be avoided with earlier diagnosis and treatment. Overall, better management of CID could reduce costs and improve patient quality of life, though more large-scale studies are needed to fully understand the economic and humanistic burden of CID.
The study was designed to analyze data on extent as well as dynamics and manifestations of child sexual abuse in the country. It identifies precisely the characteristics of child victims and the profile of the perpetrators. Furthermore, it also provides information on the existing capacities of state’s
institution to protect children from sexual abuse in the country. The research has the following two specific objectives:
To identify the current policies and practices of the criminal justice system and child
protection system in the country to respond to child sexual abuse; and
To assess the institutional capacities currently available to protect children from sexual
abuse.
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Contents
Laboratory Procedures....................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION:.............................................................................................................................2
Scientific Method............................................................................................................................3
SCIENTIC METHOD STEPS: ...............................................................................................................3
Investigation paper.........................................................................................................................4
Investigation paper Revised.............................................................................................................7
Light Microscope ..........................................................................................................................12
Light Microscope..............................................................................................................................12
Mitosis.........................................................................................................................................14
Cytology.......................................................................................................................................16
The Cell........................................................................................................................................16
Histology and Integument.............................................................................................................17
Epithelial Tissues...........................................................................................................................19
Connective Tissues........................................................................................................................21
Cartilage.......................................................................................................................................22
Muscle Tissues..............................................................................................................................23
Nervous .......................................................................................................................................23
Skin with Hair Follicle....................................................................................................................24
Integumentary..............................................................................................................................26
Anatomical Position and Planes.....................................................................................................27
Skeletal System.............................................................................................................................31
Long Bone........................................................................................................................................32
Skull.................................................................................................................................................32
Vertebral Column.............................................................................................................................33
Thorax ( ...........................................................................................................................................33
Arm and Pectoral Girdle....................................................................................................................34
Pelvic Girdle.....................................................................................................................................34
Leg...................................................................................................................................................34
Arthology.....................................................................................................................................35
References:..................................................................................................................................38
3. P a g e | 2
Laboratory Procedures
Science isa processbywhichwe gain an understandingof how thingswork.The studyof human
anatomyand physiologyisabiological science thatstudieshumanbodyfunctionandform.The human
bodyis wonderfullycomplex,andthe fieldof humanphysiologyisconstantlybeingstudiedandnew
processeselucidated.The abilitytoworkina cooperative manner,obtainandshare data,analyze results
and formconclusionswhilemaintainingasafe environmentiscritical wheninvestigatinghumanbody
functionandform.
I. KEY CONCEPTS
A. Describe the locationof safetyequipmentinyourlaboratoryclassroom.
B. Explainhowtouse a fire extinguisher.
C. Explainwhattodo inthe followingsituations:Breakingaglassbeakerduringlab,splashingchemical
inyour eye,hearingafire alarm.
D. List anddescribe the stepsof the scientificmethod.
E. Solve a problemusingthe scientificmethod.
F. Create a chart to record data.
G. Analyze andgrapha setof data.
H. Write a formal report.
II.Laboratory OrientationandSafety
INTRODUCTION:
Some of youhave extensive laboratoryexperience;however,forsome of youitmay have beenawhile
since youworkedinthistype of setting.Thisexercisewillhelpyoubecomecomfortable withsafety
guidelinesaswell asthe locationandproperuse of laboratoryequipment.
OBJECTIVES:The studentwill become familiarwiththe laboratorysettingandproperlaboratory
conduct;locate and learnhowto operate safetyequipment.
A. RoomOrientationandSafety - Tofamiliarize yourself withthe labroomanditsequipment,youwill
performa "safetyhunt”.Introduce yourself toyourlabmatesand worktogethertolocate the following
items:
Fire extinguisher;fume hood;exits(howmanyandwhere - be careful,some doorsmightleadtodead
ends);sinks;gasoutlets;emergencyphone;eye washstation;sharpscontainers;brokenglassware
4. P a g e | 3
container,safetygoggles,firstaidkit,fire blanket,emergencycutoff forgas, chemical spill packet,
chemical burnstation,andnearestfire alarmpull
You are encouragedtoopendrawers,cabinetsanddoors.Some itemsmaybe locatedinanadjacentlab
or eveninthe hall.Make sure youare comfortable withthe properuse of the eyewashstation(washfor
a full 15 minutes);aswell asthe fire
extinguisher- the acronymPASSmay help(Pull pin,Aimatbase of fire,Squeeze trigger,Sweepside to
side).
