Este documento proporciona una visión general de la electroquímica, incluyendo reacciones redox, números de oxidación, oxidantes y reductores, pilas voltaicas y potenciales de reducción. Explica conceptos clave como oxidación, reducción, agentes oxidantes y reductores. También incluye ejemplos de cálculo de números de oxidación y ajuste de reacciones redox.
There are three main types of batteries:
1) Primary cells, also known as batteries, undergo irreversible chemical reactions.
2) Secondary cells have chemical reactions that can be reversed through charging, allowing them to be recharged.
3) Flow batteries and fuel cells have materials that pass through the battery and undergo chemical reactions to produce electricity.
Iron is the second most common metal in the Earth's crust. It can be extracted from iron ore using a blast furnace. In a blast furnace, carbon monoxide is used to reduce iron(III) oxide to iron. Limestone is also added to remove impurities through chemical reactions that produce slag. The high temperatures needed for the extraction reactions are provided by coke or carbon in the blast furnace.
The document provides information about grade 10 IGCSE chemistry content related to properties and reactions of metals. It discusses distinguishing metals from non-metals, reactivity series, extraction of metals like iron from ores, and uses of metals such as aluminum and zinc. It also describes physical and chemical properties of metals, structure and properties of alloys, and reactions of metals with water, steam, and acids to determine reactivity order.
Este documento proporciona una visión general de la electroquímica, incluyendo reacciones redox, números de oxidación, oxidantes y reductores, pilas voltaicas y potenciales de reducción. Explica conceptos clave como oxidación, reducción, agentes oxidantes y reductores. También incluye ejemplos de cálculo de números de oxidación y ajuste de reacciones redox.
There are three main types of batteries:
1) Primary cells, also known as batteries, undergo irreversible chemical reactions.
2) Secondary cells have chemical reactions that can be reversed through charging, allowing them to be recharged.
3) Flow batteries and fuel cells have materials that pass through the battery and undergo chemical reactions to produce electricity.
Iron is the second most common metal in the Earth's crust. It can be extracted from iron ore using a blast furnace. In a blast furnace, carbon monoxide is used to reduce iron(III) oxide to iron. Limestone is also added to remove impurities through chemical reactions that produce slag. The high temperatures needed for the extraction reactions are provided by coke or carbon in the blast furnace.
The document provides information about grade 10 IGCSE chemistry content related to properties and reactions of metals. It discusses distinguishing metals from non-metals, reactivity series, extraction of metals like iron from ores, and uses of metals such as aluminum and zinc. It also describes physical and chemical properties of metals, structure and properties of alloys, and reactions of metals with water, steam, and acids to determine reactivity order.
The major method for producing sodium hydroxide is through the electrolysis of brine, which produces chloride gas, hydrogen gas, and sodium hydroxide. There are three main processes for this electrolysis: the mercury cell process, the diaphragm cell process, and the membrane cell process. The membrane cell process is now the most commonly used method due to its low energy requirement and production of pure sodium hydroxide without hazardous waste.
This document provides an overview of electrochemistry and electrochemical cells. It defines key terms like oxidation, reduction, anode, and cathode. Oxidation occurs at the anode and involves losing electrons, while reduction occurs at the cathode and involves gaining electrons. Electrochemical cells convert chemical energy to electrical energy through redox reactions. A simple cell consists of two electrodes connected by a wire submerged in an electrolyte. Several examples of simple cells are described using zinc, iron or copper electrodes reacting with hydrogen ions in solution.
