This document discusses challenges and opportunities for very deep oil and gas drilling. It explores current depth limits of wells, which have reached over 10,000 meters. Deep drilling faces issues like navigating salt domes and withstanding pressures at extreme depths. The document also examines debates around hydrocarbon generation and discusses both the conventional biogenic theory as well as controversial abiotic theories involving underground synthesis. Future innovations in areas like dual pipe drilling, advanced geomechanics, and intelligent well completion may help overcome challenges and extend the viability of oil resources to greater depths.
The Great Oxygenation Event was a significant increase in atmospheric oxygen levels between approximately 2.4-2.3 billion years ago. While oxygenic photosynthesis first evolved over 2.7 billion years ago, various sinks prevented a rise in oxygen until volcanic outgassing and the oxidation of the mantle decreased around 2.4 billion years ago. Evidence from rock records shows low oxygen levels until approximately 2.2 billion years ago, when banded iron formations and other minerals indicating anoxic conditions disappear. Following the GOE, sulfate levels in the oceans increased due to more oxidative weathering balancing oxygen production from burial of organic carbon and pyrite.
Presentación con consejos generales para redactar una demanda en el orden social de la jurisdicción. Tiene audios, pero en todo caso el vídeo tutorial completo está publicado en Youtube en la siguiente dirección: https://youtu.be/CEU2yWooS1k
Diapositivas del taller "¿Cómo hacer un TFM" Impartido en el Máster de Mediación de la Universidad de Cádiz.
Aunque los ejemplos que se ponen son de mediación, las pautas generales que se proporcionan pueden ser de utilidad para todo tipo de trabajos (TFG's y TFM's) de Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas.
This document discusses covering courts as a reporting beat. Some key points include:
1. Covering courts is challenging but fascinating as it involves human drama playing out. The courtroom is like a stage with different actors playing roles.
2. There are different types of courts in India like the Supreme Court, High Courts, District Courts, and specialized courts.
3. Reporters should check for new cases filed weekly on court websites, look up names of important local figures and businesses involved in litigation, and follow their gut on cases that seem interesting.
4. Beyond court documents, reporters should do additional reporting like interviewing attorneys to get more context and background on cases. They should also watch for dramatic moments
레드햇의 Etsuji Nakai 씨의 "OpenStack: Inside Out" 한글 번역본입니다.
다시 한번 좋은 문서를 공유해주신 Etsuji Nakai 씨에게 감사를 드립니다.
http://www.slideshare.net/enakai/open-stack-insideoutv10
The document summarizes the history of shale gas development in the United States, highlighting several key points:
1) Shale gas development has occurred over centuries, with the first shale gas well drilled in 1825, but it was not until the late 20th century that modern hydraulic fracturing techniques allowed for commercial production.
2) Government programs in the 1970s-1980s like the Eastern Gas Shales Project helped advance technologies like horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing in shale that were necessary to unlock the resource potential.
3) The 1998 production from Mitchell Energy's Barnett Shale well that utilized slickwater fracturing techniques demonstrated the commercial viability of shale gas and helped trigger rapid production growth in shale plays
The Great Oxygenation Event was a significant increase in atmospheric oxygen levels between approximately 2.4-2.3 billion years ago. While oxygenic photosynthesis first evolved over 2.7 billion years ago, various sinks prevented a rise in oxygen until volcanic outgassing and the oxidation of the mantle decreased around 2.4 billion years ago. Evidence from rock records shows low oxygen levels until approximately 2.2 billion years ago, when banded iron formations and other minerals indicating anoxic conditions disappear. Following the GOE, sulfate levels in the oceans increased due to more oxidative weathering balancing oxygen production from burial of organic carbon and pyrite.
Presentación con consejos generales para redactar una demanda en el orden social de la jurisdicción. Tiene audios, pero en todo caso el vídeo tutorial completo está publicado en Youtube en la siguiente dirección: https://youtu.be/CEU2yWooS1k
Diapositivas del taller "¿Cómo hacer un TFM" Impartido en el Máster de Mediación de la Universidad de Cádiz.
Aunque los ejemplos que se ponen son de mediación, las pautas generales que se proporcionan pueden ser de utilidad para todo tipo de trabajos (TFG's y TFM's) de Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas.
This document discusses covering courts as a reporting beat. Some key points include:
1. Covering courts is challenging but fascinating as it involves human drama playing out. The courtroom is like a stage with different actors playing roles.