B. SafetyContract:Before yournextlab,readcarefullythe LabSafetyGuidelinesprintedinthisbook.
You will be requiredtosignalab safetyaffidavitindicatingthatyouhave readandunderstandthe safety
guidelines.
Scientific Method
Scientificinvestigationsshare some commonelementsandprocedures,whichare referredtoasthe
scientificmethod.Notall scientistsfollowthese proceduresinastrictfashion,buteachof the elements
isusuallypresentinsome form.Science isacreative andcollaborativeprocessthatinvolvesasking
questions,developinganexploratoryhypothesis,andtestingthathypothesis.Professionalsinany
science field(appliedscience,healthscience,education,research,etc),andscience students,mustbe
able to use a type of thinkingcalledinductive reasoning.A personusingthiskindof thinkingobserves
manysmall facts andthenputs themtogethertoframe a large and broaderideaor thought.The ability
to collaborate,collectinformationwithoutbias,touse computerprogramstoanalyze data,and to
understandandcontrol variablesare fundamental critical thinkingskillsnecessaryforanystudentof
science.
Scientistscloselyscrutinize investigationsperformedbytheirpeers(peer-reviewed) andmustpresent
theirdata to variousorganizationsandinvariousways,providingevidence tosupportthe scientist’s
explanationof biological phenomena.All currentknowledge of how the humanbody worksisbasedon
evidence thathasbeenacknowledgedbyaconsensusof scientistsworldwide.Whenscientistsuse the
scientificmethoditensuresastandard,allowsotherstorepeatexperiments,andgivesusanswersto
questions.
OBJECTIVES:The student will conductaninvestigationusingthe scientificmethod.
SCIENTIC METHOD STEPS:
PROCEDURE: Your instructorwill pose aquestionregardingthe humanbodyinspiredbyreal events.
Work togetherasa classto answerthisquestionusingthe scientificmethod.Asagroup,decide what
methodyouwill use –what data will youneedtocollectandhow will yougoabout collectingthis
information?Howwill youcontrol variables?How muchdata isenoughto propose aconclusion?Next,
formulate ahypothesis –youcan do thisindividually.Afteranexperimentalmethodhasbeenproposed,
collectdatafrom and withyourclassmates.Alwaysremainaware of variables,andtryyour bestto
control them.
5. P a g e | 4
You will be completingaformal labwrite-upwhenall of yourdatahas beencollectedandanalyzed
whichwill be includedinyourlabnotebook.
Investigation paper
Length of Forearm and Foot: Are they the same?
Our hypothesiswasthatourarm (fromelbow towrist) andour footwouldbe the same length.
Thislab wasdone so that we couldbecome familiarwithusingthe scientific
method.Todo thiswe firsthad to ask a question,andourquestionwas:isfoot
size andforearmlengththe same?We thenformulatedourhypothesis,andputit
to test,we thengatheredourconclusionand“reported”ourfindings.(Norman,
2011)
Thisproblemhasbeenan“old wivestale”fora longtime.Andithas always
appearedthatit wasat leastclose enoughtobe true,butconsideringthatitis
hard and awkwardtobring yourfootup to your arm andmeasure themnextto
each other,there isnoway to knowforsure if,in fact,your footand yourarm are
the same length.JustbygoogleingthisquestionIsaw that mostof the websites
say,“Yes! Of course,theyare the same go aheadand measure!”Itwouldappear
that thisstatementisalmosttakenasa fact of science.Evensome “science”
websiteswouldclaimourhypothesistobe a true statement.These were not
websitesthatcouldbe termedaswebsitesthatone woulduse asa reference for
a college essayorproject;sowe cannot assume thattheyare correct, evenif they
appearto be correctat firstglance.(Thomson,2012)
MaterialsandMethods.
For thisprojectwe onlyused:
1. yard stick
6. P a g e | 5
2. feet
3. forearms
In orderto findoutif our hypothesiscouldbe provedordisprovedwe hadafew steps:
1. Measure the feetof the whole classbyplacingtheirfeetonthe floorand usingthe yardstick to
measure incentimetershowbigtheirfootwas.
