Koski_ICSD presentation
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This document discusses implementing an integrated sustainable waste management (ISWM) system in Bali, Indonesia to address its waste problems exacerbated by tourism. It outlines the key issues, stakeholders, and an ideal participatory ISWM approach. One proposed tech solution is using solar-powered compacting waste units placed strategically in tourist areas to improve waste collection habits while reducing costs and maintenance needs compared to the current system. Stakeholder cooperation and international pressure are needed to strengthen regulations and prioritize sustainable solutions over short-term fixes.
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- 1. Community Integration of Solar-Powered Rubbish Units in Tourism-Dependent Economies Natalie Koski-Karell UC Hastings College of the Law / Vermont Law School 23 September 2015
- 2. Introduction Exploring the viability of tech-based WM solutions through a discussion of Integrated Sustainable Waste Management (ISWM) in the context of Bali, Indonesia. Rapid rate of development during tourism boom cycles creates WM & other environmental challenges in emerging markets; sustainability is essential. (Hypothetical) case study for SIDS, tourist hubs, and any community facing a failing municipal WM system.
- 3. Road Map Outlining the current issues. Illuminating the context. Identifying key stakeholders and their roles. Describing an ideal ISWM. Hypothetical implementation of tech solution. Critique: lack of accountability and cooperation on behalf of powerful stakeholders + misdirected institutional funding mechanisms.
- 4. The Problems Tourism + “banana leaf” mentality + lack of ISWM system/infrastructure = Bali’s well-documented, inorganic “trash problem” Lack of ISWM + inconsistent government supervision + misguided consumer pressure = short-term, “race-to-bottom” WM practices among tourism stakeholders Disregard for long-term, sustainable solutions echoes Indonesian economic and environmental policy. No such thing as environmental mainstreaming
- 7. Surfer Mag
- 8. The Band-Aid: Incinerator Bali built an incinerator to convert trash from its largest landfill, Suwung, to electrical power using Galfad. Subsidized with carbon credits through Kyoto’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Only producing 700 KW of power from rubbish tip (target = 9.8 MW) Built to manage up to 800 tons a day from 4 towns Suwung is growing at 2,500-3,000 tons of rubbish each day.
- 9. The Strategy - ISWM Principles of ISWM solutions High environmental performance Economically viable Socially acceptable Technically appropriate Proposal – Participatory ISWM to combat illegal commercial waste dumping in tourist-heavy, developing regions + one tech alternative to rubbish collection (solar-powered waste compactors)
- 10. The Method Holistic approach. Participatory action research: interviews with community-based WM services. Consciously working counter to traditional undervaluing of local culture and philosophy.
- 11. Bali’s Philosophy & Culture Tri Hita Karana: “three causes of prosperity/happiness” Harmony among people, nature/environment, and God/gods Distinct from Indonesian core philosophy which has no environment component Bali Sustainable Development Strategy considers culture to be basic building block for sustainable development in Bali. Customary disdain for features of natural world that are uncontrollable Cultivate ISWM in popular consciousness through regional philosophy.
- 12. Tourism & The Environment $1.4 trillion industry, 1.1 billion travelers in 2014 4th among worldwide export sectors, 30% of global services trade Investment in Indonesia’s tourism sector consists of 90% foreign investment. Ministry of Tourism focuses on growth, not sustainability or environmental protection 8% foreign investment ($10.4 million) went to Bali in first quarter of 2014. Plus $5 billion annual revenue from tourism 200,000 Balinese still live in poverty; no ISWM program
- 13. The ISWM Stakeholders The Government (National/Regional/Local) The Tourist/Consumer The Hotel (and foreign investors) The Waste Pickers The Locals The Village-Scale Programs
- 14. The Tourist Bali, home to 4.2 million, attracted 3.27 million tourists in 2013. Consumptive patterns in one-off experiences are inherently unsustainable. Concern for poor = increase in consumption paradox Tourists from developed countries produce up to 2 kg/person/day of solid waste. Waste generated per hotel room is over 10x the amount of waste generated per day per capita in Bali
- 15. Tourism & The Culture of Waste Estimated 18% of total waste generated in southwestern part of Bali comes from tourism industry. Hotels and other businesses in Bali are paying locals to dump and burn trash illegally. 75% of Bali’s trash is left uncollected, ending up in he ocean, rivers, rice paddies, mangroves, ravines, etc.
