The Challenges Managing Brand Positioning: Small Medium Entreprises’ (SME) In...inventionjournals
Small and Medium Enterprise (SMEs) play an important roles in the economic development in Malaysia. However, SMEs entrepreneurs still not emphasis their brand positioning both its products and services. The main thrust of this study was on to examine the challenges and strategies that had been made while managing brand positioning of food products for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia country. The findings will reveal challenges that SMEs entrepreneur had to branding their product positioning may definitely improve their strategy that offering SMEs brand.
Leverage of Entrepreneurship Orientation and Market Orientation to Entreprene...inventionjournals
The research objective has to determine the leverage of entrepreneurship orientation and market orientation to entrepreneurship marketing in clothing industry. Hopefully will be able to the AEC Indonesia's economy is expected to be better. One of them is the marketing of goods and services from Indonesia can expand its reach to other ASEAN countries. In this case because the main characteristic features of the AEC 2015 is economic regions with competitiveness; a single market and production; and region with equitable economic development. The population used all of companies of the clothing industry and a sample of 51 units. Processing of the data was analyzed with multiple linier regressions aided by using SPSS. Results of studied were found that the partial and simultaneously variables X1 and X2 have a significant effect to the variable Y.
The Challenges Managing Brand Positioning: Small Medium Entreprises’ (SME) In...inventionjournals
Small and Medium Enterprise (SMEs) play an important roles in the economic development in Malaysia. However, SMEs entrepreneurs still not emphasis their brand positioning both its products and services. The main thrust of this study was on to examine the challenges and strategies that had been made while managing brand positioning of food products for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia country. The findings will reveal challenges that SMEs entrepreneur had to branding their product positioning may definitely improve their strategy that offering SMEs brand.
Leverage of Entrepreneurship Orientation and Market Orientation to Entreprene...inventionjournals
The research objective has to determine the leverage of entrepreneurship orientation and market orientation to entrepreneurship marketing in clothing industry. Hopefully will be able to the AEC Indonesia's economy is expected to be better. One of them is the marketing of goods and services from Indonesia can expand its reach to other ASEAN countries. In this case because the main characteristic features of the AEC 2015 is economic regions with competitiveness; a single market and production; and region with equitable economic development. The population used all of companies of the clothing industry and a sample of 51 units. Processing of the data was analyzed with multiple linier regressions aided by using SPSS. Results of studied were found that the partial and simultaneously variables X1 and X2 have a significant effect to the variable Y.
Market Orientation and Entrepreneurial Competence towards Competitive Advanta...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This research aims to test and investigate the influence of market orientation and entrepreneurial competencies toward competitive advantage and marketing performance on Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) on seaweed processing in South Sulawesi. The unit of analysis is the whole owner and manager of small and medium enterprises on seaweed processing in South Sulawesi. The selection of owner and Manager as the unit of analysis was justified because they (owner/ manager) are the main resources that belong to small and medium enterprises. In addition, the owner and the manager is an individual that is able to explain variable-variables analyzed. The samples in this research are MSMEs on Seaweed of Processing on South Sulawesi as many as 158 respondents. Data analysis techniques used in explaining the phenomenon in this research are descriptive statistics analysis techniques and analysis of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with AMOS 24 computer program statistic The researches result to found that market orientation has a positive significant influence Orientation toward competitive advantage with P value = 0.040 < 0.05 with coefficients value 0.285, Entrepreneurial Competence has a positive significant influence toward competitive advantage with P value = 0.045 < 0.05 with coefficient 0.226. Market Orientation has positive insignificant influence on performance marketing with P = 0.524 > 0.05 with coefficient value of 0.190. Entrepreneurship competence have a positive insignificant influence on marketing performance with P = 0.455 > 0.05 with coefficient value of 0.105.
TheCompetitiveness And Economic Performance OfRegency/City In East Java Indon...iosrjce
The studyaimed to analyze the typology of competitiveness and economic performance of East Java’s
regencies/cities, and investigate the influence of regional competitiveness to ward their economic
performance.Moreover, the study appliedquantitative research approach which employedsome analysis
instruments, namely: Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Regression Analysis and Region Typology.
The resultsshowed: 1) The typology of competitiveness of regionswhich includes category I, II, III and IV were
31.58%, 26.32%, 15.79%, and 26.32%; 2) Competitiveness which compriseregional strength indicator, public
service facilities, and investment climate proved to affect economic performance; 3) The investment climate had
the greatest role compared with regional strength and public service facilities aspects; 4) Regional strength
aspects that contributed significantly to the competitiveness was the quality ofhuman resources; 5) Obligatory
functions service to provide educational infrastructure hadgiven largest contribution to the determinant of
regioncompetiveness.
An Exploratory Study of Factors Influencing Corporate Sustainability on busin...AkashSharma618775
This study evaluates the effect of corporate sustainability on business performance of manufacturing
industries in USA, from 2012 to 2015. These Manufacturing industries are listed in Corporate Social
Responsibility Hub (CSRHub), Morning Star and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). All data used in this report
were extracted from 37 manufacturing companies’ Sustainability, corporate social responsibility (CSR) and
annual reports. These companies are of diverse sectors such as Automobile, Health care, consumer goods, food,
beverages and technology. Quantitative method of research is used in this study; this also includes the use of
explanatory and descriptive research design. The main issues to be discussed in this study are Donation, Incident
rate reduction and Water Recycled as the independent variables, while Revenue is the dependent variable. Data
analysis was carried out using the regression analysis, descriptive statistics and correlation. E-views software
generated the data for further analysis. The findings imply that donation has a positive insignificance effect on
revenue, reduced incident rate reduction had positive significance effect on revenue and water recycling has
negative insignificant effect on revenue. In the future researches, larger samples of companies form diverse sectors
and subsectors should be studied to broaden the research on company performance especially the non-financial
aspect.
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania UniversityBalasri Kamarapu
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania University
Cost concepts
Cost classification
CVP Analysis
Short run cost curves and long run cost curves
Experience curve
Economies and diseconomies to the scale
Economies of scope
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania University
Cost concepts
Cost classification
CVP Analysis
Short run cost curves and long run cost curves
Experience curve
Economies and diseconomies to the scale
Economies of scope
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania University
Cost concepts
Cost classification
CVP Analysis
Short run cost curves and long run cost curves
Experience curve
Economies and diseconomies to the scale
Economies of scope
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania University
Cost concepts
Cost classification
CVP Analysis
Short run cost curves and long run cost curves
Experience curve
Economies and diseconomies to the scale
Economies of scope
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania University
Cost concepts
Cost classification
CVP Analysis
Short run cost curves and long run cost curves
Experience curve
Economies and diseconomies to the scale
Economies of scope
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania University
Cost concepts
Cost classification
CVP Analysis
Short run cost curves and long run cost curves
Experience curve
Economies and diseconomies to the scale
Economies of scope
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania University
Cost concepts
Cost classification
CVP Analysis
Short run cost curves and long run cost curves
Experience curve
Economies and diseconomies to the scale
Economies of scope
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania University
Cost concepts
Cost classification
CVP Analysis
Short run cost curves and long run cost curves
Experience curve
Economies and diseconomies to the scale
Economies of scope
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania University
Cost concepts
Cost classification
CVP Analysis
Short run cost curves and long run cost curves
Experience curve
Economies and diseconomies to the scale
Economies of scope
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania University
Cost concepts
Cost classification
CVP Analysis
Short run cost curves and long run cost curves
Experience curve
Economies and diseconomies to the scale
Economies of scope
The purpose of this paper is assess the level of brand performance among the furniture manufacturing firms in Malaysia where the background of firms were examined in determining the influence of demographics on their brand performance. The brand performance framework by Wong and Merrilees (2008) was adapted to measure the brand performance of the furniture manufacturing firms in Malaysia. 550 questionnaires were sent out to CEOs or the marketing team of the furniture firms. This study found that there is a high level of functional innovation, followed by meaning and aesthetic innovation. However, typological innovation mean score is slightly below the theoretical average. Ultimately, furniture manufacturing firms have fairly high brand performance, brand distinctiveness and brand barriers, but fairly low brand orientation, which can be considered positive results. Large furniture firms are reported to have better brand performance than small and medium furniture firms. The findings discussed are parallel to the emerging importance of increasing brand performance among furniture manufacturing firms in Malaysia.
