This powerpoint presentation was created with material from the Orphan Train Heritage Society of America. It covers a little known and oft overlooked program in the history of our nation. This movement led to the implementation of child labor laws, as well as other important developments in the protection of our youngest citizens.
The document discusses the internet as a resource for research. It describes how the internet connects computer networks around the world, allowing for fast and easy access to information on a global scale. The internet acts as a "house of information" where people can access social media, share ideas and findings, and get news from around the world. Researchers can use the thousands of webpages and search engines to find the latest information and data on their topics. However, not all information online is accurate, and some sites may aim to misguide researchers. Overall, while being aware of unreliable sources, the internet is a valuable tool that many people now rely on for information.
This presentation discusses the increasing use of mobile applications for fitness and health purposes. It provides statistics on mobile device and internet usage, especially among minority groups. A large list of free and paid mobile apps for iPhone, Android, and other platforms is included, covering categories like calorie counting, exercise tracking, nutrition information, and more. The presentation aims to highlight the opportunities for using mobile apps to help achieve health and fitness goals through tracking progress and connecting with others.
Presentation on Tools and techniques of blended learning for FDP organised by Mahatama Gandhi Antrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidhyalaya Shiksha Vidhya Peeth, Vardha, under the aegis od PMMMNMTT< Government of India.
The document lists various online learning resources including Google services, YouTube, blogs, wikis, social media platforms, and websites that provide open educational resources. It discusses how blogs can empower writers to reach large audiences and facilitate knowledge sharing and discussion. Examples of online learning resources are provided for basic computer skills, children, multimedia tools, and virtual meeting platforms. The document encourages exploring the listed websites and services to take advantage of their educational content.
An Israeli company is testing ambulance drones to transport injured soldiers from the battlefield to hospitals faster than traditional methods. If successful, these drones could save lives by getting people medical attention more quickly and decreasing the number of deaths in war. However, the drones currently being tested are not bulletproof and there are safety risks if they were to fall from the sky.
1. O documento descreve um projeto para instalar terminais de informação sobre a Copa do Mundo de 2014 e os Jogos Olímpicos de 2016 nas estações de metrô e aeroportos do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo.
2. Análises estatísticas foram realizadas para determinar os locais com maior circulação de pessoas a fim de maximizar o uso dos terminais.
3. Os terminais fornecerão informações sobre eventos, transporte, estadia e pontos turísticos baseadas na localização do usuário.
This document discusses the history and evolution of robotics from early industrial robots like Unimate in 1961 to humanoid robots like ASIMO and Atlas. It also covers key concepts in robotics like sensors, actuators, control systems and programming languages. The document outlines both advantages like performing dangerous tasks and disadvantages like potential job losses of increased robotics adoption. In the end, robotics has tremendous potential to transform industries like manufacturing, space exploration, deep sea exploration and more.
The document contains a series of phrases pairing uppercase letters with objects or words beginning with that letter as part of an alphabet learning exercise. Each phrase is followed by repetitions of the uppercase letter. The document covers the entire English alphabet from A to Z.
The document discusses the internet as a resource for research. It describes how the internet connects computer networks around the world, allowing for fast and easy access to information on a global scale. The internet acts as a "house of information" where people can access social media, share ideas and findings, and get news from around the world. Researchers can use the thousands of webpages and search engines to find the latest information and data on their topics. However, not all information online is accurate, and some sites may aim to misguide researchers. Overall, while being aware of unreliable sources, the internet is a valuable tool that many people now rely on for information.
This presentation discusses the increasing use of mobile applications for fitness and health purposes. It provides statistics on mobile device and internet usage, especially among minority groups. A large list of free and paid mobile apps for iPhone, Android, and other platforms is included, covering categories like calorie counting, exercise tracking, nutrition information, and more. The presentation aims to highlight the opportunities for using mobile apps to help achieve health and fitness goals through tracking progress and connecting with others.
Presentation on Tools and techniques of blended learning for FDP organised by Mahatama Gandhi Antrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidhyalaya Shiksha Vidhya Peeth, Vardha, under the aegis od PMMMNMTT< Government of India.
