SlideShare a Scribd company logo
Incubating Development Impact
Source: Nesta
1. Research and analysis
- Micro-narratives
- Ethnography
- Big data: smoke signals
- Evidence mapping
- Horizon scanning
- Market intelligence
- Systems mapping
- Service safaris

7. Systemic impact
- Changing behaviour
- Changing laws and regulations
- Calibrating markets
- Understanding interaction of
technologies

2. Ideation and fostering creative
thinking
- Crowdsourcing
- Challenges
- Design tools
- Creativity methods
- Open innovation

6. Scale-up
- Organisational growth
- Spreading ideas
- Transferring practice
- Legislation
- Licensing
- Franchising

3. Experiment
- Rapid prototyping
- Service and process design
- User-design
- Co-design
- Behavioural insights
- Light-touch evaluation
- Randomised Control Trials
- Cost-benefit modelling

4. Business case development
- Market sizing and validation
- Business case analysis
- Independent replication of
evaluation

5. Replication of impact
- Policy design
- Programme design
- Business modelling
- Organisational design

Source: Nesta
Source: Nesta
Source: Nesta
Theory of
change
Correlation

Challenges

Experiments

Alpha

Filter

Prototype

Filter

Ideas

Filter

Causation

Beta

Small Real-World Evaluations

Government
Graduation Enterprise
NGO
UNDP Project
Before and after
Who
• 3 staff
• few phone calls?

Where
• Office

Evidence
• Secondary
research
• No precedents
• No feedback loops

When
Solution identified
ex ante

How
• 1 solution preidentified
• Internal
process
• Top-down
• Linear

• Staff
• Universities
• Private sector
• Local Partners
• Start ups
• Individuals
• Int. networks

• Field
• Local
partners

• Gained through
experimentation
• Precedents
• Continuous
feedback loops

Solution identified
ex post

• Portfolio
approach
• Number of
hypothesis
tested
concurrently

• Co-design
• Open, public
process
• Continuous
improvement
ANNEX
Kolba concept
Kolba concept
Kolba concept
Kolba concept

More Related Content

Viewers also liked

China medical device industry market demand and investment strategy report, 2...
China medical device industry market demand and investment strategy report, 2...China medical device industry market demand and investment strategy report, 2...
China medical device industry market demand and investment strategy report, 2...
Qianzhan Intelligence
 
Sociologia segundo envio
Sociologia segundo envioSociologia segundo envio
Sociologia segundo envio
gingerestefania
 
Apple Inc.
Apple Inc.Apple Inc.
Apple Inc.
Junyoung Kim
 
Giveyourmessage1211
Giveyourmessage1211Giveyourmessage1211
Giveyourmessage1211예슬 이
 
China methanol industry market research and investment forecast report
China methanol industry market research and investment forecast reportChina methanol industry market research and investment forecast report
China methanol industry market research and investment forecast report
Qianzhan Intelligence
 
Ache flavonoides
Ache flavonoidesAche flavonoides
Ache flavonoides
Daniele Rodrigues
 
How Data Volume Affects Spark Based Data Analytics on a Scale-up Server
How Data Volume Affects Spark Based Data Analytics on a Scale-up ServerHow Data Volume Affects Spark Based Data Analytics on a Scale-up Server
How Data Volume Affects Spark Based Data Analytics on a Scale-up Server
Ahsan Javed Awan
 
Summer Fun 2014 - Computer Science for Kids and Teens
Summer Fun 2014 - Computer Science for Kids and TeensSummer Fun 2014 - Computer Science for Kids and Teens
Summer Fun 2014 - Computer Science for Kids and Teens
MyPal Online School
 
Hps at the Geneva Motor Show 2015
Hps at the Geneva Motor Show 2015Hps at the Geneva Motor Show 2015
Hps at the Geneva Motor Show 2015
HPS Group
 
Tips on Hosting Public Service Design Workshops (Java Edition)
Tips on Hosting Public Service Design Workshops (Java Edition)Tips on Hosting Public Service Design Workshops (Java Edition)
Tips on Hosting Public Service Design Workshops (Java Edition)
George Hodge
 

Viewers also liked (10)

China medical device industry market demand and investment strategy report, 2...
China medical device industry market demand and investment strategy report, 2...China medical device industry market demand and investment strategy report, 2...
China medical device industry market demand and investment strategy report, 2...
 
