1. Topic 1.1 -
Introduction to Information and
Communication Technology

2. 1.1.1.1 Define ICT
 ICT IS THE TECHNOLOGY REQUIRED FOR
INFORMATION PROCESSING, IN PARTICULAR, THE
USE ELECTRONICS COMPUTERS, COMMUNICATION
DEVICES AND APPLICATION SOFTWARE TO
CONVERT, STORE, PROTECT, PROCESS, TRANSMIT
AND RETRIEVE INFORMATION FROM ANYWHERE,
ANYTIME.
 ICT ADALAH TKNOLOGI BERKAITAN PEMPROSESAN
MAKLUMAT , DALAM KATA LAINNYA ADALAH
BERKENAAN PENGGUNAAN KOMPUTER, PERANTI
KOMUNIKASI DAN APLIKASI PERISIAN UNTUK
MENUKAR , MENGAWASI, MEMPEROSES,
MENGHUBUNG DAN MENGHASILKAN MAKLUMAT BILA-
BILA DAN DI MANA SAHAJA

3. 1.1.1.2 Describe the brief evolution of
computers
FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS(1940-1956)
 VACUUM TUBES WAS INTRODUCES, IS AN ELECTRONIC
TUBE MADE OF GLASS USED AS COMPUTER COMPONENTS
TO STORE AND PROCESS DATA.
 ENIAC IS FIRST GENERATION COMPUTER THAT CONTAINS
WEIGHTS OF 30 TONS, 18000 VACUUM TUBES, 30-50 FOOT
SPACE AND 16000 WATTS OF POWER.
GENERASI PERTAMA (940-1956)
 TIUB VAKUM DIPRKENALKAN. MERUPAKAN ALAT
ELEKTRONIK DIPERBUAT DARIPADA KACA DAN DIGUNAKAN
SEBAGAI KOMPONEN KOMPUTER UNTUK MENYIMPAN
MEMPOSES DATA
 GENERASI KOMPUTER PERTAMA (ENIAC) MEMPUNYAI
BERAT 30 TAN, 18000 TIUB VAKUM, LUAS 30 KE 50 KAKI DAN
MENGGUNAKAN KUASA 16000 WATTS.

4. SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS(1956-1963)
 TRANSISTORS REPLACE VACUUM TUBES IN THIS GENERATION.
TRANSISTORS ARE SMALL DEVICES THAT TRANSFER
ELECTRONIC SIGNAL ACROSS RESISTOR.
 TRANSISTOR DO NOT PRODUCED LOTS OF HEATS AND USE
LESS POWER ALSO FASTER, CHEAPER AND SMALLER THAN
VACUUM TUBES.
GENERASI KEDUA KOMPUTER (1956-1963)
◦ TRANSISTOR MENGGANTIKAN TIUB VAKUM DIMANA IA
PERANTI LEBIH KECIL YANG MENUKAR SIGNAL ELEKTRONIK
MERENTASI PERINTANG
◦ TRANSISTOR TIDAK MENGHASILKAN HABA YANG
BANYAK(TIDAK PANAS) DAN KURANG MENGGUNAKAN KUASA,
MURAH DAN KECIL BERBANDING TIUB VAKUM.

5. THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS(1964-1971)
 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (IU) REPLACED TRANSISTOR.
 AN IU IS A COMPLETE ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT ON A SMALL
CHIP MADE OF SILICONE.
 IU WAS RELIABLE, COMPACT AND CHEAPER THAN
TRANSISTORS
GENERASI KETIGA KOMPUTER(1964-1971)
◦ SIRKIT INTEGRASI MENGGANTIKAN TRANSISTOR
◦ IA MERUPAKAN SIRKIT ELEKTRONIK YANG LENGKAP
DIATAS CIP YANG KECIL DIPERBUAT DARIPAD SILIKON
◦ IA SANGAT SESUAI, KECIL DAN MURAH BERBANDING
TRANSISTOR

6. FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS(1971-PRESENT)
 MICROPROCESSOR WAS INTRODUCED, FROM THOUSAND OF
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS CHANGE ONTO SINGLE SILICONE CHIP.
 THE INTEL 4004 CHIP DEVELOPED IN 1971, LOCATED ALL THE
COMPONENTS OF THE COMPUTER FROM THE CENTRAL
PROCESSING UNITS AND MEMORY TO INPUT/OUTPUT CONTROLS ON
A SINGLE CHIP.
 COMPUTER IS 100 TIMES SMALLER THAN ENIAC COMPUTER IN FIRST
GENERATION.
GENERASI KEEMPAT KOMPUTER (1971-AKAN DATANG )
◦ MENGGUNAKAN MIKROPEMPROSESAN, DARIPADA BERIBU SIRKIT
INTEGRASI BERTUKAR KEPADA CIP SILIKON YANG TUNGGAL
◦ CIP INTEL 4004 DIBANGUNKAN PADA 1971, DIMANA TERLETAKNYA
SEMUA KOMPONEN KOMPUTER DARIPADA UNIT PEMEPROSESAN
PUST DAN MEMORI UNTUK PENGAWALAN INPUT OUTPUT DIATA
CIP TUNGGAL.

7. FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTER(PRESENT –BEYOND)
 FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTING DEVICES BASED ON
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ARE STILL IN DEVELOPMENT
THOUGH THERE ARE SOME APPLICATIONS SUCH AS
VOICE RECOGNITION THAT ARE BEING USED TODAY.
GENERASI KELIMA KOMPUTER (AKAN DATANG –
MASA DEPAN)
◦ BERDASARKAN KEPDA KEPINTARAN BUATAN DIMANA
TELAH DIBINA DAN DIPERTINGKATKAN
PEMBANGUNANNYA SEPERTI FACE VERIFICATION
(PENGENALAN MELALUI WAJAH) YANG MANA TELAH
MULA DIGUNAKAN KINI.

8. 1.1.2.1 LIST THE USAGE OF ICT IN EVERYDAY
LIFE.
 EDUCATION (PELAJARAN)
 BANKING (PERBANKAN)
 INDUSTRY (INDUSTRI)
 E-COMMERCE (E-PERDAGANGAN)

9. 1.1.2.2 State the differences between computerized and non-computerized systems.
COMPUTERIZED
 ALL BANKING ACTIVITIES ARE DONE BY USING COMPUTER SYSTEM
 TRANSACTION CAN BE DONE ANYWHERE AND ANYTIME
 IT TAKES SHORTEN TIME FOR ANY BANKING PROCESS
 MORE PRODUCTIVE.
MENGGUNAKAN KOMPUTER
 SEMUA AKTIVIT PERBANKAN MENGGUNAKAN SISTEM KOMPUTER
 T RANSAKSI BOLEH DILAKUKAN BILA-BILA DAN DI M ANA SAHAJA
 MENGAMBIL MASA YANG SEDIKIT MELAKUKAN PROSES PERBANKAN
 LEBIH PRODUKTIF/CEKAP
NON-COMPUTERIZED
 ALL BANKING ACTIVITIES WERE DONE MANUALLY
 TRANSACTION CAN ONLY BE MADE DURING WORKING HOURS.
 IT TAKES LONG TIME FOR ANY BANKING PROCESS
 LESS PRODUCTIVE
TIDAK MENGGUNAKAN KOMPUTER
 SEMUA AKTIVITI BANK DIJALANKAN SECARA MANUAL
 T RANSAKSI DIJALANKAN DALAM WAKTU KERJA SAHAJA
 MENGAMBIL PROSES LAMA MENJALANKAN KERJA
 KURANG PRODUKTIF/KURANG CEKAP

10. 1.1.2..1 State the impact of ICT on society.
POSITIVE IMPACTS
 FASTER COMMUNICATION SPEED
 LOWER COMMUNICATION COST
 CAN SHARE OPINIONS AND INFORMATION
 PAPERLESS ENVIRONMENT
 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION BORDERLESS THROUGH INTERNET.
KESAN POSITIF
 KOMUNIKASI CEPAT
 KOS KOMUNIKASI RENDAH
 PERKONGSIAN MAKLUMAT
 PERSEKITARAN TIADA KERTAS
 DUNIA TANPA SEMPADAN (INTERNET)
NEGATIVE IMPACTS
 CAN BE NEGATIVE BECAUSE IT COURAGE PEOPLE TO ACCESS PORNOGRAPHY AND
VIOLENCE WEB SITES.
 CAN HARM USES FOR LONG HOURS USED
KESAN NEGATIF
 PENYALAHGUNAAN KOMPUTER (PORNOGRAFI DAN KEGANASAN)
 KESAN BURUK JIKA DIGUINAKAN TERLALU LAMA