Passport to Marketing", series video chia sẻ từ những người dẫn đường kinh nghiệm, sẽ là "giấy thông hành" giúp bạn sải bước tự tin vào thế giới Marketing đầy màu sắc, với những hiểu biết nền tảng và định hướng nghề nghiệp rõ ràng về nơi bạn muốn đến.
Market Orientation and Entrepreneurial Competence towards Competitive Advanta...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This research aims to test and investigate the influence of market orientation and entrepreneurial competencies toward competitive advantage and marketing performance on Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) on seaweed processing in South Sulawesi. The unit of analysis is the whole owner and manager of small and medium enterprises on seaweed processing in South Sulawesi. The selection of owner and Manager as the unit of analysis was justified because they (owner/ manager) are the main resources that belong to small and medium enterprises. In addition, the owner and the manager is an individual that is able to explain variable-variables analyzed. The samples in this research are MSMEs on Seaweed of Processing on South Sulawesi as many as 158 respondents. Data analysis techniques used in explaining the phenomenon in this research are descriptive statistics analysis techniques and analysis of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with AMOS 24 computer program statistic The researches result to found that market orientation has a positive significant influence Orientation toward competitive advantage with P value = 0.040 < 0.05 with coefficients value 0.285, Entrepreneurial Competence has a positive significant influence toward competitive advantage with P value = 0.045 < 0.05 with coefficient 0.226. Market Orientation has positive insignificant influence on performance marketing with P = 0.524 > 0.05 with coefficient value of 0.190. Entrepreneurship competence have a positive insignificant influence on marketing performance with P = 0.455 > 0.05 with coefficient value of 0.105.
TheCompetitiveness And Economic Performance OfRegency/City In East Java Indon...iosrjce
The studyaimed to analyze the typology of competitiveness and economic performance of East Java’s
regencies/cities, and investigate the influence of regional competitiveness to ward their economic
performance.Moreover, the study appliedquantitative research approach which employedsome analysis
instruments, namely: Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Regression Analysis and Region Typology.
The resultsshowed: 1) The typology of competitiveness of regionswhich includes category I, II, III and IV were
31.58%, 26.32%, 15.79%, and 26.32%; 2) Competitiveness which compriseregional strength indicator, public
service facilities, and investment climate proved to affect economic performance; 3) The investment climate had
the greatest role compared with regional strength and public service facilities aspects; 4) Regional strength
aspects that contributed significantly to the competitiveness was the quality ofhuman resources; 5) Obligatory
functions service to provide educational infrastructure hadgiven largest contribution to the determinant of
regioncompetiveness.
An Exploratory Study of Factors Influencing Corporate Sustainability on busin...AkashSharma618775
This study evaluates the effect of corporate sustainability on business performance of manufacturing
industries in USA, from 2012 to 2015. These Manufacturing industries are listed in Corporate Social
Responsibility Hub (CSRHub), Morning Star and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). All data used in this report
were extracted from 37 manufacturing companies’ Sustainability, corporate social responsibility (CSR) and
annual reports. These companies are of diverse sectors such as Automobile, Health care, consumer goods, food,
beverages and technology. Quantitative method of research is used in this study; this also includes the use of
explanatory and descriptive research design. The main issues to be discussed in this study are Donation, Incident
rate reduction and Water Recycled as the independent variables, while Revenue is the dependent variable. Data
analysis was carried out using the regression analysis, descriptive statistics and correlation. E-views software
generated the data for further analysis. The findings imply that donation has a positive insignificance effect on
revenue, reduced incident rate reduction had positive significance effect on revenue and water recycling has
negative insignificant effect on revenue. In the future researches, larger samples of companies form diverse sectors
and subsectors should be studied to broaden the research on company performance especially the non-financial
aspect.
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania UniversityBalasri Kamarapu
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania University
Cost concepts
Cost classification
CVP Analysis
Short run cost curves and long run cost curves
Experience curve
Economies and diseconomies to the scale
Economies of scope
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania University
Cost concepts
Cost classification
CVP Analysis
Short run cost curves and long run cost curves
Experience curve
Economies and diseconomies to the scale
Economies of scope
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania University
Cost concepts
Cost classification
CVP Analysis
Short run cost curves and long run cost curves
Experience curve
Economies and diseconomies to the scale
Economies of scope
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania University
Cost concepts
Cost classification
CVP Analysis
Short run cost curves and long run cost curves
Experience curve
Economies and diseconomies to the scale
Economies of scope
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania University
Cost concepts
Cost classification
CVP Analysis
Short run cost curves and long run cost curves
Experience curve
Economies and diseconomies to the scale
Economies of scope
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania University
Cost concepts
Cost classification
CVP Analysis
Short run cost curves and long run cost curves
Experience curve
Economies and diseconomies to the scale
Economies of scope
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania University
Cost concepts
Cost classification
CVP Analysis
Short run cost curves and long run cost curves
Experience curve
Economies and diseconomies to the scale
Economies of scope
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania University
Cost concepts
Cost classification
CVP Analysis
Short run cost curves and long run cost curves
Experience curve
Economies and diseconomies to the scale
Economies of scope
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania University
Cost concepts
Cost classification
CVP Analysis
Short run cost curves and long run cost curves
Experience curve
Economies and diseconomies to the scale
Economies of scope
Business Economics - Unit-4 - Osmania University
Cost concepts
Cost classification
CVP Analysis
Short run cost curves and long run cost curves
Experience curve
Economies and diseconomies to the scale
Economies of scope
The purpose of this paper is assess the level of brand performance among the furniture manufacturing firms in Malaysia where the background of firms were examined in determining the influence of demographics on their brand performance. The brand performance framework by Wong and Merrilees (2008) was adapted to measure the brand performance of the furniture manufacturing firms in Malaysia. 550 questionnaires were sent out to CEOs or the marketing team of the furniture firms. This study found that there is a high level of functional innovation, followed by meaning and aesthetic innovation. However, typological innovation mean score is slightly below the theoretical average. Ultimately, furniture manufacturing firms have fairly high brand performance, brand distinctiveness and brand barriers, but fairly low brand orientation, which can be considered positive results. Large furniture firms are reported to have better brand performance than small and medium furniture firms. The findings discussed are parallel to the emerging importance of increasing brand performance among furniture manufacturing firms in Malaysia.
