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1. Korean American Female Perspectives on Disability Article Paper
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Attachment PreviewMSLP- 546: Fluency Disorders Assignment Description & Scoring
Rubric Multicultural Article Summary & Critique 5 Points The purpose of this assignment is
for the student to develop an understanding of research and scientific writing as it pertains
to multiculturalism and fluency disorders. Reading, summarizing, and critiquing research
articles assist students in developing critical thinking skills and the ability to express
academic knowledge in written form. The summary critique will be single-space, 1-inch
margins, and 12 point font (e.g., Arial Narrow, Times New Roman). Don’t forget to include
your name and course number/name. Article 3: Korean-American Female Perspectives on
Disability Criteria 1. General Requirements – 1 possible point a. No page limit b. 1-inch
margins c. 12 point font (e.g., Arial Narrow, Times New Roman) d. Single space e. APA
reference Citation in Header. i. Example: Goldin-Meadow, S., Cook, S.W. & Mitchell, Z.A.
(2009). Gesturing gives children new ideas about math. Current Directions in Psychological
Science, 17 (5), 313317. f. Free of significant spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors
2. Summary Section – 3 possible points a. Introduction i. Brief description ii. Purpose of
study iii. Sample research questions – if any? iv. Other necessary background information
(e.g., Why was the study conducted? What was it about?) b. Procedures i. Methodology ii.
Participants/Subjects iii. Setting iv. Procedures v. Variables c. Findings i. Major Results d.
Conclusions i. Major outcome(s) ii. Next steps iii. Impact 3. Critique Section- 1 possible
points a. Your evaluation of the study conducted i. Strengths ii. Weaknesses b. Lessons
learned & Application to profession (Speech Language Pathology) Criteria Organization,
Cohesion, Style Grammar & Mechanics Format Inadequate Needs Improvement Meets
Standard Exceeds Expectations Lacks organization. Somewhat coherent but very little unity
across the essay. No transitions between ideas. No variety in sentence structure. Content is
logically organized and writing uses acceptable transitions between ideas. Some points
seem misplaced or unrelated to the topic. Style meets college level. Writing is logically
organized and coherent. Transitions are used between ideas and paragraphs. Korean
American Female Perspectives on Disability Article PaperStyle is at college level and creates
unity across ideas. Writing shows attention to logic and reasoning of points. Writing leads
the reader smoothly from the beginning of the essay to the conclusion and provokes

2. thought regarding the topic. Outstanding tone and style used through out essay. Frequent
spelling, punctuation, and grammatical errors make reading and comprehending the essay
difficult. Some spelling, punctuation, and grammar errors exist but do not significantly
hinder readability and comprehension. Very few minor spelling, punctuation, and
grammatical errors. Essay is free of significant spelling, punctuation, and grammatical
errors. Fails to follow format and assignment requirements; incorrect margins, font,
spacing. Not formatted in APA Style Meets format and assignment requirements. Some
errors in APA Style formatting Meets format and assignment requirements. APA Style
formatting is correct. Meets format and assignment requirements. APA Style formatting is
correct. World View Korean-American Female Perspectives on Disability Joan Good
Erickson University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Patrick J. Devlieger University of
Illinois at Chicago Jenny Moon Sung University of Hawaii at Manoa C ultures differ in regard
to attitudes, beliefs, and values toward health and illness, including disability. Within an
identified culture, factors such as economic status, level of education, religious beliefs, and
family background further influence cultural beliefs. Thus, how health and illness, including
disabilities, are viewed will vary between as well as within different ethnic communities
(Helman, 1990; Leininger, 1970; Spector, 1991). In a nation with growing numbers of
persons from diverse cultures, beliefs about disabilities, including communication
disorders, must be understood by professionals who provide services to culturally diverse
clients and their families to develop and promote effective evaluation and treatment
approaches (Lynch & Hanson, 1998). Information is available on cross-cultural attitudes
toward health (Chin, 1992; Choi, 1995; Krepps & Kunimoti, 1994) and disabilities in general
(Edgerton, 1970; ZernitskyShurka, 1988), although there is limited information regarding
communication disorders (Bebout & Arthur, 1992; Maestas & Erickson, 1992). Research on
Korean health beliefs and systems and cross-cultural comparison of Korean mothering
practices as well as prenatal care and caregiving to elderly parents with dementia is also
available (Choi, 1995; Furuto, Biswas, Chung, Musase, & Ross-Sheriff, 1992; Lee & Sung,
1997; Patterson & Kim, 1986; Pritham & Sammons, 1993; Yoon, 1983). However, data
specific to the Korean-American population on disability have not been reported.
