Kémiai alapismeretek - Szerves kémiai alapok

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Kémiai BSc
Szerves kémiai alapok
Kémiai alapismeretek

A szerves vegyületekről
 A szerves kémia a szénvegyületek kémiája
 C, H
 O, N
 S, P, …
 6C : 1s2 / 2s2, 2p2 alapállapotban
Vegyületekben: 1s2 / 2s1, 2p3
Promóció, hibridizáció, „4 vegyérték”, C-C kötés, izoméria
 Csoportosításuk:
 Nyílt – Zárt (gyűrűs, ciklikus, aromás)
 Telített - Telítetlen

Szénhidrogének
C, H és közvetlen származékaik
 Alkán Alkohol Aldehid Karbonsav
CnH2n+2 CnH2n+1-OH
Ox. Ox. Ox.
-H2
Metán
CH4
Metil-alkohol
CH3-OH
Formaldehid Hangyasav
H-COOH
Etán
CH3-CH3
Etil-alkohol
CH3-CH2-OH
Acetaldehid Ecetsav
CH3-COOH
Propán
CH3-CH2-CH3
Bután
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
Oktán
C8H18

Szénhidrogének
C, H és közvetlen származékaik
 Éterek: Alkoholból vízelvonással keletkező
vegyületek.
 2C2H5OH → C2H5–O–C2H5 + H2O
 Észterek: Alkohol+savvízkilépéssel
keletkező vegyületek.
 Zsírok (észter): Glicerinnek nagy molekulájú
zsírsavakkal alkotott észterei.

Szénhidrogének
C, H telített, telítetlen
Alkán
CnH2n+2
CH3- CH3
Etán
Alkén
CnH2n
CH2= CH2
Etén /etilén/
Alkin
CnH2n-2
Etin /acetilén/
Aromás
Benzol

Szénhidrátok C, H, O
 Monoszacharidok (C6H12O6 glükóz, fruktóz)
 CO2 +H2O --> C6H12O6 +O2
 Diszacharidok: répa ill. nádcukor C12H22O11
 Keményítő: poliszacharid (C6H10O5)n n= százas nagyságrend
 Cellulóz: poliszacharid (C6H10O5)n n= ezres nagyságrend

Számítási példa
 Feladat: 200kg 20m/m%-os cukortartalmú mustból hány kg etil-
alkohol és hány dm3 standard állapotú CO2 gáz keletkezik az alkoholos
erjedési folyamatban:
 Megoldás:
C6H1206 2C2H5-OH+2CO2
(1mol) 180 g 2x46 g 2x44 g ami 2x24,5dm3
Akkor 200kg mustból…?
Erjesztő
gombák

Aminosavak és fehérjék
 Amino-ecetsav/glicin/ Ikerionos szerkezet (R=H)
 Vizes oldatban, egy meghatározott pH értéken, az
illető aminosav izoelektromos pontján, egyenlő
mértékben ionizált az aminosav mindkét csoportja:
így kifelé semleges, elektromos erőtérben
ionvándorlást nem mutat.

Polipeptidek
– peptidkötés (amidkötés)
Peptid kötés
(vízkilépés)
NH2-CH2-CO-NH-CH2-CO-NH-CH2-CO-……-CH2-COOH
Polipeptid lánc (monomer: glicin)

Műanyagok, műszálak
 Polimerizáció /telítetlen kötés felszakad/
 Polikondenzáció /többszörös vízkilépés/
 Polietilén (PE)
 Polivinilklorid (PVC)
 Polisztirol (PS)
 Cellulóznitrát, acetátcellulóz
 Cellulózxantogenát (viszkózműselyem)
 Nylon
 Bakelit(fenol+formaldehid)
 Aminoplasztok: poliuretánok, szilikonok

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Kémiai alapismeretek - Szerves kémiai alapok

1. Kémiai BSc Szerves kémiai alapok Kémiai alapismeretek

2. A szerves vegyületekről  A szerves kémia a szénvegyületek kémiája  C, H  O, N  S, P, …  6C : 1s2 / 2s2, 2p2 alapállapotban Vegyületekben: 1s2 / 2s1, 2p3 Promóció, hibridizáció, „4 vegyérték”, C-C kötés, izoméria  Csoportosításuk:  Nyílt – Zárt (gyűrűs, ciklikus, aromás)  Telített - Telítetlen

3. Szénhidrogének C, H és közvetlen származékaik  Alkán Alkohol Aldehid Karbonsav CnH2n+2 CnH2n+1-OH Ox. Ox. Ox. -H2 Metán CH4 Metil-alkohol CH3-OH Formaldehid Hangyasav H-COOH Etán CH3-CH3 Etil-alkohol CH3-CH2-OH Acetaldehid Ecetsav CH3-COOH Propán CH3-CH2-CH3 Bután CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 Oktán C8H18

4. Szénhidrogének C, H és közvetlen származékaik  Éterek: Alkoholból vízelvonással keletkező vegyületek.  2C2H5OH → C2H5–O–C2H5 + H2O  Észterek: Alkohol+savvízkilépéssel keletkező vegyületek.  Zsírok (észter): Glicerinnek nagy molekulájú zsírsavakkal alkotott észterei.

5. Szénhidrogének C, H telített, telítetlen Alkán CnH2n+2 CH3- CH3 Etán Alkén CnH2n CH2= CH2 Etén /etilén/ Alkin CnH2n-2 Etin /acetilén/ Aromás Benzol

6. Szénhidrátok C, H, O  Monoszacharidok (C6H12O6 glükóz, fruktóz)  CO2 +H2O --> C6H12O6 +O2  Diszacharidok: répa ill. nádcukor C12H22O11  Keményítő: poliszacharid (C6H10O5)n n= százas nagyságrend  Cellulóz: poliszacharid (C6H10O5)n n= ezres nagyságrend

7. Számítási példa  Feladat: 200kg 20m/m%-os cukortartalmú mustból hány kg etil- alkohol és hány dm3 standard állapotú CO2 gáz keletkezik az alkoholos erjedési folyamatban:  Megoldás: C6H1206 2C2H5-OH+2CO2 (1mol) 180 g 2x46 g 2x44 g ami 2x24,5dm3 Akkor 200kg mustból…? Erjesztő gombák

8. Aminosavak és fehérjék  Amino-ecetsav/glicin/ Ikerionos szerkezet (R=H)  Vizes oldatban, egy meghatározott pH értéken, az illető aminosav izoelektromos pontján, egyenlő mértékben ionizált az aminosav mindkét csoportja: így kifelé semleges, elektromos erőtérben ionvándorlást nem mutat.

9. Polipeptidek – peptidkötés (amidkötés) Peptid kötés (vízkilépés) NH2-CH2-CO-NH-CH2-CO-NH-CH2-CO-……-CH2-COOH Polipeptid lánc (monomer: glicin)

10. Műanyagok, műszálak  Polimerizáció /telítetlen kötés felszakad/  Polikondenzáció /többszörös vízkilépés/  Polietilén (PE)  Polivinilklorid (PVC)  Polisztirol (PS)  Cellulóznitrát, acetátcellulóz  Cellulózxantogenát (viszkózműselyem)  Nylon  Bakelit(fenol+formaldehid)  Aminoplasztok: poliuretánok, szilikonok

Kémiai alapismeretek - Szerves kémiai alapok

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