2. There are different types of courts in India like the Supreme Court, High Courts, District Courts, and specialized courts.
3. Reporters should check for new cases filed weekly on court websites, look up names of important local figures and businesses involved in litigation, and follow their gut on cases that seem interesting.
4. Beyond court documents, reporters should do additional reporting like interviewing attorneys to get more context and background on cases. They should also watch for dramatic moments
레드햇의 Etsuji Nakai 씨의 "OpenStack: Inside Out" 한글 번역본입니다.
다시 한번 좋은 문서를 공유해주신 Etsuji Nakai 씨에게 감사를 드립니다.
http://www.slideshare.net/enakai/open-stack-insideoutv10
The document summarizes the history of shale gas development in the United States, highlighting several key points:
1) Shale gas development has occurred over centuries, with the first shale gas well drilled in 1825, but it was not until the late 20th century that modern hydraulic fracturing techniques allowed for commercial production.
2) Government programs in the 1970s-1980s like the Eastern Gas Shales Project helped advance technologies like horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing in shale that were necessary to unlock the resource potential.
3) The 1998 production from Mitchell Energy's Barnett Shale well that utilized slickwater fracturing techniques demonstrated the commercial viability of shale gas and helped trigger rapid production growth in shale plays
Petroleum geology is the application of geology to explore for and produce oil and gas. It relies on understanding rock structures that can trap hydrocarbons underground. Key techniques used include seismic surveys, which use shock waves to map underground rock layers and structures that may indicate oil and gas traps. Important milestones include the development of the anticlinal theory of trapping in 1883, the invention of the seismograph in 1914, and the introduction of 3D seismic in the 1980s to improve imaging of underground structures.
Petroleum and natural gas were formed from the remains of ancient marine organisms. Over millions of years, plankton and algae accumulated on the ocean floor and were buried under layers of sediment. The organic material was converted into oil and gas through heat and pressure over geologic time. These hydrocarbons migrated upward until they were trapped underground in reservoirs within porous rock formations by impermeable caps such as shale. Natural gas is primarily methane and formed similarly through the thermal maturation of buried organic matter. It is found in conventional reservoirs as well as unconventional sources like shale.
Earth History 2: Changes in AtmosphereRobin Seamon
The document discusses the various factors that cause changes in Earth's atmosphere and climate over time. It explains that changes in one climate variable, such as the atmosphere, will affect others as they are all interconnected. The key factors identified are 1) biotic processes, 2) variations in solar radiation, 3) plate tectonics, 4) volcanic eruptions and large igneous provinces, 5) the cryosphere, 6) Milankovitch cycles, and 7) greenhouse gases. The document traces the history of scientific understanding of these climate change causes and how different evidence and techniques verified theories about ice age triggers being linked to orbital variations amplified by greenhouse gas feedbacks.
A presentation illustrating the phenomena of NGH including a brief introduction about the NGH , the conditions required for their initiation , different structures , suitable environments , different detection methods , major challenges , extraction methods , importance and distribution of reserves worldwide.
Changes in the earth and its atmosphereSteve Bishop
The document summarizes changes to the Earth's core, mantle, crust, and atmosphere over time. It describes the theory of tectonic plates and how their movement causes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. It explains how early theories of continental drift were rejected but later accepted when ocean floor investigations found evidence supporting plate tectonics. It also outlines how the atmosphere was initially composed of gases like carbon dioxide and methane, and how oxygen levels increased due to photosynthesis by plants and algae.
1) Changes in the atmosphere, such as variations in greenhouse gases, solar radiation levels, volcanic activity, and ice sheet size can impact climate by altering the Earth's energy balance.
2) Scientific evidence shows that small variations in the Earth's orbit and axis (known as the Milankovitch cycles) have paced climate changes over hundreds of thousands of years by changing the distribution of solar energy received in different latitudes and seasons.
3) Positive feedback loops involving greenhouse gases, ice sheets, and temperature amplified the effects of the Milankovitch cycles in the past, driving the Earth into ice ages. However, human emissions are now the dominant factor changing climate through increased greenhouse gases.