Este documento resume los principales factores que determinan el voltaje requerido en una celda de electrometalurgia para la refinación de cobre. Explica que el voltaje depende del potencial de reacción, los sobrepotenciales en el ánodo y cátodo, la resistencia del electrolito y las caídas de tensión en los contactos. El voltaje total requerido suele estar entre 1.8 y 2.5 voltios, siendo la descomposición del cobre el factor más importante que requiere alrededor del 45% del voltaje
Las pilas contienen sustancias tóxicas como el mercurio y el cadmio que contaminan el agua y representan un riesgo para la salud humana. Al desechar las pilas en la basura común, sus componentes químicos pueden filtrarse al suelo y al agua subterránea, y eventualmente llegar a mares y océanos, contaminando grandes extensiones de agua y la vida marina. Es importante reciclar adecuadamente las pilas y baterías usadas para prevenir este problema.
Electrometallurgy uses electrolysis to extract metals from their ores. Key points:
- Electrolysis uses electricity to reduce metal ions at the cathode. Common metals extracted this way include aluminum, magnesium, zinc, and copper.
- Electrowinning is the electrolytic extraction of metals from aqueous solutions produced via leaching. This is used for copper extraction through a series of tanks with alternating anodes and cathodes.
- Molten salt electrolysis can extract reactive metals like sodium and is advantageous due to operating at high temperatures in a non-aqueous medium.
Corrosion Under Insulation Inspection In Ammonia Urea PlantAsirul Hoq
This document discusses corrosion under insulation (CUI) inspection planning for an ammonia and urea plant. It defines CUI and outlines the susceptible materials, temperature ranges, mechanisms, and locations. It provides details on organizing the inspection work, developing a schedule, selecting inspection types, and identifying at-risk equipment. Pipeline CUI is also addressed, highlighting common locations and examples found. The conclusion emphasizes the challenges of CUI detection and recommends design improvements and coatings to reduce corrosion risks over the long-term.
Introduction to electrochemistry by t. haraToru Hara
This document provides an introduction to electrochemistry. It discusses how electrochemistry involves the conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy, as in primary batteries where a spontaneous reaction between zinc and copper electrodes produces a flow of electrons. It also discusses the reverse process of converting electrical energy to chemical energy, as in secondary batteries that can be recharged. Key concepts covered include oxidation, reduction, standard reduction potentials, anodes, cathodes, and how electrochemical cells work through balanced redox reactions while conserving mass and charge.
This document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals are generally solid, malleable, and good conductors, while non-metals can be solid, liquid, or gas and are not malleable. It also explains how metals react with oxygen, water, and acids, forming ionic compounds. Common extraction methods are outlined, such as electrolysis for reactive metals and roasting/reduction for others. The document concludes by discussing corrosion prevention through methods like galvanization and alloying.
1. Corrosion is the degradation of materials like steel through chemical or electrochemical reaction with surrounding media like water and oxygen, forming rust (iron hydroxide).
2. Several types of corrosion are described, including uniform corrosion, galvanic corrosion, crevice corrosion, pitting corrosion, erosion corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, fatigue corrosion, and microbiologically influenced corrosion.
3. Methods to mitigate corrosion include protective coatings like paint and cathodic protection systems that use sacrificial anodes or impressed current to redirect corrosion to the anode from the protected structure. Surface preparation, coating selection, application, and achieving the proper dry film thickness are important.
The document discusses extractive metallurgy processes for zinc extraction. It describes the major zinc ores and details several pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical extraction processes. The key processes are roasting to produce zinc oxide from zinc sulfide ores, followed by leaching and electrolysis to recover zinc. Approximately 80% of zinc is produced via hydrometallurgical routes like roast-leach-electrowinning.
Corrosion in oil and gas operations can be caused by various factors including salt water, H2S, CO2, oxygen, bacteria, pH, temperature, and pressure. Different types of corrosion include galvanic, crevice, pitting, stress corrosion, and erosion corrosion. Proper materials selection and corrosion management strategies are needed to prevent corrosion from negatively impacting well integrity and operations over the life of a well.
