This document summarizes a 2013 survey of prey populations in Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh, India. Chital were found to be the most abundant prey species with a density estimate of 69.36/km2. Other prey densities estimated included sambar at 4.85/km2, nilgai at 3.92/km2, and wild pig at 3.05/km2. Using estimated densities and biomass calculations, the total biomass in the sanctuary was estimated to be 3657.97 kg/km2. Analysis showed that the chital population has been increasing exponentially since 2005 at a realized growth rate of 0.35, close to the intrinsic growth rate, suggesting good management
Prey selection, food habits and dietary overlap between leopard and reintrodu...Subhadeep Bhattacharjee
This study examined prey selection and dietary overlap between leopards and reintroduced tigers in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Western India after tigers were reintroduced in 2008-2009. Analysis of leopard scat showed their diet consisted mainly of sambar, chital, nilgai, cattle, langur, peafowl, rodents, wild pig and hare. Tiger scat analysis found their diet consisted primarily of sambar, chital, cattle, nilgai and langur. Both predators utilized and preferred similar prey species. However, they differed in prey selection by sex and age class. The dietary overlap between leopards and tigers was very high at 94%. This suggests considerable
The study examined the impact of reintroducing tigers to Sariska Tiger Reserve on the resident leopard population. Camera trap data showed that the leopard density declined significantly from 7.6/100 km2 before tiger reintroduction in 2008 to 3.1/100 km2 in 2010 after tigers were reintroduced. Analysis of camera trap photos also indicated that leopards and tigers partitioned their use of space and time after tigers returned - the probability of leopard site use declined while tiger and leopard showed only 51% spatial co-occurrence. Leopards also shifted their activity time later by over 2 hours compared to before tiger reintroduction, indicating temporal partitioning from tigers. The study suggests re
This document summarizes a study on the population status of the Indian Flying Fox (Pteropus giganteus) in the lowlands of eastern Nepal. The researchers located 5 colonies total, with populations ranging from 71 to 1902 individuals. They observed the bats roosting in 11 tree species. Through surveys of local people, they found the major threats to the species are habitat destruction, electrocution, and human disturbance. Reasons for hunting included use in medicine and for bushmeat. The researchers recommend awareness programs and ongoing monitoring to help conserve the species outside protected areas in eastern Nepal.
Studies on the distributional pattern and habitat utilization pattern by Indi...Mridul Bora
Leopards are the members of Felidae family. Leopards are found in all over the glob. Assam of India has a stable population of leopard. Moreover Nilachal hill of Guwahati metro has also recorded a stable population of leopard.
Biomass and Carbon Stock Assessment in Moist Deciduous Forests of Doon Valley...Dr. Mohommad Shahid
The study was conducted in the three forest ranges of Dehra Dun Forest Division of Doon Valley, Western Himalaya,
India. Biomass and carbon status in the moist deciduous forest were estimated using volumetric equations. A total of 150 quadrats
were laid in the study sites. The biomass ranged from 338.40 Mg ha-1 to 438.17 Mg ha-1 and carbon stocks from 169.20 Mg ha-1 to
219.08 Mg ha-1 in different study sites. The study concludes that moist deciduous forests of Doon Valley have the potential for
carbon sequestration. The study sites are also experiencing lot of anthropogenic pressures from the villages at the forest fringes.
The document provides a report on a field study tour to Gorumara National Park and Sillery Gaon in West Bengal. It includes an introduction describing the purpose of studying biodiversity in forests. Tables list the avian and plant species observed in each area. Gorumara National Park is located at a lower altitude and contains tropical forests, while Sillery Gaon in the higher altitude Neora Valley National Park contains sub-tropical forests. Threats to the forests include poaching, fuelwood collection, and grazing. The tour schedule and accompanying students and teachers are also noted.
This document summarizes a study that recorded a new butterfly species, Euploea radamanthus radamanthus, in the Dudpukuria-Dhopachari wildlife sanctuary in Bangladesh. A total of 64 butterfly species from 7 families were recorded during the study period from October 2013 to June 2014. Euploea radamanthus radamanthus is newly documented as occurring in Bangladesh based on photographs taken of the species mud puddling in the sanctuary. This adds to the knowledge of butterfly diversity and distribution in Bangladesh.
Prey selection, food habits and dietary overlap between leopard and reintrodu...Subhadeep Bhattacharjee
This study examined prey selection and dietary overlap between leopards and reintroduced tigers in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Western India after tigers were reintroduced in 2008-2009. Analysis of leopard scat showed their diet consisted mainly of sambar, chital, nilgai, cattle, langur, peafowl, rodents, wild pig and hare. Tiger scat analysis found their diet consisted primarily of sambar, chital, cattle, nilgai and langur. Both predators utilized and preferred similar prey species. However, they differed in prey selection by sex and age class. The dietary overlap between leopards and tigers was very high at 94%. This suggests considerable
The study examined the impact of reintroducing tigers to Sariska Tiger Reserve on the resident leopard population. Camera trap data showed that the leopard density declined significantly from 7.6/100 km2 before tiger reintroduction in 2008 to 3.1/100 km2 in 2010 after tigers were reintroduced. Analysis of camera trap photos also indicated that leopards and tigers partitioned their use of space and time after tigers returned - the probability of leopard site use declined while tiger and leopard showed only 51% spatial co-occurrence. Leopards also shifted their activity time later by over 2 hours compared to before tiger reintroduction, indicating temporal partitioning from tigers. The study suggests re
This document summarizes a study on the population status of the Indian Flying Fox (Pteropus giganteus) in the lowlands of eastern Nepal. The researchers located 5 colonies total, with populations ranging from 71 to 1902 individuals. They observed the bats roosting in 11 tree species. Through surveys of local people, they found the major threats to the species are habitat destruction, electrocution, and human disturbance. Reasons for hunting included use in medicine and for bushmeat. The researchers recommend awareness programs and ongoing monitoring to help conserve the species outside protected areas in eastern Nepal.
Studies on the distributional pattern and habitat utilization pattern by Indi...Mridul Bora
Leopards are the members of Felidae family. Leopards are found in all over the glob. Assam of India has a stable population of leopard. Moreover Nilachal hill of Guwahati metro has also recorded a stable population of leopard.