This document provides an overview of shale gas exploration, production, and potential around the globe. It discusses what shale and shale gas/oil are, and compares unconventional and conventional reservoirs. It also covers the technologies of hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling used to access shale gas. Global shale gas reserves have increased in recent years, with significant production in the US, Canada, and China. Shale gas has the potential to be developed commercially in other regions as well.
gas hydrates Natural hazards or Natural resourcesKushank Bajaj
Hydrates are ice-like crystalline structures that form under high pressure and low temperatures and contain a gas, such as methane, trapped within a lattice of water molecules. They are found in marine sediments along continental margins and in permafrost regions. There are two main hydrate structures that differ in the arrangement of cavities containing the trapped gas. Hydrates are a potential future energy resource and also impact sea floor stability and global climate change through methane release. Study of hydrates at Hydrate Ridge off the Oregon coast provides insights into their occurrence, identification, and natural resource potential. Large quantities of hydrates in marine and permafrost deposits have the potential to release methane and amplify climate change if triggered by various
The document summarizes a student presentation on petroleum geology and exploration techniques. It discusses the origin of petroleum based on organic and inorganic theories. It also describes different types of petroleum traps including structural traps like anticlines and fault traps, and stratigraphic traps like unconformities. Additionally, it covers abnormal fluid pressures, including subnormal and overpressured systems. Finally, it outlines common exploration methods such as seismic, gravity, magnetic surveys, and others.
The document provides information about land seismic oil exploration techniques, including 2D and 3D seismic data collection and processing. It discusses using explosive sources like dynamite or vibratory sources like vibrators to generate seismic waves that reflect off underground formations. The reflected data is recorded and processed to create seismic profiles that show subsurface rock layer structures and potential oil and gas reservoirs. Hydraulic fracturing, a controversial technique for stimulating oil and gas production from shale formations, is also briefly mentioned.
Geothermal is a natural gift that is residual heat from the nuclear reactions that have occurred at the beginning of the formation of the earth and the universe
.
Preliminary Survey
The event, which includes the collection, analysis, and presentation of data related to information geological, geophysical, geochemical, to estimate the location and existence of geothermal resources as well as the Work Area.
Geothermal systems:
1).Heat Sources
2).Reservoir and Clay Cap
3). The existence of Hydrology System
Grouping Geothermal :
1. Geothermal Energy "wet steam"
2. Geothermal Energy "Hot Water"
Optimizing Geothermal Resources
Efforts to use other fossil fuels are relatively inexpensive, such as gas and coal reserves of the world, adding to the community's dependence on fixed harness the energy source.Competitive electricity prices do not become less attractive to investors in investing.There have been many government policies that have been developed to increase the utilization of sustainable energy sources. However, to build new plants or even increase the installed capacity in the Work Area Mining (WKP) which has existed just steps still halting.The main obstacle seems today is the lack of integration between national energy policy with the implementation of government and stakeholders to do. It is time for the government to think far ahead, to improve the quality of life of the world to use it, through the heat of the earth as a supplier of electricity.
Natural gas is colorless, odorless, and mainly composed of methane. It is formed from decaying organic matter underground and can be found in shale formations, sandstone beds, and coal seams. Researchers are working to extract natural gas from unconventional sources like shale and methane hydrates. Natural gas provides a fifth of energy in the United States and heats nearly half of homes through uses like cooking appliances. The history of natural gas dates back to ancient times, but the modern pipeline network was largely built after World War II to distribute gas supplies.
Petroleum is formed from organic materials that are deposited in sedimentary basins over millions of years. The key steps in petroleum formation include: (1) deposition and burial of organic-rich source rocks; (2) generation of hydrocarbons from the buried organic matter through thermal maturation; (3) migration of hydrocarbons from the source rock into reservoir rocks; and (4) accumulation of hydrocarbons in structural or stratigraphic traps in reservoir rocks where they are preserved. Successful petroleum exploration requires identification of source, reservoir, and seal rocks in areas with suitable burial and thermal histories to generate and trap commercial quantities of oil and gas.
The document discusses several theories on the origin of life on Earth, including theories of special creation, spontaneous generation, biogenesis, biochemical evolution, and panspermia. It also describes experiments like the Urey-Miller experiment and the hypothesis that life began near deep sea hydrothermal vents, which provided chemical gradients and concentrations that could have led to the formation of organic molecules and eventually early life forms. Recent research has provided new insights but many questions around the exact mechanisms of how life first emerged on our planet remain unanswered.