Sociologia segundo envio
Sociologia segundo envioSociologia segundo envio
Sociologia segundo envio
 
Apple Inc.
Apple Inc.Apple Inc.
Apple Inc.
 
Giveyourmessage1211
Giveyourmessage1211Giveyourmessage1211
Giveyourmessage1211
 
China methanol industry market research and investment forecast report
China methanol industry market research and investment forecast reportChina methanol industry market research and investment forecast report
China methanol industry market research and investment forecast report
 
Ache flavonoides
Ache flavonoidesAche flavonoides
Ache flavonoides
 
How Data Volume Affects Spark Based Data Analytics on a Scale-up Server
How Data Volume Affects Spark Based Data Analytics on a Scale-up ServerHow Data Volume Affects Spark Based Data Analytics on a Scale-up Server
How Data Volume Affects Spark Based Data Analytics on a Scale-up Server
 
Summer Fun 2014 - Computer Science for Kids and Teens
Summer Fun 2014 - Computer Science for Kids and TeensSummer Fun 2014 - Computer Science for Kids and Teens
Summer Fun 2014 - Computer Science for Kids and Teens
 
Hps at the Geneva Motor Show 2015
Hps at the Geneva Motor Show 2015Hps at the Geneva Motor Show 2015
Hps at the Geneva Motor Show 2015
 
Tips on Hosting Public Service Design Workshops (Java Edition)
Tips on Hosting Public Service Design Workshops (Java Edition)Tips on Hosting Public Service Design Workshops (Java Edition)
Tips on Hosting Public Service Design Workshops (Java Edition)
 

Similar to Kolba concept

Horizon scanning - Kolba cafe
Horizon scanning - Kolba cafeHorizon scanning - Kolba cafe
Horizon scanning - Kolba cafe
George Hodge
 
Social Media Marketing Research Companies
Social Media Marketing Research CompaniesSocial Media Marketing Research Companies
Social Media Marketing Research Companies
16ramanan
 
Market research and marketing analytics
Market research and marketing analyticsMarket research and marketing analytics
Market research and marketing analytics
Puneet Ohri
 
data mining
data mining data mining
data mining
ellen16187
 
Foresight Methods and Practice: Lessons Learned from International Foresight ...
Foresight Methods and Practice: Lessons Learned from International Foresight ...Foresight Methods and Practice: Lessons Learned from International Foresight ...
Foresight Methods and Practice: Lessons Learned from International Foresight ...
Totti Könnölä
 
An approach for evaluation of social...
An approach for evaluation of social...An approach for evaluation of social...
An approach for evaluation of social...
STIinnsbruck
 
Building the Analytics Capability
Building the Analytics CapabilityBuilding the Analytics Capability
Building the Analytics Capability
Bala Iyer
 
Ignou ph.d.mgmt syllabus
Ignou ph.d.mgmt syllabusIgnou ph.d.mgmt syllabus
Ignou ph.d.mgmt syllabus
CSCBarsing
 
IGNOU-Ph.D.MGMTSyllabus.pdf
IGNOU-Ph.D.MGMTSyllabus.pdfIGNOU-Ph.D.MGMTSyllabus.pdf
IGNOU-Ph.D.MGMTSyllabus.pdf
Prashant Barsing
 
Sentiment Analysis: The Marketplace and Providers
Sentiment Analysis: The Marketplace and ProvidersSentiment Analysis: The Marketplace and Providers
Sentiment Analysis: The Marketplace and Providers
Seth Grimes
 
Analytics- Dawn of the Cognitive Era.PDF
Analytics- Dawn of the Cognitive Era.PDFAnalytics- Dawn of the Cognitive Era.PDF
Analytics- Dawn of the Cognitive Era.PDF
MacGregor Olson
 
corporate foresight - an introduction
corporate foresight - an introductioncorporate foresight - an introduction
corporate foresight - an introduction
Ian Miles
 
Impact of big data on analytics
Impact of big data on analyticsImpact of big data on analytics
Impact of big data on analytics
Capgemini
 
Competitive Intelligence Management
Competitive Intelligence ManagementCompetitive Intelligence Management
Competitive Intelligence Management
Hendry Hartono
 
Ai Now institute 2017 report
 Ai Now institute 2017 report Ai Now institute 2017 report
Ai Now institute 2017 report
Willy Marroquin (WillyDevNET)
 