2. We thenplacedthe yardstick onthe floorandmeasuredthe backof our forearmfromthe
elbowtothe wrist.
3. We thencompiledourdataby placingiton the white board.
Results
7. P a g e | 6
The blue line isthe footlengthof eachstudentwhile the redline isthe
wristto elbowlength.The horizontal axisshow whichstudentforeachresult.And
the vertical axisshowsthe numberof centimetersmeasured.Thisgraphshows
that our resultswere notconsistent.Thereisachance that because of errorsour
hypothesiscouldstill be true.Butaccordingto the resultsthatwe have there is
no consistencyinthe waypeople’sfeetsize withtheirforearm.
Raw Data
8. P a g e | 7
Withthisdata you are able tosee exactlyhow eachstudentcomparedhis orher shoe size totheir
forearm.
Discussion
I believethatourhypothesiswasneitherprovednordisproved.Becauseof
manypossible errorsandthe possibilitythatwe mayhave measuredwrongour
hypothesiscouldstill be correct.Ourerrorsincludednotusingthe same personto
measure all the otherpeople,bydoingthisitwouldhave greatlydecreasedour
chancesof errors.Anothererrorwasthat we believe thatthe sayingmeantforus
to measure fromthe inside of ourarms to see if ourfoot wasthe same size.
Althoughourexperimentcouldhave beenbetteritwasstill very
close to beingtrue.Manystudentshadthe same size arm as footwhile most
othersmeasurementswere different,butclose.
Investigation paper Revised
Lengthof Forearmand Foot: Are they the same?
Our hypothesiswasthatourarm (fromelbow towrist) andour footwouldbe the same length.
Thislab wasdone so that we couldbecome familiarwithusingthe scientific
method.Todo thiswe firsthad to ask a question,andourquestionwas:isfoot
size andforearmlengththe same?We thenformulatedourhypothesis,andputit
to test,we thengatheredourconclusionand“reported”ourfindings.(Reese,
2011)
9. P a g e | 8
Thisproblemhasbeenan“old wivestale”fora long time.Andithas always
appearedthatit wasat leastclose enoughtobe true,butconsideringthatitis
hard and awkwardtobring yourfootup to your arm andmeasure themnextto
each other,there isnoway to knowforsure if,in fact,your footand yourarm are
the same length.(Size Wise 2013) Justby googleingthisquestionIsaw that most
of the websitessay,“Yes!Of course,theyare the same go aheadand measure!”It
wouldappearthatthisstatementisalmosttakenas a fact of science.Even some
“science”websiteswouldclaimourhypothesistobe a true statement.These
were notwebsitesthatcouldbe termedaswebsitesthatone woulduse asa
reference foracollege essayorproject;sowe cannot assume thattheyare
correct, evenif theyappeartobe correct at firstglance.(Norman,
2011)
MaterialsandMethods.
For thisprojectwe onlyused:
1. yard stick
2. feet
3. forearms
In orderto findoutif our hypothesiscouldbe provedordisprovedwe hadafew steps:
1. Measure the feetof the whole classbyplacingtheirfeetonthe floorand usingthe yardstick to
measure incentimetershowbigtheirfootwas.
2. We thenplacedthe yardstick onthe floorandmeasuredthe backof our forearmfromthe
elbowtothe wrist.
3. We then compiledourdataby placingiton the white board.
Results
10. P a g e | 9
In thisgraph I useda scatterplotgraph so that we couldeasilysee the
comparisonbetweenthe lengthsof the armandthe lengthsof the foot.Inthis
graph the lengthof the footis representedbythe vertical axisandthe armis
representedbythe horizontalaxis.We cansee bylookingatthisgraph that
althoughmanyof the student’sfeetwere close tothe same lengththeywere not
exactlythe same length.
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Heel
to
Toe
Length
Wrist to Elbow Length
Foot and Arm Length comparision
Foot and arm legnth
comparision
11. P a g e | 10
Withthisdata you are able tosee exactlyhow eachstudentcomparedhisorher shoe size totheir
forearm.