The document discusses several theories on the origin of life on Earth, including theories of special creation, spontaneous generation, biogenesis, biochemical evolution, and panspermia. It also describes experiments like the Urey-Miller experiment and the hypothesis that life began near deep sea hydrothermal vents, which provided chemical gradients and concentrations that could have led to the formation of organic molecules and eventually early life forms. Recent research has provided new insights but many questions around the exact mechanisms of how life first emerged on our planet remain unanswered.
This document summarizes the process of oil and gas exploration. It discusses how oil and gas deposits are formed over millions of years, and the characteristics needed for reservoirs to trap hydrocarbons underground. Surveys including geological analysis and seismic surveys are used to identify potential reservoir locations. Exploration wells are then drilled to test formations, and core samples and logging provide data on the resource. If oil or gas is found, further appraisal wells evaluate the reservoir extent and productivity.
This document provides an overview of oil and gas formation, exploration, production, and political importance. It discusses how oil and gas are formed from ancient plankton and deposited in rock formations. Exploration uses seismic surveys and drilling to find reservoirs trapped underground. Production involves extracting, transporting, and refining oil and gas. Politically, oil is critical as a fuel source and its supply and demand influence global economics and geopolitics. Rising consumption and prices raise concerns about peak oil and climate change.
This document provides an overview of natural gas from extraction to consumption. It discusses the formation of natural gas including the genesis of hydrocarbons from organic matter, maturation periods, and kerogen. Detection methods and characteristics of natural gas are described. Both conventional and unconventional extraction methods are covered, with details on hydraulic fracturing. The document outlines natural gas distribution through liquefaction, pipeline transmission, and important parameters like pressure and temperature effects.
Petroleum geology is the application of geology to explore for and produce oil and gas. It relies on understanding rock structures that can trap hydrocarbons underground. Key techniques used include seismic surveys, which use shock waves to map underground rock layers and structures that may indicate oil and gas traps. Important milestones include the development of the anticlinal theory of trapping in 1883, the invention of the seismograph in 1914, and the introduction of 3D seismic in the 1980s to improve imaging of underground structures.
Petroleum and natural gas were formed from the remains of ancient marine organisms. Over millions of years, plankton and algae accumulated on the ocean floor and were buried under layers of sediment. The organic material was converted into oil and gas through heat and pressure over geologic time. These hydrocarbons migrated upward until they were trapped underground in reservoirs within porous rock formations by impermeable caps such as shale. Natural gas is primarily methane and formed similarly through the thermal maturation of buried organic matter. It is found in conventional reservoirs as well as unconventional sources like shale.
Earth History 2: Changes in AtmosphereRobin Seamon
The document discusses the various factors that cause changes in Earth's atmosphere and climate over time. It explains that changes in one climate variable, such as the atmosphere, will affect others as they are all interconnected. The key factors identified are 1) biotic processes, 2) variations in solar radiation, 3) plate tectonics, 4) volcanic eruptions and large igneous provinces, 5) the cryosphere, 6) Milankovitch cycles, and 7) greenhouse gases. The document traces the history of scientific understanding of these climate change causes and how different evidence and techniques verified theories about ice age triggers being linked to orbital variations amplified by greenhouse gas feedbacks.
A presentation illustrating the phenomena of NGH including a brief introduction about the NGH , the conditions required for their initiation , different structures , suitable environments , different detection methods , major challenges , extraction methods , importance and distribution of reserves worldwide.
Changes in the earth and its atmosphereSteve Bishop
The document summarizes changes to the Earth's core, mantle, crust, and atmosphere over time. It describes the theory of tectonic plates and how their movement causes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. It explains how early theories of continental drift were rejected but later accepted when ocean floor investigations found evidence supporting plate tectonics. It also outlines how the atmosphere was initially composed of gases like carbon dioxide and methane, and how oxygen levels increased due to photosynthesis by plants and algae.
1) Changes in the atmosphere, such as variations in greenhouse gases, solar radiation levels, volcanic activity, and ice sheet size can impact climate by altering the Earth's energy balance.
2) Scientific evidence shows that small variations in the Earth's orbit and axis (known as the Milankovitch cycles) have paced climate changes over hundreds of thousands of years by changing the distribution of solar energy received in different latitudes and seasons.
3) Positive feedback loops involving greenhouse gases, ice sheets, and temperature amplified the effects of the Milankovitch cycles in the past, driving the Earth into ice ages. However, human emissions are now the dominant factor changing climate through increased greenhouse gases.
