Complete set of questions and answers to the online quizzes from the Hodder Plus A2 History Kaiser to Fuhrer revision guide. Helpful for statistical revision to do in the few months prior to the exam.
Geschiedenis: De opkomst van het Derde Rijk - Terreur
I use my own material and material from colleagues who have presented their work also on internet.
I claim nothing. This is merely educational fair use.
Educational fair use:
"the fair use of a copyrighted work (...) for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright"
But I claim nothing, All trademarks, works and images used are properties of their respective owners. If I violate any form of copyright please contact me and I will give credit.
The document provides information about a history lecture on Germany's "special path" to modernity. It discusses key themes like Germany's belated industrialization, failed bourgeois revolution in 1848, and unification through Prussian militarism rather than liberalism. It also provides historical context on the Holy Roman Empire, Napoleonic Wars, Congress of Vienna, and revolutions of 1848.
The Third Reich was the Nazi regime in Germany from 1933 to 1945. It was led by Adolf Hitler and brought an end to the Weimar Republic. The Third Reich targeted Jews, Slavs, communists and other groups and executed around 11 million people. Hitler believed the Third Reich would last for a thousand years, but it only lasted 12 years before being defeated in World War II.
The document provides revision materials for GCSE History on Germany from 1918-1945. It includes mind maps and questions to help students test their knowledge on key events, people, and policies during this period of German history, including the weaknesses of the Weimar Constitution, Hitler's rise to power, Nazi control and oppression of German citizens, and their racist beliefs and genocidal policies targeting Jews and other minority groups.
The goals of Nazi foreign policy were to rebuild Germany's military, extend German territory, and form alliances with other countries. Hitler took steps to rearm Germany in violation of the Treaty of Versailles, including establishing the Luftwaffe air force and conscripting soldiers. He also sought to expand Germany's borders by remilitarizing the Rhineland in 1936, annexing Austria in 1938, and taking the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia in 1938. Hitler built connections with other fascist leaders like Mussolini of Italy and signed non-aggression pacts, though he surprisingly agreed to a pact with the Soviet Union in 1939 as well.
The document provides background information on the rise of Nazism in Germany. It describes the harsh conditions Germany faced after WWI including the Treaty of Versailles, hyperinflation, and the Great Depression. This created a climate where Hitler and the Nazi party could rise to power on promises of restoring national pride and economic stability. Once in power, the Nazis rapidly dismantled democracy and instituted a totalitarian racist state. They persecuted Jews and other minority groups, seeking to create a society of only "pure" Aryans. By 1939 Germany had invaded other countries and war had broken out in Europe, culminating in Hitler's defeat in 1945.
Geschiedenis: De opkomst van het Derde Rijk - Terreur
I use my own material and material from colleagues who have presented their work also on internet.
I claim nothing. This is merely educational fair use.
Educational fair use:
"the fair use of a copyrighted work (...) for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright"
But I claim nothing, All trademarks, works and images used are properties of their respective owners. If I violate any form of copyright please contact me and I will give credit.
The document provides information about a history lecture on Germany's "special path" to modernity. It discusses key themes like Germany's belated industrialization, failed bourgeois revolution in 1848, and unification through Prussian militarism rather than liberalism. It also provides historical context on the Holy Roman Empire, Napoleonic Wars, Congress of Vienna, and revolutions of 1848.
The Third Reich was the Nazi regime in Germany from 1933 to 1945. It was led by Adolf Hitler and brought an end to the Weimar Republic. The Third Reich targeted Jews, Slavs, communists and other groups and executed around 11 million people. Hitler believed the Third Reich would last for a thousand years, but it only lasted 12 years before being defeated in World War II.
The document provides revision materials for GCSE History on Germany from 1918-1945. It includes mind maps and questions to help students test their knowledge on key events, people, and policies during this period of German history, including the weaknesses of the Weimar Constitution, Hitler's rise to power, Nazi control and oppression of German citizens, and their racist beliefs and genocidal policies targeting Jews and other minority groups.
The goals of Nazi foreign policy were to rebuild Germany's military, extend German territory, and form alliances with other countries. Hitler took steps to rearm Germany in violation of the Treaty of Versailles, including establishing the Luftwaffe air force and conscripting soldiers. He also sought to expand Germany's borders by remilitarizing the Rhineland in 1936, annexing Austria in 1938, and taking the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia in 1938. Hitler built connections with other fascist leaders like Mussolini of Italy and signed non-aggression pacts, though he surprisingly agreed to a pact with the Soviet Union in 1939 as well.
The document provides background information on the rise of Nazism in Germany. It describes the harsh conditions Germany faced after WWI including the Treaty of Versailles, hyperinflation, and the Great Depression. This created a climate where Hitler and the Nazi party could rise to power on promises of restoring national pride and economic stability. Once in power, the Nazis rapidly dismantled democracy and instituted a totalitarian racist state. They persecuted Jews and other minority groups, seeking to create a society of only "pure" Aryans. By 1939 Germany had invaded other countries and war had broken out in Europe, culminating in Hitler's defeat in 1945.
The document provides background information on the rise of Nazism in Germany. It describes the harsh conditions Germany faced after WWI including the Treaty of Versailles, hyperinflation, and the Great Depression. This created a climate where Hitler and the Nazi party could rise to power on promises of restoring national pride and economic stability. Once in power, the Nazis rapidly dismantled democracy and instituted a totalitarian racist dictatorship. They persecuted minorities and political opponents, seeking to create a society of only "pure" Aryans. This culminated in the Holocaust and WWII, which ultimately led to the defeat of Nazi Germany.
After WWI, many European countries struggled with economic and political instability. In Great Britain, veterans returned to high unemployment and debt, while the country provided more welfare support. France gained new territories from Germany but suffered heavy losses and was politically divided. The US initially turned inward but was later impacted by the Great Depression, leading to New Deal programs under FDR. Meanwhile, totalitarian regimes rose in Germany under Hitler, Italy under Mussolini, and Russia under Stalin, concentrating power in single parties and dictators and severely restricting individual freedoms.