All That Glitters Is Not Gold Digging Beneath The Surface Of Data Mining
All That Glitters Is Not Gold  Digging Beneath The Surface Of Data MiningAll That Glitters Is Not Gold  Digging Beneath The Surface Of Data Mining
All That Glitters Is Not Gold Digging Beneath The Surface Of Data Mining
Jim Webb
 
Fuzzy Front End Presentation For Hfi Contextual Innovation Team
Fuzzy Front End Presentation For Hfi Contextual Innovation TeamFuzzy Front End Presentation For Hfi Contextual Innovation Team
Fuzzy Front End Presentation For Hfi Contextual Innovation Team
Rushikesh KULKARNI
 
The Web and the Collective Intelligence - How to use Collective Intelligence ...
The Web and the Collective Intelligence - How to use Collective Intelligence ...The Web and the Collective Intelligence - How to use Collective Intelligence ...
The Web and the Collective Intelligence - How to use Collective Intelligence ...
Hélio Teixeira
 
Web 2.0 Collective Intelligence - How to use collective intelligence techniqu...
Web 2.0 Collective Intelligence - How to use collective intelligence techniqu...Web 2.0 Collective Intelligence - How to use collective intelligence techniqu...
Web 2.0 Collective Intelligence - How to use collective intelligence techniqu...
Paul Gilbreath
 
Regression and correlation
Regression and correlationRegression and correlation
Regression and correlation
VrushaliSolanke
 

Similar to Kolba concept (20)

Horizon scanning - Kolba cafe
Horizon scanning - Kolba cafeHorizon scanning - Kolba cafe
Horizon scanning - Kolba cafe
 
Social Media Marketing Research Companies
Social Media Marketing Research CompaniesSocial Media Marketing Research Companies
Social Media Marketing Research Companies
 
Market research and marketing analytics
Market research and marketing analyticsMarket research and marketing analytics
Market research and marketing analytics
 
data mining
data mining data mining
data mining
 
Foresight Methods and Practice: Lessons Learned from International Foresight ...
Foresight Methods and Practice: Lessons Learned from International Foresight ...Foresight Methods and Practice: Lessons Learned from International Foresight ...
Foresight Methods and Practice: Lessons Learned from International Foresight ...
 
An approach for evaluation of social...
An approach for evaluation of social...An approach for evaluation of social...
An approach for evaluation of social...
 
Building the Analytics Capability
Building the Analytics CapabilityBuilding the Analytics Capability
Building the Analytics Capability
 
Ignou ph.d.mgmt syllabus
Ignou ph.d.mgmt syllabusIgnou ph.d.mgmt syllabus
Ignou ph.d.mgmt syllabus
 
IGNOU-Ph.D.MGMTSyllabus.pdf
IGNOU-Ph.D.MGMTSyllabus.pdfIGNOU-Ph.D.MGMTSyllabus.pdf
IGNOU-Ph.D.MGMTSyllabus.pdf
 
Sentiment Analysis: The Marketplace and Providers
Sentiment Analysis: The Marketplace and ProvidersSentiment Analysis: The Marketplace and Providers
Sentiment Analysis: The Marketplace and Providers
 
Analytics- Dawn of the Cognitive Era.PDF
Analytics- Dawn of the Cognitive Era.PDFAnalytics- Dawn of the Cognitive Era.PDF
Analytics- Dawn of the Cognitive Era.PDF
 
corporate foresight - an introduction
corporate foresight - an introductioncorporate foresight - an introduction
corporate foresight - an introduction
 
Impact of big data on analytics
Impact of big data on analyticsImpact of big data on analytics
Impact of big data on analytics
 
Competitive Intelligence Management
Competitive Intelligence ManagementCompetitive Intelligence Management
Competitive Intelligence Management
 
Ai Now institute 2017 report
 Ai Now institute 2017 report Ai Now institute 2017 report
Ai Now institute 2017 report
 
All That Glitters Is Not Gold Digging Beneath The Surface Of Data Mining
All That Glitters Is Not Gold  Digging Beneath The Surface Of Data MiningAll That Glitters Is Not Gold  Digging Beneath The Surface Of Data Mining
All That Glitters Is Not Gold Digging Beneath The Surface Of Data Mining
 
Fuzzy Front End Presentation For Hfi Contextual Innovation Team
Fuzzy Front End Presentation For Hfi Contextual Innovation TeamFuzzy Front End Presentation For Hfi Contextual Innovation Team
Fuzzy Front End Presentation For Hfi Contextual Innovation Team
 
The Web and the Collective Intelligence - How to use Collective Intelligence ...
The Web and the Collective Intelligence - How to use Collective Intelligence ...The Web and the Collective Intelligence - How to use Collective Intelligence ...
The Web and the Collective Intelligence - How to use Collective Intelligence ...
 