This document provides an overview of shale gas exploration, production, and potential around the globe. It discusses what shale and shale gas/oil are, and compares unconventional and conventional reservoirs. It also covers the technologies of hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling used to access shale gas. Global shale gas reserves have increased in recent years, with significant production in the US, Canada, and China. Shale gas has the potential to be developed commercially in other regions as well.
gas hydrates Natural hazards or Natural resourcesKushank Bajaj
Hydrates are ice-like crystalline structures that form under high pressure and low temperatures and contain a gas, such as methane, trapped within a lattice of water molecules. They are found in marine sediments along continental margins and in permafrost regions. There are two main hydrate structures that differ in the arrangement of cavities containing the trapped gas. Hydrates are a potential future energy resource and also impact sea floor stability and global climate change through methane release. Study of hydrates at Hydrate Ridge off the Oregon coast provides insights into their occurrence, identification, and natural resource potential. Large quantities of hydrates in marine and permafrost deposits have the potential to release methane and amplify climate change if triggered by various
The document summarizes a student presentation on petroleum geology and exploration techniques. It discusses the origin of petroleum based on organic and inorganic theories. It also describes different types of petroleum traps including structural traps like anticlines and fault traps, and stratigraphic traps like unconformities. Additionally, it covers abnormal fluid pressures, including subnormal and overpressured systems. Finally, it outlines common exploration methods such as seismic, gravity, magnetic surveys, and others.
The document provides information about land seismic oil exploration techniques, including 2D and 3D seismic data collection and processing. It discusses using explosive sources like dynamite or vibratory sources like vibrators to generate seismic waves that reflect off underground formations. The reflected data is recorded and processed to create seismic profiles that show subsurface rock layer structures and potential oil and gas reservoirs. Hydraulic fracturing, a controversial technique for stimulating oil and gas production from shale formations, is also briefly mentioned.
Geothermal is a natural gift that is residual heat from the nuclear reactions that have occurred at the beginning of the formation of the earth and the universe
.
Preliminary Survey
The event, which includes the collection, analysis, and presentation of data related to information geological, geophysical, geochemical, to estimate the location and existence of geothermal resources as well as the Work Area.
Geothermal systems:
1).Heat Sources
2).Reservoir and Clay Cap
3). The existence of Hydrology System
Grouping Geothermal :
1. Geothermal Energy "wet steam"
2. Geothermal Energy "Hot Water"
Optimizing Geothermal Resources
Efforts to use other fossil fuels are relatively inexpensive, such as gas and coal reserves of the world, adding to the community's dependence on fixed harness the energy source.Competitive electricity prices do not become less attractive to investors in investing.There have been many government policies that have been developed to increase the utilization of sustainable energy sources. However, to build new plants or even increase the installed capacity in the Work Area Mining (WKP) which has existed just steps still halting.The main obstacle seems today is the lack of integration between national energy policy with the implementation of government and stakeholders to do. It is time for the government to think far ahead, to improve the quality of life of the world to use it, through the heat of the earth as a supplier of electricity.
Natural gas is colorless, odorless, and mainly composed of methane. It is formed from decaying organic matter underground and can be found in shale formations, sandstone beds, and coal seams. Researchers are working to extract natural gas from unconventional sources like shale and methane hydrates. Natural gas provides a fifth of energy in the United States and heats nearly half of homes through uses like cooking appliances. The history of natural gas dates back to ancient times, but the modern pipeline network was largely built after World War II to distribute gas supplies.
Petroleum is formed from organic materials that are deposited in sedimentary basins over millions of years. The key steps in petroleum formation include: (1) deposition and burial of organic-rich source rocks; (2) generation of hydrocarbons from the buried organic matter through thermal maturation; (3) migration of hydrocarbons from the source rock into reservoir rocks; and (4) accumulation of hydrocarbons in structural or stratigraphic traps in reservoir rocks where they are preserved. Successful petroleum exploration requires identification of source, reservoir, and seal rocks in areas with suitable burial and thermal histories to generate and trap commercial quantities of oil and gas.
The document discusses several theories on the origin of life on Earth, including theories of special creation, spontaneous generation, biogenesis, biochemical evolution, and panspermia. It also describes experiments like the Urey-Miller experiment and the hypothesis that life began near deep sea hydrothermal vents, which provided chemical gradients and concentrations that could have led to the formation of organic molecules and eventually early life forms. Recent research has provided new insights but many questions around the exact mechanisms of how life first emerged on our planet remain unanswered.