Furthermore, Korean medical syndromes, such as hwa byung and naeng have been
described (e.g., Kendall, 1987; Kim, 1995; Lin, 1983), but the literature on how Korean
medical syndromes and belief systems relate to communication disorders is limited. This
article identifies the attitudes of Korean-American women toward the causes and treatment
of disabilities. Through learning about Korean culture and gathering empirical information
on cultural attitudes regarding the causes and treatment of disabilities, clinical
professionals may increase their cultural sensitivity toward and develop appropriate
treatments for the population of Korean Americans currently residing in the United States.
We have chosen to research KoreanAmerican females because these women will be the
primary caregivers in the American culture within which speech-language pathologists are
going to evaluate and treat Korean-American children and families. Therefore,
speechlanguage pathologists who treat communication disorders may increase effective
communication and treatment by attuning to the cultural beliefs of Korean Americans. One
model that addresses cultural information in clinical practice is the cultural competency

3. model of care proposed for transcultural nursing. According to Campinha-Bacote (1993),
four processes are included in working toward cultural competency. First, professionals
must become culturally aware and sensitive to differences in other cultures. Next, one must
seek cultural knowledge from various resources including medical anthropology in order to
provide insights into appropriate treatment approaches. In the next phase, professionals
need to develop cultural skills to accurately “assess the client’s cultural values, beliefs, and
practices without depending solely on written ‘facts’ about that specific cultural group” (p.
115), including the client’s perception of disability. Korean American Female Perspectives
on Disability Article PaperIn the final stage of developing a culturally competent model of
care, professionals engage in transcultural interactions with clients from culturally diverse
backgrounds while recognizing intracultural variations. As Sue and Sue (1990) indicate, it is
crucial that professionals “understand and can share the world view of their culturally
different clients” (p. 168). This does not suggest that one must “hold these world views as
their own, but rather that they can see and accept other world views in a nonjudgmental
manner” (p. 169). Religious Beliefs Information on the history of religion provides the
foundation for understanding American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology • Vol. 8 •
99–108 • May 1999 • © American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Erickson et al.:
Korean-American Perspectives on Disability 99 1058-0360/99/0802-0099 Downloaded
from: https://pubs.asha.org elizondo.denise@gmail.com on 27/20/2018, Terms of Use:
https://pubs.asha.org/pubs/rights_and_permissions various Korean cultural beliefs,
including views on health and illness. Buddhist and Confucian traditions are important
influences in the lives of Koreans (Kendall, 1988; Pritham & Sammons, 1993). Korea is
currently a religiously pluralistic country that, unlike its Asian neighbors, includes many
Christians (Tien-Hyatt, 1987). Metaphysical beliefs are cited in regard to causes of illness or
disability. For example, beliefs such as having contact with dead spirits, dead spirits
entering the body, or receiving punishment for sins of former ancestors are beliefs found in
the Korean culture (Cheng, 1993). One example is that a mother may cite the fact that she
attended a funeral during her pregnancy as one of the causes of her child’s disability (Chan,
1986). Other examples reported include a Korean mother of two boys with mental
retardation who blamed their disorder on the “spirit of a dead horse” that had entered her
body during the pregnancies with the children. Another mother of an emotionally disturbed
son believed the son to be having problems because his grandfather was an alcoholic (Chan,
1986). These examples demonstrate belief in the spiritual world and its influence as an
etiology of illnesses or disabilities. It would be unwise, however, to generalize these beliefs
to the entire Korean-American population. Social Orientation and Family Structure The
Korean culture stems from a strong patriarchal society with the male serving as the
dominant figure in the family. As with most Asian cultures, the Korean culture is vertically
stratified where recognition of higher or lower status is extremely crucial in
communication. Group harmony is stressed as well as homogeneity. One is taught not to call
extreme attention to oneself, especially if it will lead to shame or embarrassment. The
Korean culture also places strong importance on family loyalty. There is a lifelong obligation
to support and serve one’s family (Cheng, 1991; Eckert, Lee, Lew, Robinson, & Wagner,
1990; Matsuda, 1989). According to Chan (1992), traditional Korean family values are