Biomass and Carbon Stock Assessment in Moist Deciduous Forests of Doon Valley...Dr. Mohommad Shahid
The study was conducted in the three forest ranges of Dehra Dun Forest Division of Doon Valley, Western Himalaya,
India. Biomass and carbon status in the moist deciduous forest were estimated using volumetric equations. A total of 150 quadrats
were laid in the study sites. The biomass ranged from 338.40 Mg ha-1 to 438.17 Mg ha-1 and carbon stocks from 169.20 Mg ha-1 to
219.08 Mg ha-1 in different study sites. The study concludes that moist deciduous forests of Doon Valley have the potential for
carbon sequestration. The study sites are also experiencing lot of anthropogenic pressures from the villages at the forest fringes.
The document provides a report on a field study tour to Gorumara National Park and Sillery Gaon in West Bengal. It includes an introduction describing the purpose of studying biodiversity in forests. Tables list the avian and plant species observed in each area. Gorumara National Park is located at a lower altitude and contains tropical forests, while Sillery Gaon in the higher altitude Neora Valley National Park contains sub-tropical forests. Threats to the forests include poaching, fuelwood collection, and grazing. The tour schedule and accompanying students and teachers are also noted.
This document summarizes a study that recorded a new butterfly species, Euploea radamanthus radamanthus, in the Dudpukuria-Dhopachari wildlife sanctuary in Bangladesh. A total of 64 butterfly species from 7 families were recorded during the study period from October 2013 to June 2014. Euploea radamanthus radamanthus is newly documented as occurring in Bangladesh based on photographs taken of the species mud puddling in the sanctuary. This adds to the knowledge of butterfly diversity and distribution in Bangladesh.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In a single sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily design presentations.
Home range and resource selection of problem leopards translocated to foreste...Subhadeep Bhattacharjee
Two male leopards (SP1 and SP2) were captured from conflict areas outside Sariska Tiger Reserve and translocated to the reserve. SP1 had a home range of 84.3 km2 based on 100% MCP, while SP2's was 63.2 km2. Both leopards established home ranges within the reserve. Their resource use increased with Zizyphus mixed forest and Acacia mixed forest, and decreased with Anogeissus-dominated forest. They selected habitats with higher encounter rates of wild pig and nilgai, and avoided those with more chital and langur. The translocated leopards showed preference for natural vegetation and wild prey abundance over degraded habitats and
Dokumen tersebut merangkum berbagai informasi tentang berenang, mulai dari definisi berenang, kemampuan berenang pada berbagai makhluk hidup, sejarah berenang, empat gaya berenang utama (gaya bebas, gaya dada, gaya punggung, gaya kupu-kupu), pertandingan renang dan rekor dunia.
Monitoring of reintroduced tigers in Sariska tiger reserve_Sankar_et_al_2010Subhadeep Bhattacharjee
Three tigers were radio-collared and reintroduced into Sariska Tiger Reserve from Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve. Their home ranges were estimated to be 168.6 km2, 181.4 km2, and 223.4 km2. Prey density was estimated using line transects, with peafowl found to have the highest density. Tigers' diets were analyzed using 115 kills and 103 scat samples, finding they preyed mainly on sambar, chital, nilgai, livestock, and langur. It is proposed to restock Sariska with 5 tigers initially and supplement with 2 more every 3 years to achieve demographic viability.
How did you use media technologies in the construction and research, planning...fjwillicott
Finlay Willicott used various media technologies in the research, planning, construction, and evaluation stages of their coursework. For research, they used Google to research film posters, magazines, and conventions, and Edublogs to keep and display their work online. YouTube was used to watch film trailers for inspiration. An iPhone 5s and Olloclip lenses were used to film footage for a trailer. Premier Pro, After Effects, Photoshop, and InDesign were used to edit the trailer, photos, and magazine. For evaluation, PowerPoint, Slideshare, Prezi, ThingLink, and PollDaddy were used to analyze and display the work.
This document outlines several key conventions of the horror genre including setting, technical elements, iconography, narrative structure, character types, and common themes. It notes that horror stories often take place in isolated rural settings like farms, woods, or abandoned buildings. Technically, the camera work aims to disorient the viewer through shaky shots and editing creates tension. Iconography in props and monsters evoke fears. Narratives usually follow a hero on a mission to confront a villain and solve a problem, with standard character archetypes like victims and police officers. Common horror themes explore ideas like science experiments gone wrong and childhood trauma.
This document discusses time series prediction using reservoir computing. It introduces different types of non-stationarity that can occur in time series, including non-stationarity in mean, variance, and both mean and variance. It then describes four time series prediction tasks that will be used to evaluate different detrending techniques: three artificial tasks exhibiting different types of non-stationarity, and one natural task of predicting stock prices. The document provides background on reservoir computing and outlines the goals and structure of analyzing how detrending impacts time series prediction performance.
This document provides an overview of tiger conservation efforts in India, including:
1) It describes India's ambitious project to successfully reintroduce wild tigers back into Sariska Tiger Reserve, where poaching had eliminated the tiger population, through a recovery strategy developed with the Wildlife Institute of India.
2) The first litter of cubs born to one of the reintroduced tigers in Sariska in over 4 years since reintroduction is highlighted as a significant achievement, signifying the success of the conservation project.
3) Details are provided on the monitoring of the relocated tigers and the establishment of home ranges by the tigers in Sariska over the years since reintroduction began in 2008.
Glucocorticoid Stress Responses of Reintroduced Tigers in STR_Bhattacharjee e...Subhadeep Bhattacharjee
1) The document discusses a study that measured glucocorticoid stress hormone levels in fecal samples from reintroduced tigers in Sariska Tiger Reserve in India between 2011-2013.
2) The study found that tiger fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations were positively associated with anthropogenic disturbances like encounters with livestock and humans, proximity to roads, and efforts to kill livestock. Female tigers appeared more sensitive to disturbances than males.
3) Tiger fecal glucocorticoid levels were also positively related to the time spent in disturbed areas, suggesting anthropogenic activity is a source of stress. The presence of thousands of people and livestock within the reserve fragments habitat and brings tigers into conflict with humans
How many locations do we need per day to reliably describe the habitat use of...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that tracked the habitat use of two male rhinos translocated from Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary to Manas National Park in Assam, India as part of a program to reintroduce rhinos. Monitoring of the rhinos over two years through radio telemetry and direct observation found that they primarily used grasslands, swamps, and marshy areas, showing a preference for these habitats over woodlands. Analysis of one location per day still provided useful information on habitat use, though timing of observations influenced results for some habitats like water bodies. The study recommends continued monitoring, protection of preferred grassland habitats, and security measures in habitat areas to support conservation of translocated rhinos.