Discussion
I believethatourhypothesiswasneitherprovednordisproved.Becauseof
manypossible errorsandthe possibilitythatwe mayhave measuredwrongour
hypothesiscouldstill be correct.Ourerrorsincludednotusingthe same personto
measure all the otherpeople,bydoingthisitwouldhave greatlydecreasedour
chancesof errors.Anothererrorwasthat we believe thatthe sayingmeantforus
Raw Data
12. P a g e | 11
to measure fromthe inside of ourarms to see if ourfoot wasthe same size.
Althoughourexperimentcouldhave beenbetter(fixedthe errors,
thoughtit outlonger...etc.)itwasstill veryclose tobeingtrue.Manystudentshad
the same size arm as footwhile,butmoststudent’smeasurementswere
different.Althoughthe armandfoot lengthwere similartheywere notthe same
length.
13. P a g e | 12
Light Microscope
Today inlabwe will be reviewingthe structure of the cell, identifyingmitosisphases,usinga
microscope,aswell asfindingthe total magnificationof the microscope.We will observe the mitosis
phasesusinga fishblastulaslide,andwe will be identifyinginterphase,prophase,metaphase,anaphase,
and telophase onthisslide. We will alsobe identifyingthe partsof the microscope.
Figure 1 (BiologyCorner,2012)
Light Microscope
15. P a g e | 14
Mitosis
Interphase:The phase before mitosisstarts.Thisiswhenthe chromosomesare nottightlycoiled
as theywill be inthe nextphase.
Prophase:Thisiswhenthe spindlesformandbegintoseparate.Itisalsowhenthe
chromosomesbecome coiledtightly,andthe nuclear membrane startstodisintegrate.
There isalso a phase called“Prometaphase”thisphase iswhenthe chromosomesstartto
become alignedandthe spindlesgotoopposite endsof the cell.
Metaphase:thisiswhenthe chromosomesare alignedandthe microtubulesare attachedtothe
kinetochore.
16. P a g e | 15
Anaphase:thisiswhenthe chromatidsare pulledapartandbroughtto differenthalvesof the cell.
Telophase:cellscleavage isformedandthe one cell startsto become two.The nucleusreforms,
chromosomesstartto uncoil.
The cell has nowbecome two.Itcan start the processall overagainand create more cellsafterithas
gone throughthe processof Interphase again.
(Gregory,M. J, 2013)
17. P a g e | 16
Cytology
1. Keyconcepts:
a. Compare/contrastandexplainthe significance of the followingterms:karyokinesisandcytokinesis,
chromatinand chromosome,chromosomeandchromatid, centriole,centromere,aster
b. Describe howacell’sshape relatestoitsfunctionandgive examples
c. Explainthe significance of mitosisforhumancells
d. Define the terms“parfocal”and“fieldof view”
e.Illustrate whatoccursduringeach phase of mitosis
f.Calculate total magnificationof amicroscope.
2. Slides:Identifythe plasmamembrane,nucleus,cytoplasmonanytissue slide, Identifythe following
mitoticphasesina blastulaslide:interphase,prophase,metaphase,anaphase,telophase
3. Models/Equipment:
a. Identifythe followingpartsof a microscope anddescribe theirfunction:
Eyepiece (ocular),nosepiece,mechanical stage,base,arm, objectives, (scanning,low andhigh),fine
adjustment,coarse adjustment,condenser, diaphragm, bodytube
The Cell
Figure 3 (Armstrong, W.P, 2012)
18. P a g e | 17
Nucleus-Enclosedbythe nuclearenvelope,the nucleuscontainsthe Chromatinaswell asthe nucleolus.
It containsmostof the genesinthe cell.Itisthe bestknownorganelleinthe animal cell.
Nucleolus-RNA issynthesizedinthe nucleolus.Proteinsare alsobroughtinandare thenmade into
ribosomes.
Plasmamembrane-Theoutermembranous“wall”thatcontainsthe cell.Itisalsoprovidesawayin and
out foronlycertainnutrients.
RoughEndoplasmicReticulum-Hasribosomesonthe outside.Itisusedtosecrete proteinsthatare
createdby the ribosomes.
SmoothEndoplasmicReticulum-Iscalledthe smoothERbecause of itlack of ribosomes.Itisusedto
store calciumions.It isalsohas enzymesthatdetoxifydrugs.Italsohasenzymesthatsynthesizevarious
formsof lipids.
Golgi apparatus-Actsasa “postal office”ittakesinproteinsthatare transportedwithvesicles,changes
the proteinsforthe functiontheyare neededforanditthenshipsitout throughanothervesicle.