4. changing as KoreanAmerican children have acculturated early in their lives to American
lifestyles and learn a predominantly American culture rather than a Korean culture. This
acculturation process may pose problems when it is combined with generational
differences and language barriers. Secondgeneration Korean children are often fluent
English speakers, whereas first-generation Korean-born immigrant parents predominantly
100 speak Korean. The potential for conflict in cultural values also exists. For example,
parents might continue to expect the respect and obedience of their children as well as have
their authority recognized. Depending on the level of acculturation, the children might feel
more autonomous and independent and expect equality in all relationships. In addition, the
traditional male dominance may be maintained, but this does not mean that all health-care
decisions are taken by males. In regard to views of nature, the Korean view of the universe
is holistic and spiritual, whereas the Western view is dualistic and materialistic. In terms of
social orientation, Koreans gain their sense of identity from a social order, adopting a
hierarchical structure with a resulting emphasis on authority. From a Western perspective,
one gains a sense of identity as an autonomous individual. Partners are equal and work
through compromise. Concepts of time are also distinctly different between the two groups.
Korean American Female Perspectives on Disability Article PaperThe Korean view of time
flows in a cycle where time revolves in a circular pattern, moving, yet staying within the
same time frame. Thus, nothing really changes. In contrast, the Western view of time is
more linear, traveling forward toward a goal. The social orientation and family structure is
likely to directly influence the meaning of disability. Within the context of traditional
Korean values and family structure, individuals with disabilities may receive important
family support and solutions may be sought within the confines of the family. However, in a
situation of acculturation with mainstream American values, the potential for conflict may
arise from a need for individual development and a different communication style. Health
Care Health and Illness The definition of health in Korean implies wholeness (Keller, 1981).
The Korean concept of health disregards a biological foundation and concentrates more on
the interactions between environmental, social, and physiological areas. Illness is related to
the state of ki, the cosmological vital energy, and is a practice of balancing the two forces
Um and Yang. Um represents elements such as coldness, darkness, night, femininity, and
earth. Yang, on the other hand, represents the opposite, such as hotness, light, day,
masculinity, and heaven. When these two forces are in harmony and balance each other, a
person is considered healthy, physically and mentally. This means that the causes of illness
are believed to result from physical, psychological, or spiritual factors or a combination of
American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology • Vol. 8 • 99–108 • May 1999 Downloaded
from: https://pubs.asha.org elizondo.denise@gmail.com on 27/20/2018, Terms of Use:
https://pubs.asha.org/pubs/rights_and_permissions any of these factors (Park & Peterson,
1991). Causes of disabilities can be attributed to several factors, such as imbalance of inner
forces, bad winds, demons, or spirits (Cheng, 1993). Traditional Medicine Traditional
medicine incorporates the definitions of health, wholeness, and balance. Hanbang, or the
traditional Korean medical care system, has been used by generations of Koreans to cure or
aid in the recovery of an illness as well as to maintain general health. It is used for a variety
of illnesses ranging from minor muscular aches, indigestion, respiratory problems,

5. gynecological problems, and allergies to injuries from automobile accidents, body spasms,
and even mental problems such as fear and mental confusion (Pang, 1989). Hanbang
continues to be a major source of treatment for illnesses for Koreans both in Korea and in
cities with large Korean populations in the United States. However, since the late 19th
century, Koreans have also turned to Western medicine for treatment (Cha, 1978; Parish &
Parish, 1971). Most of the individuals who continue to use hanbang in the United States are
Korean immigrants, particularly the older-generation Koreans who may feel more
comfortable in a familiar traditional hanbang clinic where the atmosphere is relaxing (Pang,
1989). The usage of hanbang in conjunction with Western medicine is critical to
understanding Korean culture and views of health. If Koreans are using traditional
treatments as well as Western medicine, care must be taken that the two complement each
other rather than conflict. Often, Western physicians are concerned when their patients
take traditional medicine such as herbs in conjunction with other prescribed medicine