HSSC Second year Chemistry course slides for Federal Board Pakistan, lectures by Dr. Raja Hashim Ali (also available on Youtube as lecture videos).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C65jIcLKN4Q
El calcio fue descubierto en 1808 por Humphry Davy mediante la electrólisis de una amalgama de mercurio y cal. Es un elemento importante que forma parte de los huesos y dientes y ayuda a controlar la composición de los fluidos corporales. Se encuentra de forma natural en la corteza terrestre y se ingiere principalmente a través de los lácteos.
This document discusses cathodic protection, which uses electric current to control corrosion of buried or submerged metal structures. It specifically focuses on impressed current cathodic protection. Impressed current systems use anodes connected to a DC power source to apply an external current and move the metal surface to a negative potential where it is protected from corrosion. Some key applications discussed include pipelines, ships, offshore platforms, and galvanized steel. The document provides a brief history of cathodic protection and describes the basic corrosion reactions and how impressed current systems work to prevent corrosion.
Este documento describe los aspectos técnicos y de seguridad de las plantas de electrodeposición. Explica los riesgos de trabajar con sistemas energizados y los efectos de la corriente eléctrica en el cuerpo humano. También analiza las fugas de corriente en las celdas y recomienda medidas como inspecciones periódicas y construir las celdas sobre suelos arenosos para minimizar dichas fugas.
The document discusses the physical and chemical properties of Group IV elements and their compounds. It covers:
1) The variation in properties like melting point, electrical conductivity down the group due to changes in bonding and structure.
2) The tetrachlorides of Group IV elements which are volatile liquids that hydrolyze in water, with reactivity increasing down the group.
3) The two types of oxides formed - monoxides and dioxides. Their structures, acid-base properties and thermal stability are explained.
4) The relative stability of the +2 and +4 oxidation states decreases and increases down the group respectively. This affects the redox behavior of the elements.
The document discusses various electrolytic processes including electrolysis of molten aluminum and electroplating of gold, silver, and lead. It explains that electrolysis uses electricity to drive chemical reactions like the reduction of aluminum ions to produce aluminum metal at the cathode. Impure metals can also be refined through electrorefining which uses electrolysis to oxidize impurities at the anode while reducing the desired metal at the cathode.
Este documento resume las propiedades de los metales alcalinos, incluyendo el litio, sodio, potasio, rubidio, cesio y francio. Todos pertenecen al grupo 1A de la tabla periódica y tienen un solo electrón en su capa más externa. Se obtienen por electrólisis de sales fundidas. Se describen usos comunes como componentes de baterías, jabones, vidrios y fertilizantes.
Pile, batterie, accumulatori: chi li ha inventati, come funzionano, usi, vantaggi e svantaggi dei diversi tipi. Presentazione di Alessandro Z., 2^ ist. tecn. A.F.&M., 2016.
The major method for producing sodium hydroxide is through the electrolysis of brine, which produces chloride gas, hydrogen gas, and sodium hydroxide. There are three main processes for this electrolysis: the mercury cell process, the diaphragm cell process, and the membrane cell process. The membrane cell process is now the most commonly used method due to its low energy requirement and production of pure sodium hydroxide without hazardous waste.
This document provides an overview of electrochemistry and electrochemical cells. It defines key terms like oxidation, reduction, anode, and cathode. Oxidation occurs at the anode and involves losing electrons, while reduction occurs at the cathode and involves gaining electrons. Electrochemical cells convert chemical energy to electrical energy through redox reactions. A simple cell consists of two electrodes connected by a wire submerged in an electrolyte. Several examples of simple cells are described using zinc, iron or copper electrodes reacting with hydrogen ions in solution.