Web 2.0 Collective Intelligence - How to use collective intelligence techniqu...
Web 2.0 Collective Intelligence - How to use collective intelligence techniqu...Web 2.0 Collective Intelligence - How to use collective intelligence techniqu...
Web 2.0 Collective Intelligence - How to use collective intelligence techniqu...
 
Regression and correlation
Regression and correlationRegression and correlation
Regression and correlation
 

Recently uploaded

2024-6-01-IMPACTSilver-Corp-Presentation.pdf
2024-6-01-IMPACTSilver-Corp-Presentation.pdf2024-6-01-IMPACTSilver-Corp-Presentation.pdf
2024-6-01-IMPACTSilver-Corp-Presentation.pdf
hartfordclub1
 
Chapter 7 Final business management sciences .ppt
Chapter 7 Final business management sciences .pptChapter 7 Final business management sciences .ppt
Chapter 7 Final business management sciences .ppt
ssuser567e2d
 
Call 8867766396 Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta batta Matka 420 Satta...
Call 8867766396 Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta batta Matka 420 Satta...Call 8867766396 Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta batta Matka 420 Satta...
Call 8867766396 Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta batta Matka 420 Satta...
bosssp10
 
Event Report - SAP Sapphire 2024 Orlando - lots of innovation and old challenges
Event Report - SAP Sapphire 2024 Orlando - lots of innovation and old challengesEvent Report - SAP Sapphire 2024 Orlando - lots of innovation and old challenges
Event Report - SAP Sapphire 2024 Orlando - lots of innovation and old challenges
Holger Mueller
 
Business storytelling: key ingredients to a story
Business storytelling: key ingredients to a storyBusiness storytelling: key ingredients to a story
Business storytelling: key ingredients to a story
Alexandra Fulford
 
Easily Verify Compliance and Security with Binance KYC
Easily Verify Compliance and Security with Binance KYCEasily Verify Compliance and Security with Binance KYC
Easily Verify Compliance and Security with Binance KYC
Any kyc Account
 
The latest Heat Pump Manual from Newentide
The latest Heat Pump Manual from NewentideThe latest Heat Pump Manual from Newentide
The latest Heat Pump Manual from Newentide
JoeYangGreatMachiner
 
Authentically Social by Corey Perlman - EO Puerto Rico
Authentically Social by Corey Perlman - EO Puerto RicoAuthentically Social by Corey Perlman - EO Puerto Rico
Authentically Social by Corey Perlman - EO Puerto Rico
Corey Perlman, Social Media Speaker and Consultant
 
Top mailing list providers in the USA.pptx
Top mailing list providers in the USA.pptxTop mailing list providers in the USA.pptx
Top mailing list providers in the USA.pptx
JeremyPeirce1
 
Innovation Management Frameworks: Your Guide to Creativity & Innovation
Innovation Management Frameworks: Your Guide to Creativity & InnovationInnovation Management Frameworks: Your Guide to Creativity & Innovation
Innovation Management Frameworks: Your Guide to Creativity & Innovation
Operational Excellence Consulting
 
一比一原版新西兰奥塔哥大学毕业证(otago毕业证)如何办理
一比一原版新西兰奥塔哥大学毕业证(otago毕业证)如何办理一比一原版新西兰奥塔哥大学毕业证(otago毕业证)如何办理
一比一原版新西兰奥塔哥大学毕业证(otago毕业证)如何办理
taqyea
 
2022 Vintage Roman Numerals Men Rings
2022 Vintage Roman  Numerals  Men  Rings2022 Vintage Roman  Numerals  Men  Rings
2022 Vintage Roman Numerals Men Rings
aragme
 