The document lists various online learning resources including Google services, YouTube, blogs, wikis, social media platforms, and websites that provide open educational resources. It discusses how blogs can empower writers to reach large audiences and facilitate knowledge sharing and discussion. Examples of online learning resources are provided for basic computer skills, children, multimedia tools, and virtual meeting platforms. The document encourages exploring the listed websites and services to take advantage of their educational content.
An Israeli company is testing ambulance drones to transport injured soldiers from the battlefield to hospitals faster than traditional methods. If successful, these drones could save lives by getting people medical attention more quickly and decreasing the number of deaths in war. However, the drones currently being tested are not bulletproof and there are safety risks if they were to fall from the sky.
1. O documento descreve um projeto para instalar terminais de informação sobre a Copa do Mundo de 2014 e os Jogos Olímpicos de 2016 nas estações de metrô e aeroportos do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo.
2. Análises estatísticas foram realizadas para determinar os locais com maior circulação de pessoas a fim de maximizar o uso dos terminais.
3. Os terminais fornecerão informações sobre eventos, transporte, estadia e pontos turísticos baseadas na localização do usuário.
This document discusses the history and evolution of robotics from early industrial robots like Unimate in 1961 to humanoid robots like ASIMO and Atlas. It also covers key concepts in robotics like sensors, actuators, control systems and programming languages. The document outlines both advantages like performing dangerous tasks and disadvantages like potential job losses of increased robotics adoption. In the end, robotics has tremendous potential to transform industries like manufacturing, space exploration, deep sea exploration and more.
The document contains a series of phrases pairing uppercase letters with objects or words beginning with that letter as part of an alphabet learning exercise. Each phrase is followed by repetitions of the uppercase letter. The document covers the entire English alphabet from A to Z.
2009 presentation at the Rare Books and Manuscripts Pre-Conference on the Mayme Clayton Library and Museum. Located in Culver City, CA, MCLM holds African Americana including rare books, manuscripts, photographs, motion pictures, ephemera, and art.
BLAIS: Barnard Library and Information Services 2013 Jenna Freedman
The document provides details on various research consultation topics, library instruction activities, staff news and accomplishments, collections additions, exhibits, presentations, publications, events, and professional contributions at Barnard College's library in 2013. Key details include over 2,400 students reached through instruction, the hiring of new staff and promotion of existing staff, additions of over 5,500 items to collections including zines and archives materials, and staff participating in conferences, publishing works, and taking on leadership roles in professional organizations.
The New York Juvenile Asylum (now called the Children's Village) was founded in 1850 to help homeless and vulnerable children in New York City. It originally housed 400 children in a rented building, providing education and vocational training. In 1854 it established a larger campus in Washington Heights that could house up to 1,200 children. Over time the Children's Village transitioned to a cottage model with family-style care on a campus in Dobbs Ferry, New York. As of 2015, it serves over 10,000 children per year through residential programs, foster care, family support and other services.
This document outlines the Smithsonian's Americans All initiative to create a more inclusive narrative about immigration and migration in the United States. It will include a new anchor exhibition at the National Museum of American History in 2016/2017, programming at the Folklife Festival in 2015, collaborations with partner organizations, and engaging the public through interactive conversations and a national collecting effort. The initiative brings together scholars and experts from across the Smithsonian to tell a more complete story of who came to America, when, why, and what happened next.
CUNY Faculty Diversity and Inclusion Conference 2013 Frans Albarillo
In a time when many students begin their research by Googling and turning to Wikipedia, valuable, authoritative content is often overlooked. Archival material is difficult to identify, find, and search on the Internet because only a small portion of this material has been digitized or have finding aids.
CUNY libraries subscribe to hundreds of research databases that give full-text access to peer-reviewed scholarly articles and full-length academic books. Moreover, the libraries have built unique collections of original documents that support historical and other kinds of research. These collections provide especially rich resources for students and faculty who are interested in researching topics on diversity and multiculturalism. In addition to peer-reviewed journals, libraries in CUNY provide access to a wide variety of resources such as archival material and specialized library databases. The library faculty and staff who develop these collections are experts at identifying hard to find resources that might otherwise go undetected.