Este documento resume los principales factores que determinan el voltaje requerido en una celda de electrometalurgia para la refinación de cobre. Explica que el voltaje depende del potencial de reacción, los sobrepotenciales en el ánodo y cátodo, la resistencia del electrolito y las caídas de tensión en los contactos. El voltaje total requerido suele estar entre 1.8 y 2.5 voltios, siendo la descomposición del cobre el factor más importante que requiere alrededor del 45% del voltaje
Las pilas contienen sustancias tóxicas como el mercurio y el cadmio que contaminan el agua y representan un riesgo para la salud humana. Al desechar las pilas en la basura común, sus componentes químicos pueden filtrarse al suelo y al agua subterránea, y eventualmente llegar a mares y océanos, contaminando grandes extensiones de agua y la vida marina. Es importante reciclar adecuadamente las pilas y baterías usadas para prevenir este problema.
Electrometallurgy uses electrolysis to extract metals from their ores. Key points:
- Electrolysis uses electricity to reduce metal ions at the cathode. Common metals extracted this way include aluminum, magnesium, zinc, and copper.
- Electrowinning is the electrolytic extraction of metals from aqueous solutions produced via leaching. This is used for copper extraction through a series of tanks with alternating anodes and cathodes.
- Molten salt electrolysis can extract reactive metals like sodium and is advantageous due to operating at high temperatures in a non-aqueous medium.
Corrosion Under Insulation Inspection In Ammonia Urea PlantAsirul Hoq
This document discusses corrosion under insulation (CUI) inspection planning for an ammonia and urea plant. It defines CUI and outlines the susceptible materials, temperature ranges, mechanisms, and locations. It provides details on organizing the inspection work, developing a schedule, selecting inspection types, and identifying at-risk equipment. Pipeline CUI is also addressed, highlighting common locations and examples found. The conclusion emphasizes the challenges of CUI detection and recommends design improvements and coatings to reduce corrosion risks over the long-term.
Introduction to electrochemistry by t. haraToru Hara
This document provides an introduction to electrochemistry. It discusses how electrochemistry involves the conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy, as in primary batteries where a spontaneous reaction between zinc and copper electrodes produces a flow of electrons. It also discusses the reverse process of converting electrical energy to chemical energy, as in secondary batteries that can be recharged. Key concepts covered include oxidation, reduction, standard reduction potentials, anodes, cathodes, and how electrochemical cells work through balanced redox reactions while conserving mass and charge.
This document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals are generally solid, malleable, and good conductors, while non-metals can be solid, liquid, or gas and are not malleable. It also explains how metals react with oxygen, water, and acids, forming ionic compounds. Common extraction methods are outlined, such as electrolysis for reactive metals and roasting/reduction for others. The document concludes by discussing corrosion prevention through methods like galvanization and alloying.
1. Corrosion is the degradation of materials like steel through chemical or electrochemical reaction with surrounding media like water and oxygen, forming rust (iron hydroxide).
2. Several types of corrosion are described, including uniform corrosion, galvanic corrosion, crevice corrosion, pitting corrosion, erosion corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, fatigue corrosion, and microbiologically influenced corrosion.
3. Methods to mitigate corrosion include protective coatings like paint and cathodic protection systems that use sacrificial anodes or impressed current to redirect corrosion to the anode from the protected structure. Surface preparation, coating selection, application, and achieving the proper dry film thickness are important.
The document discusses extractive metallurgy processes for zinc extraction. It describes the major zinc ores and details several pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical extraction processes. The key processes are roasting to produce zinc oxide from zinc sulfide ores, followed by leaching and electrolysis to recover zinc. Approximately 80% of zinc is produced via hydrometallurgical routes like roast-leach-electrowinning.
Corrosion in oil and gas operations can be caused by various factors including salt water, H2S, CO2, oxygen, bacteria, pH, temperature, and pressure. Different types of corrosion include galvanic, crevice, pitting, stress corrosion, and erosion corrosion. Proper materials selection and corrosion management strategies are needed to prevent corrosion from negatively impacting well integrity and operations over the life of a well.