A German boy named Helmuth overheard his father, a physician, discussing killing their family in 1945 out of fear of Allied revenge. The next day, Helmuth's father took him into the woods, where they had a happy last time together before the father shot himself. Traumatized, Helmuth refused to eat at home for nine years out of fear his mother would poison him. After World War II ended, the Nuremberg trials prosecuted Nazi war criminals for crimes against humanity and genocide, which included the mass murder of 6 million Jews and others.
This document provides background information on the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact signed in 1939 between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia. The pact included agreements for the two countries not to engage in military conflict and divided spheres of influence in Eastern Europe. Less than two years after signing, Germany invaded and attacked the Soviet Union in violation of the pact. The document suggests neither Stalin nor Hitler intended to abide by the non-aggression terms for long, using the pact instead as a temporary strategy to further their own political and territorial goals.
The document summarizes key aspects of the establishment and development of West Germany after World War 2. It describes the principles of the Basic Law, the federal political system established, and the main political parties that emerged (CDU, SPD, FDP). It then discusses West Germany's economic recovery, foreign policy of integration with the West, and the growing anti-authoritarian movement of the 1960s challenging the early postwar conservative order.
This document discusses several tactics and behaviors that are characteristic of authoritarian regimes and dictators, and provides examples of Donald Trump exhibiting some of these concerning behaviors:
1) Trump attacks the free press and media that criticize him, similar to propaganda techniques used in Nazi Germany.
2) Trump holds large rallies to glorify himself and spread his message, like Hitler and Goebbels did in Nazi Germany.
3) Trump scapegoats immigrants and racial minorities as enemies and dangers, and offers simplistic solutions like building a border wall, mirroring tactics used by authoritarian leaders.
4) Experts have warned that Trump's narcissism, dishonesty, and disregard for facts are traits shared by soci
- Germany was in a poor state after WWI with food shortages and unrest. The Weimar Republic was established with a democratic constitution. However, it faced significant opposition from communists and right-wing nationalists.
- The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh terms on Germany, fueling nationalist sentiment. Hyperinflation in the early 1920s caused economic devastation. The Nazis gained popularity by blaming the Weimar government for Germany's problems.
- Hitler was appointed Chancellor in 1933 and quickly consolidated power, establishing a fascist dictatorship. The Nazi regime suppressed opposition and persecuted minorities while promoting propaganda to maintain support.
The Spartacist League, led by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, launched an uprising in January 1919 in Berlin to oppose the new German government led by Friedrich Ebert. Ebert feared a Bolshevik revolution would destabilize Germany and spark civil war. He ordered the army and Freikorps militia to suppress the uprising, resulting in the deaths of Luxemburg, Liebknecht, and 100 protesters. This marked the end of the German Revolution and divided left-wing groups in Germany, with the Communist Party never forgiving the Social Democrats for ordering the crackdown.
The rise of extremism and the collapse of the weimar democracyJurgen Marechal
Geschiedenis: De opkomst van het extremisme en de ondergang van de Weimar democratie
I use my own material and material from colleagues who have presented their work also on internet.
I claim nothing. This is merely educational fair use.
Educational fair use:
"the fair use of a copyrighted work (...) for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright"
But I claim nothing, All trademarks, works and images used are properties of their respective owners. If I violate any form of copyright please contact me and I will give credit.
Right-wing and nationalist groups violently challenged the new Weimar government through various revolts and assassinations from 1919-1923. The first major revolt was the 1920 Kapp Putsch, led by Wolfgang Kapp, which saw 12,000 Freikorps members seize control of Berlin for a brief period. From 1919-1922, the secretive Organisation Consul group murdered over 350 people, including prominent politicians like Walther Rathenau. Another key challenge was the 1923 Munich Putsch led by Adolf Hitler, where Nazis took control of Munich for a day before the revolt was suppressed. While these challenges failed to overthrow the government, the lenient treatment of right-wing revolutionaries encouraged further instability.
- The Nazis expressed populist yearnings of the middle class and advocated a strong, anti-Marxist mobilization representing the common good of the German people. They portrayed themselves as breaking down social barriers and celebrating the populist community, focusing pre-existing middle class resentments against the establishment and privilege. This populist rhetoric, promising to resolve resentments in a technologically advanced people's utopia, was key to their appeal.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: HITLER'S SUCCESS AFTER 1933 - GERMANY'S ECONOMIC RECOVERYGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: HITLER'S SUCCESS AFTER 1933 - GERMANY'S ECONOMIC RECOVERY. Contains: dealing with the unemployment, tackling economic crisis, John Kenneth Galbraith, Hitler's economic policy, addressing the nation.
The document provides background information on the establishment of Hitler's dictatorship in Germany after World War 1. It describes how the weak Weimar Republic struggled with economic problems and new political parties emerged. Adolf Hitler joined the Nazi party in 1920 and wrote Mein Kampf while in prison. After being released the Nazis used propaganda and blamed enemies to gain support. In 1933, after the Reichstag fire, the Nazis passed the Enabling Act allowing Hitler to assume full dictatorial control over Germany. Hitler then banned other parties, created the SS and Gestapo, increased the military, and passed laws persecuting Jews.
Hitler was able to become the leader of Germany due to several factors: (1) the unpopularity of the Weimar government which was blamed for Germany's defeat in WWI and economic struggles, (2) Hitler's charismatic speaking skills and promises to restore Germany's power and pride, (3) the Nazi party's improved organization under Hitler which helped them gain more support, especially after the Great Depression.
1) Adolf Hitler was born in Austria in 1889 and served as the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until his death by suicide in 1945 in Berlin.
2) As the leader of Nazi Germany, Hitler enacted racist and anti-Semitic laws, pursued an aggressive foreign policy that precipitated World War 2, and oversaw the mass murder of millions of Jews and others in the Holocaust.
3) The Nazi party originated as a small German nationalist party but grew into a mass movement under Hitler's leadership, becoming the largest party in Germany by 1932 and establishing a one-party Nazi state after Hitler became Chancellor in 1933.