11. Topic 1.2 -
Computer Ethics and Legal Issues

12. 1.2.1.1 DEFINE COMPUTER ETHICS, CODE OF ETHICS, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY,
PRIVACY, COMPUTER CRIME AND CYBER LAW.
1. COMPUTER ETHICS IS A SYSTEM OF MORAL STANDARDS OR VALUES USED AS A
GUIDELINE FOR COMPUTER USERS ETHICAL.
ETIKA KOMPUTER ADALAH SISTEM BERKAITAN STANDARD MORAL ATAU NILAI
YANG DIGUNAKAN EBAGAI PANDUAN BAGI PENGGUNA KOMPUTER
2. CODE OF ETHICS IS GUIDELINES IN ICT THAT HELP DETERMINE WHETHER A
SPECIFIC COMPUTER ACTION IS ETHICAL OR UNETHICAL.
KOD ETIKA ADALAH PANDUAN BAGI MEMASTIKAN SAMADA PERLAKUAN
MENGGUNAKAN KOMPUTER ITU BERETIKA ATAU TIDAK
3. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY REFERS TO WORKS CREATED BY INVENTORS,
AUTHORS AND ARTISTS.
HAK MILIK INTELETUAL MERUJUK KEPADA KERJA YANG DIBUAT OLEH PENCIPTA
SEPERTI ARTIS , PEMBUAT PROGRAM DAN SEBAGAINYA.
4. PRIVACY REFERS TO THE RIGHT OF INDIVIDUALS AND COMPANIES TO DENY OR
RESTRICT AND COLLECTION AND USED OF INFORMATION ABOUT THEM.
PRIVASI MRUJUK KEPADA HAK MILIK INDUK ATAU SYARIKAT
5. COMPUTER CRIME IS ANY ILLEGAL ACTS INVOLVING COMPUTERS.
JENAYAH KOMPURER PERLAKUAN TIDAK BAIK MEMBABITKAN KOMPUTER
6. CYBER LAW REFERS TO ANY LAWS RELATING TO PROTECTING THE INTERNET
AND OTHER ONLINE COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
UNDANG-UNDANG SIBER MERUJUK KEPADA UNDANG-UNDANG BAGI MELINDUNGI
KEPENTINGAN BDERKAITAN INTERNET DAN TEKNOLOGI KOMUNIKASI

13. 1.2.1.2 Differentiate between ethics and law.
Law Ethics
AS A RULE TO CONTROL COMPUTER USERS. AS A GUIDELINE TO COMPUTER USERS
PERATURAN MENGAWAL PENGGUNA PC PANDUAN UNTUK PEN GGNA KOMPUTER
TO PREVENT MISUSE OF COMPUTERS ETHICAL BEHAVIOR IS JUDGED BY MORAL
MENGELAKKAN PENYALAHGUNAAN PC STANDARDS. KELAKUAN DIHAKIMI OLEH
STANDARD MORAL
COMPUTER USERS MUST FOLLOW THE COMPUTER USERS ARE FREE TO FOLLOW
REGULATIONS AND LAW. PENGGUNA PC OR IGNORE THE CODE OF ETHICS. BEBAS
MESTI MEMATUHINYA UNTUK MENGIKUT ETIKA ATAU TIDAK
PUNISHMENTS ADA HUKUMAN NO PUNISHMENT FOR ANYONE WHO
VIOLATES ETHICS. TIADA HUKUMAN UNTUK
MEREKA YANG MELANGGARNYA
DEPEND ON COUNTRY AND STATE WHERE UNIVERSAL, CAN BE APPLIED ANYWHERE,
THE CRIME IS COMMITTED BERGANTUNG ALL OVER THE WORLD SEMUA TEMPAT DI
KEPADA NEGARA YANG TERBABIT DUNIA
NOT OBEYING LAWS ARE CALLED CRIME NOT FOLLOWING ETHICS ARE CALLED
TIDAK MEMATUHI AKAN DIGELAR IMMORAL TIDAK MEMATUHINYA DIGELAR
PENJENAYAH TIDAK BERMORAL

14. 1.2.1.3 State the need for intellectual property laws
AS BUSINESSES CONTINUE TO EXPAND GLOBALLY, BUSINESS OWNERS MUST
REALIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF GETTING PROFESSIONAL ADVICE ON HOW TO
ESTABLISH AND SAFEGUARD THEIR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS. THESE
INCLUDE :
o TRADEMARKS FOR BRAND IDENTITY
o COPYRIGHTS FOR MATERIALS
o PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS
o DESIGN FOR PRODUCT APPEARANCE
PERNIAGAAN BERKEMBANG SECARA GLOBAL DIMANA PEMILIK MESTI SEDAR
KEPENTINGAN MENDAPATKAN KHIDMAT NASIHAT BAGAIMANA MENJAGA HAK MILIK
MEREKA. INI MERANGKUMI
o IDENTITI PRODUK
o HAKCIPTA
o PATEN
o REKABENTUK