Dynamics of Human-Sloth Bear Conflict in Kanha-Pench CorridorAniruddha
A report on the study of the patterns and factors associated with human-sloth bear conflict, the quality of sloth bear habitat, and recommendations on reducing encounters in the Kanha-Pench Corridor area in Madhya Pradesh (India).
Base Line Data of Diversity of Family-Carabidae in pench Tiger Reserve (East)...dbpublications
Present study was conducted during the year 2012 - 2014 dealing with the exploration of beetle diversity from Pench Tiger Reserve (PTR), M. S. This is the first base line data created for PTR. Beetles were collected by routine methods, later identified up to species with standard key characters. Carabids are environmental indicators and their status affects ecological function. Twelve species of family –Carabidae are reported under nine genera belonging to seven sub- families. These sub-families are Licininae, Paussinae, Harpalinae, Scaritinae , Siagoninae, Anthiinae
and Panagaeinae and the species are Brachinus, Pheropsophus, Chlaenius, C. tricolor, C. velutinus, C. bioculatus, C. scapularis, Scarites, Eudema tomentosus, Siagona, Anthia sexguttata, and Pterostichus.
Investigation and review of Human Elephant Conflict in the Bardia – Katarniag...Michael Cordingley
This document discusses human-elephant conflict (HEC) in the Bardia-Katarniaghat Corridor between Bardia National Park in Nepal and Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary in India. It provides background on the elephant populations in Bardia National Park, estimating the population at around 70 elephants in 2001. It then describes the study site of the Bardia-Katarniaghat Corridor, which connects the two protected areas and contains a mosaic of forest and agricultural land. Finally, it outlines that the report aims to investigate the occurrence of HEC in the corridor and review current conflict alleviation efforts.
Modeling the occurrence and abundance of fishing cat in ctl, india (1)Shwetha Nair
A poster for the Young Ecologists Talk and Interact Conference 2016 explaining my research and results on status of fishing cats in the central terai landscape of India
A checklist of snakes observed in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh from March 2013 to September 2015 is documented here. Seventeen species of the snakes belonging to five families were recorded during the current study. All species of snakes were observed, photographed and released back to secure areas away from the human daily interference. In addition, road kills of snakes were also recorded along the forest trails and in urban areas. Out of all the species of snakes Xenochrophis piscator and Ptyas mucosa were found to be the most common snake followed by Amphiesma stolata and Oligodon arnensis .
The document summarizes a study on the conservation status of the Indian rock python in Deva Vatala National Park, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan from 2009-September 2009. Key findings include:
- The python was distributed across four localities within the park with a total estimated adult population of 27. Population density was highest in Chumb.
- Sightings were most common in July and August and during the day. Active dens were usually located near water sources.
- Major human-python conflicts involved livestock depredation, mostly of goats. Barmala had the highest rate of depredation. Depredation peaked in July-September.
Distribution, Threats and Conservation Strategies of Anurans at Central Arava...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document summarizes a study on the status of common leopards in and around Machiara National Park in Pakistan. The study found:
1) Through sightings and pugmark surveys, the presence of common leopards was confirmed at 23 locations within the park boundaries. An estimated population of 9 individual leopards was found inhabiting the area.
2) High levels of human disturbance from activities like grazing, fuelwood collection, and fodder cutting were measured along monitoring transects, indicating the park suffers from human encroachment.
3) Retaliatory killing by locals remains a threat, with an average of 1-2 leopards killed annually in the study area
This presentation contain the information regarding Project Tiger , its launch ,Tiger reserve in India and contain Census data 2006, 2010 & 2014. also census method is described. it also contain the various reason of decline in tiger population in india i.e habitat loss, Poaching etc. and also given subspecies of tiger and the role of tiger in the Ecosystem etc.
This document provides details on modeling population projections for tigers and their prey species in Kazakhstan under different habitat change scenarios over the next 50 years. Three scenarios are considered: no fire management, fire management, and water scarcity. Population growth models are developed for wild boar, Bukhara deer, and roe deer under each scenario. The potential for tiger population establishment and growth is then modeled based on prey availability projections. The objectives are to identify habitat changes, determine prey population recovery times, optimize tiger introduction timing, and evaluate impacts on source populations.
The elephant population in Kerala was estimated to be 3,054 based on a 2017 all-India synchronized elephant population estimation. The estimation was conducted from May 16th to 19th using the dung count method to determine elephant density of 0.32 elephants per square kilometer across Kerala's elephant habitat area of 9,675 square kilometers. Recently, the Kerala forest department decided to conduct another all-Kerala elephant population estimation in May 2022 using the same dung count method.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In a single sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily design presentations.
Home range and resource selection of problem leopards translocated to foreste...Subhadeep Bhattacharjee
Two male leopards (SP1 and SP2) were captured from conflict areas outside Sariska Tiger Reserve and translocated to the reserve. SP1 had a home range of 84.3 km2 based on 100% MCP, while SP2's was 63.2 km2. Both leopards established home ranges within the reserve. Their resource use increased with Zizyphus mixed forest and Acacia mixed forest, and decreased with Anogeissus-dominated forest. They selected habitats with higher encounter rates of wild pig and nilgai, and avoided those with more chital and langur. The translocated leopards showed preference for natural vegetation and wild prey abundance over degraded habitats and
Dokumen tersebut merangkum berbagai informasi tentang berenang, mulai dari definisi berenang, kemampuan berenang pada berbagai makhluk hidup, sejarah berenang, empat gaya berenang utama (gaya bebas, gaya dada, gaya punggung, gaya kupu-kupu), pertandingan renang dan rekor dunia.
Monitoring of reintroduced tigers in Sariska tiger reserve_Sankar_et_al_2010Subhadeep Bhattacharjee
Three tigers were radio-collared and reintroduced into Sariska Tiger Reserve from Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve. Their home ranges were estimated to be 168.6 km2, 181.4 km2, and 223.4 km2. Prey density was estimated using line transects, with peafowl found to have the highest density. Tigers' diets were analyzed using 115 kills and 103 scat samples, finding they preyed mainly on sambar, chital, nilgai, livestock, and langur. It is proposed to restock Sariska with 5 tigers initially and supplement with 2 more every 3 years to achieve demographic viability.