The document provides an overview of the rise and fall of Hitler in Germany between 1918 and 1945. It begins with the end of the Second Reich in 1918 and the establishment of the Weimar Republic in 1919. The Weimar Republic faced numerous challenges in its early years including revolutions from both left-wing and right-wing groups, hyperinflation in 1923, and growing resentment over the Treaty of Versailles which ended World War 1. The document outlines these events and issues in Germany during this turbulent period.
The document provides background information on the rise of Nazism in Germany. It describes the harsh conditions Germany faced after WWI including the Treaty of Versailles, hyperinflation, and the Great Depression. This created a climate where Hitler and the Nazi party could rise to power on promises of restoring national pride and economic stability. Once in power, the Nazis rapidly dismantled democracy and instituted a totalitarian racist dictatorship. They persecuted minorities and political opponents, seeking to create a society of only "pure" Aryans. This culminated in the Holocaust and WWII, which ultimately led to the defeat of Nazi Germany.
After WWI, many European countries struggled with economic and political instability. In Great Britain, veterans returned to high unemployment and debt, while the country provided more welfare support. France gained new territories from Germany but suffered heavy losses and was politically divided. The US initially turned inward but was later impacted by the Great Depression, leading to New Deal programs under FDR. Meanwhile, totalitarian regimes rose in Germany under Hitler, Italy under Mussolini, and Russia under Stalin, concentrating power in single parties and dictators and severely restricting individual freedoms.
A German boy named Helmuth overheard his father, a physician, discussing killing their family in 1945 out of fear of Allied revenge. The next day, Helmuth's father took him into the woods, where they had a happy last time together before the father shot himself. Traumatized, Helmuth refused to eat at home for nine years out of fear his mother would poison him. After World War II ended, the Nuremberg trials prosecuted Nazi war criminals for crimes against humanity and genocide, which included the mass murder of 6 million Jews and others.
This document provides background information on the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact signed in 1939 between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia. The pact included agreements for the two countries not to engage in military conflict and divided spheres of influence in Eastern Europe. Less than two years after signing, Germany invaded and attacked the Soviet Union in violation of the pact. The document suggests neither Stalin nor Hitler intended to abide by the non-aggression terms for long, using the pact instead as a temporary strategy to further their own political and territorial goals.
The document summarizes key aspects of the establishment and development of West Germany after World War 2. It describes the principles of the Basic Law, the federal political system established, and the main political parties that emerged (CDU, SPD, FDP). It then discusses West Germany's economic recovery, foreign policy of integration with the West, and the growing anti-authoritarian movement of the 1960s challenging the early postwar conservative order.
This document discusses several tactics and behaviors that are characteristic of authoritarian regimes and dictators, and provides examples of Donald Trump exhibiting some of these concerning behaviors:
1) Trump attacks the free press and media that criticize him, similar to propaganda techniques used in Nazi Germany.
2) Trump holds large rallies to glorify himself and spread his message, like Hitler and Goebbels did in Nazi Germany.
3) Trump scapegoats immigrants and racial minorities as enemies and dangers, and offers simplistic solutions like building a border wall, mirroring tactics used by authoritarian leaders.
4) Experts have warned that Trump's narcissism, dishonesty, and disregard for facts are traits shared by soci
- Germany was in a poor state after WWI with food shortages and unrest. The Weimar Republic was established with a democratic constitution. However, it faced significant opposition from communists and right-wing nationalists.
- The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh terms on Germany, fueling nationalist sentiment. Hyperinflation in the early 1920s caused economic devastation. The Nazis gained popularity by blaming the Weimar government for Germany's problems.
- Hitler was appointed Chancellor in 1933 and quickly consolidated power, establishing a fascist dictatorship. The Nazi regime suppressed opposition and persecuted minorities while promoting propaganda to maintain support.
The Spartacist League, led by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, launched an uprising in January 1919 in Berlin to oppose the new German government led by Friedrich Ebert. Ebert feared a Bolshevik revolution would destabilize Germany and spark civil war. He ordered the army and Freikorps militia to suppress the uprising, resulting in the deaths of Luxemburg, Liebknecht, and 100 protesters. This marked the end of the German Revolution and divided left-wing groups in Germany, with the Communist Party never forgiving the Social Democrats for ordering the crackdown.
The rise of extremism and the collapse of the weimar democracyJurgen Marechal
Geschiedenis: De opkomst van het extremisme en de ondergang van de Weimar democratie
I use my own material and material from colleagues who have presented their work also on internet.
I claim nothing. This is merely educational fair use.
Educational fair use:
"the fair use of a copyrighted work (...) for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright"
But I claim nothing, All trademarks, works and images used are properties of their respective owners. If I violate any form of copyright please contact me and I will give credit.
Right-wing and nationalist groups violently challenged the new Weimar government through various revolts and assassinations from 1919-1923. The first major revolt was the 1920 Kapp Putsch, led by Wolfgang Kapp, which saw 12,000 Freikorps members seize control of Berlin for a brief period. From 1919-1922, the secretive Organisation Consul group murdered over 350 people, including prominent politicians like Walther Rathenau. Another key challenge was the 1923 Munich Putsch led by Adolf Hitler, where Nazis took control of Munich for a day before the revolt was suppressed. While these challenges failed to overthrow the government, the lenient treatment of right-wing revolutionaries encouraged further instability.
- The Nazis expressed populist yearnings of the middle class and advocated a strong, anti-Marxist mobilization representing the common good of the German people. They portrayed themselves as breaking down social barriers and celebrating the populist community, focusing pre-existing middle class resentments against the establishment and privilege. This populist rhetoric, promising to resolve resentments in a technologically advanced people's utopia, was key to their appeal.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: HITLER'S SUCCESS AFTER 1933 - GERMANY'S ECONOMIC RECOVERYGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: HITLER'S SUCCESS AFTER 1933 - GERMANY'S ECONOMIC RECOVERY. Contains: dealing with the unemployment, tackling economic crisis, John Kenneth Galbraith, Hitler's economic policy, addressing the nation.