15. 1.2.2.1 List ways to protect privacy.
PRIVACY CAN BE PROTECTED BY:
(A) PRIVACY LAW
THE PRIVACY LAWS IN MALAYSIA EMPHASISES ON THE FOLLOWING:
- SECURITY SERVICES TO REVIEW THE SECURITY POLICY
- SECURITY MANAGEMENT TO PROTECT THE RESOURCES
- SECURITY MECHANISM TO IMPLEMENT THE REQUIRED SECURITY
SERVICES
- SECURITY OBJECTS, THE IMPORTANT ENTITIES WITHIN THE
SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT
(A) UNDANG-UNDANG PRIVASI
UNDANG-UNDANG PRIVASI DI MALAYSIA BERKAITAN DENGAN
- SERVIS KESELAMATAN UNTUK MEMAPARKAN POLISI KESELAMATAN
- PENGURUSAN KESELAMATAN UNTUK MENGAWAL SUMBER
- MEKANISMA KESELAMATAN BAGI MENGIMPLEMENTSI KEPERLUAN
PERKHIDMATAN KESELAMATAN
- OBJEK KESELAMATAN, ENTITI PENTING BERKAITAN PERSEKITARAN
KESELAMATAN

16. 1.2.2.1 List ways to protect privacy.
PRIVACY CAN BE PROTECTED BY:
(B) UTILITIES SOFTWARE
- INSTALL ANTI-SPAM PROGRAM, FIREWALL, ANTI-SPYWARE AND
ANTIVIRUS
- PURCHASE GOODS WITH CASH RATHER THAN CREDIT CARD
- CLEAR YOUR HISTORY FILE WHEN YOU ARE FINISHED BROWSING
- FILL IN ONLY NECESSARY INFORMATION ON WARRANTY AND
REGISTRATION FORM.
(B) PERISIAN UTILITI
- MENGINSTALL PROGRAM ANTI SPAM, DINDING API, ANTI PERISIK DAN
ANTIVIRUS
- MEMBELI BARANGAN SECARA TUNAI
- MENGHILANGKAN SEJARAH CARIAN INTERNET APABILA SELESAI
MELAYARI INTERNET
- HANYA MENGISI PERKARA YANG PERLU DALAM BORANG INTERNET

17. 1.2.2.2 State authentication and verification methods/ technologies.
AUTHENTICATION IS A PROCESS WHERE USERS VERIFY THEIR IDENTITY.
AUTHENTICATION DEALS WITH THE PROBLEM OF DETERMINING WHETHER A USER
SHOULD BE ALLOWED ACCESS TO A PARTICULAR SYSTEM.
PEMBUKTIAN MERUPAKAN PROSES DI MANA PENGGUNA MENGESAHKAN BUKTI IDENTITI
SAMADA PENGGUNA ITU DIBENARKAN ATAU TIDAK MENGAKSES SESUATU SISTEM
METHODS OF AUTHENTICATION
THERE ARE TWO COMMONLY USED AUTHENTICATION METHODS, WHICH ARE BIOMETRIC
DEVICE AND CALLBACK SYSTEM.
LANGKAH DALAM PEMBUKTIAN
ADA 2 CARA YANG BIASA IAITU PERANTI BIOMETRIK DAN SISTEM PANGGIL SEMULA
A. BIOMETRIC DEVICE/ PERANTI BIOMETRIK IS A DEVICE THAT TRANSLATES
PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS INTO A DIGITAL CODE THAT IS COMPARED WITH A DIGITAL
CODE STORED IN THE DATABASE.
ADALAH PERANTI YANG MENUKAR KARAKTOR PERIBADI KEPADA KOD DIGITAL YANG BOLEH
MEMBANDINGKAN DENGAN KOD DIGITAL YANG DISIMPAN DALAM PANGKALAN DATA
B. CALLBACK SYSTEM/SISTEM PANGGIL SEMULA REFERS TO THE CHECKING SYSTEM
THAT AUTHENTICATES THE USER
MERUJUK KEPADA SISTEM YANG MENYEMAK PEMBKTIAN OLEH PENGGUNA

18. 1.2.2.2 State authentication and verification methods/ technologies.
METHODS OF VERIFICATION
THERE ARE TWO METHODS COMMONLY USED IN VERIFICATION,
WHICH ARE USER IDENTIFICATION AND PROCESSED OBJECT.
LANGKAH DALAM PENGESAHAN
2 KAEDAH BIASA DALAM PENGESAHAN ADALAH MENGENALPASTI
IDENTITI DAN OBJEK PEMPROSESAN
A. USER IDENTIFICATION/PENGENALPASTI IDENTITI REFERS TO THE
PROCESS OF VALIDATING THE USER.
MERUJUK KEPADA PROSES YANG DIJALANKAN PRNGGUNA BAGI
PENGESAHAN
B. PROCESSED OBJECT/ OBJEK PEMPROSESAN REFERS TO
SOMETHING THE USER HAS SUCH AS IDENTIFICATION CARD,
SECURITY TOKEN AND CELL PHONE.
MERUJUK KEPADA PENGGUNA YANG MEMPUNYAI OBJEK SEPERTI
KAD PENGENALAN, TOKEN KESELAMATAN DAN TELEFON.