Lysosome-Thisisasac that containsenzymesthatdigestmacromolecules.
Ribosome-Are made of RNA andproteins.Theyalsocarryout proteinsynthesis.
Vesicle-Transferproteinsthroughthe cytosol usuallybywayof the cytoskeleton.
Mitochondria-Isusedincellularrespirationtocreate ATPfromsugarsand fats.
Cytoskeleton-Retainscellshape.Andcontainsmicrofilaments,Intermediate filaments,and
microtubules,all of whichare made of protein.
(Reese,2011)
Histology and Integument
1. Keyconcepts:
a. Explainthe structure/functionrelationshipof all tissueslistedbelow.
b. Describe, ingeneral,howepithelial andtissuesare classified.
c. List the basictypesof connective tissues.
d. Outline the propertiesandfunctionsof the epidermisanddermis
e.Compare/contrasthairfollicle,hairroot,andhairshaft
19. P a g e | 18
2. Slides:Identifythe followingtissues,andgive examplesof where theymightbe foundinthe human
body:
a. Epithelial tissues:
Simple squamous –example:lung
Simple cuboidal –examplekidney(tubules)
Simple columnar–example:ileum, duodenum, large intestine
Stratified squamous –example:skinoresophagus
Transitional - example:bladder(innerlining)
Pseudostratifidciliatedcolumnar–example:trachea(innerlining)
b. Connective tissues: Loose connective (areolar) –example:areolarspread(common)Adipose
connective –example:breast,hypodermis Denseregularconnective(white fibrous)–example:
ligamentsHyalinecartilage –example:trachea(rings) Elasticcartilage –example:earFibrocartilage–
example:intervertebral discs
*Note:althoughbone andbloodare connective tissues,theywill be addressedata latertime
c. Skinwithhairfollicle:stratifiedsquamousepithelium, hairroot,hairshaft,hairfollicle,dermal papilla,
adipose tissue
d. Muscle tissues:CardiacMuscle,SkeletalMuscle,SmoothMuscle
e.Nervoustissue:MotorNeuron,neuroglia
3. Models/Diagrams:
Identifythe followingstructuresfromadiagram or model:epidermis,stratumcorneum, stratum
lucidum,stratumgranulosum,stratumspinosum, stratumbasale,dermis,subcutaneouslayer
(hypodermis),adipose tissue,dermal papilla,Meissner’scorpuscle,Paciniancorpuscle,hairfollicle,hair
root,hair shaft,sebaceousgland,eccrine gland,arrectorpili muscle
Summary
Our goal for today’slabisto observe andmemorize different tissuesthroughamicroscope.We
will be lookingatepithelial tissues,connective tissues,muscles,nervous,andvarioushairfollicles.
20. P a g e | 19
Epithelial Tissues
Epithelial Tissues are “membranous tissue covering internal organs and other internal surfaces of the
body” (Princeton 2013)
Simple Squamous Epithelial (Romstedt 2011)
Simple Cuboidal Epithelial (Romstedt 2011)
Simple Columnar Epithelial (Ramstedt 2011)
21. P a g e | 20
Stratified Squamous Keratinized (Scarbrough 2013)
Stratified Squamous Non Keratinized (Frankhauser 2008)
Stratified Cuboidal (Scarbrough 2013)
Transitional (Scarbrough 2013)
22. P a g e | 21
Pseudostratified Columnar (Ciliated) (Scarbrough 2013)
Connective Tissues
Connective tissues are “tissue of mesodermal origin consisting of e.g. collagen fibroblasts and fatty cel ls;
supports organs and fills spaces between them and forms tendons and ligaments ” (Princeton 2013)
Connective Tissue Proper
Loose Connective (Scarbrough 2013)
Adipose Connective (HFCC 2012)
Dense Regular Connective (Childs 2011)
23. P a g e | 22
Dense Irregular Collagenous (Linggo 2012)
Dense Regular Elastic (Linggo 2012)
Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage (Schaefer 2013)
Elastic Cartilage (HCCS 2005)
Fibrocartilage (Wynne 2012)
24. P a g e | 23
Muscle Tissues
A muscle tissue is the tissue of the muscle.