The document provides background information on the establishment of Hitler's dictatorship in Germany after World War 1. It describes how the weak Weimar Republic struggled with economic problems and new political parties emerged. Adolf Hitler joined the Nazi party in 1920 and wrote Mein Kampf while in prison. After being released the Nazis used propaganda and blamed enemies to gain support. In 1933, after the Reichstag fire, the Nazis passed the Enabling Act allowing Hitler to assume full dictatorial control over Germany. Hitler then banned other parties, created the SS and Gestapo, increased the military, and passed laws persecuting Jews.
Hitler was able to become the leader of Germany due to several factors: (1) the unpopularity of the Weimar government which was blamed for Germany's defeat in WWI and economic struggles, (2) Hitler's charismatic speaking skills and promises to restore Germany's power and pride, (3) the Nazi party's improved organization under Hitler which helped them gain more support, especially after the Great Depression.
1) Adolf Hitler was born in Austria in 1889 and served as the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until his death by suicide in 1945 in Berlin.
2) As the leader of Nazi Germany, Hitler enacted racist and anti-Semitic laws, pursued an aggressive foreign policy that precipitated World War 2, and oversaw the mass murder of millions of Jews and others in the Holocaust.
3) The Nazi party originated as a small German nationalist party but grew into a mass movement under Hitler's leadership, becoming the largest party in Germany by 1932 and establishing a one-party Nazi state after Hitler became Chancellor in 1933.
The document provides an overview of the rise and fall of Hitler in Germany between 1918 and 1945. It begins with the end of the Second Reich in 1918 and the establishment of the Weimar Republic in 1919. The Weimar Republic faced numerous challenges in its early years including revolutions from both left-wing and right-wing groups, hyperinflation in 1923, and growing resentment over the Treaty of Versailles which ended World War 1. The document outlines these events and issues in Germany during this turbulent period.
1) The document discusses the rise of Hitler and the Nazi party in Germany following World War 1 and the economic crisis of the 1930s. Hitler promised to restore Germany's power and dignity and address unemployment.
2) Once in power in 1933, Hitler dismantled democracy and consolidated his control. He established a police state and imprisoned political opponents.
3) Nazi ideology was based on racial supremacy of Nordic/Germanic peoples. They aimed to create a society with only "pure and healthy" Aryans, and saw Jews, Slavs, Roma and others as inferior races that needed to be eliminated. The Nazi regime systematically persecuted and murdered millions of people they deemed "undesirable."
The document summarizes key events in Germany between 1918 and 1945:
1) After World War 1, Germany transitioned to a democratic Weimar Republic but struggled with instability, extremism, and economic crisis in the 1920s.
2) The Great Depression devastated Germany's economy in the early 1930s and led to rising support for the Nazi party.
3) Hitler was appointed Chancellor in 1933 and quickly consolidated power, establishing a Nazi dictatorship by 1934 and abolishing democracy.
This document provides information about politics in Weimar Germany after World War 1. It explains that Germany transitioned from an autocratic monarchy to a parliamentary democracy under the new Weimar Constitution. The largest early political party was the Social Democratic Party, and its leader Friedrich Ebert became the first president. However, some Germans, particularly on the right wing, rejected the armistice and blamed domestic politicians for 'stabbing Germany in the back', believing the country had not truly lost the war. The document also outlines the different areas of the political spectrum in Weimar Germany.
The Weimar Republic was established in Germany after World War 1 and the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1918. It faced numerous challenges over its 14 year existence, including hyperinflation, extremism from both left and right wing paramilitary groups, and tensions with the Allied powers due to the Treaty of Versailles. Paul von Hindenburg served as President of Germany for much of the Weimar period but appointed Adolf Hitler as Chancellor in 1933, allowing the Nazis to establish a dictatorship and bring an end to the democratic Weimar Republic.
The document provides an overview of the establishment and development of the Weimar Republic from 1919 to 1933. It discusses the impact of World War 1 on Germany, the creation of the Weimar constitution, and the many political and economic challenges faced by the new republic in its early years from 1919 to 1923, including hyperinflation and challenges from both the left and right. It also summarizes the period of relative stability and prosperity from 1924 to 1929 under the leadership of Gustav Stresemann.
The document provides background information on the rise of Nazism in Germany and Adolf Hitler's role in leading the Nazi party to power between 1928-1933. It can be summarized as follows:
1. Nazism referred to the fascist ideology and policies adopted by the Nazi party in Germany from 1933-1945 under Adolf Hitler. Key elements included anti-Semitism, racism, totalitarianism, and opposition to liberal democracy.
2. Hitler rose to power by exploiting economic instability and nationalist sentiment following Germany's defeat in WWI. The Nazi party grew from a small, insignificant party in 1928 to becoming the largest party by 1932 and allowing Hitler to become Chancellor in 1933.
3. As Chancellor, Hitler established a totalitarian
The document summarizes the key events of the Interwar Period (1919-1938) and World War II (1939-1945). During the Interwar Period, European nations struggled economically after WWI. Germany faced especially harsh reparations under the Treaty of Versailles. The Great Depression worsened economic issues. Totalitarian regimes rose in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union. WWII began in 1939 when Germany invaded Poland. Germany conquered much of Europe by 1940 but failed to defeat Britain. The Allied invasion of Normandy in 1944 put Germany on the defensive. Germany surrendered in 1945 after the Soviets took Berlin. The Holocaust resulted in the genocide of approximately 6 million Jews and others under the Nazi regime across Europe.
Nazism and the rise of hitler ix a(ashay)1Ashay Ash
Nazism refers to the ideology and practices of the Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler. Key elements included anti-Semitism, totalitarianism, and the belief in racial purity and superiority. The Nazis rose to power in Germany in the 1930s amid economic instability, exploiting nationalist sentiments and blaming Jews for Germany's problems. Once in power, Hitler consolidated control and established a fascist dictatorship, imposing totalitarian rule and pursuing aggressive expansionism.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE WEIMAR REPUBLICFROM Peter Gay, Weimar .docxblondellchancy
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC
FROM: Peter Gay, Weimar Culture (New York, 1968), 147-164. Significantly modified.
