Kidney stones form when minerals in urine crystallize and accumulate. There are several types of kidney stones including calcium, uric acid, struvite, and cystine stones. Calcium stones are the most common type and form due to high levels of calcium, oxalate, and other minerals in urine. Symptoms of kidney stones include sharp pain in the back or side, painful urination, blood in urine, nausea, and vomiting. Risk factors include dehydration, family history, certain diets, and some medical conditions. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like drinking fluids, modifying diet, and managing the underlying condition causing stone formation.

2. WHAT IS KIDNEY STONE?
• URINE CONTAINS MANY DISSOLVED MINERALS AND SALTS
• WHEN YOUR URINE HAS HIGH LEVELS OF THESE MINERALS AND SALTS THEN THERE STONE
FORMATION OF THESE OCCURE
• KIDNEY STONES SIZE RANGE FROM SMALLER TO LARGER, EVEN FILLING THE INNER HOLLOW
STRUCTURES OF THE KIDNEY
• SOME STONES STAY IN THE KIDNEY, AND DO NOT CAUSE ANY PROBLEMS
• SOMETIMES, THE KIDNEY STONE CAN TRAVEL DOWN THE URETER
• IT CAN BE PASSED OUT OF THE BODY IN URINE
• IF THE STONE BECOMES LODGED IN THE URETER, IT BLOCKS THE URINE FLOW FROM THAT KIDNEY
AND CAUSES PAIN.

3. SYMPTOMS
COMMON SYMPTOMS OF KIDNEY STONES INCLUDE A SHARP,
CRAMPING PAIN IN THE BACK AND SIDE. THIS FEELING
OFTEN MOVES TO THE LOWER ABDOMEN OR GROIN. THE
PAIN OFTEN STARTS SUDDENLYAND COMES IN WAVES. IT
CAN COME AND GO AS THE BODY TRIES TO GET RID OF THE
STONE.
OTHER SIGNS OF A KIDNEY STONE INCLUDE:
• A FEELING OF INTENSE NEED TO URINATE.
• URINATING MORE OFTEN OR A BURNING FEELING DURING
URINATION.
• URINE THAT IS DARK OR RED DUE TO BLOOD. SOMETIMES
URINE HAS ONLY SMALLAMOUNTS OF RED BLOOD CELLS
THAT CAN'T BE SEEN WITH THE NAKED EYE.
• NAUSEAAND VOMITING.
• FOR MEN, YOU MAY FEEL PAIN AT THE TIP OF THE PENIS

4. CAUSES
• FAMILY OR PERSONAL HISTORY. IF SOMEONE IN YOUR FAMILY HAS HAD KIDNEY STONES, YOU'RE MORE LIKELY TO
DEVELOP STONES
• DEHYDRATION. NOT DRINKING ENOUGH WATER EACH DAY CAN INCREASE YOUR RISK OF KIDNEY STONES.
• CERTAIN DIETS. EATING A DIET THAT'S HIGH IN PROTEIN, SODIUM (SALT) AND SUGAR MAY INCREASE YOUR RISK OF SOME
TYPES OF KIDNEY STONES.
• OBESITY. HIGH BODY MASS INDEX (BMI), LARGE WAIST SIZE AND WEIGHT GAIN HAVE BEEN LINKED TO AN INCREASED
RISK OF KIDNEY STONES.
• DIGESTIVE DISEASES AND SURGERY. GASTRIC BYPASS SURGERY, INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE OR CHRONIC
DIARRHEA CAN CAUSE CHANGES IN THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS THAT AFFECT YOUR ABSORPTION OF CALCIUM AND WATER,
INCREASING THE AMOUNTS OF STONE-FORMING SUBSTANCES IN YOUR URINE.
• OTHER MEDICAL CONDITIONS SUCH AS RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS, CYSTINURIA, HYPERPARATHYROIDISM AND
REPEATED URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS ALSO CAN INCREASE YOUR RISK OF KIDNEY STONES.
• CERTAIN SUPPLEMENTS AND MEDICATIONS, SUCH AS VITAMIN C, DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS, LAXATIVES (WHEN USED
EXCESSIVELY), CALCIUM-BASED ANTACIDS, AND CERTAIN MEDICATIONS USED TO TREAT MIGRAINES OR DEPRESSION, CAN
INCREASE YOUR RISK OF KIDNEY STONES

6. TYPES OF STONES
THERE ARE FOLLOWING TYPE OF STONES:
• CALCIUM STONE (80%)
• URIC ACID STONE(5-10%)
• STRUVITE STONE(10%)
• CYSTINE STONE(1%)