19. 1.2.3.1 a)List effects of controversial contents of pornography on society
PORNOGRAPHY
 CAN LEAD TO CRIMINAL ACTS SUCH AS EXPLOITATION OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN
 CAN LEAD TO SEXUAL ADDICTION OR PERVERSION
 CAN DEVELOP LOW MORAL VALUE TOWARDS OTHER MEN, WOMEN OR CHILDREN
 CAN ERODE GOOD RELIGIOUS, CULTURAL AND SOCIAL BELIEFS AND BEHAVIOR
PORNOGRAFI
◦ BOLEH MENGGALAKKAN PERLAKUAN JENAYAH SEPERTI EKSPLOITASI WANITA DAN
KANAK-KANAK
◦ BOLEH MENJURUS KEPADA PERLAKUAN SEKS
◦ BOLEH MEMBANGUNAKAN NILAI MORAL YANG RENDAH TERHADAP LELAKI DAN WANITA
NAHUPUN KANAK-KANAK
SLANDER
 CAN DEVELOP INTO A SOCIETY THAT DISREGARDS HONESTY AND TRUTH
 CAN DEVELOP BAD HABIT OF SPREADING UNTRUTHS AND RUMORS
 CAN LEAD TO UNNECESSARY ARGUMENT
 CAN CAUSE PEOPLE TO HAVE NEGATIVE ATTITUDES TOWARDS ANOTHER PERSON
FITNAH
 BOLEH MEMBANGUNKAN MASYARAKAT YANG TIDAK JUJUR
 BOLEH MEMBANGUNKAN TABIAT BURUK SEPRTI MENYEBARKAN KHABAR ANGIN
 MEMBAWA KEPADA PERTELINGKAHAN YANG TIDAK PERLU
 BOLEH MENYEBABKAN PERLAKUAN NEGATIF ANTARA SAU SAMA LAIN ATAU MASYARAKAT
KESELURUHANNYA

20. 1.2.3.2 Describe the process of filtering to control access to controversial contents
THE METHOD OF CHOICE TO LIMIT ACCESS ON THE INTERNET IS TO FILTER EITHER BY
A. KEYWORD BLOCKING. THE METHOD USES A LIST OF BANNED WORD OR OBJECTS
TERMS SUCH AS XXX, SEX, AND NUDE. AS THE PAGE IS DOWNLOADING, THE
FILTER SEARCHES FOR ANY OF THESE WORDS. IF FOUND, IT WILL BLOCKED THE
PAGE COMPLETELY. STOP DOWNLOADING THE PAGE, BLOCK THE BANNED WORDS
AND EVEN SHUT DOWN THE BROWSER.
B. SITE BLOCKING. THE METHOD USE SOFTWARE TO LIST THE WEBSITES THAT WILL BE
BLOCKED BY USING SOFTWARE. THE SOFTWARE PREVENTS USERS FROM BEING
ACCESS THE WEB SITES ON LIST.
C. WEB RATING SYSTEM. WEB SITES ARE RATING IN TERMS OF NUDITY, SEX, VIOLENCE
AND LANGUAGE. THE WEB SITES RATE CAN BE DONE BY SETTING THE BROWSER
TO ONLY ACCEPT PAGE WITH CERTAIN LEVEL OF RATINGS.
LANGKAH PENAPISAN DALAM MELAYARI INTERNET ADALAH
A. PENGHALANG KATAKUNCI
 KATAKUNCI YANG BERKAITAN DENGAN PERKARA-PERKARA BURUK DISIMPAN
DALAM PANGKALAN DATA.PENGGUNA YANG MENAIP ATAU MENEKAN PERKATAAN
TERSEBUT AKAN DIHALANG DARI MENGAKSES LAMAN BERKAITAN PERKARA
TERSEBUT
B. PENGHALANG TAPAK
 SATU PERISIAN BERFUNGSI UNTUK MENGENALPASTI LAMAN-LAMAN YANG TIDAK
PATUT ATAU BOLEH DILAYARI.
C. SISTEM RATING WEB
 MERUPAKAN SISTEM YANG MENGENALPASTI LAMAN-LAMAN YANG TIDAK BAIK
YANG SELAU DILAYARI. SISTEM AKAN MENGHALANG PENGGUNA DARIPADA
MELAYARI LAMAN-LAMAN WEB TERSEBUT.