The document discusses several theories on the origin of life on Earth, including theories of special creation, spontaneous generation, biogenesis, biochemical evolution, and panspermia. It also describes experiments like the Urey-Miller experiment and the hypothesis that life began near deep sea hydrothermal vents, which provided chemical gradients and concentrations that could have led to the formation of organic molecules and eventually early life forms. Recent research has provided new insights but many questions around the exact mechanisms of how life first emerged on our planet remain unanswered.
This document summarizes the process of oil and gas exploration. It discusses how oil and gas deposits are formed over millions of years, and the characteristics needed for reservoirs to trap hydrocarbons underground. Surveys including geological analysis and seismic surveys are used to identify potential reservoir locations. Exploration wells are then drilled to test formations, and core samples and logging provide data on the resource. If oil or gas is found, further appraisal wells evaluate the reservoir extent and productivity.
This document provides an overview of oil and gas formation, exploration, production, and political importance. It discusses how oil and gas are formed from ancient plankton and deposited in rock formations. Exploration uses seismic surveys and drilling to find reservoirs trapped underground. Production involves extracting, transporting, and refining oil and gas. Politically, oil is critical as a fuel source and its supply and demand influence global economics and geopolitics. Rising consumption and prices raise concerns about peak oil and climate change.
This document provides an overview of natural gas from extraction to consumption. It discusses the formation of natural gas including the genesis of hydrocarbons from organic matter, maturation periods, and kerogen. Detection methods and characteristics of natural gas are described. Both conventional and unconventional extraction methods are covered, with details on hydraulic fracturing. The document outlines natural gas distribution through liquefaction, pipeline transmission, and important parameters like pressure and temperature effects.
1. Challenges for very deep oil and
gas drilling –
will there ever be a depth limit?
Issues on hydrocarbon generation
Associate Professor V.C. Kelessidis
2. Summary of presentation
• Explore the ‘depth limits’ of current wells
• Present world breaking cases, challenges
• Oil generation, biotic vs abiotic
• Summary
3. The issues
• Oil Demand increases and Oil Supply shows slow
growth
• Estimated Oil-In-Place ~ 1,258 Trillion Bbls
• Current production, 0,086*365=31 billion Bbls
• Will LAST? 42 years !!• Will LAST? 42 years !!
• Oil production – will reach plateau in 10 years
at 100 mBpD
• FUTURE ?????
• Better Recoveries & Deeper Wells in Ultra-
Deep Waters 3
4. Petroleum demand & supply
4
Source: www.yardeni.com
Peak Oil: Supply Data Doesn’t Lie
Aug 26th, 2009 | By Puru Saxena |
Category: Oil Investment & Alternative
Energy
6. Deepest Wells Today ?
• Gas Wells, Onshore USA Oklahoma, 1970s
– GHK-27, 9583 m & GHK-28, @ 9159 m
• Deepest oil producing offshore wells,
– @ ~8000 m
– Perdido field, GoM, Shell– Perdido field, GoM, Shell
– Tahiti field, GoM, Chevron
• Oil exploration continues
• Ultra deep waters
– Gulf of Mexico, Brazil, Angola
6
7. There's a hole in the bottom of the sea
Chevron's Jack #2 - depth of 20,000 ft (6.100 m)
..Finding oil at such a depth is not unheard of, but unusual
Byron W. King
Whiskey & Gunpowder / Energy Bulletin
Sep 13 2006
7
...Too deep for oil to maintain its properties. (Oil window)
...Deep wells commonly produce dry gas, with no or
almost no associated oil.
9. Is it always true?
• But still, oil window or no, oil is
where you find it.
• As recently as in 2000s, few
observers believed lower Tertiaryobservers believed lower Tertiary
sands in GoM would, if reached, yield
oil or gas from great depths.
• But apparently, there is oil down
there. Why? How does it work?
10. BP expects Tiber one of
richest finds in the GoM
similar to Thunder Horse
~300,000 BOD
half of Alaska's North Slope.
Very new !
1259 m water
9425 m well
10684 m TOTAL
~ 3 billion bbbls
10
12. Challenges – Salt domes
• Difficult to ‘read’ through salt
• Very difficult to DRILL through
• Significant finds underneath !