7. CALCIUM STONES
CALCIUM STONES ARE THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF KIDNEY STONE.
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF CALCIUM STONES:
• CALCIUM OXALATE
• CALCIUM PHOSPHATE.
CALCIUM OXALATE IS BY FAR THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF CALCIUM STONE
SOME PEOPLE HAVE TOO MUCH CALCIUM IN THEIR URINE, RAISING THEIR RISK OF
CALCIUM STONES. EVEN WITH NORMAL AMOUNTS OF CALCIUM IN THE URINE,
CALCIUM STONES MAY FORM FOR OTHER REASONS.

8. CALCIUM
OXALATE STONE
• THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF KIDNEY STONE IS A
CALCIUM OXALATE STONE
• THESE RESULT WHEN THE URINE CONTAINS LOW LEVELS
OF CITRATE AND HIGH LEVELS OF CALCIUM AND EITHER
OXALATE OR URIC ACID.
• CALCIUM OXALATE STONES ARE LINKED WITH FOODS
HIGH IN OXALATE, WHICH IS A NATURALLY OCCURRING
SUBSTANCE IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
THESE INCLUDE:
• BEETS
• BLACK TEA
• CHOCOLATE
• NUTS
• POTATOES
• SPINACH.

9. CALCIUM
PHOSPHATE
STONE
• CALCIUM PHOSPHATE KIDNEY STONES ARE CAUSED BY
ABNORMALITIES IN THE WAY THE URINARY SYSTEM FUNCTIONS
• DOCTOR MAY ORDER A SERIES OF BLOOD AND URINE TESTS TO
DETERMINE WHETHER ANY URINARY OR KIDNEY PROBLEMS COULD
BE CAUSING THIS TYPE OF STONE
• THIS OFTEN OCCURS SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH CALCIUM OXALATE
STONES
• THIS TYPE OF STONE IS MORE COMMON IN METABOLIC
CONDITIONS, SUCH AS RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS
• IT MAY ALSO BE ASSOCIATED WITH CERTAIN MEDICATIONS USED TO
TREAT MIGRAINES OR SEIZURES, SUCH AS TOPIRAMATE

10. MNT OF CALCIUM STONE
• DRINK ENOUGH FLUIDS. THE NUMBER ONE THING YOU CAN DO IS TO DRINK ENOUGH FLUIDS, LIKE WATER. DRINKING ENOUGH
FLUIDS WILL THIN OUT YOUR URINE AND MAKE IT HARDER FOR CHEMICALS TO BUILD UP AND FORM CRYSTALS. YOUR
HEALTHCARE PROVIDER WILL LOOK AT YOUR OVERALL HEALTH, DIET, AND LIFESTYLE AND RECOMMEND THE RIGHT AMOUNT
OF FLUID YOU SHOULD HAVE EACH DAY.
• AVOID EATING TOO MUCH PROTEIN. EATING TOO MANY FOODS HIGH IN PROTEIN CAN CAUSE STONES TO FORM.
• EAT LESS SALT (SODIUM). A DIET HIGH IN SALT (SODIUM) CAUSES CALCIUM TO BUILD IN YOUR URINE. TOO MUCH CALCIUM IN
YOUR URINE CAN LEAD TO NEW STONES. IT CAN ALSO CAUSE YOUR BONES TO WEAKEN.
• INCLUDE THE RIGHT AMOUNT OF CALCIUM IN YOUR DIET. SOME PEOPLE MAY THINK THEY CAN KEEP STONES FROM FORMING
BY AVOIDING CALCIUM, BUT THE OPPOSITE IS TRUE. CALCIUM IS A NUTRIENT THAT IS FOUND IN DAIRY PRODUCTS, SUCH AS
YOGURT, MILK AND CHEESE. YOU NEED TO EAT CALCIUM SO THAT IT CAN BIND WITH OXALATE IN THE STOMACH AND
INTESTINES BEFORE IT MOVES TO THE KIDNEYS. EATING FOODS WITH CALCIUM IS A GOOD WAY FOR OXALATES TO LEAVE THE
BODY AND NOT FORM STONES. THE BEST WAY TO GET CALCIUM INTO YOUR BODY IS THROUGH THE FOODS YOU EAT. IT MAY
SEEM EASIER TO INCREASE YOUR CALCIUM BY TAKING A SUPPLEMENT. HOWEVER, CALCIUM IN THE FORM OF A SUPPLEMENT
MAY RAISE YOUR CHANCES OF FORMING NEW CALCIUM OXALATE STONES. SPEAKING WITH YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER WILL
HELP YOU FIND THE BEST WAY TO INCLUDE CALCIUM IN YOUR DIET. THIS WILL HELP AVOID HAVING TOO LITTLE OR TOO MUCH
CALCIUM IN YOUR BODY.
• AVOID VITAMIN C SUPPLEMENTS. TALK TO YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER BEFORE TAKING VITAMIN C SUPPLEMENTS. TOO
MUCH VITAMIN C CAN CAUSE HIGH AMOUNTS OF OXALATE IN THE URINE.
• EAT LESS OXALATE-RICH FOODS. LIMITING HOW MANY OXALATE-RICH FOODS YOU EAT EACH DAY MAY HELP LOWER YOUR
CHANCE OF FORMING NEW STONES. THERE ARE SOME FOODS YOU SHOULD AVOID BECAUSE OF THEIR HIGH OXALATE LEVELS.