- 16. The Hotel At one point, 20 large hotels were sorting waste on-site. Cronyism between hotel chains and the tourism ministry. Lack of environmental mainstreaming in regulatory framework Bust periods mean “going green” falls to wayside Most hotels in Bali’s tourist hubs have failed to embrace ISWM. Sustainability is not a prioritized topic in hospitality training or hotel-wide goals Race-to-bottom: cheapest disposal wins Failure by upper management & foreign investors/owners to enforce proper SWM and engage in ISWM
- 17. Harnessing Consumer Power Tourists are in position to target culprits. Investigate their hotels’ involvement with SWM Simple as writing a negative review to impact business Choose hotels that engage in sustainable practices Point of entry education on the current problem and how they can participate in preserving Bali’s beauty
- 18. The Village-Scale Programs Roughly 24 loosely connected network of community-oriented WM (primarily recycling) programs. Bali Fokus, ecoBali, Bali Recyling, Keep Bali Beautiful, Project Clean Uluwatu Community-based, low cost, decentralized approach Educating local residents to separate waste and compost Upcycling: waste has value High financial barrier to apply for carbon credits through CDM. Difficulty in scaling: easy to hide/dispose of waste illegally with little to no govn’t enforcement; perception that not cost- effective.
- 19. Ideal ISWM: A sustainable, scalable system. Under pressure from and with participation by tourists and investor/owners, hotels and businesses catering to tourism embrace ISWM, the regional/local government actively enforces it, and village-scale programs collaborate with waste picker cooperatives to optimize every piece of rubbish in Bali. What about the technology component?
- 20. Tech Solutions from Private Sector Solutions should prioritize cradle-to-cradle design, local innovation, or an adaptable alternative. BigBelly™ solar-powered, public waste compactors are tech-based, low-maintenance, and highly efficient (70-90%). 30-watt solar panel, off-grid solar battery powers internal 1,250 compactor Minimal learning curve Uses cloud-based alert system (CLEAN) Information can be accessed via mobile app
- 22. Viability in Tourist Hub Context Should not replace resource management. Waste should be reduced first and foremost Used for light rubbish disposal only Recyclables to be up-cycled or sold by waste pickers Organic waste to compost/pig feed Strategic placement. Developed, low- to medium-density tourist areas Rural areas where maintenance need is low Ease-of-use and fondness for tech/renewables will improve WM habits among tourists and locals alike Cost is a concern ($4,000 each). No substantial data on success in developing regions.
- 23. Stakeholder Cooperation Facilitate a consultative process with key stakeholders (in the public and private sectors). Ensure their active participation and influence in the development of public policies for sustainable tourism development. Set sustainability goals at each step of operation Mobilized effort among SWM stakeholders to incorporate tech could provide the needed funding
- 24. Stakeholder Cooperation: Embracing ISWM & “Sustainable” Tourism Easy looking green, not as easy being green. Conduct CBA for ISWM to encourage stakeholder involvement Quantify waste volumes, identify sources and destinations to manage: waste audit Data from BigBelly collection frequency will pinpoint waste stream flow Consult Indicators of Sustainable Development for Tourism Destinations Guidebook Integrate SWM in hotel mgmt: e.g. biodegradable materials and robust recycling
- 25. International / Institutional Implications Int’l pressure to strengthen national & regional regulatory framework. Int’l orgs should be prioritizing institutional funding for community-based programs. Kyoto CDM carbon credits are effectively funding incinerators, discouraging ISWM Incorporate sustainability (& ISWM) in resort/hotel development. Should be the global, industry standard
Editor's Notes
- I’d like you to consider your daily waste habits, when/where/why/how do you create it, and when/where/why/how do you dispose of it? Now imagine those same scenarios when you’re on vacation. Are you as, more, or less responsible for your trash than you are as home? The truth is, individuals create more waste when on vacation than in everyday life, and with an ever-growing tourism industry, we have a trash problem.
- Largely hypothetical because ISWM let alone low-tech solutions does not yet exist in Bali.
- For centuries, WM in Bali consisted of burning or burying organic waste Result of decades of corruption and Western-influenced neoliberal economic policy.
- Kuta Beach in Nusa Dua
- Illegal dumping in rivers and important mangrove forests Common site in roadside waterways
- Official reports - currents from nearby Java (which faces even more dire WM issues than Bali). Wintertime surfing in Bali - plagued with trash and effluent. Heavy rains rinse the island of its mismanaged waste, waves wash it ashore.