21. 1.2.4.1 Explain the need for cyber law
THE NEED FOR CYBER LAW IS TO PROTECT THE INTERNET AND OTHER ONLINE
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES.THE NEEDS OF CYBER LAW ARE
 INTEGRITY AND SECURITY INFORMATION
 LEGAL STATUS OF ONLINE TRANSACTIONS
 PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALLY OF INFORMATION
 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
 SECURITY OF GOVERNMENT DATA
KEPERLUAN UNDANG-UNDANG SIBER ADALAH UNTUK MENGAWAL INTERNET
DAN LAIN-LAIN TEKNOLOGI ATAS TALIAN. IA BERKAITAN
 MAKLUMAT KESELAMATAN DAN INTEGRITI
 TRANSAKSI ATAS TALIAN YANG SAH
 MAKLUMAT PRIVASI DAN SULIT
 HAK CIPTA TERPELIHARA
 KESELAMATAN DATA KERAJAAN

22. 1.2.4.2 Explain briefly the computer crimes below:
 COMPUTER FRAUD IS DEFINED AS HAVING AN INTENTION TO TAKE
ADVANTAGE OVER OR CAUSING LOSS TO OTHER PEOPLE, MAINLY ON
MONETARY BASIS THROUGH THE USE OF COMPUTERS.
 THERE ARE MANY FORMS OF COMPUTER FRAUD WHICH INCLUDE E-
MAIL HOAXES, PROGRAM FRAUD, INVESTMENT SCHEMES, SALES
PROMOTIONS AND CLAIMS OF EXPERTISE ON CERTAIN FIELDS.
 PENIPUAN KOMPUTER MERUJUK KEPADA MENGAMBIL PERHATIAN
ATAU KESEMPATAN YANG BOLEH MENGAKIBATKAN KERUGIAN KEPADA
ORANG LAIN MENERUSI PENGGUNAAN KOMPUTER. CONTOHNYA
PENIPUAN EMAIL, SKIM PELABURAN, PROMOSI JUALAN DSBNYA.
 COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT IS DEFINED AS A VIOLATION OF THE
RIGHTS SECURED BY A COPYRIGHT. COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT
INVOLVES ILLEGAL COPY OR REPRODUCTION OF COPYRIGHTS
MATERIAL BY THE BLACK MARKET GROUP. THE OPEN COMMERCIAL
SALE OF PIRATED ITEM IS ALSO ILLEGAL.
 PELANGGARAN HAKCIPTA MERUJUK KEPADA PELANGGARAN
KEPADA HAKCIPTA, MENYALIN SEMULA TANPA KEBENARAN DAN
SEBAGAINYA.

23. 1.2.4.2 Explain briefly the computer crimes below:
 COMPUTER THEFT IS DEFINED AS THE UNAUTHORIZED USE OF ANOTHER
PERSON’S PROPERTY WITH THE INTENTION TO DENY THE OWNER THE
RIGHTFUL POSSESSION OF THAT PROPERTY OR ITS USE.EXAMPLES OF
COMPUTER THEFT INCLUDE:
 TRANSFER OF PAYMENTS TO THE WRONG ACCOUNTS
 GET ONLINE MATERIALS WITH NO COST
 TAP INTO DATA TRANSMISSION LINES ON DATABASE AT NO COST
 DIVERT GOODS TO THE WRONG DESTINATION
 PENCURIAN KOMPUTER BERMAKSUD PENGGUNAAN TANPA KEBENARAN
KEATAS HAK MILIK ORANG LAIN DENGAN NILAI MEROSAK, MENGUBAH,
MENUKAR DAN SEBAGAINYA
◦ PENGALIHAN WANG DARI AKAUN ORANG LAIN
◦ MENDAPAT BARANAN ATAS TALIAN TANPA BAYAR
◦ MENDAPAT MAKLUMAT TAMNPA BAYARAN
◦ MENGALIHKAN PENGHANTARAN BARANGAN KE TEMPAT LAIN

24. 1.2.4.2 Explain briefly the computer crimes below:
 COMPUTER ATTACK MAY BE DEFINED AS ANY ACTIVITIES TAKEN TO DISRUPT
THE EQUIPMENT OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS, CHANGE PROCESSING CONTROL OR
CORRUPT STORED DATA.
 COMPUTER ATTACK CAN BE IN THE FORMS OF:
 PHYSICAL ATTACK THAT DISRUPT THE COMPUTER FACILITY OR ITS
TRANSMISSION LINES.
 AN ELECTRONIC ATTACK THAT USES THE POWER OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
ENERGY TO OVERLOAD COMPUTER CIRCUITRY.
 A COMPUTER NETWORK ATTACK THAT USES A MALICIOUS CODE TO EXPLOIT A
WEAKNESS IN SOFTWARE, OR IN THE COMPUTER SECURITY PRACTICES OF A
COMPUTER USER
 SERANGAN KOMPUTER DIDEFINISIKAN SEBAGAI AKTIVITI MENGGANGU
PERALATAN KOMPUTER , MENGUBAH KAWALAN DAN MEROSAKKAN DATA YANG
DISIMPAN. SERANGAN KOMPUTER BOLEH DALAM BENTUK
◦ SRANGAN FIZIKAL YANG MEROSAKKAN PERALATAN DAN TALIAN PENGHANTARAN
◦ SERANGAN ELEKTRONOK DI MANA BOLEH MENYEBABKAN KEROSAKAN ATAS PERALATAN
AKIBAT LEBIHAN KUASA.
 SERANGAN RANGKAIAN KOMPUTER DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN KOD SERANGAN
BAGI MENGEKSPLOIT KELEMAHAN PERISIAN DSBNYA