11. FOODS AVOID RECOMMEND FOODS
AVOI
D RECOMMEND
Beverages
Draft beer Ovaltine
Cocoa
Coffee
Beer (bottle) Carbonated soda
Distilled alcohol Lemonade
Wine: red, rose, white Buttermilk, Whole,
low- fat or skim milk
Yogurt with allowed fruits
Soy, almond and rice milk
Miscellaneous
Nuts**
Peanuts,
almonds,
pecans,
Cashews
Chocolate**,
Cocoa,**
Vegetable soup,
Marmalade
Bacon Mayonnaise
Salad dressing
Vegetable oils Butter,
margarine Coconut
Jelly or preserves (made with allowed
fruits)
Lemon, lime juice Salt,
pepper
Soups with allowed ingredients, Sugar
Vegetables
Beets**: tops, roots, greens
Collards Kale
Leeks
Mustard greens Okra
Parsley** Sweet potato**
Rutabagas Spinach**
Swiss chard**
Watercress**
Asparagus Broccoli Carrots
Corn: sweet, white Cucumber, peeled
Green peas, canned Lettuce
Lima beans Parsnips
Tomato, 1 small, juice Turnips
Avocado Brussels sprouts
Cauliflower Cabbage Mushrooms
Onions
Peas, green
White potato Radish Fruits
Currants, red
Dewberries
Grapes,
purple
Gooseberries
Lemon
peel**
Lime peel**
Orange
peel**
Rhubarb**
Apple Apricots
Cherries, red, sour
Cranberry juice Grape
juice
Orange, fruit and juice
Peaches
Pears
Pineapple, plum, purple
Prunes
Apple juice Banana
Cherries, bing
Mangos
Melons, cantaloupe, cassava honeydew,
watermelon
Nectarines Peaches
Pineapple juice
Plums, green or yellow
Meat and
Meat
Substitutes
Peanut butter Tofu
(if it is processed with Ca,
it is
allowed in small amount)
Eggs Cheese
Beef, lamb or pork Poultry
Fish and shellfish Sardines Starch
Fruit cake
Soybean
crackers** Wheat
germ**
Cornbread Sponge
cake
Spaghetti, canned in tomato sauce Rice
Quinoa All
bread

12. URIC ACID STONE
• IF YOU HAVE HIGH LEVELS OF URIC ACID, THEN CRYSTALS START TO FORM.
THESE URIC ACID CRYSTALS COMBINE WITH OTHER SUBSTANCES IN YOUR BODY
AND CREATE A SOLID MASS. THE MASS KEEPS GROWING. IT MAY STAY IN THE
KIDNEY OR MOVE DOWN THE URINARY TRACT AND SETTLE IN THE URETER.
• IF THE STONES ARE VERY SMALL, THEY MAY PASS OUT OF YOUR BODY IN YOUR
URINE WITHOUT TOO MUCH PAIN. BUT IF THEY DON’T PASS, THEY CAUSE URINE
TO BACK UP IN THE KIDNEY, URETER, BLADDER OR URETHRA. THAT’S WHEN YOU
GET PAIN AND OTHER SYMPTOMS.