Skeletal (Scarbrough 2013)
Cardiac (Scarbrough 2013)
Smooth (Scarbrough 2013)
Nervous
Nervous tissue is “tissue composed of neurons” (Princeton 2013)
Peripheral Nerve (Scarbrough 2013)
25. P a g e | 24
Skin with Hair Follicle
A hairfollicle is“asmall tubularcavitycontainingthe rootof a hair; small musclesandsebaceous glands
are associated with them” (Princeton 2013)
Epidermis (tissue types 2012)
Stratified squamous epithelium
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
26. P a g e | 25
Dermis (Shoummojit 2012)
Papillary layer
Dermal papillae
Reticular layer
Hair (Drugs Information Online 2012)
Follicle
Root
Shaft
27. P a g e | 26
Arrector Pilli Muscle (Caceci 2012)
Integumentary
A. Epidermis- B.Stratumcorneum- C.Stratumlucidum- D.Stratumgranulosum- E.Stratumspinosum- F.
Stratumbasale- G. Dermis- H.Subcutaneouslayer(hypodermis)- I.Adipose tissue-J.Dermal papilla-K.
Meissner’scorpuscle-L.Paciniancorpuscle- M.Hairfollicle-N.Hairroot- O. Hair shaft- P.Sebaceous
gland- Q.Eccrine gland- R.Arrector pili muscle-
Integumentary (labeled) (Qui 2012)
28. P a g e | 27
Integumentary (fill in the blank) (Qui 2012)
Anatomical Position and Planes
1. Key Concepts:
a. Describe the anatomical position.
b. Relate one body part to another using proper anatomical
directional terms. (ie. the sternum is medial to the clavicle.)
c. List the cavities of the body, and indicate the structures that reside in each cavity.
29. P a g e | 28
d. Compare and contrast the anatomical planes and sections of the body.
2. Models/Diagrams/Slides
a. Anatomical Position
b. Anatomical Directional Terms
a. Dorsal,ventral,posterior,anterior,superior,inferior,medial,lateral, proximal, distal, cranial, caudal,
superficial, deep/profundus, external, internal
c. Planes
b. Median or median sagittal, sagittal, parasagittal/paramedian, coronal/frontal, horizontal
d. Sections
c. Longitudinal, transverse/cross
e. Anatomical Cavities
d. Dorsal, spinal, cranial, ventral
Anatomical Directional Terms (Micheau 2009)
30. P a g e | 29
Planes (Abcfromfl.2010)
Cavities (MSU Denver 2012)
31. P a g e | 30
Summary
For this lab we will be identifying and memorizing the anatomical positions and
terms.
1. KeyConcepts:
a. Describe howthe structure of a bone/bonystructure relates toitsstructure.Forexample,whywould
a bone have a raisedprojectionsuchasa tuberosityonit?
b. Compare andcontrast spongybone andcompact bone intermsof structure and function.
c. Explainwhybone tissue iscategorizedasconnective tissue.
d. Name the twoprocessesthatmake up the zygomaticarch.
e.Identifythe difference betweenthe axial andthe appendicularskeletons,andgive examplesof each
catagory
2. Slides:Identifycentral canal,osteon,lamella,canalliculi,lacunae andosteocytesonabone slide
3. Bones/Models/Diagrams:
a. BONESAND BONYFEATURES The namesof individual bonesare incapitals;the bone featuresare in
lowercase letters.Idenifyonabone or froma picture oneitherarticulatedordisarticulatedskeletons.