(Park & Peterson, 1991). It is unclear whether this concern is due to the physicians’ lack of
trust in traditional medicine or because of the possible danger of mixing medications. The
importance for clinicians lies in the recognition of traditional medicine as a possible means
of incorporating and improving health service to Koreans and other Asians. Research
Questions Korean cultural beliefs, social and family orientation, and concepts of health care
provide a rich background for an empirical study. The objective of the present study was to
contribute to increased cultural sensitivity and practice in clinical settings with regard to
disabilities, including communication disorders. Therefore, a descriptive study was
designed to address the following research questions: (a) How familiar are
KoreanAmericans with various disabilities? (b)Korean American Female Perspectives on
Disability Article PaperWhat are the cultural ideas of cause and prevention of disability in
Korean American culture? and (c) What are the cultural beliefs regarding treatment of
various disabilities? Methodology Subjects A sample of 30 Korean-American females
between the ages of 20 and 30 (M = 23.52) participated in this study. All subjects had
completed or were currently pursuing a college degree; seven were undergraduate students
and five were graduate students. Seventeen of the subjects were employed and one was a
homemaker. The length of time that they had lived in the United States varied from 8 to 30
years (M = 16.97), with all subjects arriving before the age of 15. Subjects expressed strong
religious beliefs (M = 5.17 on a 7-point scale where 1 was no influence and 7 was extensive
influence) and included Catholic, Protestant, and Buddhist religions. All subjects except one
were bilingual in English and Korean and 11 of the subjects spoke other languages,
including French (5), Spanish (3), Chinese (1), Japanese (1), and German (1). Interviewer
Face-to-face and telephone interviews were conducted by the third author (JMS), a
multilingual Korean female who was an undergraduate student at the University of Illinois
and fluent in both English and Korean. Although subjects were given a choice of language
for the interview and a Korean version of the interview was available, all selected English as
the language for the interview. Instrument Development The instrument used for this study
was based on the instrument used in earlier studies with African-American, Jewish-
American, MexicanAmerican, and Athabaskan cultures (e.g., Maestas & Erickson, 1992). The
purpose of the current study was not to compare results with any of these groups but to

6. establish characteristic information of the Korean-American population as a unique culture.
In addition, three cultural informants including two Korean women, age 54 and 58, as well
as a KoreanAmerican man, age 56, were interviewed. All cultural informants were college-
educated professionals from Pusan, South Korea who reported having both Western and
traditional Erickson et al.: Korean-American Perspectives on Disability 101 Downloaded
from: https://pubs.asha.org elizondo.denise@gmail.com on 27/20/2018, Terms of Use:
https://pubs.asha.org/pubs/rights_and_permissions health beliefs. The information
consisted of answers to our questions as well as suggestions to edit or add other questions.
Thus, information obtained from these sources as well as a literature review regarding
Korean cultural beliefs on health and illness were used to increase the cultural sensitivity of
the interview protocol and develop appropriate items for the closed-ended questions. Open-
ended questions exploring beliefs regarding causes and treatment of disabilities including
communication disorders were similar in format to those used in the pilot studies. In
summary, the instrument provided a culturally appropriate tool for collecting information
about cultural beliefs and treatment of disabilities. Communication disorders were included
as disabilities. Description of Instrument Part I of the interview form contained two sections
that examined the subjects’ familiarity with different disabilities and the ranking of the
severity of various disabilities. Section A asked the subject to list four disabilities
categorized to be most severe in the Korean culture. Section B examined the subjects’
familiarity with various disabilities and the effect they would have on a person’s life. The
responses were quantitatively measured on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 being
“no effect” on the person’s life to 5 having “a lot of effect” on the person’s life. Part II focused
on cultural variations regarding etiology. Sections A and B were open-ended questions for
which the subjects related their ideas on the prevention and causes of disabilities. Section C
was composed of closed-ended questions that focused on the causal factors of disabilities
from a cultural point of view. In this section, the subjects were asked if people from the
Korean culture would …Korean American Female Perspectives on Disability Article Paper