- 2004: Bali entered into 20-yr contract with Navigat Organic Energy Indonesia to manage Suwung, Bali’s largest landfill, by Galfad: gasification, landfill and anaerobic digestion. Capturing methane from the landfill and burning to generate electricity. Incinerators are short-term and NOT working
- Tech Adapted to the physical environment Preferably locally manufactured Geared towards efficiency and optimum utilization of equipment Adapted to the local availability of spare parts Durable and of good quality; long expected use life Environmental Be clean (minimize negative impact on soil, air and water at local regional and global level Promote closed cycle systems, avoid loss of raw materials, energy and nutrients Follow “waste management hierarchy,” preferring options that promote waste prevention, source separation, re-use and recycling, above those merely aimed at collection and disposal Encourage treatment and resource recovery as close to the source as possible (illegal dumping and burning are at the lowest level of the hierarchy) Financial Be based on the ‘all beneficiaries contribute principle’, i.e. besides the waste generators paying user charges, the resource recovery sector and the local govn’t should also contribute by respectively paying a profit tax and allocating municipal revenues to WM Be geared towards the most efficient overall system, leading to the lowest cost per ton to operate, taking into account the cost of other affected urban systems (BUT funding incinerators!) Lead to full cost analysis and full cost recovery, including all costs and benefits involved In developing countries – opt for labor-intensive rather than capital-intensive systems This paper will assess the potential in tourist-heavy developing regions for integration of solar-powered waste compactors as a low-tech alternative to sidewalk trashcans and small-scale, illegal commercial waste dumping (not recycling). Current data on these receptacles demonstrate high-performing efficiency, albeit in highly developed, Western urban areas. Introducing these compactors could be strategic in low to medium-density areas, but should only be used as an alternative to a regular trashcan, not as a solution to insensible waste generation. Incorporating this technology will supplement a multidimensional SWM system, but will remain a very small piece of a large puzzle.
- Holistic approach Participatory action research Thoughtful consideration of philosophy and culture
- By tapping into Bali’s holistic philosophy, its SWM should invigorate these stakeholders to think in terms of “resource management” as opposed to “waste management.” Highlights difficulty of operating under a limited national regulatory framework. Bali’s local government to set out action-oriented sustainability examples Once tourists and locals feel like they are cooperating for the betterment of the island, Bali will become more self-sufficient. why then does there seem to be a disregard for treating waste properly? Cultural barriers that distance the individual from active acknowledgment of waste - Local residents more inclined to properly dispose of household and commercial waste if cultivated in the popular consciousness, by tying it to their regional philosophy.
- Tourism is often forgotten in the conversation of global trade Only recently entering sustainability scope under eco-tourism The figures tell a different story Tourism is the 4th among worldwide export sectors, consists of 30% of global services trade
- In developing states, the economic disparity between these two groups has yet to evolve into cooperative, sustainable tourism, as it is usually a one-off experience for the tourist and a cyclical pattern for the resident.
- Tourism is #1 factor in environmental issue on neighboring island Lombok which is seeing a huge influx in tourists who are “over” Bali’s crowded and rubbish-ridden beaches Environmental impacts: Leachate in water table, threatening water resources and flora and fauna Burning trash – health and environmental risk incinerators are short-term and ineffective solutions here
- When eyes are on Bali, it performs. I’m sure this isn’t an anomaly. Hotels need to ISWM in their business practices. monitoring waste generation and engaging with community efforts to combat illegal dumping Foreign investors and consumers can put pressure on these hotels to budget SWM, even in the face of the extremely low cost of paying dumpers Though organic waste is not the focus of this paper, it should be noted that hotels could embrace composting as an industry standard.
- Shift from inconsistent municipal efforts to a system that empowers civil society & tourists to engage in sustainability goals, participate in issues involving tourism development, and pressure powerful stakeholders. Send a message to Bali & Indonesia’s tourism ministry What’s worse? Bad PR because they’re trying to make a difference, or bad PR because they’re doing nothing
- This justification for recycling and up-cycling is a sign of hope on the horizon. It will curb burning waste because it will become evident that waste has value.
- manufactures and distributes to communities in 47 countries around the world, though minimal feedback on success in developing regions. bolted to the ground and topped with a 30-watt solar panel. When rubbish reaches a certain point, a sensor is triggered and an off-grid solar battery powers an internal 1,250-pound compactor. Batteries changed every 5 years cloud-based software, CLEAN: enables clients, mostly cities and universities, to know exactly what is going on with their stations which need to be emptied, which are nearing full capacity, and data on efficiency and cycles, including heat-maps to see which ones are more leveraged than others This information can even be accessed via a mobile app.
- Rubbish disposal only Recyclables to be up-cycled or sold by waste pickers, Organic waste to compost/pig feed
- Not relying on public sector for facilitating projects, funneling money to government agencies has proven ill-fated
- Countries sending large amounts of tourists to these destinations have interest in their economic and environmental well-being. Holistic approach to financing tourism for development “Create and strengthen an enabling environment for combining sustainable tourism development and biodiversity conservation.” “Support international cooperation among participating countries, especially with regard to trans-boundary cooperation, to enhance knowledge on tourism and biodiversity.” Look to UNEP strategies for sustainable use conservation (of biodiversity) Financing: government partnership with international governance bodies like the 10-Yr Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns through UNWTO. http://www.unep.org/10yfp/ActorsStructure/TrustFund/tabid/106253/Default.aspx