The main purpose of this presentation will be to convey the depth and the richness of diversity-related special collections in CUNY schools, which faculty, students and staff may not be aware exists. This presentation celebrates the same values as the newly approved Association of College and Research Libraries Diversity Standards, which provides diversity guidelines for academic libraries. In particular this presentation is concerned with Standard 4, which states:
Librarians and library staff shall develop collections and provide programs and services that are inclusive of the needs of all persons in the community the library serves. (ACRL 2012 http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/diversity)
CUNY’s libraries live up to this standard by providing a wide array of resources that support student and faculty research in topics that involve diversity, gender, cultural, LGBT, and multilingual issues.
In the first half of this 45-minute presentation, Professor Albarillo will give a short overview of general services that library special collections provide, focusing on the types of materials these departments collect, and the unique opportunities they provide for students to become familiar with and to use primary resources for class projects. Professor Albarillo will focus on archives and special collections that are part of CUNY and will identify papers and archival material of diverse individuals and organizations available in library special collections throughout the system.
There have been orphanages since the Middle Ages, with the first in North America opening in 1729. By the 1850s, New York state alone had 27 orphanages housing large numbers of children in poor conditions. An investigation in 1916 found children working long hours with little schooling and some without food. Alternatives like foster care and welfare programs began replacing orphanages in the 1930s-1970s due to concerns over their treatment of children.
African-American Children’s Picturebooks: Examining the Genres of Childhood, ...Angelina Bair, MLIS
This document summarizes research on African-American children's picture books. It finds that until the 1960s, depictions of Black children in books often featured harmful stereotypes. Following the Civil Rights Movement, more books were published about the Black experience, but few authors were Black. Today, only around 10% of children's books depict people of color. Teaching African-American books has value for children of all backgrounds by promoting diversity and positive Black representations. More progress is still needed to increase diversity in publishing staff and authors.
Nathan Kiezie from Buffalo Narrows chose to research aboriginal education in Canada. He interviewed his grandmother Bernice Seright about her experiences. Traditionally, aboriginal education was passed down orally through stories and ceremonies. However, starting in the 1910s, the government and churches forcibly removed indigenous children from their families to attend residential schools where they were punished for speaking their native languages and often abused. Conditions in the schools were poor. It was not until the 1970s that indigenous groups began advocating for local control of education to teach their cultures and languages. Today Nathan learns about indigenous history and culture in school.
The Hare Krishna movement was founded in 1966 by A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada with the goal of spreading Krishna Consciousness around the world. He established ISKCON in 1975. In the 1970s, the movement grew popular in the U.S. among young white adults but faced decline after the deaths of the gurus appointed by Prabhupada led to divisions. ISKCON faced lawsuits in the 2000s over abuse at its boarding schools and was fined $9.5 million. While the movement has quieted, Indian immigration has increased its follower numbers in recent decades.
Friedrich Froebel established the first kindergarten program in Germany in 1837 based on principles of play-based learning. He believed that children learn best through hands-on activities using specialized materials he developed. The kindergarten model spread to the United States in the mid-1800s, where it grew rapidly. However, critics argued that kindergarten had become too rigid and structured, not reflecting new progressive ideas of how children learn best. Reformers in the early 1900s incorporated more free play, creative activities, and topics relevant to children's lives to make kindergarten more developmentally appropriate.
The director of OPMI Business School wishes students and faculty a happy Thanksgiving and holidays. Significant changes will be coming to the ESL program in 2017. The school is also upgrading technology and exploring new vocational programs. The director is excited to present the first issue of the new monthly OPMI newsletter to better communicate with the school community and seek feedback.
The document provides an overview of the history of education in the United States from the Common School Period of 1840-1880 to the present day. It discusses key figures like Horace Mann, Mary Lyon, and W.E.B. Du Bois. Major developments covered include the establishment of normal schools to train teachers, the passage of compulsory education laws, and the Morrill Act which supported the creation of land-grant colleges.