Passport to Marketing", series video chia sẻ từ những người dẫn đường kinh nghiệm, sẽ là "giấy thông hành" giúp bạn sải bước tự tin vào thế giới Marketing đầy màu sắc, với những hiểu biết nền tảng và định hướng nghề nghiệp rõ ràng về nơi bạn muốn đến.
furniture textile fabrics and furniture from turkey Agents Distributors wantedB2B ARABIA
furniture textile fabrics from Turkey . Agents distributors wanted Qatar Bahrain Kuwait Yemen
أثاث أقمشه من تركيا مطلوب وكلاء وموزعين في السعوديه اليمن قطر
The Sourcing Place is a part of Suntex Industry Group a global leader in apparel & textile manufacturing employing over 1500 individuals with key operational locations in Hong Kong, China, Vietnam, Bangladesh & Southern California, USA. We are your One-stop Apparel Design & Sourcing Partner. http://www.thesourcingplace.com/
Tibetan History and Cuisine. Special foods and beverage in Tibet
If you would like to download these slides, send me via: nguyenpuyen91@gmail.com with your purpose of download.
Passport to Marketing", series video chia sẻ từ những người dẫn đường kinh nghiệm, sẽ là "giấy thông hành" giúp bạn sải bước tự tin vào thế giới Marketing đầy màu sắc, với những hiểu biết nền tảng và định hướng nghề nghiệp rõ ràng về nơi bạn muốn đến.
Strategic Cost and Activating Competitive Advantageijtsrd
This study aimed to identify the Role of Strategic Costs (SCs) in Activating Competitive Advantage (Field Study in the Paints Companies - Khartoum State). The study tested two hypotheses which are: There is a significant relation between (SCs) and the Activating of the Competitive Advantage in the Sudanese Paints Companies in Khartoum State, there is a significant relation between (SCs) and the reduction of production costs in the Sudanese Paints Companies in Khartoum State. Researchers distributed (40) questionnaire forms among some of the workers in the field selected randomly (33) Forms were collected as 83%. Statistical package of social sciences programmer (SPSS) used for analyzing data. The study reached some findings from which: the strategic costs contribute in reducing costs during the products design stage, the companies has awareness in analyzing the competitive advantage situation to the competitors costs structure, the paints companies in Khartoum work to improve its operations and products continuously to decrease costs, Some of the study recommended to: there is necessity in applying the strategic cost methods together to activate the competitive advantage continuously , to do more studies in all the Sudanese industrial companies to the benefit of adopting the strategic cost in decreasing costs and to support the competitive advantage. Dr. Abubkr Ahmed Elhadi Abdelraheem | Dr. Badreldin Elhadi Ahmed Serajeldin | Aldouma Abdallah Abdalrahman Jedo"Strategic Cost and Activating Competitive Advantage" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd147.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/147/strategic-cost-and-activating-competitive-advantage/dr-abubkr-ahmed-elhadi-abdelraheem
Improving the business environment is one of the key strategies to promote local and regional
economic development. However, which factors affect the business environment of the provinces is still
controversial. Using survey data from 400 investors and managers and a multivariate regression analysis
method, this study has identified the factors affecting the business environment of Hai Phong province. The
analysis results show that there are 09 factors affecting the business environment of Hai Phong City, including
entry costs, land access and tenure, transparent, informal charges, time cost, pro-activeness, business support
services, labor training and legal institutions. In
Of our days, with the opening of borders, the companies compete very aggressive for the flow of their products in a market, where only the companies well organized can afford a good share of the market. The survival of such and such company necessarily passes through the improvement of performance and competitiveness of organizations in general, and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES) in particular. It is in this perspective that the establishment of the platform of the supply chain management can provide considerable benefits to SMES on their competitors
SME Manufacturing Credit Risk Model Forecast Correctness and Result of ModelIOSR Journals
Thai SMEs employ about 69 percent of the total population. However, SMEs structure of short term financial characteristics as they depend mostly on short term loan. Thus, we have to be aware of financial distress of SMEs. This study utilizes a Logit analysis model to examine financial ratio of 385 SMEs financial statements. The result showed that those of 37 financially distressed and 348 non-financially distressed enterprises. This study conducted with 2 research questions which are (1) Are there significant differences in liquidity, leverage and profitability ratios of financially distressed and non-financially distressed Thai SMEs. (2) Is Logit model is a good model for measuring liquidity, profitability, and financial leverage classifies Thai financially distressed. The study has examined empirical evidence from Thailand manufacturing industries to identify differences between financial profiles of financially distressed and non-financially distressed SMEs. It then developed and tested the Logit analysis model for predicting SMEs financially distress. The first hypothesis is supported, which showed that there are statistically significant differences between financial ratios of financially distressed and non-financially distressed SMEs in Thailand. The second hypothesis showed that the predictable of financial ratios in the Logit analysis model enables classifying Thai financially distressed and non-financially distressed SMEs more accurately than a possible occasional classification. Finally, this study could help policy-makers, SMEs owners and business consultants to determine strategies in order to develop Thai SMEs manufacturing Industry sustainably. Moreover, the Logit model of this study could be applied in other industries in order to expand the growth of Thailand industries.
The objectives of this study were to identify the level of market orientation of micro and small businesses and to identify whether there are differences in level of market orientation in terms of firm level characteristics. Accordingly, a sample of 49 micro and small businesses based on agriculture and trading sectors in Badulla district were studied. According to descriptive statistics, none of the firms is adopting a high level market orientation whereas all most all the firms are belonging to either medium or low level of adaptation of market orientation. The test results of independent sample t-test and One Way ANOVA proves that data support for a statistically significant (P<0.05) difference in the level of market orientation in terms of gender educational level of the owner manager and the business experience of the owner managers in the studied sample.
This research aims at identifying the impact of excellence in drawing up the following four marketing mix strategies (Product, Pricing, Promotion and Distribution) of the small and medium enterprises in Jordan, in terms of their marketing performance in its dimensions (Sales Growth, Profit Growth, Customer Attraction and Customer Retention).In order to reach the results of this study, A total of (187) valid questionnaire surveys were collected from companies belong to the SME Association in Jordan. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) approach was used to analyze the collected data. The empirical results indicated there is a significant relationship between the building of marketing strategies of the marketing mix elements in the Jordanian SME and their marketing performance, by (sales growth, profit growth, customer attraction, and customer retention) dimensions. Consequently, decision makers in small and medium organizations need to choose strategies based on their target market to the positive impact on the mind of the consumer, which in turn could improve modern scientific methods in SME to divide their markets into sub-market sectors.
Brand Equity and Customer Satisfaction as the Mediation of Advertisement infl...IOSRJBM
This research includes explanatory research, samples are taken form Garuda Indonesia Airline international Passenger inbound and outbound flight conducted at several Indonesian International Airport Soekarno Hatta Jakarta, Ngurah Rai Denpasar, Airport Hongkong and Changi Airport Singapore, altogether there are 350 respondents. The Design of non probability sample selection is accidental sampling with the criteria : those who fly international route at least twice a year, Indonesian citizen (not foreigner), and they may also fly non Garuda flights as well, the exogenous variables are advertisement and service quality, the endogenous variables are brand equity and customer satisfaction. Analysis methoed using SEM-PLS and software SmartPLS. The result has several conclusion, First, Advertisement and service quality will increase brand equity, Service quality is very dominant to explain brand equity compared to advertisement, Second, Service quality and brand equity will increase customer satisfaction. Brand equity plays an importamt role to explain consumer’s satisfaction compared to service quality. Third, service quality, brand equity, and customer satisfaction will increase consumer’s loyality. The Loyality of the international passenger of Garuda Indonesia Airline will remain high if supported by strong brand equity and high consumer satisfaction, as a result from service quality granted and the effect of advertisement program which is carried out intensively. Consumer satisfacti
We employ Cameroonian data on 162 Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) to test fourth competing hypotheses about the impact of Supply Chain Management (SCM) on their performance. The first hypothesis states that there is a relationship between Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for implementation of SCM and SME performance in terms of customer service and satisfaction
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the what'sapp contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
+12349014282
Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
Understanding how timely GST payments influence a lender's decision to approve loans, this topic explores the correlation between GST compliance and creditworthiness. It highlights how consistent GST payments can enhance a business's financial credibility, potentially leading to higher chances of loan approval.