I. NOVEMBER 1918-NOVEMBER 1923: A TIME OF TROUBLES AND FOUNDATIONS
The Weimar Republic was proclaimed on November 9, 1918, by the Social Democrat Philipp Scheidemann. It followed upon more than four years of bloody war, with German troops, though still on foreign soil, in disarray, the General Staff (headed by Generals Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff) frantic for peace, and the imperial administration demoralized. Reversing German advances on the Western front in the spring of 1918, the Allies had gone on the offensive in the summer, and kept the initiative. On October 4th Prince Max von Baden, known as a liberal monarchist inclined to domestic reforms and international understanding, became chancellor. Prince Max appealed to President Wilson for an armistice on the basis of the Fourteen Points. The country was exhausted, weary to death of the adventure it had welcomed in August 1914 as a relief from petty civilian cares. Germany had lost 1.8 million dead and over 4 million wounded; the cost in materiel, wasted talents, maimed minds, sheer despair, was incalculable. Since the early summer of 1917, when the Reichstag had passed a resolution calling for a peace of understanding, it had been obvious that the old regime would never survive unchanged. On October 28, 1918, sailors at the Kiel Naval Base mutinied; by the first week in November some kind of revolution seemed inescapable. On November 8th a republic was proclaimed in Bavaria; other cities and states joined their lead. On the same day, Chancellor Max von Baden firmly called for the abdication of the Emperor. The workers of Berlin were in the streets, the successor of Generals Hindenburg and Ludendorff joined the Chancellor’s plea. Emperor William II delayed, insisting at least on the Prussian throne, but he was asking too much, and Prince Max took what his chief was unwilling to give. He made the Social Democratic leader Friedrich Ebert his successor and announced the Emperor’s abdication. Some thought Scheidemann’s proclamation of the Republic hasty; from Scheidemann’s point of view it was barely in time—it anticipated the Spartacists (Communists), who were ready to proclaim a Soviet republic. That night, William II fled to Holland.
The Emperor and his partisans were discredited; leadership would have to come from Social Democrats. But what kind of Social Democrats? The Social Democratic party had long been a major party, but even before 1914 it had been a tense coalition, divided among radicals who took revolutionary Marxism seriously and trade unionists who wanted to forget about ideology and seek higher standards of living for the working classes. The trade unionist Ebert put together a temporary government on November 10th, which held intact for almost two months. Since November 8th a German armistice commission had been negotiating with the Allie ...
The document provides background on the development of the Nazi Party in Germany from 1919-1933. It describes the formation of the German Workers' Party in 1919 and Adolf Hitler joining later that year. In 1920, the party changed its name to the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi Party). In 1923, Hitler and the Nazis attempted to overthrow the Bavarian government in the Beer Hall Putsch, which failed and resulted in Hitler's arrest. While in prison, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf. The Nazi Party continued growing in the later 1920s with the establishment of groups like the SS and Hitler Youth.
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World war i_russian_revtreatyofversnazismwwdepressionupdated2009klgriffin
World War I was caused by rising nationalism, ethnic conflicts, and imperial rivalries in Europe that led countries to take sides in the war. Germany was defeated and the Treaty of Versailles punished Germany by forcing it to pay reparations, take responsibility for the war, and lose territory. This humiliation of Germany led to resentment and created an environment where Hitler could rise to power by promising to restore Germany to greatness. The economic and social disruptions of the war spread worldwide and contributed to the conditions that caused the Great Depression.
World war i_russian_revtreatyofversnazismwwdepressionupdated2009klgriffin
World War I was caused by rising nationalism, ethnic conflicts, and imperial rivalries in Europe that led countries to take sides in an alliance system. Germany and Austria-Hungary faced off against Russia, France, Britain and later the United States. The war was fought largely in trenches and marked the first use of modern weaponry like machine guns and chemical weapons. The United States entered the war in 1917 after German submarines sank American ships. The war ended in 1918 with the defeat of Germany and the Treaty of Versailles, which imposed harsh penalties on Germany and caused resentment. This resentment contributed to the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazis in Germany in the following decades.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
Kaiser to Fuhrer
1. THE SECOND REICH - SOCIETY AND GOVERNMENT IN GERMANY 1900-1919
The Constitution of the Second Reich
What % of the population of the Second Reich lived in Prussia? 62%
Under the constitution of the Second Reich, which of the following was the responsibility of the
Kaiser? Appointing and dismissing the Chancellor, Commander-in-Chief of the army and in
charge of foreign policy
Who could vote for members of the Reichstag? All men over 25
Who were the Junkers? Prussian aristocracy
Who was the German army accountable to? The Kaiser
Economic and Social developments
On average, between 1890 and 1914, the German economy expanded by how much each year?
4.5%
By 1913, what percentage of the world’s electrical goods were produced by Germany? 50%
By 1910, what percentage of the German population lived in urban areas? 60%
How many people were members of trade unions by 1913? 3 million
Who were the Mittelstand? The lower middle class
Political developments
What was the name of the main left-wing party in Germany in 1900? SPD
In which year did the SPD become the largest party in the Reichstag? 1912
Which political party represented German Catholics? Centre Party(ZP)
How many people were members of the Navy League? 1 million
Which of the following were aims of right-wing political parties and pressure groups? Promoting
Nationalism, protecting the lives of the social elite and military and colonial expansion
2. The Kaiser and his Chancellors
When did Kaiser Wilhelm II ascend to the Imperial throne? 1888
Historian John Rohl argues that the Kaiser developed a system of ‘autocratic rule’. What is meant
by this phrase? A system in which one rule holds total power
When did von Bulow become Chancellor? 1900
What is meant by Sammslungpolitik? Bringing together politics
What name was given to the election called in 1907 in which a major issue was the government’s
imperial policy? The Hottentot Election
How did the political system work in practice?