King's College hosts events during National Hunger for Justice Week from November 17-23 to raise awareness of social justice issues like hunger, homelessness, and poverty. Events include students living in cardboard boxes to experience homelessness, volunteering at local shelters, and participating in an Oxfam Hunger Banquet simulation. An art exhibit featuring photos from King's service trips is also on display.
This document provides information about the Sixteenth Annual Conference on Illinois History to be held on September 25-26, 2014 at the Prairie Capital Convention Center and Abraham Lincoln Presidential Museum in Springfield, Illinois. It includes the conference program listing over 60 sessions covering various topics in Illinois history taking place over the two day period. Attendees can indicate which sessions they are interested in attending to help organizers estimate space needs. The document provides registration and contact information for those wishing to attend.
IC Faces of Change celebrates the many members of the IC community who are making positive changes in their communities and in the world. This slideshow highlights just a few of those people.
This document provides information about upcoming events being held by the Latin American Studies program and CELASA at USF in October and November 2015. The events highlight Latin American culture and history and include a food festival celebrating Mexico, El Salvador and Brazil, a keynote speech by Luis Valdez on Chicano theater, and discussions on indigenous rights in California and human rights in Argentina. It also previews an exhibit at the Thacher Gallery called "Interwoven" exploring the impact of European colonization on Native Californian basketry traditions.
This document summarizes a panel discussion at the 2014 SAA National Meeting about integrating archives from historically segregated communities in Alabama. The panelists described problems like the destruction of minority records and lack of collaboration. Their solutions involved professional partnerships between archives and outreach to build trust. This led to previously hidden collections being made accessible and increased understanding of community history. One panelist discussed finding records from a closed black school and working to return them. Another discussed revealing collections at their university through processing and connecting items to tell a more complete story.
2009 presentation at the Rare Books and Manuscripts Pre-Conference on the Mayme Clayton Library and Museum. Located in Culver City, CA, MCLM holds African Americana including rare books, manuscripts, photographs, motion pictures, ephemera, and art.
BLAIS: Barnard Library and Information Services 2013 Jenna Freedman
The document provides details on various research consultation topics, library instruction activities, staff news and accomplishments, collections additions, exhibits, presentations, publications, events, and professional contributions at Barnard College's library in 2013. Key details include over 2,400 students reached through instruction, the hiring of new staff and promotion of existing staff, additions of over 5,500 items to collections including zines and archives materials, and staff participating in conferences, publishing works, and taking on leadership roles in professional organizations.
The New York Juvenile Asylum (now called the Children's Village) was founded in 1850 to help homeless and vulnerable children in New York City. It originally housed 400 children in a rented building, providing education and vocational training. In 1854 it established a larger campus in Washington Heights that could house up to 1,200 children. Over time the Children's Village transitioned to a cottage model with family-style care on a campus in Dobbs Ferry, New York. As of 2015, it serves over 10,000 children per year through residential programs, foster care, family support and other services.
This document outlines the Smithsonian's Americans All initiative to create a more inclusive narrative about immigration and migration in the United States. It will include a new anchor exhibition at the National Museum of American History in 2016/2017, programming at the Folklife Festival in 2015, collaborations with partner organizations, and engaging the public through interactive conversations and a national collecting effort. The initiative brings together scholars and experts from across the Smithsonian to tell a more complete story of who came to America, when, why, and what happened next.
CUNY Faculty Diversity and Inclusion Conference 2013 Frans Albarillo
In a time when many students begin their research by Googling and turning to Wikipedia, valuable, authoritative content is often overlooked. Archival material is difficult to identify, find, and search on the Internet because only a small portion of this material has been digitized or have finding aids.
CUNY libraries subscribe to hundreds of research databases that give full-text access to peer-reviewed scholarly articles and full-length academic books. Moreover, the libraries have built unique collections of original documents that support historical and other kinds of research. These collections provide especially rich resources for students and faculty who are interested in researching topics on diversity and multiculturalism. In addition to peer-reviewed journals, libraries in CUNY provide access to a wide variety of resources such as archival material and specialized library databases. The library faculty and staff who develop these collections are experts at identifying hard to find resources that might otherwise go undetected.