How did you use media technologies in the construction and research, planning...fjwillicott
Finlay Willicott used various media technologies in the research, planning, construction, and evaluation stages of their coursework. For research, they used Google to research film posters, magazines, and conventions, and Edublogs to keep and display their work online. YouTube was used to watch film trailers for inspiration. An iPhone 5s and Olloclip lenses were used to film footage for a trailer. Premier Pro, After Effects, Photoshop, and InDesign were used to edit the trailer, photos, and magazine. For evaluation, PowerPoint, Slideshare, Prezi, ThingLink, and PollDaddy were used to analyze and display the work.
This document outlines several key conventions of the horror genre including setting, technical elements, iconography, narrative structure, character types, and common themes. It notes that horror stories often take place in isolated rural settings like farms, woods, or abandoned buildings. Technically, the camera work aims to disorient the viewer through shaky shots and editing creates tension. Iconography in props and monsters evoke fears. Narratives usually follow a hero on a mission to confront a villain and solve a problem, with standard character archetypes like victims and police officers. Common horror themes explore ideas like science experiments gone wrong and childhood trauma.
This document discusses time series prediction using reservoir computing. It introduces different types of non-stationarity that can occur in time series, including non-stationarity in mean, variance, and both mean and variance. It then describes four time series prediction tasks that will be used to evaluate different detrending techniques: three artificial tasks exhibiting different types of non-stationarity, and one natural task of predicting stock prices. The document provides background on reservoir computing and outlines the goals and structure of analyzing how detrending impacts time series prediction performance.
This document provides an overview of tiger conservation efforts in India, including:
1) It describes India's ambitious project to successfully reintroduce wild tigers back into Sariska Tiger Reserve, where poaching had eliminated the tiger population, through a recovery strategy developed with the Wildlife Institute of India.
2) The first litter of cubs born to one of the reintroduced tigers in Sariska in over 4 years since reintroduction is highlighted as a significant achievement, signifying the success of the conservation project.
3) Details are provided on the monitoring of the relocated tigers and the establishment of home ranges by the tigers in Sariska over the years since reintroduction began in 2008.
Glucocorticoid Stress Responses of Reintroduced Tigers in STR_Bhattacharjee e...Subhadeep Bhattacharjee
1) The document discusses a study that measured glucocorticoid stress hormone levels in fecal samples from reintroduced tigers in Sariska Tiger Reserve in India between 2011-2013.
2) The study found that tiger fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations were positively associated with anthropogenic disturbances like encounters with livestock and humans, proximity to roads, and efforts to kill livestock. Female tigers appeared more sensitive to disturbances than males.
3) Tiger fecal glucocorticoid levels were also positively related to the time spent in disturbed areas, suggesting anthropogenic activity is a source of stress. The presence of thousands of people and livestock within the reserve fragments habitat and brings tigers into conflict with humans
How many locations do we need per day to reliably describe the habitat use of...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that tracked the habitat use of two male rhinos translocated from Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary to Manas National Park in Assam, India as part of a program to reintroduce rhinos. Monitoring of the rhinos over two years through radio telemetry and direct observation found that they primarily used grasslands, swamps, and marshy areas, showing a preference for these habitats over woodlands. Analysis of one location per day still provided useful information on habitat use, though timing of observations influenced results for some habitats like water bodies. The study recommends continued monitoring, protection of preferred grassland habitats, and security measures in habitat areas to support conservation of translocated rhinos.
Dynamics of Human-Sloth Bear Conflict in Kanha-Pench CorridorAniruddha
A report on the study of the patterns and factors associated with human-sloth bear conflict, the quality of sloth bear habitat, and recommendations on reducing encounters in the Kanha-Pench Corridor area in Madhya Pradesh (India).
Base Line Data of Diversity of Family-Carabidae in pench Tiger Reserve (East)...dbpublications
Present study was conducted during the year 2012 - 2014 dealing with the exploration of beetle diversity from Pench Tiger Reserve (PTR), M. S. This is the first base line data created for PTR. Beetles were collected by routine methods, later identified up to species with standard key characters. Carabids are environmental indicators and their status affects ecological function. Twelve species of family –Carabidae are reported under nine genera belonging to seven sub- families. These sub-families are Licininae, Paussinae, Harpalinae, Scaritinae , Siagoninae, Anthiinae
and Panagaeinae and the species are Brachinus, Pheropsophus, Chlaenius, C. tricolor, C. velutinus, C. bioculatus, C. scapularis, Scarites, Eudema tomentosus, Siagona, Anthia sexguttata, and Pterostichus.
Investigation and review of Human Elephant Conflict in the Bardia – Katarniag...Michael Cordingley
This document discusses human-elephant conflict (HEC) in the Bardia-Katarniaghat Corridor between Bardia National Park in Nepal and Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary in India. It provides background on the elephant populations in Bardia National Park, estimating the population at around 70 elephants in 2001. It then describes the study site of the Bardia-Katarniaghat Corridor, which connects the two protected areas and contains a mosaic of forest and agricultural land. Finally, it outlines that the report aims to investigate the occurrence of HEC in the corridor and review current conflict alleviation efforts.
Modeling the occurrence and abundance of fishing cat in ctl, india (1)Shwetha Nair
A poster for the Young Ecologists Talk and Interact Conference 2016 explaining my research and results on status of fishing cats in the central terai landscape of India
A checklist of snakes observed in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh from March 2013 to September 2015 is documented here. Seventeen species of the snakes belonging to five families were recorded during the current study. All species of snakes were observed, photographed and released back to secure areas away from the human daily interference. In addition, road kills of snakes were also recorded along the forest trails and in urban areas. Out of all the species of snakes Xenochrophis piscator and Ptyas mucosa were found to be the most common snake followed by Amphiesma stolata and Oligodon arnensis .
The document summarizes a study on the conservation status of the Indian rock python in Deva Vatala National Park, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan from 2009-September 2009. Key findings include:
- The python was distributed across four localities within the park with a total estimated adult population of 27. Population density was highest in Chumb.
- Sightings were most common in July and August and during the day. Active dens were usually located near water sources.