Why did governments often struggle to work with the Reichstag? From 1912 the SPD was the
largest party in the Reichstag, but the government was dominated by conservatives
What did the 1907 election reveal about the views of the German public? They supported a
brutal imperialist agenda
Why did the Kaiser describe the British as being ‘mad as march hares’ in 1908? He thought that
they thought Germany posed a threat to peace
What was the name given to the incident in 1913 triggered by a derogatory comment made by a
German soldier serving in Alsace about Alsatian locals? The Zabern Affair
Which of the following was demonstrated by the crises of 1906-1913? There were significant
tensions between the Reichstag and the Kaiser, the Kaiser was too erratic to exercise
autocratic rule and there were significant tensions between the Reichstag and the army
The Second Reich by 1914
What does Historian John Rohl argue about the political system of the Second Reich? The Kaiser
built an autocratic system which sidelined the Reichstag
What does Historian Han-Ulrich Weller argue about the political system of the Second Reich?
Germany was dominated by powerful conservative forces, such as the army, that were not
democratically accountable
What does Historian Christopher Clark argue about the political system of the Second Reich? The
Kaiser was too erratic to exercise autocratic rule
What do the historians David Blackburn and Geoff Eley say about the political system of the
Second Reich? The Second Reich was more democratic than is often thought due to the
high levels of political participation
The Impact of the First World War on Germany
3. By how much did the value of the mark decline in the period 1913-1918? 75%
How many German soldiers were killed in the First World War? 2 million
What name was given to the winter of 1917? Turnip Winter
What did the Sparticist League want? Social revolution
What name is given to the government of the period 1916-1918? The Silent Dictatorship
The German Revolution 1918-1919
Following the Revolution, what change was made to the German constitution? The government
was made accountable to the Reichstag
During the war ‘soviets’ emerged across Germany. What were ‘soviets’? Workers Councils
When did the Kaiser abdicate? 9th November 1918
When did the new German government sign an armistice agreement with the Allies? 11th
November 1918
What was united by the Ebert-Groener pact? the new German government and the German
army
TO WHAT EXTENT WAS GERMANY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE OUTBREAK OF THE
FIRST WORLD WAR?
The Historical Debate
Which document signed after the First World War forced Germany to accept responsibility for
starting the war? The Treatyof Versailles
Following the Second World War what was the historical consensus regarding the causes of the
First World War? No single country could be blamed for starting the war
In 1961, which historian argued that Germany’s aggressive foreign policy was responsible for the
outbreak of the First World War? Fritz Fischer
What is meant by hegemony? Having dominant power in an area
Which of the following arguments can be used to support the theory that Germany was not entirely
responsible for the outbreak of the First World War? Germany were not the only ones
contributing to the build up of weapons before the First World War- Britain, France and
Russia were also doing this. All European Great Powers were part of an alliance system
which created tensions between nations in Europe before the war. Other European
countries participated in events that caused conflict before the war.
Did Germany have a long term plan for European hegemony?
4. What is meant by Weltpolitik? World politics
When did the War Council meet? 1912
How does Fischer use the War Council meeting to argue that Germany was responsible for the
war? He argues that it shows the Kaiser was planning for war in the east from 1912
What name is given to the document produced by Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg in 1914 which
outlined Germany’s war aims? The September Programme
Why can Bethann Hollweg’s war aims not be taken as an indication that Germany planned the
outbreak of the First World War? Theywere written after the war has started
Did Germany destabilise peace in Europe before 1914?
When was the Bosnian Crisis? 1908
Which country was particularly antagonised by the Bosnian Crisis? Russia
Which country did Germany support during the Bosnian Crisis? Austria
Which event precipitated the Second Moroccan Crisis of 1911? The Kaiser ordered a gunboat to
be moored close to Morocco
Which country was particularly antagonised by German Naval expansion? Britain
Did German actions in the summer of 1914 cause war in Europe?
What was the name of the terrorist group responsible for the murder of the Arch Duke Franz
Ferdinand? The Black Hand organisation
Which country did Austria hold responsible for the murder of Franz Ferdinand? Serbia
What was meant by the ‘blank cheque’ granted by Germany to Austria in July 1914? An offer of
unconditional support
Why did Germany declare war on Russia in July 1914? Germany wanted to gain land in the
East
What was the Schlieffen Plan designed to prevent? Germany engaging in a war on two fronts
The actions of others and the European system
When did Britain launch the Dreadnaught class of warship? 1906
5. When did Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy form the Triple Alliance? 1882
When did Britain and France sign the Anglo-French agreement? 1904
When did Britain and Russia sign the Anglo-Russia Entente? 1907
The Army Bills of 1912 and 1913 increased the size of the German army by what percentage?
20%
Possible Interpretations
Which interpretation of reasons for the outbreak of war claims that German politicians sought a war
in order to resolve domestic political difficulties? Escape forwards
Which interpretation of reasons for the outbreak of war claims that European countries ‘slithered’
accidentally towards war? European instability
Which interpretation of the reasons for the outbreak of war claims that Germany entered the war as
they believed it was better to have a war sooner rather than later? Calculated risk
Which interpretation of the reasons for the outbreak of war claims that Germany pursued a war in
order to become the dominant power in Europe? German desire for European hegemony
Which interpretation of the reasons for the outbreak of war claims that German actions at the start
of the war were defensive rather than aggressive? German fear of encirclement
THE DEMOCRATIC EXPERIMENT 1919-1929
The Weimar Constitution
Why is the regime in Germany 1919-1933 called the Weimar Republic? The new Republican
constitution was drawn up in the city of Weimar
Under the Weimar Constitution, how often was a Presidential Election held? Every7 years
What electoral system was used to elect the German parliament during the Weimar Republic?
Proportional representation
Which of the following were guaranteed under the Weimar Republic’s Bill of Rights? Freedomof
speech, the right to work and the right to own property
Which article of the Constitution gave the President the power to rule by decree in an emergency?