I. Skull
FRONTAL– frontal sinus,PARIETAL–sagittal suture,coronal suture,TEMPORAL– squamoussuture,
external auditorymeatus,styloidprocess,mastoidprocess,zygomaticprocess,mandibularcondyle
(fossa),OCCIPITAL–lambdoidsuture,foramenmagnum, occipitalcondyles,SPHENOID–greaterwings,
lesserwings,sellaturcica,sphenoidalsinuses, ETHMOID– crista galli,cribiformplates,superiorand
middle conchae (generally),perpendicularplate,ethmoidsinuses,MANDIBLE– body,rami,mandibular
condyle,coronoidprocess,alveolarprocess(border),MAXILLAE–alveolarprocess(border),palatine
process,maxillarysinuses,PALATINE,ZYGOMATIC– temporal process,zygomaticarch,LACRIMAL,
NASAL,VOMER,HYOID (onlyonarticulatedskeleton)
II.Vertebral Column
TYPICALVERTEBRA – body,lamina,pedicle,vertebral foramen,transverseprocess,spinousprocess,
superiorarticularprocess,inferiorarticularprocess,intervertebral foramen,CERVICALVERTEBRAE(7) –
C1, atlas; C2, axiswithdens(odontoidprocess);transverse foramen, THORACICVERTEBRAE(12) –
32. P a g e | 31
articulatingfacetsforribs,LUMBAR VERTEBRAE (5) – large heavybodies,SACRUM(5 fusedvertebra) –
sacral foramina,sacral canal,COCCYX(usually4fusedvertebra)
III.Thorax
STERNUM – manubrium,body(gladiolus),xiphoidprocess,RIBS(12pairs) – identifytrue,false,and
floatingribs;costal cartilage
IV.Arm
HUMERUS – greatertubercle,lessertubercle,head,anatomical neck,deltoidtuberosity,trochlea,
capitulum,coronoidfossa,olecranonfossa,medial epicondyle,lateral epicondyle, RADIUS– head,radial
tuberosity,styloidprocess, ULNA – olecranonprocess,trochlear(semilunar) notch,coronoidprocess,
styloidprocess,CARPALS–generally,METACARPALS –generally,PHALANGES–generally
V.Pectoral Girdle
CLAVICLE– proximal (sternal) end,distal (acromial) end,SCAPULA –acromionprocess,coracoidprocess,
glenoidcavity,spine
VI.PelvicGirdle - Knowthe relationshipbetweenthe oscoxae (hipbones) andthe ilium, ischium,and
pubis
ILIUM – iliaccrest,anteriorsuperioriliacspine,posteriorsuperioriliacspine,anteriorinferioriliacspine,
posteriorinferioriliacspine,greaterischiadic(sciatic) notch,acetabulum, ISHIUM– ischial spine,lesser
ischiadic(sciatic) notch,ischialtuberosity,PUBIS–pubicsymphysis,obturatorforamen
VII.Leg
FEMUR – head,neck,greatertrochanter,lessertrochanter,medial epicondyle,lateral epicondyle,
medial condyle,lateral condyle,patellargroove (surface),TIBIA –medial condyle,lateral condyle,tibial
tuberosity,medial malleolus,FIBULA – head,lateral malleolus,PATELLA,TARSALS–onlyCALCANEUS
and TALUS specifically;the othersgenerally,METATARSALS –ingeneral,PHALANGES–ingeneral
b. PARTSOF A LONGBONE
Be able torecognize the following partsof along bone ondiagrams,bones,ormodels:
Proximal Epiphysis,DistalEpiphysis, Diaphysis,ArticularCartilage,Periosteum,CompactBone,
Cancellous(Spongy) Bone,MedullaryCavity,Endosteum,RedMarrow,Yellow Marrow, Epiphyseal Lines
(epiphyseal plates)
Skeletal System
33. P a g e | 32
Long Bone (Girard 2011)
Skull (McPhail 2012)
34. P a g e | 33
Vertebral Column (TutorVista 2010)
Thorax (Ahrendsen 2013)
35. P a g e | 34
Arm and Pectoral Girdle (Creative Commons 2004)
Pelvic Girdle (e-sy.info. 2007)
Leg(Rauch 2012)
36. P a g e | 35
Summary
We will be looking at various bone slides in order to identify the different bones.
We will also be identifying the different bones on the skeleton.
Arthology
1. Key Concepts:
a. Describea typicalsynovial joint, andrelateits structureto its function. Beableto give
examples.
b. Define amphiarthrosis, synarthrosis and diarthrosis
c. Explain the importanceoffontanels
2. Bones/Models/Diagrams:
a. Joint Classifications: Identify the following types ofjoints andgiveexamples ofeach:
I. Classification:
Synarthroses ( nonmoveable) i.e. sutures Amphiarthroses (slightlymovable) i.e. costal joints, pubicsymphysis Diarthrosis (freely movable): i.e.