The main purpose of this presentation will be to convey the depth and the richness of diversity-related special collections in CUNY schools, which faculty, students and staff may not be aware exists. This presentation celebrates the same values as the newly approved Association of College and Research Libraries Diversity Standards, which provides diversity guidelines for academic libraries. In particular this presentation is concerned with Standard 4, which states:
Librarians and library staff shall develop collections and provide programs and services that are inclusive of the needs of all persons in the community the library serves. (ACRL 2012 http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/diversity)
CUNY’s libraries live up to this standard by providing a wide array of resources that support student and faculty research in topics that involve diversity, gender, cultural, LGBT, and multilingual issues.
In the first half of this 45-minute presentation, Professor Albarillo will give a short overview of general services that library special collections provide, focusing on the types of materials these departments collect, and the unique opportunities they provide for students to become familiar with and to use primary resources for class projects. Professor Albarillo will focus on archives and special collections that are part of CUNY and will identify papers and archival material of diverse individuals and organizations available in library special collections throughout the system.
There have been orphanages since the Middle Ages, with the first in North America opening in 1729. By the 1850s, New York state alone had 27 orphanages housing large numbers of children in poor conditions. An investigation in 1916 found children working long hours with little schooling and some without food. Alternatives like foster care and welfare programs began replacing orphanages in the 1930s-1970s due to concerns over their treatment of children.
African-American Children’s Picturebooks: Examining the Genres of Childhood, ...Angelina Bair, MLIS
This document summarizes research on African-American children's picture books. It finds that until the 1960s, depictions of Black children in books often featured harmful stereotypes. Following the Civil Rights Movement, more books were published about the Black experience, but few authors were Black. Today, only around 10% of children's books depict people of color. Teaching African-American books has value for children of all backgrounds by promoting diversity and positive Black representations. More progress is still needed to increase diversity in publishing staff and authors.
Nathan Kiezie from Buffalo Narrows chose to research aboriginal education in Canada. He interviewed his grandmother Bernice Seright about her experiences. Traditionally, aboriginal education was passed down orally through stories and ceremonies. However, starting in the 1910s, the government and churches forcibly removed indigenous children from their families to attend residential schools where they were punished for speaking their native languages and often abused. Conditions in the schools were poor. It was not until the 1970s that indigenous groups began advocating for local control of education to teach their cultures and languages. Today Nathan learns about indigenous history and culture in school.
The Hare Krishna movement was founded in 1966 by A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada with the goal of spreading Krishna Consciousness around the world. He established ISKCON in 1975. In the 1970s, the movement grew popular in the U.S. among young white adults but faced decline after the deaths of the gurus appointed by Prabhupada led to divisions. ISKCON faced lawsuits in the 2000s over abuse at its boarding schools and was fined $9.5 million. While the movement has quieted, Indian immigration has increased its follower numbers in recent decades.
Friedrich Froebel established the first kindergarten program in Germany in 1837 based on principles of play-based learning. He believed that children learn best through hands-on activities using specialized materials he developed. The kindergarten model spread to the United States in the mid-1800s, where it grew rapidly. However, critics argued that kindergarten had become too rigid and structured, not reflecting new progressive ideas of how children learn best. Reformers in the early 1900s incorporated more free play, creative activities, and topics relevant to children's lives to make kindergarten more developmentally appropriate.
The director of OPMI Business School wishes students and faculty a happy Thanksgiving and holidays. Significant changes will be coming to the ESL program in 2017. The school is also upgrading technology and exploring new vocational programs. The director is excited to present the first issue of the new monthly OPMI newsletter to better communicate with the school community and seek feedback.
The document provides an overview of the history of education in the United States from the Common School Period of 1840-1880 to the present day. It discusses key figures like Horace Mann, Mary Lyon, and W.E.B. Du Bois. Major developments covered include the establishment of normal schools to train teachers, the passage of compulsory education laws, and the Morrill Act which supported the creation of land-grant colleges.