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership NetworksGRAPE
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the what'sapp number of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Message: +12349014282 VIA Whatsapp.
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Duba...mayaclinic18
Whatsapp (+971581248768) Buy Abortion Pills In Dubai/ Qatar/Kuwait/Doha/Abu Dhabi/Alain/RAK City/Satwa/Al Ain/Abortion Pills For Sale In Qatar, Doha. Abu az Zuluf. Abu Thaylah. Ad Dawhah al Jadidah. Al Arish, Al Bida ash Sharqiyah, Al Ghanim, Al Ghuwariyah, Qatari, Abu Dhabi, Dubai.. WHATSAPP +971)581248768 Abortion Pills / Cytotec Tablets Available in Dubai, Sharjah, Abudhabi, Ajman, Alain, Fujeira, Ras Al Khaima, Umm Al Quwain., UAE, buy cytotec in Dubai– Where I can buy abortion pills in Dubai,+971582071918where I can buy abortion pills in Abudhabi +971)581248768 , where I can buy abortion pills in Sharjah,+97158207191 8where I can buy abortion pills in Ajman, +971)581248768 where I can buy abortion pills in Umm al Quwain +971)581248768 , where I can buy abortion pills in Fujairah +971)581248768 , where I can buy abortion pills in Ras al Khaimah +971)581248768 , where I can buy abortion pills in Alain+971)581248768 , where I can buy abortion pills in UAE +971)581248768 we are providing cytotec 200mg abortion pill in dubai, uae.Medication abortion offers an alternative to Surgical Abortion for women in the early weeks of pregnancy. Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman
Yes of course, you can easily start mining pi network coin today and sell to legit pi vendors in the United States.
Here the what'sapp contact of my personal vendor.
+12349014282
#pi network #pi coins #legit #passive income
#US
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
1. Proceeding - Kuala Lumpur International Business, Economics and Law Conference 4 (KLIBEL4)
Vol. 2. 31 May – 1 June 2014. Hotel Putra, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-11350-3-7
DESIGNING THE EXPLANATORY MODEL FOR COMPETITIVENESS OF
APPAREL FIRMS IN THE KEY ECONOMIC REGION OF CENTRAL VIETNAM
Asso. Pr. Nguyen Truong Son, PhD - Vo Thi Quynh Nga, MSC (candidate of economic Doctor)
The University of Da Nang-Vietnam
son0197@gmail.com-voquynhngakt@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Based on an overview of theoretical background of competitiveness, this paper presents a new
definition of firm competitiveness and some well-known explanatory models for competitiveness. On the
basis a thorough analysis of specific characteristics of the apparel sector and the spirit of the model
Diamond, a model of analyzing the factors affecting the competitiveness of apparel firms have been
preliminarily sketched. In this model, groups of factors are identified by modifying the components of
model Diamond taking into account characteristic of apparel industry. Then based on the results of an
experts’ opinions survey on the explanatory factors having obvious impact on apparel firms’
competitiveness which was done across the Key Economic Region of Central Vietnam combined with
previous studies, the paper goes on to present the deployment of that model in specific factors affecting
competitiveness of apparel firms.
Key words: apparel firms; competitiveness; measuring model; explanatory model; the Key
Economic Region of Central Viet Nam
Introduction
The Key Economic Region of Central Viet Nam is the name of a dynamic economic region in
Central Vietnam, including the provinces and city: Thua Thien - Hue, Da Nang (plays the kernel role),
Quang Nam, Quang Ngai and Binh Dinh. This is the 3rd largest economic region in Vietnam with a total
area of about 27 879 km2 and a population of about 6.6 million people (2011 ) and with a growing urbans
chain stretching over 600 kilometers of coastline. This region has also a lot of deep sheltered gulfs such as
Chan May, Chu Lai, Dung Quat and Nhon Hoi,Van Phong...and some airports such as Da Nang
International Airport, Hue Airport. This region is crossed along by the national railway, national highway
and Da Nang is the last point in Economic Corridor East - West connection Northeast Thailand, Laos and
China Central Vietnam. Thus, the Key Economic Region of Central Viet Nam has a strategic location is for
the country as well as the Mekong sub-region and Asia Pacific. Compared to two other key economic
regions (South and North), this region has a poorer infrastructure and less qualified manpower. However,
this region holds in hand greater potential of transshipment seaport and of resorts development. With many
favorable economic-social conditions, this economic region is considered the motivation for the
development of the Central Viet Nam with many key economic industries, including the apparel industry.
For most of the provinces and city in the Key Economic Region of Central Vietnam, garment
industry is considered one of the key economic industries. Thus, in recent years, the number of apparel
firms has been increasing. In 2011, the total number of garment firms was 198, of which 108 small and
medium–sized firms (which have more than 10 labors to 300 labors) and 40 large-sized garment firms (the
rest are super small-sized firms). A majority of these firm are placed in Da Nang and Quang Nam. If
classified by categories of ownership, these apparel firms have distributed mainly in 4 groups of categories:
private enterprises, joint-stock companies, limited-liability companies and foreign direct investment firms.
2. Proceeding - Kuala Lumpur International Business, Economics and Law Conference 4 (KLIBEL4)
Vol. 2. 31 May – 1 June 2014. Hotel Putra, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-11350-3-7
In 3 years, from 2009 to 2011, along with an increase in the number of firms, number of employees
and capital of apparel firms in the region was also expanded continuously. In 2011, apparel firms in the
region employed 51829 employees and exploited 5006 billion1 VND of capital2. The key products of the
apparel firms in the region include shirts, jackets, trousers... Their important markets are the U.S., the EU,
Korea, Japan, South America, the domestic market.
The development of the local apparel industry in the region always implies the competition between
intra-region and extra-region apparel firms. The existence and development of apparel firms unfortunately
heavily depend on their competitive strategy. To make the platform for the elaboration of successful
competition strategy, the managers really need to learn about the rating of their firm’s competitiveness and
about factors explaining this situation. Meanwhile, at the macro level, the government should also
understand thoroughly explanatory factors to have reasonable support. This raises the need to analyze the
factors affecting competitiveness of apparel enterprises. Until this time, there were several models built to
analyze the competitiveness of enterprises but unfortunately there is no model designed for explaining
competitiveness of apparel firms located in a specific region (like the Key Economic Region of Central
Viet Nam) taking into account the particularities of the region. Therefore, the deployment of a suitable
model for applying in the explanation of the factors affecting the competitiveness of the apparel firms in
the Key Economic Region of Central Vietnam is very significant.
What is competitiveness?
According to the synthesis of Ambastha and Momaya (2004), competitiveness is often studied in 3
viewpoints. In the first viewpoint, competitiveness evaluation is based on Performance. The second view is
that the companies having high competitiveness certainly hold in the hands of the abundant Asset. The
third view contends that it’s Processes exploiting resources which are good competitiveness indicators.