all balland socketofhip,hinge ofknee
II. SynovialJointTypes
Ball and Socket Ellipsoid(condyloid) Plane (gliding) Hinge PivotSaddle
b. Synovial Joint -Identify and/or illustratethefollowing parts ofa freely moveableor
synovialjoint: JointCapsule Joint Cavity ArticularCartilage SynovialMembrane Spongy BoneofEpiphyses Bursa Meniscus
c. Knee –Identify the following parts on thekneejointmodelor diagram:
Medial and LateralCondyles ofFemurMedial and Lateral Condyles ofTibia Fibula Patella Patellar Ligament Tibial(Medial) CollateralLigament
Fibular (Lateral) CollateralLigament Anterior CruciateLigamentPosterior CruciateLigament
d. Shoulder -Identify thefollowing parts on the shoulder jointmodelor diagram:
GreaterTubercle ofHumerus Head ofHumerus Lesser TubercleofHumerus Distal(Acromion) endofClavicle Proximal(Sternal) end ofClavicle
Spine of Scapula Acromion process ofScapula Corocoidprocess ofScapula CoracoacromialLigament CorocohumeralLigament Coracoclavicular
LigamentGlenohumeral (Capsular) Ligaments,generally
e. Fetal Skull-Identify the following joints ona fetalskull model or diagram:
Frontal (anterior) fontanel Sphenoidal (anterolateral) fontanel Occipital(posterior) fontanel Mastoid (posterolateral) fontanel
37. P a g e | 36
Arthrology
Lori Gardner
March 5, 2013
“synovial joint, a freelymovable joint inwhich contiguous bonysurfacesare coveredbyarticular cartilage and connected bya
fibrous connective tissue capsule lined withsynovialmembrane. Kinds ofsynovial joints are ball andsocket joint, condyloid
joint, glidingjoint, hinge joint, pivot joint, saddle joint, anduniaxialjoint. Compare cartilaginous joint, fibrous joint.” (Mosby
2009)
“Amphiarthrosis a joint in whichthe surfacesare connectedbydisks of fibrocartilage, as betweenvertebrae.”(Miller 2003)
“Synarthrosis, n a joint formedbythin intervening layers ofcartilage, connective tissue, or direct contact of bone to bone. It
results ina rigidunion, andlittle movement of the bones occurs except during growth. Suture lines maybe obliterated in
adults, witha synarthrodial joint whenthe bonesjoined together become fused” (Mosby2009)
“Diarthrosis, a specializedform ofarticulationinwhich there is more or less free movement, the unionof the bonyelements
being surrounded byanarticular capsule enclosing a cavitylinedbysynovial membrane; called also synovial joint” (Saunders
2007)
Fontanels are the “soft spot” ona baby’s head. Withit the baby’s headis able to fit throughthe birthcanal and allows the brain
to grow bigger as the babyages.
Synarthroses, aphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis joint (University of Michigan, 200
Flexion
A movement decreasingthe angle between
articulatingbones.
(Some texts expressthis as "decreasingthe inner
angle of the joint".)
Extension
A movement increasing the angle between
articulatingbones.
Another wayto expressthis is "increasing the inner
angle of the joint".
Hyperextension
A movement to increase the angle between
articulatingbones to take a body-part or limb
beyond its normalrange.
Some of the types of joints that canpermit
extension (above).
Abduction
A movement awayfrom the mid-line of the body.
Adduction
A movement towards the mid-line of the body-
also applies to movements inwards andacrossthe
body.
Circumduction
Ivy Rose, 2013
38. P a g e | 37
Synovial joints (Pearson 2011)
Pearson Education, 2011
Driver, C 2011
(unpacking mystery, 2010)
39. P a g e | 38
Ligaments of scapula Fetal Skull
(Euxton Hall Hospital 2009)
Moeger 2010
References:
Norman C (2011) General Biology Lab Manual
Gregory, M. J. (2013,January). Mitosis and Meiosis. In TheBiology Web. RetrievedJanuary 31,2013, from
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20laboratory/mitosis/mitosis.htm
40. P a g e | 39
How to use a microscope. (2012(?)). In Biology Corner .com.Retrieved January30,2013, from
http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/microscope_use.html
Armstrong, W.P. (2012, January 22). ComparisonofPlant& Animal Cells. In Wayne's Word. Retrieved January 31, 2013,from
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer1a.htm
Reese, (2011) CampbellBiology, (9thed.) San Francisco,CA. Pearson Education,Inc.
References:
Princeton University . (2013).EpithelialTissues.In Word Net. Retrieved February 6, 2013,from
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