HSSC Second year Chemistry course slides for Federal Board Pakistan, lectures by Dr. Raja Hashim Ali (also available on Youtube as lecture videos).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C65jIcLKN4Q
El calcio fue descubierto en 1808 por Humphry Davy mediante la electrólisis de una amalgama de mercurio y cal. Es un elemento importante que forma parte de los huesos y dientes y ayuda a controlar la composición de los fluidos corporales. Se encuentra de forma natural en la corteza terrestre y se ingiere principalmente a través de los lácteos.
This document discusses cathodic protection, which uses electric current to control corrosion of buried or submerged metal structures. It specifically focuses on impressed current cathodic protection. Impressed current systems use anodes connected to a DC power source to apply an external current and move the metal surface to a negative potential where it is protected from corrosion. Some key applications discussed include pipelines, ships, offshore platforms, and galvanized steel. The document provides a brief history of cathodic protection and describes the basic corrosion reactions and how impressed current systems work to prevent corrosion.
Este documento describe los aspectos técnicos y de seguridad de las plantas de electrodeposición. Explica los riesgos de trabajar con sistemas energizados y los efectos de la corriente eléctrica en el cuerpo humano. También analiza las fugas de corriente en las celdas y recomienda medidas como inspecciones periódicas y construir las celdas sobre suelos arenosos para minimizar dichas fugas.
The document discusses the physical and chemical properties of Group IV elements and their compounds. It covers:
1) The variation in properties like melting point, electrical conductivity down the group due to changes in bonding and structure.
2) The tetrachlorides of Group IV elements which are volatile liquids that hydrolyze in water, with reactivity increasing down the group.
3) The two types of oxides formed - monoxides and dioxides. Their structures, acid-base properties and thermal stability are explained.
4) The relative stability of the +2 and +4 oxidation states decreases and increases down the group respectively. This affects the redox behavior of the elements.
The document discusses various electrolytic processes including electrolysis of molten aluminum and electroplating of gold, silver, and lead. It explains that electrolysis uses electricity to drive chemical reactions like the reduction of aluminum ions to produce aluminum metal at the cathode. Impure metals can also be refined through electrorefining which uses electrolysis to oxidize impurities at the anode while reducing the desired metal at the cathode.
Este documento resume las propiedades de los metales alcalinos, incluyendo el litio, sodio, potasio, rubidio, cesio y francio. Todos pertenecen al grupo 1A de la tabla periódica y tienen un solo electrón en su capa más externa. Se obtienen por electrólisis de sales fundidas. Se describen usos comunes como componentes de baterías, jabones, vidrios y fertilizantes.
Pile, batterie, accumulatori: chi li ha inventati, come funzionano, usi, vantaggi e svantaggi dei diversi tipi. Presentazione di Alessandro Z., 2^ ist. tecn. A.F.&M., 2016.
Corso di metallurgia non ferrosa: il rame Assofermet, 9-5-2017IstitutoRame
Presso la sede di Assofermet a Milano si è tenuto un corso sul rame. Gli argomenti
1 - Caratteristiche generali
2 - Designazione e normative; leghe da fonderia e deforamzione plastica
3 - Processi di produzione, primari e secondari
4 - Metallurgia e trattamenti delle leghe
5 - Proprietà e applicazioni