25.  1.3.1 Definition

26. 1.3.1.1 Define Computer security.
 COMPUTERS SECURITY MEANS
PROTECTING OUR COMPUTER SYSTEMS
AND THE INFORMATION THEY CONTAINS
AGAINST UNWANTED ACCESS, DAMAGE,
DESTRUCTION OR MODIFICATION.
 KESELAMATAN KOMPUTER BERMAKSUD
MELINDUNGI SISTEM KOMPUTER DAN
MAKLUMAT DI DALAMNYA DARIPADA
AKSES YANG TIDAK DIBENARKAN,
KEROSAKAN DAN PENGUBAHAN

27. 1.3.2.1 Explain briefly the different threats to computer security:
 MALICIOUS CODE IS ALSO KNOWN AS A ROUGE PROGRAM. IT IS A
TREAT TO COMPUTING ASSETS BY CAUSING UNDESIRED EFFECTS IN
THE PROGRAMMER’S PART. THE EFFECT CAUSE BY AGENT, WITH
THE INTENTION TO CAUSE DAMAGE. THE AGENT FOR MALICIOUS
CODE IS THE WRITER OF THE CODE, OR ANY PERSON WHO CAUSES
ITS DISTRIBUTION. THERE ARE VARIOUS KINDS OF MALICIOUS CODE.
THEY INCLUDE VIRUS, TROJAN HORSE, LOGIC DOOR, TRAPDOOR
AND BACKDOOR, WORM AND MANY OTHERS.
 KOD MALICIOUS JUGA DIKENALI SEBAGAI PROGRAM PEMECAH. IA
MENGGANGU ASET KOMPUTER DENGAN MENYEBABKAN
KEROSAKAN. AGEN KOD INI AKAN MENGUBAH KOD YANG TERDAPAT
DALAM PROGRAM DAN MEROSAKKAN KOMPUTER DENGAN
KESANNYA SEPERTI GANGGUAN KEPADA PERJALANAN PROGRAM.
CONTOHNYA TROJAN HORSE, LOGIC DOOR, TRAPDOOR DAN
BACKDOOR, WORM(CECACING) DAN BANYAK LAGI

28. 1.3.2.1 Explain briefly the different threats to computer security:
 HACKING IS A SOURCE OF THREAT TO SECURITY IN COMPUTER. IT IS
DEFINED AS UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS TO THE COMPUTER SYSTEM BY A
HACKER.
 HACKERS ARE PERSONS WHO LEARN ABOUT THE COMPUTER SYSTEM IN
DETAIL. THEY WRITE PROGRAM REFERRED TO AS HACKS. HACKERS MAY
USE A MODEM OR CABLE TO HACK THE TARGETED COMPUTERS.
 HACKING ADALAH SUMBER GANGGUAN KEPADA KESELAMATAN DALAM
KOMPUTER. IA BOLEH DIISTILAHKAN SEBAGAI AKSES TANPA KEBENARAN
KEPADA SISTEM KOMPUTER OLEH ORANG YANG DIKENALI SEBAGAI
HACKER. HACKER ADALAH ORANG YANG ADA KEPANDAIAN TENTANG
SISTEM KOMPUTER. MEREKA MENULIS PROGRAM KOMPUTER
BERDASARKAN PENGGUNAAN MODEM DAN KABEL UNTUK MEROSAKKAN
KOMPUTER.
 ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTER . BE IT AT HOME, STORES, OFFICES AND
ALSO AUTOMOBILES. EXAMPLES OF NATURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
DISASTERS:
 FLOOD
 FIRE
 EARTHQUAKES, STORMS AND TORNADOS
 EXCESSIVE HEAT
 INADEQUATE POWER SUPPLY
 BENCANA ALAM ADALAH JUGA SATU CARA YANG MEROSAKKAN
KOMPUTER. CONTOHNYA BANJIR, TANAH RUNTUH, GEMPA BUMI DAN
SEBAGAINYA.