There is also integrated viewpoints which tends to measure competitiveness on three folds: Asset-Process-
Performance. From these points, there are a lot of competitiveness concepts introduced.
“Firm competitiveness is a capability of a firm to offer customers goods and services sustainably and
adapting to social norms so that customers are willing to pay a compensation ensuring profitability more,
than to rival firms.” Chikan (2001, p7)
“Competitiveness can be defined as a firm’s ability to stay in business and achieve some desired
result in terms of profit, price, rate of return, or quality of its products; and to have the capacity to exploit
existing market opportunities and generate new markets.” Asian Development Outlook (2003, p 219)
The competitiveness of a firm is the ability to create, maintain, use and innovate competitive
advantages of the firm to better meet customer needs (compared to competitors) and achieve the objectives
of the company in both domestic and international competitive environment Vu Trong Lam, Nguyen Ke
Tuan et al (2006 )
With the viewpoint of studying the firm competitiveness based on performance, inheriting the spirit
of the previous researches on competitiveness, in this paper, competitiveness is understood as the ability of
companies in dealing with competitors in order to maintain and enhance the value of the company for the
stakeholders. This concept includes the following meanings: 1) competitiveness always implies a
comparison; 2) Competitiveness depends on the perception of the value of the company from the
perspective of stakeholders in which, investors, customers and employees have the most important voice;
3) Status of competitiveness depends on choice of rivals against which the referential evaluation is made;
4) competitiveness will have to be multi-measured.
3.
4. Proceeding - Kuala Lumpur International Business, Economics and Law Conference 4 (KLIBEL4)
Vol. 2. 31 May – 1 June 2014. Hotel Putra, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-11350-3-7
Formation of models for studying competitiveness of apparel firms
The fundamental considerations for designing the explanatory model of apparel firms’s competitiveness
Establishing of a model for analyzing competitiveness of apparel firms should be concurrently based
on the fundamental ideas of the model which is built and applied previously and take into account the
peculiarities of apparel manufacturing. Specifically:
+ Apparel business involves interests of many groups, but the most important is still the owner,
customers and employees. Therefore, the explanatory factors of competitiveness are those that affect the
value of firms under these 3 points.
+ Apparel products can serve both domestic market and international markets. Then there are
different rivals according different competitive spaces. This means that the model must also take into
account the difference in the competitive spaces where there are the different competitors. In addition, in
the study of Chevassus-Lozza (2000), Dyer (2001), Cantwell (2009), Rugman, Oh and Lim (2011), Dwyer
and Kim3, Dhingra et al4...the important role of firm location in its competitiveness can be realised. Thus, in
case of the garment firm is located in a key economic region, this region's characteristics will affect the
competitiveness of the firm. In other words, “region” can be considered as a factor affecting totally
competitiveness of apparel firms.
+ Many studies show that the firm competitiveness obviously depends on its position in the value
chain of the finished products which they take part in; and capacity of organizing and operating efficiently
the value chain within the firm. Thus, the characteristics of the value chain in the heart of the apparel
enterprises and value chain position in finished products that companies involved are viewed as a set of
factors affect the competitiveness of apparel firms.
Preliminary ideas of the model
In this paper, the study of factors affecting the apparel firm’s competitiveness is based on Porter's
Diamond model (Porter, 1990). Although this model was introduced firstly to analyze national
competitiveness, but it can also be used to study the factors affecting the competitiveness of firms in
different countries, in different economic regions as it covers both micro factors and macroeconomic
factors. However, by taking into account the considerations in Section 3.1, this model should be adjusted as
follows:
Firstly, factors conditions and related and support industries will be combined and then split into two
groups of factors: factors group of accessibility of principal inputs (capital, labor, sewing equipment, fabric
and accessories) and factors group of accessibility of support services (software supply for designing and
manufacturing, providing market information, transport operations, storage, import and export,
international payments ...)
Secondly, the factors of competitive context and the firm's strategy will be split into two groups of
factors: the firm factors and the industry’s competitive characteristics (Flanagan et al, 2005). This
separation is to emphasize the role of firm factors (Gelhar et al, 2006).
Thirdly, the government is exogenous element in the Diamond model. However, for garment
industry generally and for apparel firms in a key economic region particularly, the role of the government is
very important. So it will be considered as a factor affecting the competitiveness of apparel firms operating
in a key economic region (Flanagan et al, 2005). However, opportunities are still considered exogenous
factors because they emerge from the macro environment which firms can not control immediately and
because macroeconomic factors within the region has been separated into groups of influential factors.
5. Proceeding - Kuala Lumpur International Business, Economics and Law Conference 4 (KLIBEL4)
Vol. 2. 31 May – 1 June 2014. Hotel Putra, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-11350-3-7
Fourthly, in the whole model, the specific characteristics of the region where companies operate will
be shown in the development of the local support industries, the needs of local markets, regional support
services, competitive characteristics of garment industry within the region as well as the attitude of the
local authorities...
Fifthly, in the whole model, the specific characteristics of the region where companies operate will
be shown in the development of the local support industries, the needs of local markets, support services in
the region, competitive characteristics of garment industry within the region as well as the attitude of the
local authorities...
So the explanatory model of apparel firm’s competitiveness can be generalized as follows:
Firm factors
Apparel firm
competitiveness
Demand
conditions
Government
support
Accessibility of
principal inputs
Accessibility of
principal support
services
Industrial
competition
characteristics
Figure: Factors affecting apparel firm’s competitiveness
4. Deployment of the explanatory model applied in studying competitiveness of apparel firms in the
Key Economic Region of Central Vietnam
4.1 The purpose of the deployment
The deployment aims to specify the factors in 6 groups of adjusted Diamond model which is said to
have a real impact on the competitiveness of apparel firms in research scope as a key economic region
4.2 Research process for deploying the evaluation model and the explanatory model of competitiveness
of garment firms
Step 1: Review of researches on competitiveness
The theoretical and practical researches on competitiveness, particularly in the apparel industry has
been reviewed to identify the factors affecting the competitiveness of apparel firms.
Step 2: Preliminary survey
Respondents: senior executives and middle managers of some apparel firms in the region, a number
of government administrators involved in the apparel industry and researchers in the field of garments.
Sampling method: For detecting and simultaneously further screening really meaningful
explanatory factors of apparel firms’ competitiveness (in a key economic region), study in this phase is
6. Proceeding - Kuala Lumpur International Business, Economics and Law Conference 4 (KLIBEL4)
Vol. 2. 31 May – 1 June 2014. Hotel Putra, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-11350-3-7
qualitative study. So the theoretical sampling method can be applied (Nguyen Dinh Tho, 2011) [13]. Also,
due to wide research scope and difficulties in accessing respondents, the convenience sampling method was
used. In this case, the respondents chosen were those who were easy to contact and agree to participate in
the survey (Nguyen Dinh Tho, 2011). Also because of purpose of this study phase, did the study stop when
the overlap of information collected was almost completed. Thus, the number of respondents has stopped at
15.