King's College hosts events during National Hunger for Justice Week from November 17-23 to raise awareness of social justice issues like hunger, homelessness, and poverty. Events include students living in cardboard boxes to experience homelessness, volunteering at local shelters, and participating in an Oxfam Hunger Banquet simulation. An art exhibit featuring photos from King's service trips is also on display.
This document provides information about the Sixteenth Annual Conference on Illinois History to be held on September 25-26, 2014 at the Prairie Capital Convention Center and Abraham Lincoln Presidential Museum in Springfield, Illinois. It includes the conference program listing over 60 sessions covering various topics in Illinois history taking place over the two day period. Attendees can indicate which sessions they are interested in attending to help organizers estimate space needs. The document provides registration and contact information for those wishing to attend.
IC Faces of Change celebrates the many members of the IC community who are making positive changes in their communities and in the world. This slideshow highlights just a few of those people.
This document provides information about upcoming events being held by the Latin American Studies program and CELASA at USF in October and November 2015. The events highlight Latin American culture and history and include a food festival celebrating Mexico, El Salvador and Brazil, a keynote speech by Luis Valdez on Chicano theater, and discussions on indigenous rights in California and human rights in Argentina. It also previews an exhibit at the Thacher Gallery called "Interwoven" exploring the impact of European colonization on Native Californian basketry traditions.
This document summarizes a panel discussion at the 2014 SAA National Meeting about integrating archives from historically segregated communities in Alabama. The panelists described problems like the destruction of minority records and lack of collaboration. Their solutions involved professional partnerships between archives and outreach to build trust. This led to previously hidden collections being made accessible and increased understanding of community history. One panelist discussed finding records from a closed black school and working to return them. Another discussed revealing collections at their university through processing and connecting items to tell a more complete story.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
With the influx of so many immigrants to New York, and the conditions that resulted from the rapidly growing population, many children where left to fend for themselves on the streets. The history of the OT is closely connected to events taking place in Europe. Famine, political unrest and wars, created an atmosphere of restlessness among many young parents. They wanted their children to grow up in a country where they would have a chance to own property, be owners of businesses, and have religious freedom. America seemed to be just such a place. At the same time (1850s), the railroad industry in America wanted to populate the west so they would have a market for goods hauled by rail. Overcrowding, too many workers, and not enough jobs, added to unsanitary living conditions which spread disease and death, led to many adults dying and leaving behind large families of small children. Many men worked on ships and if their wife should die (often in childbirth) he couldn’t work and take care of the children at the same time. On the other hand, many men were killed while working at industrial jobs, leaving a widow who had no means of support for the family. Jobs for women were scarce at best. Children were left to take care of themselves at an early age. This created a mass of “street Arabs” as the homeless children were called. They started out holding “Boy’s Meetings”, which they hoped would keep boys off of the streets, and give them a good education and religious influence. Unfortunately this did not work. But they did come up with a different plan. They decided to take children and send them out west to get them away from the influences of the city. A group of 46 boys of “workable age” (7 to 15) were sent out of New York City to Dowagiac, Michigan in 1954. It was first call “free home placing out”. The fact they rode trains did not have any bearing on the name of the program until Dorothea G. Petrie and James Magnusson authored the book, Orphan Train, in 1978. From this period on, the term “orphan train” has been used liberally. This number varies from 150,000 to 250,000. Children who rode the train were not always what we would considered an “orphan”. Some still had one or both parents still living. The last train from the CAS ran to Sulphur Springs, Texas on May 31, 1929.