• Tupi field, Brazil• Tupi field, Brazil
• 8 – 10 billion Bbls
• Discovered in 2007, 240 million US$
• 2100 m water, 2100 m salt, 4900 m rock
• Will require investment of up to 5 billion US$
• First production, May 2009
• Full production in 2013 12
13. Challenges – Casing / disasters
9 GoM
4-5 conventional
Thunder Horse
Hurricane Dennis, 2005
13
9 GoM
Back in production, 2008
After 30 months !
14. A price to pay, April 18, GoM
The rig named "Deep Water Horizon" is
still on fire and the U.S. Coast Guard is
on the scene pulling workers off the
platform and out of the water
surrounding the rig. 8 workers have been
critically injured in the blast and are now
being airlifted to a local hospital. 120
people were on board at the time of the
explosion.
he incident occurred around 10 p.m.
Tuesday on the Deepwater Horizon. As of 5
a.m., officials said the fire continued to
burn on the water and on the rig.
The rig is in the Gulf of
Mexico Mississippi
Canyon block 252, 41 mi
(66 km) offshore
Louisiana.
15. Innovations for deep drilling
Advanced Geomechanics
Casing Drilling
Dual pipe drilling
15
Dual pipe drilling
New deep water drilling
ships To target
40.000 ft
16. Scientific drilling – Deepest holes
Oil Found ?
Traces of hydrocarbons
In all of them
16
In all of them
Equipment used ?
17. Where does the oil come from ??
• The organic theory - accepted
• The ABIOTIC THEORY of petroleum
generation –
• controversial but people still discuss• controversial but people still discuss
and study it !
17
18. Organic theory
• Plankton – organic matter, simple cell
organisms
• Accumulation in ocean floors
• Burial under sediments• Burial under sediments
• Anaerobic conditions, high P & T
• Kerogen
• Further burial & heat
• Cracking petroleum & natural gas
• Upward migration to reservoirs &
staying in traps
18
20. Oil is where you find it !
• Traditional
– sedimentary rocks
• Non-Traditional
– metamorphic rocks
– eg. White Tiger, Vietnam– eg. White Tiger, Vietnam
20
~ 1990s
350.000 bopd
~ 47 years
Biogenic origin
From under-
sedimentary rocks
21. Abiotic theory
• Hydrocarbons formed in the depths of earth
• Dmitri Mendeleyev, 1877
• Alexandrovich Kudryavtsev (1951)
• Thomas Gold, 1980
Wikepedia
• The Russian – Ukranian
theory of abyssal, abiotic petroleum generation
• Outgassing theory (Gold)
21
22. Russian-Ukraine theory
• R-U theory states that petroleum is
‘primordial’ == generated at the same
time as earth generation
• Of deep origin
• Transported via ‘cold’ eruptive• Transported via ‘cold’ eruptive
process into the crust
• There is extensive Russian body of
knowledge over the past years
• Little translated into English
22
23. The work of many people (Kenney, 1994)
• Kropotkin, 1956
• Vasiliev, 1959
• Kudryavtsev, 1959, 1963
• Porfir’yev, 1959
• Raznitsyn, 1963• Raznitsyn, 1963
• Krayushkin, 1965, 1984
• Markevich, 1966
• Dolenko, 1968, 1971
• Linetskii 1974
• Letnikov, Karpov, 1977
23
24. Russian-Ukraine theory
• At high pressures (< 5000 bars) and high temperatures
(500-1500 C) methane is produced from reduced calcite
• Thermodynamically sound – experimentally verified
Kenney, J.F. et al. 2002
The evolution of multi-component systems at high pressures:
VI. The genesis of hydrocarbons and the origin of
petroleum
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99 ,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99 ,
10976-10981
36 Citations
24
25. Outgassing theory – Th. Gold
The deep- earth- gas hypothesis. Gold, T., Soter, S. 1980
Scientific American 242, 154-161
29 citations
Methane forms in the mantle
Migrates slowly upwards into Earth’s crust in areas of crustal
weakness (plate boundaries, meteor impact sites)
After cooling at some depths petroleum
25
The deep, hot biosphere
Gold, T. 1992 Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America 89, 6045-6049
188 Citations
The origin of natural gas and petroleum, and the prognosis for future supplies.