Article 48
The nature of the Weimar Republic’s constitution
6. How was the Chancellor selected during the years of the Weimar Republic? He was elected by
the President
The President was unable to pass laws without which institution? Reichstag
Which of the following are criticisms of proportional representation? It creates a fragmented party
system, it necessitates coalition governments and extremist parties can easily gain
representation in parliament
Why did many industrialists oppose the Weimar constitution? Theyfelt it gave the workTing
class too many rights
Which of the following political parties initially opposed the Weimar constitution? DNVP
The problems of Weimar Germany 1919-1922
The legacy of the Second Reich and the First World War
What name was given to the German politicians who signed the armistice at the end of the First
World War? The November Criminals
Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, the German Army was restricted to what size? 100,000
men
Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was forbidden from uniting with which
country? Austria
Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay reparations totalling how
much? 269 billion gold marks
By 1920, what percentage of the popular vote were pro-Weimar political parties receiving in
elections? 45%
The problems of Weimar 1919-1922
Political Extremists
Who were the Friekorps? Paramilitary groups of volunteer soldiers
Which political group did Rosa Luxembourg and Karl Liebknecht lead? The Spartacists
When was the Kapp Putsch? 1920
During the Kapp Putsch a group of right wing politicians and soldiers seized control of which
German city? Berlin
Between January 1919 and June 1922, 354 murders were committed by sympathisers of the right.
How many of these went unpunished? 326
1923 - The year of crisis
7. How was most of the cost of the First World War met by the German government? They printed
more money
How did the new constitution contribute to economic inflation in Germany? It committed the
government to providing support to the unemployed
When did the German government try to suspend their reparation payments? 1922
When was the Ruhr crisis? 1923
During the Ruhr crisis how did workers in the Ruhr respond to the invasion of the region by French
and Belgian troops? Passive resistance
How did the Weimar Republic survive its early problems?
Which of the following were reasons for the weakness of Weimar’s opponents? They had
different political goals, they were badly organised and they lacked widespread support
In 1922 how many people demonstrated in Berlin against political voilence? 700,000
What name was given to the new German currency introduced in 1923? Rentenmark
When was the Dawes Plan introduced? 1924
Under the Dawes Plan, Germany’s annual reparations payment was reduced to what? 1 million
gold marks
1924-1929: ‘Golden Years’ - politics and economics
In the 1928 election what percentage of people supported pro Weimar parties? 76%
In the 1928 election what percentage of people voted for the Nazis? 2.6%
Over what issue did Luther’s 1926 administration collapse? The appearance of the German flag
By which year did economic production equal that achieved in 1913? 1928
Between 1923 and 1929 how many governments were formed in Germany? 7
1924-1929: ‘Golden Years’ - foreign policy and culture
When did France and Belgium leave the Ruhr? 1925
8. When was the Locarno Pact signed? 1925
When was Germany admitted to the League of Nations? 1926
What name is given to the modern school of design founded in Germany 1919? Bauhaus
Of which art form is Fritz Lang’s Metropolis an example? Cinema
THE RISE OF THE NAZIS
The origins and ideas of the Nazi party
Who founded the Nazi Party? Anton Drexler
When did Hitler become leader of the Nazi Party? 1921
What name was given to the Nazi Party manifesto drawn up in 1920? The 25 Points
Which of the following was not a key part of Hitler’s ideology? Rationalism
What was meant by ‘Lebensraum’? Living space
The early years of the party
When was the Munich Putsch? 1923
What name was given to the armed wing of the Nazi Party? SA
What name was given to Hitler’s bodyguard? SS
Who were the Gauleiters? Regional Nazi Party bosses
What was the Fuhrerprinzip? The principle that, within the Nazi Party, Hitler possessed all
power and authority
Economic and political crisis in Germany, 1929-1933
When was the Wall Street Crash? October 1929
9. Between 1929 and 1932 German National Income shrunk by what percentage? 39%
In 1931 how many emergency decrees were issued under article 48? 44
Why, in July 1932, did Von Papen and Hindenburg use Article 48 to seize power in Prussia?
Because they objected to the SPD-led government
Which Chancellor was labeled the ‘hunger Chancellor’ because it was felt that he did not do
enough to deal with the depression? Bruning
The growth of Nazi support
How many people were members of the Nazi party by early 1933? 2 million
Following which election did the Nazi Party become the largest party in the Reichstag? July 1932
What percentage of the vote did the Nazis gain in the July 1932 election? 37.3%
What was the name of Hitler’s campaign during the Presidential Election of 1932? Hitler over
Germany
How did Nazi propaganda portray Hitler? As Germany’s heroic saviour
Support from the conservative elite
Why did many influential industrialists and bankers put pressure on Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as
Chancellor? They feared a Communist takeover
Why did army leaders put pressure on Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as Chancellor? Theybelieved
Hitler was the only person who could control the SA
Why did Von Papen put pressure on Hindenburg to appoint Hitler and Chancellor? He assumed
they would be able to control Hitler
What happened to the Nazi’s share of the vote between July and November 1932? It decreased
by 5%
When was Hitler appointed Chancellor? 30th January 1933
Nazi consolidation of power
When was the Reichstag Fire? 27th February 1933
What percentage of the vote did the Nazis get in the Reichstag elections of March 1933? 45.3%
10. When did the Nazis open Dachau, their first concentration camp? 20th March 1933
What name was given to the law that enabled Hitler to issue laws without the approval of the
Reichstag and President? The Enabling Act
Which of the following were methods used by the Nazis to ensure the passage of the Enabling
Act? They persuaded the Centre Partyto back the Act, the used the SA to intimidate SPD
members and members of the KPD were banned from voting
Factors enabling Nazi consolidation of power
How many political opponents did the Nazi party imprison in 1933? 150,000-200,000
When id the Nazis order all other political parties to disband? July 1933
What name is given to the occasion on 30th June when Hitler attacked the SA? Night of the Long
Knives
The Concordat was an agreement between the Nazi Party and which institution? The Catholic
Church
What is meant by Gleichschaltung? Co ordination
HOW POPULAR AND EFFICIENT WAS THE NAZI REGIME IN THE YEARS 1933-1939?