- Major human-python conflicts involved livestock depredation, mostly of goats. Barmala had the highest rate of depredation. Depredation peaked in July-September.
Distribution, Threats and Conservation Strategies of Anurans at Central Arava...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document summarizes a study on the status of common leopards in and around Machiara National Park in Pakistan. The study found:
1) Through sightings and pugmark surveys, the presence of common leopards was confirmed at 23 locations within the park boundaries. An estimated population of 9 individual leopards was found inhabiting the area.
2) High levels of human disturbance from activities like grazing, fuelwood collection, and fodder cutting were measured along monitoring transects, indicating the park suffers from human encroachment.
3) Retaliatory killing by locals remains a threat, with an average of 1-2 leopards killed annually in the study area
This presentation contain the information regarding Project Tiger , its launch ,Tiger reserve in India and contain Census data 2006, 2010 & 2014. also census method is described. it also contain the various reason of decline in tiger population in india i.e habitat loss, Poaching etc. and also given subspecies of tiger and the role of tiger in the Ecosystem etc.
This document provides details on modeling population projections for tigers and their prey species in Kazakhstan under different habitat change scenarios over the next 50 years. Three scenarios are considered: no fire management, fire management, and water scarcity. Population growth models are developed for wild boar, Bukhara deer, and roe deer under each scenario. The potential for tiger population establishment and growth is then modeled based on prey availability projections. The objectives are to identify habitat changes, determine prey population recovery times, optimize tiger introduction timing, and evaluate impacts on source populations.
The elephant population in Kerala was estimated to be 3,054 based on a 2017 all-India synchronized elephant population estimation. The estimation was conducted from May 16th to 19th using the dung count method to determine elephant density of 0.32 elephants per square kilometer across Kerala's elephant habitat area of 9,675 square kilometers. Recently, the Kerala forest department decided to conduct another all-Kerala elephant population estimation in May 2022 using the same dung count method.
Density and distribution of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus, Schwarz 1934) ...Open Access Research Paper
The loss of biodiversity mainly due to human activities is a global concern. The survival of wild mammals, including the West African chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus), which is considered a critically endangered species, is threatened. However, information on the status of the remaining populations of such a primate and its distribution is rarely available or out of date for some sites. This study aims at improving the knowledge of the west chimpanzee population density and distribution in Mont Sangbé National Park (MSNP), West Côte d’Ivoire, for conservation purposes. We counted chimpanzee sleeping nests along 64 line transects of one kilometer each in the forest area of the MSNP by following distance sampling methods. Then, we recorded the GPS coordinates of all signs of the presence of the species during transects and recce surveys. We observed 148 signs of the presence of chimpanzees including 94 nests counted along transects. The average density of chimpanzees in the forest area of MSNP was estimated at 0.25 individuals/km² and 0.48 individuals/km² when using a value of a lifetime of nests of 164.38 days and 84.38 days, respectively. In addition, the distribution map showed that the signs of the presence of chimpanzees are mainly observed in two areas: the southern and the north-eastern forest areas of the MSNP. We recommend the application of other survey methods (genetics, camera trapping, nest counts combined with the modeling of nest lifetime estimates) for a better understanding of the chimpanzee population ecology and for conservation management in the PNMS.
This study examined predator distribution, habitat use, and diet in a California wilderness area by collecting and analyzing bobcat, mountain lion, bear, coyote, and fox scat. The researchers found 230 scat samples across 5 habitat types and identified predator distributions and prey richness varied between habitats and predator species. Statistical analysis showed predator scat distribution and prey richness in scats differed significantly between habitat types and predator species. Camera traps provided additional evidence that predator activity patterns varied temporally, indicating niche differentiation between species. The study provided insight into trophic interactions and informed conservation recommendations.
Freshwater Molluscs distribution and diversity status of Nakana Lake, Dhule, were studied during June 2013 to May 2014. The samples were collected at every fortnight from two sites. A total of 13 species were reported, out of which 10 species were Gastropods and three species were Pelecypods; those belonged to four orders, 10 families and 12 genera. The abundance of molluscs was also studied. The average number of animals were indicated per season: i.e. monsoon, winter and summer. Maximum species were collected in the summer season at both the sites. Molluscan diversity were calculated by the various diversity indices such as Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H), Simpson’s Dominance index (D), Simpson’s index of diversity (I-D), Simpson’s Evenness(E) and Pielou’s Evenness index (J).
Understanding the mangrove-associated avifauna and their conservation status ...AI Publications
The research was conducted from June 2017 to June 2019 to better understand the diversity and current state of the avifauna in the Gorai Creek region. 96 species belonging to 39 families from 16 orders, including terrestrial and aquatic birds, were identified as surviving near the stream over the two-year research period, including residents, migratory, common, uncommon, and unusual species. 64 species were permanent birds, 28 were winter migrants, 4 were summer migrants, 23 were uncommon, 57 were common, and 16 were rare. Anatidae, Ardeidae, Cuculidae, Accipitridae, Sturnidae, Strigidae, Laridae, Charadridae, Scolopacidae, and Rallidae were the most regularly observed bird families. The extensive mangrove cover around the creek provided food for all the birds. The ferry system to Gorai village, as well as the Essel World Park, has been seen to mildly impair the birds' breeding and foraging. Seasonal changes have a significant impact on bird numbers. Except for the ferry system, anthropogenic disturbances are quite minimal in the area, therefore the creek has less pollution and dense mangrove foliage, which shelters the avifauna that thrives in the zone.
Population dynamics of ground dwelling spider genera among mustard cropInnspub Net
The present study was designed to record the distribution of ground dwelling spider genera among mustard crop at Okara district. Sampling was made from Brassica compestris crop through pitfall traps. Equal number of traps were placed in three rows e.g. along the boundary, middle of the field and centre of the field. Each trap was filled with mixture solution of alcohol and glycerin (70:30%) along with few drops of kerosene oil. After 5 days interval sample traps was collected and spider specimens were washed with distilled water and permanently stored in labeled glass vials, and brought into the Pest Control Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Thereafter, each spider specimen was identified according to the taxonomic material and internet source. Identified data was analyzed statistically to quantify their spatial distribution. Maximum spatial distribution of spider population was documented in middle transect than boundary and centre of the mustard crop. It was also observed that temperature, humidity and prey availability were the major factors that effecting the spider population. Population variations were recorded during the months of February, March and April in 2015, due to rise of temperature, decrease of humidity and availability of prey. Conclusively, spiders have some correlation with suitable local conditions or habitat. More over, spiders are cost effective, functionally significant and play important role in regulating decomposer population. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/population-dynamics-of-ground-dwelling-spider-genera-among-mustard-crop/
This document analyzes the vegetation of Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve in Nigeria using point-centered quarter method. 80 tree species from 29 species and 21 families were recorded. The tree density was estimated to be 785 trees per hectare. The four most dominant species based on importance values were Poulteria altissima, Polyscias fulva, Carapa grandiflora, and Entandrophragma angolense. The study found the forest to be relatively undisturbed with a stable, self-sustaining population as shown by the girth-size distribution curve.