8. Una pasta gelatinosa umida formata dal biossido di manganese, miscelato a del cloruro d’ammonio fungente da catodo (+)Zn -> Zn2+ + 2 e- Eo = - 0,76 V 2 MnO2 + 2 NH4+ + 2 e- -> 2 MnO(OH) + 2 NH3 Eo = + 0,75 V Zn + 2 MnO2 + 2 NH4+ -> Zn2+ + 2 MnO(OH) + 2 NH3 Eo = + 1,51 V
9. Pila Weston La cella Weston è una cella a ddp nota, la cui ddp varia pochissimo se essa viene utilizzata e anche se cambia la temperatura. 1 = soluzione satura di CdSO4 (solfato di cadmio) 2 = cristalli di 3 CdSO4.8 H2O 3 = pasta di Hg2SO4 e Hg 4 = Hg 5 = amalgama 10-13% Cd/Hg DE/°C (4x10-5 Volt/°C) Cdamalg. -> Cd2+ + 2 e- Hg2SO4 + 2 e- -> 2 Hg + SO42- Eo = + 1,0183 V
10. Accumulatore alcalino Le batterie alcaline sono l'evoluzione delle pile a secco. Sostanzialmente la loro struttura è identica. Tuttavia le batterie alcaline utilizzano una pasta, alcalina appunto, di idrossido di potassio (KOH) come elettrolita. Questa innovazione è fondamentale e ha il vantaggio di non produrre gas durante il funzionamento e di non avere cadute di tensione. Zn + 2 OH- -> ZnO + H2O + 2 e- MnO2 + 2 H2O + 2 e- -> Mn(OH)2 + 2 OH- Zn + MnO2 + H2O -> ZnO + Mn(OH)2
11. Batteria al mercurio e ad argento Le batterie a mercurio hanno tipicamente una forma “a bottone”. Utilizzano un anodo di zinco e un catodo di acciaio e l'elettrolita è sempre una pasta alcalina di idrossido di potassio (KOH). La differenza di potenziale ai poli è di 1,3 V. Le batterie ad argento sono molto simili a quelle a mercurio. Utilizzano un anodo di zinco e un catodo di argento e l'elettrolita è sempre una pasta alcalina di idrossido di potassio (KOH). La differenza di potenziale ai poli è di 1,6 V
12. Accumulatori al piombo Internamente questa batteria è costituita da lamine di piombo che si alternano a lamine di diossido di piombo (PbO2). Queste lamine sono immerse nella soluzione di acido solforico. Le lamine di piombo, collegate tra di loro costituiscono il polo negativo della batteria mentre quelle di diossido di piombo, anch’esse collegate tra di loro, quello negativo. Eo = + 2V
13. Accumulatori al nichel-metallo idruro Le batterie al nichel-metallo idruro (NiMH) stanno ormai sostituendo le vecchie batterie al nichel-cadmio (NiCd), più tossiche e meno efficienti. All’anodo abbiamo l’ossidazione dell’idrogeno assorbito su leghe metalliche di nichel, al catodo abbiamo la riduzione del nichel (III) e l'elettrolita è sempre una pasta basica di idrossido di potassio. La differenza di potenziale ai poli è di 1,2 V MH + OH- -> M + H2O + e- NiO(OH) + H2O + e- -> Ni(OH) 2 + OH- MH + NiO(OH) -> M + Ni(OH)2 Eo = + 1,2 V
14. Accumulatori al litio I moderni accumulatori al litio sono potenti e leggeri, anche se ancora relativamente costosi. All’anodo abbiamo degli atomi di litio “immersi” in strati di grafite, il catodo è un suo sale (solitamente LiMn2O4) e l'elettrolita è una soluzione di perclorato di litio LiClO4 in etilencarbonato C2H4CO3, un solvente organico. La differenza di potenziale ai poli è di 3,7 V. Lix -> x Li+ + x e- Li1-xMn2O4 + x Li+ + x e- -> LiMn2O4 Lix + Li1-xMn2O4 -> LiMn2O4
15. Celle a combustione Una pila a combustibile è un dispositivo elettrochimico che permette di ottenere elettricità direttamente da certe sostanze, senza che avvenga alcun processo di combustione termica. La reazione elettrochimica si basa sull'idea di spezzare le molecole del combustibile o del comburente in ioni positivi ed elettroni; questi ultimi, passando da un circuito esterno, forniscono una corrente elettrica proporzionale alla velocità della reazione chimica, e utilizzabile per qualsiasi scopo.
![Pila di Volta Nel 1799 Alessandro Volta riprese gli studi di Luigi Galvani sulla Corrente elettrica, riuscendo a realizzare la prima pila (oggi detta voltaica), con i seguenti costituenti: ,[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)