13. MNT OF URIC
ACID STONE
AVOID OR LIMIT FOODS HIGH IN PURINES. TOO MUCH OF THIS CHEMICAL
CAUSES YOUR BODY TO PRODUCE MORE URIC ACID. A HIGH URIC ACID LEVEL
LEADS TO MORE ACID IN YOUR URINE, WHICH RESULTS IN URIC ACID STONES
FORMING.
TO PREVENT URIC ACID STONES, CUT DOWN ON HIGH-PURINE FOODS,
INCLUDING:
• RED MEAT.
• ORGAN MEATS.
• BEER AND ALCOHOL.
• MEAT-BASED GRAVIES.
• SARDINES, ANCHOVIES AND SHELLFISH.
EAT MORE:
• VEGETABLES AND FRUITS.
• WHOLE GRAINS.
• LOW-FAT DAIRY PRODUCTS.
IT ALSO HELPS TO LIMIT SUGARY FOODS AND DRINKS, ESPECIALLY THOSE
THAT HAVE HIGH-FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP. AND TRY TO AVOID CRASH DIETS,
WHICH CAN INCREASE URIC ACID LEVELS IN YOUR BLOOD.

14. CYSTINE STONE
• CYSTINE STONES ARE CAUSED BY A RARE DISORDER CALLED
“CYSTINURIA.” THE DISORDER CAUSES A NATURAL SUBSTANCE CALLED
“CYSTINE” TO LEAK INTO YOUR URINE
• WHEN THERE IS TOO MUCH CYSTINE IN THE URINE, KIDNEY STONES CAN FORM
• THESE STONES CAN GET STUCK IN THE KIDNEYS, BLADDER, OR ANYWHERE IN
THE URINARY TRACT. MOST PEOPLE WITH CYSTINURIA HAVE RECURRING
STONES
• IT IS A LIFELONG CONDITION THAT CAN BE CONTROLLED, BUT NOT CURED.

15. MNT OF
CYSTINE
STONE
• DRINKING MORE WATER. DRINKING LOTS OF WATER WILL
LOWER THE ABILITY FOR THE CYSTINE TO FORM STONES IN
THE URINE. ASK YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER HOW MUCH
WATER YOU SHOULD DRINK EACH DAY TO HELP KEEP
STONES FROM FORMING.
• CHANGING YOUR DIET. CYSTINE STONES ARE LESS ABLE
TO FORM IN URINE THAT IS LESS ACIDIC. EATING MORE
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES CAN MAKE THE
URINE LESS ACIDIC. EATING MEAT PRODUCES URINE THAT
HAS MORE ACID, WHICH CAN INCREASE YOUR RISK FOR
CYSTINE STONES.
• REDUCING SALT. EATING LESS SALT CAN HELP KEEP
CYSTINE STONES FROM FORMING. TRY NOT TO EAT SALTY
FOODS, INCLUDING POTATO CHIPS, FRENCH FRIES,
SANDWICH MEATS, CANNED SOUPS, AND PACKAGED
MEALS.

16. STRUVITE STONE
• STRUVITE STONES ARE CAUSED BY AN UPPER URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI) FROM
BACTERIA
• AMMONIA PRODUCED AS A WASTE PRODUCT BY THE BACTERIA CAN MAKE THE
URINE LESS ACIDIC (OR MORE ALKALINE)
• STRUVITE STONES FORM WHEN THE URINE BECOMES MORE ALKALINE
• THE MAIN CHEMICALS IN A STRUVITE STONE INCLUDE STRUVITE (MAGNESIUM
AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE) AND CALCIUM CARBON-APATITE
• THESE STONES CAN GROW QUICKLY AND BECOME QUITE LARGE. THIS CAN HAPPEN
WITH FEW SYMPTOMS AT FIRST OR LITTLE WARNING.

17. MNT OF STRUVITE STONE
• DRINK PLENTY OF WATER
• USE FOLLOWING NUTRACEUTICALS
• TUKHM E ISPAT
IN 100 G OF PUNARNAVA, YOU WILL FIND A TOTAL FAT CONTENT OF 1.61% OF THE DAILY RECOMMENDED DOSAGE. IT HAS 162 MG OF SODIUM AND 2.26% OF
THE DAILY RECOMMENDED DOSAGE OF PROTEIN. IT HAS 44.8 MG OF VITAMIN C IN IT, ALONG WITH 142 MG OF CALCIUM. IT ALSO HAS 0.012 MG OF IRON IN IT.
THESE NUTRIENTS ARE EXTREMELY IMPORTANT FOR THE HEALTHY AND EFFICIENT FUNCTIONING OF THE BODY AND CAN HELP PREVENT MANY DISEASES
AND INFECTIONS
• CURCUMIN