A seldom stated but vital aspect of the Society’s philosophy was its attitude toward heredity and environment. Brace asserted that “a most powerful and continual source of crime with the young is Inheritance – the transmitted tendencies and qualities of their parents, or of several generations of ancestors”. During the first year, 207 young people were placed in New York and neighboring states. Many were simply relocated in the city either as servants in the homes of the well-to-do, or as members of poor families who needed more breadwinners to make ends meet. In 1854, because of the magnitude of the work and limitation of funds, the Society initiated a system of group emigration, and placement technique that characterized its relocation work of the next fifty years. The first 37 years, the organization placed 92,292 children. From the mid 1890s on, the number fell of drastically. Better educational facilities within NYC, compulsory attendance laws, slum clearance, sanitation, stricter laws regarding child labor, and a decline in the demand for agricultural laborers all played a part. Opposition to the system and the development of new techniques in the child welfare movement also had an effect. Critics
AFGS taught beginning education in the morning, and a skill like sewing in the afternoon. The NYJA sent children out under an Indenture plan. These children were normally of workable age, six years to eighteen year. The Indenture gave a child the right to a new suit of clothes, a specified amount of money, and a new bible when they became of age. NEHFLW was established to care for the children of the Civil War veterans by the Boston Methodists. A different placement method was used by the Foundling. They contacted priests who in turn asked their congregations to consider taking one or more orphans. They used an indenture form which gave them the right to come into the home and remove the child without going to court if need be. They required all families taking a child to raise if in the Catholic faith. The families could specify the physically features of the children they wanted.
56 year period
In 1900 Clarke became an agent for CAS.
Reads as follows: These children are of various ages and of both sexes, having been thrown friendless upon the world. They come under the auspices of the CAS of New York. They are well disciplined, having come from various orphanages. The citizens of this community are asked to assist the agent in finding good homes for them. Persons taking these children must be recommended by the local committee. They must treat the children in every way as members of the family, sending them to school, church, Sabbath school and properly clothe them until they are 18 years old. Protestant children placed in Protestant homes and Catholic children in Catholic homes. The following well known citizens have agreed to act as local committee to aid the agents in securing homes:
Gervin Dunfree – No info on him Agents would plan a route, send flyers to towns along the way, and arrange for a screening committee in towns to scout for potential homes. The committee (mostly men) was usually made up of a town doctor, clergyman, newspaper editor, store owner and/or teacher. The committee was asked to select possible parents for the children and approve or disapprove on the day the children arrived.
John Jacobus – Ottawa, KS 1915 A contract was signed between the CAS and the adults taking the children
Reads as follows: Boys fifteen years old are expected to work till they are eighteen for their board and clothes. At the end of that time they are at liberty to make their own arrangements. Boys between twelve and fifteen are expected to work for their board and clothes till they are eighteen, but must be sent to school a p art of each year, after that it is expected that they receive wages. Boys under twelve are expected to remain till they are eighteen, and must be treated by the applicants as one of their own children in matters of schooling, clothing and training. Should a removal be necessary it can be arranged through the committee or by writing to the Agent. The Society reserved the right of removing a boy at any time for just cause. We desire to hear from every child twice a year.
Nettie on left and Nellie on right. Taken in McPherson in January 1913 when they were age seven. Their father was a farmer and heavy equipment operator. He worked on the Erie Canal and other places in New York and was gone from home. Their mother married at 16, and was home sick a lot for her family. She would leave the children to go home to Burlington, Vermont. They were identical twins, but were also “mirror imaging”. Nettie is right-handed, Nellie is left. Nettie’s curls go clockwise and Nellie are counterclockwise swirls. Many times when they were separated and longing for each other, they would look in in the mirror and see the other girl. In 1910 they were living in NY. Nellie remembered the day when her, her sister, and their brother were taken away. She said, “Mother had Nettie on one knee and me on the other. I said ‘Mama why are you crying?’ ‘I’m not crying,’ she said and she was trying to smile. But just then the man came with the dray wagon to take us to the orphanage”. They were placed in the Kingston Orphan’s Home. They were told to break all ties with the past and given new birth dates. Later, they tried to find their records at the Orphanage, but were told they burned in a fire. They left on Sept. 11, 1911. Leon was left behind. In Kansas City, they were put on a bench to sing “Jesus Loves Me This I Know” to draw a crowd. They were escorted by Anna Hill. In McPherson, most of the children were taken, but the girls didn’t want to be separated, so Hill took them to Canton KS. Chapin family. Mrs. Chapin was not nice. After 16 months, Hill came to get them. Darrah family.
While gathering material for a county history book project, Johnson learned of a family of children, the Salverson’s, coming on a train to Springdale where they were separated from each other. Collected over 10,000 OTR information and stories for 18 years.