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Kesopanan
Apakah kesopanan?
• 'Sila'
• ‘Tolong’
• 'Terima kasih'
• 'Maaf'
• 'Makcik’/’Pakcik'
Bersopan-santun? Berbudi bahasa?
Definasi orang biasa
Apakah kesopanan?
• maintain[s] the social equilibrium and the friendly relations which enable us
to assume that our interlocutors are being cooperative
(Leech ,1983, p82)
• makes possible communication between potentially aggressive parties
(Brown & Levinson, 1987, p1)
• a means of minimizing the risk of confrontation in discourse
(Lakoff, 1989, p.102)
• a conscious choice of linguistic forms which, in accordance with the dictates
of the time and fashion, are conventionally understood to be an attempt on
the part of ego to enhance her/his standing with respect to alter
(Watts, 2005, p.69)
• All types of interpersonal behaviour through which we take into account the
feelings of others as to how they think they should be treated
(Kadar & Haugh, 2013, p.1)
kesopanan
• Strategi-strategi
• Diguna semasa interaksi
• Ditujukan kepada orang lain, biasanya pendengar
• Mengambil kira perasaan orang lain
• Melibatkan penilaian mengenai apa yang patut
• Mempunyai kesan positif atas perhubungan
penutur/pendengar
– mengelakkan konflik
– melicinkan komunikasi
– menguatkan perhubungan
Teori kesopanan
• Lakoff 1973
• Leech 1983
• Brown & Levinson 1987
• Spencer-Oatey 2000 (‘rapport management’ /
pengurusan hubungan baik)
• Watts 2003
• Mills 2003
• Locher 2004 (‘relational work’/ kerja hubungan)
• Culpeper 1996 (ketidak/sopanan)
Brown, P. & Levinson, S. 1987. Politeness: Some
Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge
University Press
• Paling terkenal – tetapi banyak dikritik
• Mengguna data dari 3 bahasa
1. Inggeris
2. Tamil
3. Tzeltal (bahasa puak asli di Mexico)
• berdasarkan
– Austin (1962) /Searle (1969) teori lakuan tuturan
– Grice (1975) teori kerjasama
'model person' (MP) B & L
'model person'
• Orang yang rasional
• Hendak mencapai tujuan interaksinya
 bekerjasama dengan pendengar
 cuba mengelakkan konflik
 menjaga 'face'/muka pendengar
‘Face’/muka
• Berdasarkan konsep China
• "Losing face" (perasaan malu, dihina)
• Diperkenalkan kepada dunia akademik barat oleh
Goffman (1967)
• ‘Face’/muka = 'public self image' / imej sendiri di
depan khalayak ramai
(apa yang kita fikir adalah pendapat orang lain
mengenai kita)
• Ujud dalam interaksi sosial
• Hanya 'dipinjamkan' oleh masyarakat – boleh
berubah
2 aspek ‘face’/muka
1. Muka negatif / ‘Negative face’
• "the want of every 'competent adult member' that
his actions be unimpeded by others" (B&L, 1967,
p.62)
[kehendak setiap ahli dewasa yang kompeten untuk
lakuannya tidak dihalang oleh orang lain]
• Kehendak untuk bebas bertindak sesuka hati
2. Muka positif / ‘Positive face’
• "the want of every member that his wants be
desirable to at least some others" (B&L, 1967, p.62)
[kehendak setiap ahli untuk kehendaknya diterima
oleh sekurang-kurangnya setengah orang]
• Kehendak untuk diterima dan disukai oleh orang lain
Lakuan yang mengancam muka /
Face threatening acts (FTAs)
• FTAs = lakuan yang merosakkan muka/’face’
pendengar atau penutur
• Lakuan yang menghalang kebebasan
bertindak – mengancam muka negatif
• Lakuan yang menunjukkan perasaan tidak
suka – mengancam muka positif
• Perhatian: ada lakuan yang menyokong muka
Kesopanan & FTA
• Kesopanan digunakan untuk meminimakan
kerosakan muka yang disebabkan oleh FTA
 penutur tidak mematuhi maksim
kerjasama Grice
Kepatuhan kepada maksim menyebabkan
kerosakan muka
 penutur mengguna lakuan tuturan tidak
langsung
Lakuan tuturan langsung menyebabkan
kerosakan muka

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Kuliah 11 kesopanan