Table 1: Profile of survey sample
Respondents Quantity Organisations
Midle and senior managers 10 + Hoa Tho Texxtile Garment Joint Stock Corporation
+ Hoa Tho Fashion Company
+ Hoa Tho Veston Factory
+ Duc Ly Private Garment Firm
+ Phu Hoa An Textile Garment Company
+ Truong Giang Garment Joint Stock Company
+ Quang Ngai Vinatex Limited Company
+ Binh Dinh Garment Joint Stock Company
Government
Administrators in garment
industry
3 + Danang Deparment of Industry and Trade
+ Quang Nam Department of Industry and Trade
+ Department of Economic management, Quy Nhon City,
Binh Dinh province
Researchers on garment 2 + University of Da Nang
Data collecting method: the in-depth discussion method was used with a well-prepared discussing
outline. There are three channels of discussion was applied: face to face, by e-mail and by telephone.
Recording was not used because all respondents were in special position of their organization and the most
of answers expressed their points as so as practical understanding. Thus, they might be sensitive to the
recording end then might felt uncomfortable.
Step 3: Survey on data sources
Along with the survey presented above, an additional survey was also conducted. Respondents are
those who were able to provide data coming from the Da nang Department of Trade and Industry, the
Quang Nam Chamber of Industry, Economic Division of Quy Nhon City (Binh Dinh), Da Nang
Department of Statistics; and General Statistics Office. The middle and senior manager participating the
survey in step 2 have also given some valuable idea on ability to collecting data.
Step 4: Review of the factors that affect competitiveness
Based on results of the preliminary survey and of the survey on data sources, factors affecting
competitiveness of apparel firms have been reviewed, selected and modified.
The factors affecting competitiveness of apparel firms
In the previous studies on competitiveness in general and of apparel firms in particular, there are
multiple perspectives on the factors affecting the competitiveness of apparel firms which was gathered in
table 2.
7. Proceeding - Kuala Lumpur International Business, Economics and Law Conference 4 (KLIBEL4)
Vol. 2. 31 May – 1 June 2014. Hotel Putra, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-11350-3-7
Table 2: Factors affecting the competitiveness of apparel firms
Factors
Group
Factors Researchers/Authors Notes
Firm factors
Firm size Levitt (1983, cited in Rugman, Oh and Lim,
2011, p.6); Nathan Associates Inc. (2005)
Size could be evaluated
in term of number of
labors, sum of capital,
revenue
Firm location Nohria Ghoshal (1998); Chevassus-
Lozza (2000), Dyer (2001), Rugman ,
Oh and Lim (2011); Rugman and
Verbeke (2003), Cantwell (2009);
Dwyer et al; Dhingra et al5; Nachum
Zaheer (2005) and Porter (2000, cited in
Cantwell,2009,p.2)
Category of
ownership
Amann Cantwell (2012)
Product
development
Prahalab Hamel (1990); Chandler.
1992; Lall, 2001 and Foss, 1996 (these 3
authors are cited in Mohamed,2005, p. 2);
Buckley and Casson (1976, cited in
Henisz, 2003, p.173);
Availability of
resources
Gelei (2004)
Chikan (2006)
Gonzalez and Austin (2007)
Resources are including
equipment, machines,
labors (quantity and
qualification)
Finacial ability Agarwal Ramaswamy, 1992 and
Grosse, 1992 (cited in Rugman, Oh and
Lim,2011,p.6)
Total capital, capital
scalability
Apparel
manufacturing
pattern
Sturgeon (2001); Palpacuer, Gibbon and
Thomsen (2005); Gereffi and Frederick
(2010); Amann Cantwell (2012)
Cut-Make-Trim,
Original Equipment
Manufacturing, Original
Design Manufacturing,
Original Brand
Manufacturing
Publication time is not specified
8. Proceeding - Kuala Lumpur International Business, Economics and Law Conference 4 (KLIBEL4)
Vol. 2. 31 May – 1 June 2014. Hotel Putra, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-11350-3-7
Managerial variables Bartlett và Ghoshal, 1989 và Kogut,
1985 (cited in Rugman, Oh and Lim,2011,
p.6); Flanagan et al (2005); Nathan
Associates Inc. (2005); Gonzalez and
Austin (2007); Haider (2007); Porter
(2008); Mataraarachchi Henenkenda
(2012); Gehlhar et al*;
Leadership, business
strategies, cooperation
strategies, management
systems
Technology Laudesmann – Pfaffermayr, 1997 (cited
in Wolfmayr,2008, p. 3); Best, 2001 (cited
in Mohamed,2005, p.2 ), Gehlhar et al;
Kumar Chadee (2002); Flanagan et al
(2005)
Solutions involving
labors
Kumar Chadee (2002); Nathan
Associates Inc. (2005); Flanagan et al
(2005); Gonzalez and Austin (2007);
Marimuthu et al (2009)
Training, salary, bonus,
work environment ...
Organizational
structure
Kumar Chadee (2002) The relationship
between the department
and individuals,
organizational culture.
Accessibility
of principal
inputs
1. Capital Kumar Chadee (2002) ); Flanagan et
al (2005); Porter (1990);
Watchravesringkan, Karpova, Hodges
Copeland (2010)
2. Human resources
(quantity and
qualification)
Flanagan et al (2005); Gonzalez and
Austin (2007); Mataraarachchi (2012);
Watchravesringkan (2010); Porter
(1990)
3.Equipment,
materials
Flanagan et al (2005); Porter (1990);
Watchravesringkan (2010);
Mataraarachchi (2012)
Accessibility
of principal
support
services
Size, quality and
cost of support
services delivery
Reitch (1991, cited in Wolfmayr, 2008, p.1)
Flanagan et al (2005); Arnold-Javorck-
Mattoo (2006,); Wolfmayr (2008)
Watchravesringkan (2010); Porter
(1990)
Industrial
competition
characteristics
The number of
apparel firms in the
region
Flanagan et al (2005)
9. Proceeding - Kuala Lumpur International Business, Economics and Law Conference 4 (KLIBEL4)
Vol. 2. 31 May – 1 June 2014. Hotel Putra, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-11350-3-7
The degree of
products similarity
(homogeneity)
Saviotti and Krafft (2004); Flanagan et
al (2005)
Homogeneity is judged
according to functions
or to specifications of
products
Pricing behaviors of
apparel firms in the
region
Baumol, Panzar and Willig (1982);
Flanagan et al (2005)
Government
support
Government policies Kumar (2002); Verma (2002); Flanagan
et al (2005); Chikan (2006); Porter
(1990); Mataraarachchi (2012)
Demand
conditions
Size and growth rate
of the target markets
Gonzalez and Austin (2007); Porter
(2008) ; Mataraarachchi (2012)
Changes in behavior
(of buyers)
Flanagan et al (2005); Porter (1990)
Through surveys, comments and suggestions given by the surveyed experts on the factors affecting
the competitiveness of apparel firms in the Key Economic Region of Central Viet Nam have been recorded
and synthesized as follows:
* Firm factors:
The industrially peculiar factor which has significant impact on apparel firms’ competitiveness is
apparel manufacturing patterns (corresponding to the level of the enterprises involved in the apparel value
chain). In addition, the direct impacts also come from factors such as planning, personnel qualifications;
mechanization level; conformance to international standards (especially significant for export-oriented
enterprises in the U.S., EU, Japan...)
According to experts having been questioned, the firm scale is one of the original factors because it
itself shows the availability or level of resource abundance. It is also one of the factors that may affect other
factors such as method of apparel manufacturing, technological innovation ability as well as conformance
to international standards ... Same is the case of ownership category factor. In the context of Vietnam in
general and the Key Economic Region of Central in particular, ownership category firstly represent the way
of capital formation: from how many investor and from what kind of investors. So this factor also affect the
amount of capital and its scalability. In addition, the firm category such as foreign investment companies,
in most cases, closely related to apparel manufacturing method for they have embodied the geographical
expansion of global apparel value chain.