Gold, T. 1985 Annual Review of Energy. 10, 53-77
4 citations
Fluid ascent through the solid lithosphere and its relation to earthquakes
Gold, T., Soter, S. 1984 Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH 122, 492-530
25 citations
26. From Fischer-Tropsch type
Potter et al., Lithos 75, 2004, 11-330
Abiogenic Fischer–Tropsch synthesis of hydrocarbons in alkaline igneous
rocks
.. these hydrocarbons have an abiogenic, crustal origin ...
This would suggest that these data favour a model for formation of
hydrocarbons through Fischer–Tropsch type reactions involving an early
CO2-rich fluid and H2 derived from alteration reactions,
21 citations
26
CO2-rich fluid and H2 derived from alteration reactions,
21 citations
Hydrocarbons in Hydrothermal Vent Fluids: The Role of Chromium-Bearing
Catalysts
Foustoukos, D.I., Seyfried Jr., W.E. 2004 Science, 304 , 1002-
1005
62 Citations
…Generation of CH4 from CO2 rich hydrothermal fluids
28. How about Turkey?
Two possible sources
1. abiogenic process of serpentinization within
the Tekirova ophiolite,
2. Biogenic, from the Upper Paleozoic to Lower
Mesozoic organic-rich shales in which
methane to pentane hydrocarbons were
thermally generated.
30. Supporting evidence
• Methane and other hydrocarbons detected in
outer solar system and in comets
• Very deep gas reservoirs, to 10000 m
• Small amounts of hydrocarbons in deep scientific
holes
– Kola (Russia, part abiogenic and part biogenic)– Kola (Russia, part abiogenic and part biogenic)
– Sweden – Germany
• Thermodynamic computations and experiments
generated methane at high P & T in presence of
metal catalysts
• Generation of methane from CO2 bearing aqueous
fluids with metals as catalysts and CH4 detection
in hydrothermal veins
30
31. Opposing views – Several !
Recent publication – good overview
Abiogenic origin of hydrocarbons: An historical overview
Glasby, G.P. 2006 Resource Geology 56 , 83-96
5 Citations
31
5 Citations
A. Tsatskin, O Balaban,
Peak oil in the light of oil formation theories, Energy
Policy, 36, 2008, 1826-1828 , (in favour of abiotic
theory)
35. This artistic view shows hydrocarbons forming in
the upper mantle and transported to shallower
depths. The inset shows a snapshot of the
methane dissociation reaction studied in this
work.
Methane-derived hydrocarbons produced under upper-mantle conditions
Anton Kolesnikov , Vladimir G. Kutcherov & Alexander F. Goncharov
Nature Geoscience 2, 566–570 (1 August
2009)
36. Implications ?? Vladimir Kutcherov
• To identify where it is worthwhile to drill
for natural gas and oil, he has used his
research to arrive at a new method.
• It involves dividing the globe into a finely
meshed grid. The grid corresponds tomeshed grid. The grid corresponds to
fissures, so-called ‘migration channels,’
through underlying layers under the
surface of the earth.
• Wherever these fissures meet, it is
suitable to drill.
37. Discussion (1/2)
• Should look for all energy sources
• Hydrocarbons will continue to play
significant role
• Wells of the future – horizontal,
multilateral, smart wellsmultilateral, smart wells
• Operated by top notch, multidisciplinary
people
• ‘the world is full of resources, the Big
Question, is how to apply technology to
MAKE THEM Energy Resources’ (R. Ryan-
Chevron)
37
38. Discussion (2/2)
• Way forward, Creativity, Imagination,
Integration, People !
• Peak Oil will be reached when we reach peak
technology
• Peak technology will determine when will
reach peak oil !reach peak oil !
• Technological advancement, Ingenuity,
educating our people KEYS to extend oil
depletion window
BUT
• If abiotic theory is CORRECT ?
• Look for means to find oil – not to replace it !
38
39. Summary
• Analysis presented for hydrocarbon exploration
trends
• Challenges faced by oil industry
• Ultra deep waters and very deep boreholes
• Future breakthroughs – intelligent guidance,• Future breakthroughs – intelligent guidance,
integration drilling, completion, seismic
• Abiotic theory of hydrocarbon generation
• Thermodynamics and experiments show it is
possible
39
40. Summary
• Biogenic or Abiotic generation
• Requirements for Deep drilling
• Oil industry should face the challenge
• Develop innovative tools and techniques
• Rely on top quality people• Rely on top quality people
• Significant breakthroughs have been made
in the past 100 years
• More to come through team work and focus
on innovations
• Wonderful future for young graduates40