  • 2. Apakah kesopanan? • 'Sila' • ‘Tolong’ • 'Terima kasih' • 'Maaf' • 'Makcik’/’Pakcik' Bersopan-santun? Berbudi bahasa? Definasi orang biasa
  • 3. Apakah kesopanan? • maintain[s] the social equilibrium and the friendly relations which enable us to assume that our interlocutors are being cooperative (Leech ,1983, p82) • makes possible communication between potentially aggressive parties (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p1) • a means of minimizing the risk of confrontation in discourse (Lakoff, 1989, p.102) • a conscious choice of linguistic forms which, in accordance with the dictates of the time and fashion, are conventionally understood to be an attempt on the part of ego to enhance her/his standing with respect to alter (Watts, 2005, p.69) • All types of interpersonal behaviour through which we take into account the feelings of others as to how they think they should be treated (Kadar & Haugh, 2013, p.1)
  • 4. kesopanan • Strategi-strategi • Diguna semasa interaksi • Ditujukan kepada orang lain, biasanya pendengar • Mengambil kira perasaan orang lain • Melibatkan penilaian mengenai apa yang patut • Mempunyai kesan positif atas perhubungan penutur/pendengar – mengelakkan konflik – melicinkan komunikasi – menguatkan perhubungan
  • 5. Teori kesopanan • Lakoff 1973 • Leech 1983 • Brown & Levinson 1987 • Spencer-Oatey 2000 (‘rapport management’ / pengurusan hubungan baik) • Watts 2003 • Mills 2003 • Locher 2004 (‘relational work’/ kerja hubungan) • Culpeper 1996 (ketidak/sopanan)
  • 6. Brown, P. & Levinson, S. 1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge University Press • Paling terkenal – tetapi banyak dikritik • Mengguna data dari 3 bahasa 1. Inggeris 2. Tamil 3. Tzeltal (bahasa puak asli di Mexico) • berdasarkan – Austin (1962) /Searle (1969) teori lakuan tuturan – Grice (1975) teori kerjasama
  • 7. 'model person' (MP) B & L 'model person' • Orang yang rasional • Hendak mencapai tujuan interaksinya  bekerjasama dengan pendengar  cuba mengelakkan konflik  menjaga 'face'/muka pendengar
  • 8. ‘Face’/muka • Berdasarkan konsep China • "Losing face" (perasaan malu, dihina) • Diperkenalkan kepada dunia akademik barat oleh Goffman (1967) • ‘Face’/muka = 'public self image' / imej sendiri di depan khalayak ramai (apa yang kita fikir adalah pendapat orang lain mengenai kita) • Ujud dalam interaksi sosial • Hanya 'dipinjamkan' oleh masyarakat – boleh berubah
  • 9. 2 aspek ‘face’/muka 1. Muka negatif / ‘Negative face’ • "the want of every 'competent adult member' that his actions be unimpeded by others" (B&L, 1967, p.62) [kehendak setiap ahli dewasa yang kompeten untuk lakuannya tidak dihalang oleh orang lain] • Kehendak untuk bebas bertindak sesuka hati 2. Muka positif / ‘Positive face’ • "the want of every member that his wants be desirable to at least some others" (B&L, 1967, p.62) [kehendak setiap ahli untuk kehendaknya diterima oleh sekurang-kurangnya setengah orang] • Kehendak untuk diterima dan disukai oleh orang lain
  • 10. Lakuan yang mengancam muka / Face threatening acts (FTAs) • FTAs = lakuan yang merosakkan muka/’face’ pendengar atau penutur • Lakuan yang menghalang kebebasan bertindak – mengancam muka negatif • Lakuan yang menunjukkan perasaan tidak suka – mengancam muka positif • Perhatian: ada lakuan yang menyokong muka
  • 11. Kesopanan & FTA • Kesopanan digunakan untuk meminimakan kerosakan muka yang disebabkan oleh FTA  penutur tidak mematuhi maksim kerjasama Grice Kepatuhan kepada maksim menyebabkan kerosakan muka  penutur mengguna lakuan tuturan tidak langsung Lakuan tuturan langsung menyebabkan kerosakan muka