Vegetation analysis of ngel nyaki forest reserve, mambilla plateau, nigeria
Kuno_2013_Prey survey_report full
1.
2. Citation:
Bipin C.M., Bhattacharjee S., Shah S., Sharma V.S., Mishra R.K., Ghose D., & Jhala Y.V.
(2013). Status of prey in Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh. Wildlife Institute of India,
Dehradun.
Cover page photo credits:
Bipin.C.M
3. Status of Prey in Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary
Madhya Pradesh
2013
Madhya Pradesh
Forest Department
Team
V.S. Sharma, IFS
- Chief Conservator of Forests,
Lion Project
R.K. Mishra, IFS
- Division Forest Officer
Kuno Wildlfe Division
Wildlife Institute of India
Team
Y.V. Jhala, Ph.D.
Scientist- G
- Head of Department
Animal Ecology &
Conservation Biology
Bipin C.M.
World Wildlife Fund for
Nature (WWF), India
Team
Dipankar Ghose, Ph.D.
- Director, Species &
Landscapes Division
Sunny Shah
Subhadeep Bhattacharjee
4. Contents
Page No.
Introduction 01
Prey base Estimation 03
Methods 03
Analysis 04
Results 05
Discussion 06
Literature Cited 07
Annexure 1
Summary of Prey Species Abundance Estimation Model 08
Parameters in DISTANCE
Annexure 2
Detection Function Curves for Prey Species Abundance Estimation
2.01: Chital in Kuno WLS 09
2.02: Sambar in Kuno WLS 09
2.03: Nilgai in Kuno WLS 10
2.04: Wild pig in Kuno WLS 10
2.05: Chinkara in Kuno WLS 11
2.06: Four-horned antelope in Kuno WLS 11
2.07: Gray langur in Kuno WLS 12
2.08: Peafowl in Kuno WLS 12
2.09: Feral cattle in Kuno WLS 13
5. 1
Status of Prey in Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh
2013
Introduction: - Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS) is spread over an area of 344.68 km2
and is
situated in Sheopur district of Madhya Pradesh. The Sanctuary is part of the Kuno wildlife
division which covers an area of 1235.39 km2
. Kuno River, one of the major tributaries of
Chambal River flows through the entire length bisecting the wildlife division. The division
comprises of eight ranges, with Palpur west and Palpur east ranges forming the Sanctuary. The
six ranges in the buffer area are Moravan east and west, Sironi north and south, Agara west
and east (See Fig.1) The area is classified as Semi-arid zone (4b), Gujarat- Rajputana
biogeographic region (Rodgers et al. 2002). The elevation ranges from 238m to 498m above
msl. The south-western portion of this landscape is patchily connected to Panna Tiger Reserve
through Shivpuri forest area. On the north-western side, this forest region is contiguous with
Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve across the river Chambal.
Fig 1: Kuno wildlife division
6. 2
Temperature and Rainfall: During the months of April and May, the maximum summer
temperature ranges between 38°C - 47.4°C and the minimum winter temperature through the
months of December to February ranges between 0.6°C - 12.4°C .The average annual rainfall is
760mm.
Vegetation: According to the revised classification of forest types of India (Champion & Seth
1968) the forest types found in this region are:
Northern tropical dry deciduous forest
Southern tropical dry deciduous forest
Anogeissus pendula forest & scrub
Boswellia forest
Butea forest
Dry savannah forest & grassland
Tropical riverine forest
The dominant tree species that occur in the division are Acacia catechu (Khair), Anogeissus
pendula (Kardhai), Boswellia serrata (Salai), Diospyros melanoxylon (Tendu), Butea
monosperma (Palash), Anogeissus latifolia (Dhok), Acacia leucophlea (Remja), Zizyphus
mauritiana (Ber) and Zizyphus xylopyrus (Ghont).
Prominent shrub species include Grewia flavescens, Helicteres isora, Dodonoea viscosa, Vitex
nigundo. Some of the grass species found are Heteropogon contortus, Apluda mutica, Aristida
hystrix, Themeda quadrivalvis, Cenchrus ciliaris and Desmostachya bipinnata. Commonly found
weeds in this area include Cassia tora and Argemone mexicana.
Wildlife: The herbivores found in this area are Axis axis (Chital), Rusa unicolor (Sambar),
Boselaphus tragocamelus (Nilgai), Sus scrofa (Wild pig), Gazella bennetii (Chinkara),
Tetracerus quadricornis (Chousingha or Four-horned antelope), Antilope cervicapra
(Blackbuck), Semnopethicus dussumieri (Southern plains gray langur), Hystrix indica (Indian
crested porcupine) and Lepus nigricollis (Indian hare).
Carnivores include the Panthera pardus (Leopard), Ursus melursinus (Sloth bear), Hyaena
hyaena (Striped hyaena), Canis lupus (Gray wolf), Canis aureus (Golden jackal), Vulpes
bengalensis (Indian fox) and Mellivora capensis (Ratel). One male Panthera tigris (Tiger) which
has migrated from Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve is seen moving in and around the Sanctuary
7. 3
since December 2010. Small carnivores such as the Felis chaus (Jungle cat), Herpestes
edwardsii (Indian grey mongoose), Herpestes smithii (Ruddy mongoose) and Herpestes
javanicus (Small Asian mongoose) are found here.