A consensus dictatorship? Part 1
What is a plebiscite? A democratic vote on a single issue
What does the historian Ian Kershaw mean by the term ‘plebiscitary acclamation’? Using
plebiscites to give the impression that the regime was popular
In the 1934 plebiscite, what percentage of those who voted agreed that Hitler should take over
Hindenburgs remaining powers on Hindenburg’s death? 90%
In the 1938 plebiscite what percentage of those who voted supported the union of Germany and
Austria? 99%
What does the historian Robert Gellately mean by the phrase ‘consensus dictatorship’? A
dictatorship that relies heavilyon the collaboration of ordinary people
A consensus dictatorship? Part 2
By January 1935, how many people were unemployed in Germany? 1 million
What was SOPADE? The SPD in exile
11. When was the Ministry of Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda established? 1933
Where did the Nazi party hold their annual rallies? Nuremberg
What is meant by Volksgemeinschaft? A people’s community
A consensus dictatorship? Part 3
What does the historian Timothy Mason argue was the impact of working class discontent on the
regime? It pushed Hitler into war earlier than he had planned
What does the historian Richard J Evans argue about the strength of the regime’s terror
apparatus? It made it impossible for Germans to express discontent
What was the name of the encyclical from the Pope published in 1937 which condemned some
aspects of Nazism? With Burning Concern
The historian Detlev Peukert identifies categories of opposition. Which does he argue was most
significant? Non-Conformity
The role of terror and repression
During 1933, what was the main focus of Nazi terror? Left-wing groups
In 1935, how many people were convicted of high treason? 5,000
By 1939, how many prisoners were detained in concentration camps? 21,000
By 1939, how were the majority of concentration camp inmates classified? A-Social
What were Block Wardens? People responsible for the political supervision of a local area
An efficient state? Part 1
What name is given to historians who view the Nazi state as totalitarian? Intentionalist
What name is given to historians who believe that Hitler was a weak dictator? Structuralist
What is meant by polycratic? Many centres of power
12. Prior to announcing the Nuremberg Laws, what had Hitler planned to discuss in his Nuremberg
Speech of 1935? Foreign policy
Which senior Nazi orchestrated the Kristallnacht attacks of 1938? Goebbels
An efficient state? Part 2
Which decision of 1936 did Hitler take against the advice of his generals? Remilitarising the
Rhineland
Which historian describes Hitler’s leadership style as ‘working towards the Fuhrer’? Ian Kershaw
What is meant by the phrase ‘working towards the Fuhrer’? Anticipating what Hitler would want
and formulating policy on that basis
Why was Schact side-lined in 1936? He wanted to devote fewer resources to rearmament than
senior Nazis
Why, prior to Kristallnacht, had Goebbels fallen out of favour with Hitler? He had an affair with a
Czech actress
An efficient state? Part 3
Which of the following explains why German officials worked towards the Fuhrer? Theybelieved
Hitler was a messianic figure who could save Germany, they wanted to advance their own
careers and they believed that all power and authority rested with Hitler
Which aspect of Hitler’s ideology most strongly influenced his style of government? Social
Darwinism
What is meant by ‘cumulative radicalistation’? The process by which policies became ever
more extreme
Which institution increasingly dominated the Nazi state? SS
In which aspect of policy making was Hitler most involved? Foreign policy
LIFE IN WARTIME GERMANY 1939-1945
An overview of the Second World War
When did the Second World War begin? 3rd September 1939
Which of the following were reasons for the weak international system in the 1930s? Britain
followed a policy of appeasement, the USA and USSR were isolationist and the Depression
13. When did Hitler invade the Soviet Union? June 1941
In which Russian city did the Germans sixth army surrender in January 1943? Stalingrad
Which event signalled the end of the war in Europe? Hitler’s suicide
Civilian morale during the war
Which event during World War II led to a significant decline of morale in Germany? Battle of
Stalingrad
Until April 1942, what ration of meat was allocated per family? 500g
From 1943 who was the public face of the Nazi regime? Goebbels
How many homes were destroyed by allied bombing? 2 million
When did Goebbels call upon the German population to support ‘total war’? February 1943
Opposition during the war
Which Nazi order did the Catholic Church campaign successfully to revoke? The order to remove
crucifixes from Bavarian schools
When was the White Rose Student Movement formed? 1942
By the summer of 1941 how many factory resistance cells were there in Berlin? 89
Who were the Rote Kappelle? Communist resistance networks
When did an army group seek to assassinate Hitler and seize power? 1944
How efficient was the Nazi war economy?
By 1941 what percentage of the workforce was involved in war related projects? 55%
Who became Minister of Munitions February 1942? Albert Speer
Which of the following were actions taken by Speer in his role as Minister for Armaments and
Procution? Encouraging the employment of women, using concentration camp prisoners as
labour and excluding the military from economic planning
14. What happened to German war production between 1942 and 1944? It trebled
The failures of the war economy
By 1942 how many foreign workers were being employed in Germany? 6.4 million
How much lower was the productivity of foreign workers than that of the average German worker?
60-80%
Which of Stalin’s policies hindered the Nazi war economy? His scorched earth policy
Which of the following were reasons for Nazi economic failure during the war? Women were not
fully mobilised, there were shortages of raw materials and allied bombing destroyed
industry
What percentage of German women were in paid employment at the outbreak of war? 52%
The persecution of the Jews
What fraction of the Jewish population of Europe were victims of the Nazi holocaust? 2/3
When were Jews stripped of German citizenship? 1935
In 1936, how many German homosexuals were arrested and persecuted by the Nazis? 15,000
When did the policy of Aryanisation begin? 1938
What was the name of the conference at which the ‘Final Solution’ was agreed? The Wannsee
conference
The causes of the Final Solution
When does Himmler’s diary suggest Hitler ordered Jews should be ‘exterminated as partisans’?
December 1941
What do most historians believe concerning the evolution of the Holocaust? Hitler had no clear
plan for the holocaust before the outbreak of war
How did the German invasion of Poland accelerate Nazi anti-Semitic policy? The Jewish
population of Poland was large
15. How did the German invasion of the Soviet Union accelerate Nazi antisemitic policy? It put strains
on German war economy, extermination was considered more ‘efficient’ than feeding
Who were the Einsatzgruppen? SS Death Squads