Firm location is initially a firm factor. However, local markets, infrastructure, local labor markets,
sources of raw materials in place; policies of local governments ...which is usually tied to a specific
location are all reflected in 5 other factor groups the model. In other words, firm location factor (in the case
of this research, that is the region factor) is also seen as the root factor. But unlike the two original factors
as firm size and firm category, the region factor implies environmental factors.
* Accessibility of principal inputs:
Experts’ additional opinions just stop at concretizing the factors which contain peculiarity of the
apparel industry: the labor market is considered a distinctive factor; the words phrase “support industries”
10. Proceeding - Kuala Lumpur International Business, Economics and Law Conference 4 (KLIBEL4)
Vol. 2. 31 May – 1 June 2014. Hotel Putra, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-11350-3-7
should be used instead of “materials market”. The labor market in the region will include factors such as
scale of human resource, human resource qualification, discipline awareness of labor and labor costs.
Supporting industries factors will include interested factors such as the supplier number of fabric, garment
accessories and equipment; quality and price. Capital accessibility factors should be considered on a
number of factors, such as banks and other financial institutions in the region, the credit policies of this
institution, interest rates...
* Accessibility of support services
Based on opinions of experts, the professional services (designing, fabrics and clothes printing..) are
identified as the important factors. In addition, the logistics service is also thought to be very significant for
the competitiveness of apparel firms in the Region when most of them have activities related to import and
export (materials and/or products). Besides, other services such as goods inspection, customs…are also
taken into account.
* Industry’s competitive characteristics:
In the survey results, the view of experts consulted agreed that apparel firms in the Key Economic
Region of Central benefit a more convenient business condition than those in another Key Economic
Regions due to the lower density of apparel firms. In other words, the number of apparel firms may be
considered as one of the factors affecting the competitiveness of apparel firms in the Key Economic Region
of Central. In addition, the level of similarity of the products and the pricing behavior of firms in the region
are also agreed that affect the competitiveness of apparel firms.
* Government supports:
If the competitiveness of apparel firms in a region is evaluated compared with apparel firms in other
regions, the authority policies is certainly a factor making the differences. However, it will be not enough if
only the role of the local government is taken into account. In the garment sector, beside Vietnam Textile
Association, there are actually associations of local industries having got remarkable contributions to the
development of the garment industry in the region, such as Textile and Garment Association of Central,
Textile-Garment-Embroidery-Knitting Association of Ho Chi Minh city. Therefore, according experts’
opinions, the support of the associations have to be recognized as a factor affecting the apparel firms'
competitiveness.
* Demand conditions:
Interview results don’t suggest any changes for this factors group except the emphasis on the local
market, especially for apparel firms directed to satisfy this kind of market.
Thus, the model applied in analyzing factors affecting the competitiveness of garment enterprises the
Key Economic Regions of Central is generalized as follows:
11. Proceeding - Kuala Lumpur International Business, Economics and Law Conference 4 (KLIBEL4)
Vol. 2. 31 May – 1 June 2014. Hotel Putra, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-11350-3-7
Figure 2: Model applied in analyzing factors affecting the competitiveness of the apparel
firms in the Key Economic Regions of Central
How the influence of these factors on the apparel firms' competitiveness, considering the scope of
the research is a key economic regions, can be generalized description in table 3.
Table 3: Manner of affecting on apparel firms' competitiveness of explanatory factors
Factor group Factors Manner of affecting
Firm factors
Apparel
manufacturing
pattern
+ Impact on the level of participation in creating added value
+ Impact on the ability to win buyers' choice
+ Impact on power in distributing added value in the global apparel
value chain or in a narrower range
Selecting a suitable apparel manufacturing pattern will increase
competitiveness, results in higher competitive outcome for investors
Planning,
elaborating
strategies
Well-elaborated strategies, plans will supply enterprises with good
orientations in competition, so result in stronger competitiveness.
Human
resources
qualification
+ Impact on product quality, the ability to win the demanding orders,
the efficiency of internal processes ...
high-qualified personnel often lead to high competitiveness
Degree of
mechanization
Well-equipped manufacturing will result in increasing productivity,
in ensuring conformity in quality ...
high level of mechanization often lead to high competitiveness
Application of
certified
management
systems
+ That's a sign of quality assurance as committed to protecting the
environment, ensuring social accountability ...
The availability of management systems conforming international
standards will ensure the easier access to difficult markets such as
the USA., EU, Japan ...
Firm
size
Firm
Category
Region
Firm
factors
Accessibility
of principal
inputs
Accessibility
of support
services
Industry’s
competitive
characteristics
Supports of
Government
and
Associations
Demand
conditions
COMPETITIVENESS OF APPAREL FIRMS IN THE
KEY ECONOMIC REGION OF CENTRAL VIETNAM
12. Proceeding - Kuala Lumpur International Business, Economics and Law Conference 4 (KLIBEL4)
Vol. 2. 31 May – 1 June 2014. Hotel Putra, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-11350-3-7
Accessibility
of principal
inputs
1. Capital The number and scale of financial institutions affect the firm's
ability for both width and depth investment. That thus affect
competitiveness.
Cost of capital affect the final product cost.
2. Availability
of human
resources
The scale of human resources, their qualification and discipline
affect positively the competitiveness while labor costs have negative
influence
3. Equipment,
materials
The number of suppliers, the quality of materials and equipment
have positive influence on competitiveness in the meantime, the
price of these factors has negative influence because of its negative
impact on product production cost
Accessibility
of principal
support
services
Size, quality
and cost of
support services
delivery
These factors affect competitiveness in the similar manner of case of
materials and equipment
Industrial
competition
characteristics
The number of
apparel firms in
the region
Here, for convenience of study, the competitors may be specified as
the apparel firms. This factor seems to be part of market structure
and thus affect the intensity of competition. The higher the intensity
of competition is, the lower the ability to win market share and to
gain profit is.
The degree of
products
similarity
(homogeneity)
In general, the higher the degree of product similarity is, the higher
the risk of greater competition could be (Saviotti and Krafft, 2004).
The degree of product similarity could be reviewed in aspect of
product functions or product specifications
Pricing
behaviors of
apparel firms in
the region
Price behavior is a manifestation of competitive intensity and
therefore affect competitiveness.
The support
of
government
Government
policies
Government policies can affect both directly and indirectly and in
multiple dimensions. When government policies give priorities for
one group of apparel firms, they may also weaken the
competitiveness of other groups
Demand
conditions
Size and
growth rate of
the target
markets
This factor will increase the competitiveness of apparel firms which
are located near the market.
Change in
behavior (of
buyers)
Changes in product selection criteria will increase the
competitiveness of some apparel firms but meanwhile decrease the
others' competitiveness
13. Proceeding - Kuala Lumpur International Business, Economics and Law Conference 4 (KLIBEL4)
Vol. 2. 31 May – 1 June 2014. Hotel Putra, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-11350-3-7
Conclusion
Thus, from ideas of the model Diamond, combined with results of interviews with the
experts who have enormous knowledge and experiences in the apparel industry, the model of
analyzing the factors affecting the competitiveness of apparel firms have been modified to be
applied in studying the competitiveness of apparel firms in the Key Economic Region of Central.