Some of the bird species that occur here are Sarcogyps calvus (Red headed vulture) , Gyps
indicus (Indian vulture), Neophron percnopterus (Egyptian vulture), Pernis ptilorhyncus (Oriental
honey- buzzard), Elanus caeruleus (Black shouldered kite), Ketupa zeylonensis (Brown fish
owl), Caprimulgus europaeus (Eurasian nightjar), Caprimulgus asiaticus (Indian nightjar) , Pavo
cristatus (Indian peafowl), Pterocles indicus (Painted sandgrouse),Ciconia episcopus (Woolly-
necked stork), Esacusre curvirostris (Great thick-knee)Phaenicophaeus leschenaultia (Sirkeer
malkoha), Oriolus kundoo (Indian golden oriole), Dinopium benghalense (Black-rumped
flameback), Lanius vittatus (Bay- backed shrike) & Terpsiphone paradise (Asian paradise
flycatcher). A few of the reptiles found in the sanctuary are Crocodylus palustris (Mugger),
Nilssonia gangetica (Ganges softshell turtle) & Varanus bengalensis (Bengal monitor lizard).
Occasionally, Gavialis gangeticus (Gharial) is also sighted in Kuno River.
To assess the prey base in Kuno WLS, Wildlife Institute of India (WII) and World Wildlife Fund
for Nature (WWF) – India was requested to conduct a survey in June 2013 by the Madhya
Pradesh Forest Department (MPFD).The survey was jointly carried out by WII, WWF and
MPFD. On 16th
June, training was imparted to the forest department staff about the protocols to
be followed and the equipments to be used during the survey. The prey assessment survey in
Kuno WLS was carried out from 17th
to 19th
June 2013. The data was collected by the forest
department staff. A total of 48 people were involved in the survey.
Prey base estimation
Methods:-
Field methods;
To assess the prey density, the sampling protocol designed for monitoring tigers, co-predators,
prey and their habitat (Jhala et al., 2009) was used.
Prey base density estimation: Distance sampling on systematic line transect method was
used (Buckland et al. 2001) to estimate population density of prey. Fixed line transects
distributed across Kuno WLS, of length ranging from 2-3 km were sampled (Fig. 2). A total of 24
line transects in the Sanctuary were sampled. All the line transects were walked three times. On
every walk, prey species (chital, sambar, nilgai, chinkara, four-horned antelope, blackbuck, wild
pig, gray langur, Indian hare, peafowl and feral cattle) observed along with their group sizes was
8. 4
recorded. Sighting distance and sighting angle to the prey was measured using a laser range
finder (Bushnell pro800) and handheld compass (Suunto) respectively. The total sampling effort
was 211.05 km and 144 man-days.
Fig. 2: Map of 24 transect lines sampled to estimate prey population density in Kuno WLS
Analysis;
Using the software DISTANCE 6.0 (Thomas et al. 2009), the density of prey species which
include chital, sambar, nilgai, wild pig, chinkara, four-horned antelope, gray langur, peafowl and
feral cattle were estimated. DISTANCE enables the computation of detection probability for the
sightings of prey species obtained during transect walks (Buckland 1985; Buckland et al. 1993;
Karanth & Nichols 2002). This detection probability enables estimation of animal abundances by
correcting for the biases in detection of animals.
Model selection: In DISTANCE analysis, several models were used with varying group
intervals and truncations to select a model that best fit the data. Detection function was usually
fitted using half normal or hazard rate or uniform models as key functions with cosine or simple
polynomial series expansion. Outliers from the data were truncated. AIC values, goodness of fit
9. 5
tests, visual inspection of the detection function and variances associated with the density
estimates obtained were used to select the most appropriate model for each prey species
(Buckland et al. 2001). Due to low observations for wild pig, chinkara, four-horned antelope and
feral cattle, data of 2012 and 2013 were pooled together to model the detection functions for
each species. Since the transect lines, habitat and season of the survey conducted in 2012 and
2013 were the same, pooling of data to obtain statistical rigor was warranted. Based on the
selected model for the above mentioned species using the detection function and post
stratification, individual density (Di), group density (Ds) and average cluster size for the
surveyed year for each of the species were estimated.
Results:-
Prey density estimates:
In Kuno WLS, chital is the most abundant prey with density estimate of 69.36 /km2
±10.51.The
density estimates of sambar, nilgai, wild pig and chinkara are 4.85 /km2
± 1.19, 3.92 /km2
± 0.97,
3.05 /km2
± 0.78 and 0.86 /km2
± 0.28 respectively (Table 1). The summary of the prey density
model parameters in Kuno WLS are shown in Appendix 1 and the detection function curves are
shown in Appendix 2. During sampling blackbuck and hare were also sighted, but due to low
sample size, density could not be estimated. The group encounter rate for blackbuck and hare
are 0.005/km and 0.03/km respectively.
Table 1: Estimates of population density and biomass of prey species in Kuno WLS- 2013
Species
3/4 of
Female
Body
Weight(kg)
Population Density/km2
±Standard Error
Biomass
(kg/km2
)
Chital 30 69.36 ± 10.51 2080.8 ± 315.3
Sambar 120 4.85 ± 1.19 582.0 ± 142.8
Nilgai 120 3.92 ± 0.97 470.4 ± 116.4
Wild pig 27 3.05 ± 0.78 82.35 ± 21.06
Chinkara 12 0.86 ± 0.28 10.32 ± 3.36
Four-horned antelope 15 1.00 ± 0.44 15.0 ± 6.6
Gray langur 7 40.14 ± 10.27 280.98 ± 71.89
Peafowl 3 13.84 ± 2.83 41.52 ± 8.46
Feral cattle 40 2.34 ± 1.2 93.6 ± 48
Total 3656.97 ± 733.7
10. 6
Biomass estimate: Using 3/4 of the adult body female body weight and density estimates of
prey species, the biomass in Kuno WLS for the year 2013 was estimated as 3657.97 kg /km2
±
733.7 (Table 1).
Discussion: - Since 2005, WII has been conducting population estimation in Kuno WLS and
the data suggests an exponential increase in chital population (Table 2). The natural log
transformed population density estimates when regressed against time provide an estimate of
the realized rate of increase - r (Caughley, 1977). Chital population grew at a realized growth
rate (r) =0.35 (Fig.3) and finite rate of population change (λ) =1.42, where λ=er
.
Table 2: Chital Population in Kuno WLS since 2005
S.no Year Chital population density/km2
± Standard Error
1 2005 4.63 ± 1.03 (Banerjee, K. 2005)
2 2006 5.3 ± 1.78 (Jhala & Qureshi, 2006. Unpub.)