Call8328958814 satta matka Kalyan result satta guessing
Call8328958814 satta matka Kalyan result satta guessingCall8328958814 satta matka Kalyan result satta guessing
Call8328958814 satta matka Kalyan result satta guessing
➑➌➋➑➒➎➑➑➊➍
 
Maksym Vyshnivetskyi: PMO KPIs (UA) (#12)
Maksym Vyshnivetskyi: PMO KPIs (UA) (#12)Maksym Vyshnivetskyi: PMO KPIs (UA) (#12)
Maksym Vyshnivetskyi: PMO KPIs (UA) (#12)
Lviv Startup Club
 
GKohler - Retail Scavenger Hunt Presentation
GKohler - Retail Scavenger Hunt PresentationGKohler - Retail Scavenger Hunt Presentation
GKohler - Retail Scavenger Hunt Presentation
GraceKohler1
 
3 Simple Steps To Buy Verified Payoneer Account In 2024
3 Simple Steps To Buy Verified Payoneer Account In 20243 Simple Steps To Buy Verified Payoneer Account In 2024
3 Simple Steps To Buy Verified Payoneer Account In 2024
SEOSMMEARTH
 
DearbornMusic-KatherineJasperFullSailUni
DearbornMusic-KatherineJasperFullSailUniDearbornMusic-KatherineJasperFullSailUni
DearbornMusic-KatherineJasperFullSailUni
katiejasper96
 
Hamster Kombat' Telegram Game Surpasses 100 Million Players—Token Release Sch...
Hamster Kombat' Telegram Game Surpasses 100 Million Players—Token Release Sch...Hamster Kombat' Telegram Game Surpasses 100 Million Players—Token Release Sch...
Hamster Kombat' Telegram Game Surpasses 100 Million Players—Token Release Sch...
SOFTTECHHUB
 
Creative Web Design Company in Singapore
Creative Web Design Company in SingaporeCreative Web Design Company in Singapore
Creative Web Design Company in Singapore
techboxsqauremedia
 
Observation Lab PowerPoint Assignment for TEM 431
Observation Lab PowerPoint Assignment for TEM 431Observation Lab PowerPoint Assignment for TEM 431
Observation Lab PowerPoint Assignment for TEM 431
ecamare2
 

Recently uploaded (20)

2024-6-01-IMPACTSilver-Corp-Presentation.pdf
2024-6-01-IMPACTSilver-Corp-Presentation.pdf2024-6-01-IMPACTSilver-Corp-Presentation.pdf
2024-6-01-IMPACTSilver-Corp-Presentation.pdf
 
Chapter 7 Final business management sciences .ppt
Chapter 7 Final business management sciences .pptChapter 7 Final business management sciences .ppt
Chapter 7 Final business management sciences .ppt
 
Call 8867766396 Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta batta Matka 420 Satta...
Call 8867766396 Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta batta Matka 420 Satta...Call 8867766396 Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta batta Matka 420 Satta...
Call 8867766396 Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta batta Matka 420 Satta...
 
Event Report - SAP Sapphire 2024 Orlando - lots of innovation and old challenges
Event Report - SAP Sapphire 2024 Orlando - lots of innovation and old challengesEvent Report - SAP Sapphire 2024 Orlando - lots of innovation and old challenges
Event Report - SAP Sapphire 2024 Orlando - lots of innovation and old challenges
 
Business storytelling: key ingredients to a story
Business storytelling: key ingredients to a storyBusiness storytelling: key ingredients to a story
Business storytelling: key ingredients to a story
 
Easily Verify Compliance and Security with Binance KYC
Easily Verify Compliance and Security with Binance KYCEasily Verify Compliance and Security with Binance KYC
Easily Verify Compliance and Security with Binance KYC
 
The latest Heat Pump Manual from Newentide
The latest Heat Pump Manual from NewentideThe latest Heat Pump Manual from Newentide
The latest Heat Pump Manual from Newentide
 
Authentically Social by Corey Perlman - EO Puerto Rico
Authentically Social by Corey Perlman - EO Puerto RicoAuthentically Social by Corey Perlman - EO Puerto Rico
Authentically Social by Corey Perlman - EO Puerto Rico
 
Top mailing list providers in the USA.pptx
Top mailing list providers in the USA.pptxTop mailing list providers in the USA.pptx
Top mailing list providers in the USA.pptx
 