Such adjustment and screening make the model leaner and more applicable from the perspective
of those who have practical experience. Based on this authentic model, explaining factors
affecting the competitiveness of apparel firms in Key Economic Region of Central will be able
deployed in the studies in the future.
REFERENCES
Amann, E., Cantwell, J. (2012), Innovative Firms in Emerging Market Countries: An Introduction,
http://www.universitypressscholarship.com/oso/search:downloadsearchresultaspdf;jsessionid=097AA
8DC58FD17BE1423F108F3D672F0?f_0=keywordspageSize=10q_0=investmentsort=relevance
t1=maninn, last access 29/4/2013
Ambastha, A.; Momaya, K. (2004), Competiveness of firms: review of theories, frameworks and models,
Singapore Management Review, vol.26, no 1, p. 45-61
Arnold, J.; Javorcik, B. S.; Mattoo, A. (2006), Does Services Liberalization Benefit Manufacturing
Firms?Evidence from the Czech Republic;
http://federation.ens.fr/ydepot/semin/texte0607/JAV2006SER.pdf, last access 08/12/2013
Asian Development Outlook (2003), Competitiveness in Developping Countries, Oxford University Press
(edition for Asian Development Bank)
Baumol, W., Panzar, J., and Willig, T. (1982), Contestable markets and the theory of industry structure,
New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovic
Cantwell, J. (2009), Location and the multinational enterprise; Journal of International Business Studies.
Chevassus-Lozza, E., Galliano, D. (2000), Firm’s location and competitiveness: The case of the French
Food Industry, The 6th World Congress of Regional Science Association International; Switzerland
Chikan, A., National and Firrm Competitiveness – Some General Consideration and the Case of Hungary,
Competitiveness Research Centre, Corvinus University of Budapest
Dhingra, T., Sinha, A., Singh, T., Location Strategy for competitiveness of Speacial Economic Zones in
India-a generic framework, http://www.iitk.ac.in/infocell/announce/convention/papers/ last access
24/7/2013
Dyer, C., Dyer, B. (2011), Location, Globalization and Competitiveness: Sourcing for U.S. Textile and
Apparel Industries; The Berkeley Electronic Press
Dwyer, L. (University of Western Sydney); Kim, C. (Keimyung University Korea), Destination
Competitiveness: A model and determinants, http://fama2.us.es:8080/turismo/turismonet1/, last access
9/3/2009
Flanagan, R et al (2005), Measuring construction competitiveness in selected countries,
http://www.reading.ac.uk/web/FILES/innovativeconstructionresearchcentre/icrc-25-d-
Final_report.pdf, last access 9/3/2009
Gehlhar et al (2006), Managing Firm Competitiveness in Global Markets, Economic Research Service,
USDA, Pensylvania State University
14. Proceeding - Kuala Lumpur International Business, Economics and Law Conference 4 (KLIBEL4)
Vol. 2. 31 May – 1 June 2014. Hotel Putra, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-11350-3-7
Gelei, A. (2004), Competitiveness: A match between value drivers and competencies in the Hungarian
automotive supply chain, Budapest University of Economic Sciences and Public Administration,
Hungary
Gereffi, G.; Frederick, S., Fernadez-Stark,K. (2011), The Apparel Global Value Chain: Economic
Upgrading and workforce Development, DUKE
Gonzalez, S.; Austin, J.E (2007), Comprehensive competitiveness strategy report for the garment sector -
Recommendation for ongoing SABEC support in Jordan’s apparel sector-USAID,
http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADM760.pdf, last access 09/10/2012
Haider, M.Z. (2007), Competitiveness of the Bangladesh Ready-made Garment Industry in Major
International Markets, Asia-Pacific Trade and Investment Review Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 3-27
Henisz, W. J. (2003), The power of the Buckley and Casson thesis: the ability to manage institutional
idiosyncrasies, Journal of International Business Studies (2003) 34, p. 173–184
Kumar, R.; Chadee, D. (2002), International competitiveness of Asian Firm: An Analytic Framework,
Economics Research Department working paper N
Vu Trong Lam, Nguyen Ke Tuan et al (2006), Improving the competitiveness of enterprises in the process
of international economic integration, The National Political Publishing, Ha noi.
Marimuthu, M et al. (2009), Human Capital Development and its impact on firm performance: Evidence
from Developmental economics; The Jourrnal of International Social Research; Volume 2/8 2009, p.
265-272
Mataraarachchi, R; Heenkenda, N. (2012), Competitiveness of Srilankan Apparel Industry – International
Conference on Management, Behavioral Sciences and Economics Issues, Penang, Malaysia.
Mohamed, L.G. (2005), The significance of product development to firm competitiveness: A case of plastic
firms in Ekurhuleni (Nam Phi), Annual Forum “Trade and Uneven Development: Opportunities and
challenges”
Nathan Associates Inc. (2005), Measuring competitiveness and labour productivity in Cambodia’s garment
industry, USAID
Nohria, N.; Ghoshal, S. (1998) : The differentiated network: Organizing multinational corporations for
value creation, JIBS Book Review, Iss June 1998, http://aib.msu.edu/jibs/bookreviews/pdf/1998-
09.pdf, last access 07/12/2013
Palpacuer, F.; Gibbon, P., Thomsen, L. (2005), New Chalenges for Developing coungtries in Global
Clothing Chains: A Comparative European perspective, World Development, Vol 33, No 3, p. 409-
430
Porter, M. E. (1990), The Competitive Advantage of Nations, Havard Business Review, Iss March+April,
p. 73-91
Prahalad, C.K., Hamel, G. (1990), The Core Competence of the Corporation, Havard Business Review,
issue May-June 1990
Porter, M.E. (2008), Competitive Advantage: creating and sustaining superior performance (Vietnamese
edition), Young Publishing (Vietnam)
Rugman, A., Verbeke, A. (2003), Regional and Global Strategies of Multinational enterprises, Indiana
University, http://www.bus.indiana.edu/riharbau/RePEc/iuk/wpaper/bepp2004-19-rugman-verbeke.
pdf, last access 7/12/2013
Rugman, A., Oh, C.H., Lim, D.S.K. (2011), The regional and global competitiveness of firms, John H.
Dunning Centre for International Business Discussion Paper No. 2011-003
Saviotti, P., Krafft, J. (2004), Towards a Generalised Definition of Competition, DRUID Summer
15. Proceeding - Kuala Lumpur International Business, Economics and Law Conference 4 (KLIBEL4)
Vol. 2. 31 May – 1 June 2014. Hotel Putra, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-11350-3-7
Conference 2004: Industrial Dynamics, Innovation and Development, June, 14-16, 2004, Elsinore,
Denmark, DRUID (Danish Research Unit for Industrial Dynamics).
Sturgeon, T. J. (2001), How do we define value chains and production networks?, Massachusetts Institute
of technolog
[1] Nguyen Dinh Tho (2011), Methods of Research on business”, Labor-Society Publishing(Vietnam)
Verma, S. (2002), Export competitiveness of Indian Textile and Garment Industry, Indian Council for
Research on International Economic Relation
Watchravesringkan, K., Karpova, E., Hodges, N.N., Copeland, R. (2010), The competitive position of
Thailand’s apparel industry: Challenges and opportunities for globalization, Journal of Fashion
Marketing and Management, 14(4), 576-597
Wolfmayr , Y. (2008), Service Inputs and Competitiveness of manufacturing Exports of OECD countries,
Austrian Institute of Economic Research