29. 1.3.3.1 Select the appropriate security measures to overcome the identified
computer threats.
 Data Backup :
 Cryptography
 Anti virus
 Anti spyware
 Firewall
 Human Aspects

30. 1.3.3.2 Apply the correct security procedures.
DATA BACKUP :
 SALINAN FAIL ATAU PROGRAM DALAM BENTUK CD ATAU DVD, DISKET ATAU CAKERA
KERAS
CRYPTOGRAPHY
 PROSES MENYEMBUNYIKAN MAKLUMAT DENGAN MENGUBAH MAKLUMAT DALAM
BENTUK YANG LAIN TETAPI DIFAHAMI OLEH EMPUNYANYA.
ANTI VIRUS
 MENGGUNAKAN PERISIAN ANTI VIRUS. CONTOH KASPERSKY, AVD, PANDA DAN
SEBAGAINYA
ANTI SPYWARE
 PERISIAN YANG MELINDUNGI KOMPUTER DARIPADA PERISIKAN LUAR MELAUI ATAS
TALIAN DIMANA SPYWARE AKAN MENCURI MAKLUMAT PENTING PENGGUNA SEPERTI
NO PIN BANK DAN SEBAGAINYA.
FIREWALL
 MELINDUNGI KOMPUTER BERDASARKAN POLISI KESELAMATAN. BOLEH BERBENTUK
PERKAKASAN ATAU PERISIAN. 3 JENISIAITU
 SCREENING ROUTERS- RINGKAS, HANYA MELIHAT ALAMAT DAN JENIS PROTOCOL.
 PROXY GATEWAY- RUMIT, MLIHAT KESELURUHAN TEKS
 GUARD-LEBIH RUMIT, JUGA MELIHAT KESELURUHAN TEKS
HUMAN ASPECTS
 MERUJUK KEPADA PENGGUNA DAN JUGA PENGGANGU DALAM SISTEM KOMPUTER.

32.  1.4.1 Impact of ICT on Society

33. 1.4..1.1 Impact of ICT on Society
POSITIVE IMPACT
 FASTER COMMUNICATION SPEED . WITH THE INTERNET, NEWS OR MESSAGE ARE
SEND VIA E-MAIL TO ANYONE EFFICIENTLY. WITH THE CAPABILITY OF BROADBAND AND
SPEED OF CONNECTION ON THE INTERNET, ANY INFORMATION CAN BE TRAVEL FASTER.
 LOWER COMMUNICATION COST . WITH THE INTERNET, WE DO NOT HAVE TO PAY ANY
BASIC SERVICES PROVIDED BY IN THE INTERNET. FURTHERMORE, THE COST OF THE
CONNECTION TO THE INTERNET IS RELATIVELY CHEAP.
 IPEOPLE CAN SHARE OPINION FROM INFORMATION THROUGH DISCUSSION
GROUP AND FORUMS THROUGH INTERNET.
 INFORMATION CAN BE STORED AND RETRIEVED THROUGH THE DIGITAL MEDIUM
INSTEAD OF PAPER. (PAPERLESS ENVIRONMENT)
 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION CAN BE BORDERLESS THROUGH
INTERNET.
BY USING INTERNET, PEOPLE ALL AROUND THE WORLD CAN BE CONNECTED THROUGH
EACH OTHER.
IMPAK POSITIF
 KELAJUAN KOMUNIKASI YANG CEPAT – MELALUI INERNET, BERITA ATAU MESEJ
MENERUSI EMAIL AKAN LEBIH CEPAT DAN PANTAS.
 KOS KOMUNIKSI YANG RENDAH – DENGAN INTERNET, KITA TIDAK PERLU MEMBUAT
PEMBAYARAN ASAS PERKHIDMATAN.
 MANUSIA BOLEH BERKONGSI MAKLUMAT – MELALUI FORUM INTERNET
 PENYIMPAN MAKLUMAT BOLEH DIBUAT DAN TANPA KERTAS
 DUNIA TANPA SEMPADAN – DENGAN INTERNET , MANUSIA BOLEH BERHUBUNG
DENGAN SEMUA ORANG DI DUNIA DENGAN MUDAH

34. NEGATIVE IMPACT
 Borderless information at time can be negative because it
courage people to access pornography and violence
website. It can cause low moral values. It also can created
problems such as gambling, information theft and fraud.
 Computers can harms users if they use for long hours
frequently
KESAN NEGATIF
 MAKLUMAT TANPA SEMPADAN KADANGKALA ADALAH
NEGATIF – CONTOHNYA MENGGALAKKAN PORNOGRAFI DAN
KEGANASAN
 KOMPUTER MENGGANGGU KESIHATAN JIKA DIGUNAKAN
TERLALU LAMA.

35. Choose ONE of the following topics:
 Copyright and Piracy from Moral and Legal
Standpoints.
 Lack of Security and its Effects on
Industry/Economy/ Government.
 Malaysian Cyber Law, Electronic Government
Law.
 Phishing
 Virus (Trojan Horse, Salami Attack)
 Hacking
 Security Measures (Biometrics, Authentication

36.  DIGITAL SIGNATURE ACT 1997
 TELEMEDICINE ACT 1997
 COMPUTER CRIME ACT 1997
 COMMUNICATION AND MULTIMEDIA ACT
19989