3 2011 35.87 ± 11.7 (Jhala et al., 2011)
4 2012 51.59 ± 8.84 (Jhala et al., 2012)
5 2013 69.36 ± 10.51 (Present survey)
The observed r is exceptionally high suggesting a growth rate close to intrinsic growth rate (rm).
The intrinsic growth rate for chital population is 0.44 using the equation rm=1.5W-0.36
(Caughley
and Krebs, 1983) where W is 3/4 of the adult body female body weight. The recovery of chital
population could be attributed to the good management practices and protection measures
implemented by the forest department in Kuno WLS.
Fig. 3: Chital Population in Kuno WLS since 2005
Chital density/km2 = 2.948e0.353Year
R² = 0.996
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
PopulationDensity/km2
Chital
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
Year
11. 7
Literature cited:-
Banerjee, K. (2005). Estimating the ungulate abundance and developing the habitat specific
effective strip width models in Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh. Dissertation submitted
in partial fulfillment of the degree of M.Sc. Forestry, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun.
pp.170.
Buckland S.T. (1985). Perpendicular distance models for line transect sampling. Biometrics. 41:
177-195.
Buckland, S.T., Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P. and Laake, J.L. (1993) Distance Sampling:
Estimating Abundance of Biological Populations. Chapman & Hall, London.
Buckland, S.T., Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P., Laake, J.L., Borchers, D.L. and Thomas, L.
(2001). Introduction to distance sampling: Estimating abundance of biological populations.
Oxford University Press, New York.
Caughley, G. (1977). Analysis of vertebrate populations. Wiley. 234p. New York.
Caughley, G. & Krebs, C. (1983) Are big mammals simply little mammals writ large? Oecologia,
59, 7–17.
Champion, H.G. and Seth, S.K. (1968). A revised survey of the forest types of India, Manager of
publications, Government of India, New Delhi.
Jhala, Y.V., Ranjitsinh, M. K. and Pabla, H.S, (2011). Action plan for the reintroduction of the
cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) in Kuno-Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh. Wildlife
Institute of India, Dehradun.
Karanth, K.U. and Nichols, J (Eds.). (2002). Monitoring tigers and their prey: A manual for
researchers, managers and conservationists in tropical Asia. Centre for Wildlife Studies,
Bangalore.
Rodger, W.A., Panwar, H.S. and Mathur, V.B (2002). Wildlife Protected Area network in India: A
reiew (Executive summary). Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun.
Thomas, L., Laake, J.L., Rexstad, E., Strindberg, S., Marques, F.F.C., Buckland, S.T., Borchers,
D.L., Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P., Burt, M.L., Hedley, S.L., Pollard, J.H., Bishop, J.R.B., and
Marques, T.A. (2009). Distance 6.0. Release 2. Research Unit for Wildlife Population
Assessment, University of St. Andrews, UK.
12. 8
Annexure 1: Summary of Prey Species Abundance Estimation Model Parameters in DISTANCE
Category Chital Sambar Nilgai
Wild
pig Chinkara
Four-
horned
antelope
Gray
Langur
Peafowl
Feral
cattle
Number of Replicates 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24
Number of Observations (n) 172 42 47 27 10 11 68 45 21
Effort (L) km 211.05 211.05 211.05 211.05 211.05 211.05 211.05 211.05 211.05
Density (Di) / km2
± Standard Error (S.E)
69.36
± 10.51
4.85
± 1.19
3.92
± 0.97
3.05
± 0.78
0.86
± 0.28
1.00
± 0.44
40.14
± 10.27
13.84
± 2.83
2.34
± 1.2
Di Coefficient of Variation
(% CV)
15.15 24.54 24.66 25.55 32.19 43.74 25.58 20.46 51.1
Di - 95% Confidence
Interval
51.44 -
93.53
2.99 -
7.86
2.42 -
6.35
1.85 -
5.03
0.45 -
1.62
0.43 -
2.33
24.29 -
66.32
9.19 -
20.84
0.89 -
6.18
Group Density(Ds)/km2
± S.E
7.21
± 0.85
2.3
± 0.53
1.72
± 0.39
1.23
± 0.25
0.39
± 0.12
0.54
± 0.22
2.98
± 0.67
4.6
± 0.87
0.59
± 0.22
Ds Coefficient of Variation
(% CV)
11.86 22.93 22.52 20.51 30.07 40.33 22.58 18.87 37.51
Probability of Detection (p) 0.29 0.42 0.27 0.26 0.56 0.63 0.35 0.38 0.56
Goodness of Fit (Chi2
-p) 0.96 0.87 0.92 0.99 0.96 0.98 0.98 0.9 0.96
Effective Strip Width (ESW)
m
56.55 43.26 64.92 52.11 61.33 48.02 54.05 54.64 84.63
Group Encounter Rate 0.81 0.2 0.22 0.13 0.05 0.05 0.32 0.59 0.1
Model
Half
Normal
Uniform
Hazard
Rate
Hazard
Rate
Uniform Uniform
Hazard
Rate
Half
Normal
Uniform
Model Adjustment Term Cosine Cosine
Simple
Polynomial Cosine Cosine Cosine Cosine Cosine Cosine
13. 9
Annexure 2:
Detection Function Curves for Prey Species Abundance Estimation
1. Chital
Model: Half normal with cosine adjustment term
( 2
- p =0.9649, p=0.2857 )
2. Sambar
Model: Uniform with cosine adjustment term
( 2
- p =0.8682, p= 0.4184)
14. 10
3. Nilgai
Model: Hazard rate with simple polynomial adjustment term
( 2
- p =0.9211, p=0.2677 )
4. Wild pig
Model: Hazard rate with cosine adjustment term
( 2
- p =0. 9889, p= 0. 0.2641)
15. 11
5. Chinkara
Model: Uniform with cosine adjustment term
( 2
- p =0.9794, p= 0.5576)
6. Four-horned antelope
Model: Uniform with cosine adjustment term
( 2
- p =0.9843, p= 0.6343)
16. 12
7. Gray langur:
Model: Hazard rate with cosine adjustment term
( 2
- p =0.9819, p= 0. 3528)
8. Peafowl:
Model: Half normal with cosine adjustment term
( 2
- p =0.9037, p= 0.383)