Innovation Management Frameworks: Your Guide to Creativity & Innovation
Innovation Management Frameworks: Your Guide to Creativity & InnovationInnovation Management Frameworks: Your Guide to Creativity & Innovation
Innovation Management Frameworks: Your Guide to Creativity & Innovation
 
一比一原版新西兰奥塔哥大学毕业证(otago毕业证)如何办理
一比一原版新西兰奥塔哥大学毕业证(otago毕业证)如何办理一比一原版新西兰奥塔哥大学毕业证(otago毕业证)如何办理
一比一原版新西兰奥塔哥大学毕业证(otago毕业证)如何办理
 
2022 Vintage Roman Numerals Men Rings
2022 Vintage Roman  Numerals  Men  Rings2022 Vintage Roman  Numerals  Men  Rings
2022 Vintage Roman Numerals Men Rings
 
Call8328958814 satta matka Kalyan result satta guessing
Call8328958814 satta matka Kalyan result satta guessingCall8328958814 satta matka Kalyan result satta guessing
Call8328958814 satta matka Kalyan result satta guessing
 
Maksym Vyshnivetskyi: PMO KPIs (UA) (#12)
Maksym Vyshnivetskyi: PMO KPIs (UA) (#12)Maksym Vyshnivetskyi: PMO KPIs (UA) (#12)
Maksym Vyshnivetskyi: PMO KPIs (UA) (#12)
 
GKohler - Retail Scavenger Hunt Presentation
GKohler - Retail Scavenger Hunt PresentationGKohler - Retail Scavenger Hunt Presentation
GKohler - Retail Scavenger Hunt Presentation
 
3 Simple Steps To Buy Verified Payoneer Account In 2024
3 Simple Steps To Buy Verified Payoneer Account In 20243 Simple Steps To Buy Verified Payoneer Account In 2024
3 Simple Steps To Buy Verified Payoneer Account In 2024
 
DearbornMusic-KatherineJasperFullSailUni
DearbornMusic-KatherineJasperFullSailUniDearbornMusic-KatherineJasperFullSailUni
DearbornMusic-KatherineJasperFullSailUni
 
Hamster Kombat' Telegram Game Surpasses 100 Million Players—Token Release Sch...
Hamster Kombat' Telegram Game Surpasses 100 Million Players—Token Release Sch...Hamster Kombat' Telegram Game Surpasses 100 Million Players—Token Release Sch...
Hamster Kombat' Telegram Game Surpasses 100 Million Players—Token Release Sch...
 
Creative Web Design Company in Singapore
Creative Web Design Company in SingaporeCreative Web Design Company in Singapore
Creative Web Design Company in Singapore
 
Observation Lab PowerPoint Assignment for TEM 431
Observation Lab PowerPoint Assignment for TEM 431Observation Lab PowerPoint Assignment for TEM 431
Observation Lab PowerPoint Assignment for TEM 431
 

Kolba concept

  • 3. 1. Research and analysis - Micro-narratives - Ethnography - Big data: smoke signals - Evidence mapping - Horizon scanning - Market intelligence - Systems mapping - Service safaris 7. Systemic impact - Changing behaviour - Changing laws and regulations - Calibrating markets - Understanding interaction of technologies 2. Ideation and fostering creative thinking - Crowdsourcing - Challenges - Design tools - Creativity methods - Open innovation 6. Scale-up - Organisational growth - Spreading ideas - Transferring practice - Legislation - Licensing - Franchising 3. Experiment - Rapid prototyping - Service and process design - User-design - Co-design - Behavioural insights - Light-touch evaluation - Randomised Control Trials - Cost-benefit modelling 4. Business case development - Market sizing and validation - Business case analysis - Independent replication of evaluation 5. Replication of impact - Policy design - Programme design - Business modelling - Organisational design Source: Nesta
  • 4.
  • 8. Before and after Who • 3 staff • few phone calls? Where • Office Evidence • Secondary research • No precedents • No feedback loops When Solution identified ex ante How • 1 solution preidentified • Internal process • Top-down • Linear • Staff • Universities • Private sector • Local Partners • Start ups • Individuals • Int. networks • Field • Local partners • Gained through experimentation • Precedents • Continuous feedback loops Solution identified ex post • Portfolio approach • Number of hypothesis tested concurrently • Co-design • Open, public process • Continuous improvement